CIGR Regional South-East European Conference - RSEEC 2014 (2

nd
edition)
cto!er "
th
- 10
th
2014# $i%isoara &otel 4'# $i%isoara Cit(# Ro%ania
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE DURING LIVE WORKING
)h*+ student C+ ,EI-
'
# )h*+ .+ G/01.0
''
)h*+ )+ )S$/1C&E
''
)h*+ Ileana ,2R1.
''
)h*+ C+ $1*ER
''
)h*+ Georgeta ,-IC3
'
'
.ational Research and *e4elop%ent Institute for /a!or )rotection 51l+ *ara!ont6 ,ucharest#
Romania,
''
-ni4ersit( )/I$E&.IC1 of ,ucharest# Electric )o7er Engineering *epart%ent# Romania
Su%%ar(
Maintenance of energized high voltage networks are driven by the need to ensure continuity
of supply to users. In this sense, power supply quality standards impose obligations for transmission
operators during scheduled interruptions, which cannot exceed a certain number of hours. Working
on energized high voltage networks have a number of advantages, both economic, by increasing
reliability indicators and the use of networks and ensure continuity of supply to the users. his
paper aims to present how the worker is affected by electric and magnetic field during work
activities and to compare the results obtained with the exposure limit values !"#$% and the action
level !&#% of the "uropean 'irective ()*+ , +-,." on the minimum health and safety requirements
regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents !electromagnetic fields%.
8e(7ords
#ive working, electric field, magnetic field, "uropean 'irective
cbeiu/protectiamuncii.ro
1+ I.$R*-C$I.
#ow frequency electric and magnetic field !-) 0z% is typically associated with high voltage
overhead lines. & person in the vicinity of an overhead power lines can feel an electrostatic
discharge if is touching a conductive ob1ect, phenomenon caused by electrical induction electric
field due to the power line. Many people are concerned about the possible adverse effects on health.
2esearch on the effects of electric and magnetic fields caused by power lines, conducted so far, are
inconclusive. It is considered that, so far, results are not sufficiently well defined to decide on a
causal effect between the electric and magnetic field and health. 0owever, international
organizations have issued a number of recommendations regarding exposure to electric and
magnetic fields, considering that exposure levels below recommended limits have no adverse
effects over a long time on workers3 health. he authors aim to analyze the other papers regarding
this matter, and to determine if, in given conditions, the worker is sub1ect to adverse effect of
electromagnetic field.
2+ $&E C1/C-/1$I. 9 E/EC$RIC 1.* :1G.E$IC 9IE/* I.
E/EC$RIC1/ I.S$1//1$I.S
2+1 Calculation of %agnetic induction for o4erhead lines
"lectric currents are sources of magnetic field generated by overhead lines. o determine the
magnetic field at a distance under one meter from the axis of the phase, magnetic induction can be
calculated using &mpere3s law. In this case, the magnetic induction of magnetic field B is
determined only by the nearest conductor 4*5+6.
) )
(
I
B H
d

= =


Where
I is the electric current passing through the phase conductors7
d is the distance from the axis of the conductor !d 8*m%7
9
)
is magnetic permeability of free space !
:
*) ; <

0 , m%.
able I shows the calculated magnetic field values for an overhead line with aluminum5steel
conductors with cross section of *=-,+( mm
(
and diameter of *>.( mm 4<, -6. ?alculation was
performed for cases of one sub5conductor on phase, two and three sub5conductor on phase !see
@igure *%. he calculation was performed at the point P.
Figure 1 Calculation configuration
a = 0,4 m
(
$a!le I - 0alues of %agnetic induction for ;!are hand6 %ethod
Ao. $oltage level Ao of sub5conductors
on phase
#ine electric
current
2esultant magnetic
induction
5 4k$6 5 4&6 4m6
* **) * B)) *(,-
( (() ( *()) *(,=
+ <)) + *=)) *(,>
AoteC he calculation is for theoretical purpose only.
In figure ( is drawn the variation of magnetic induction in relation with the distance between
the conductor and the calculation point, for a single conductor per phase.
Figure 2 -Magnetic induction variation in relation it! calculation "oint di#tance
@igure ( shows the variation of the magnetic field around the path of electric current, with
values of *(.- m on the phase conductor, decreasing to ).( m at a distance of ).- m from it.
@or relatively bigger distance compared with the distance between the phase conductors, the
resulting magnetic field is determined by the contributions of all phases.
he intensity of the magnetic field at a point in the vicinity of a three5phase power line can
be assessed, for the case considered, on the basis of the calculation scheme shown in @igure +.
Figure $ - %!e configuration for calculating t!e magnetic field #rengt!
@or the case of a +5phase system, the horizontal and vertical components can be determined
by the following relations 4*6C
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
( ( ( (
* *
7
( (
i i
&total 'total
i i i i
' ' & & I I
H H
& & ' ' & & ' '


= =
+ +

uur uur

Where &
i
and '
i
are the coordinates of phase i and & and ' are the coordinates of the point of
measurement.
he phase angle between total
H

and
'total
H
r
can be determined from the relationC
tan
'total
&total
H
H
=
uur
uur
@or the case of a **)k$ overhead line, considering one circuit grounded and one circuit
energized and symmetric load on all + phases of B)) &, and the geometric characteristics of the
column d
*
D -.+ m, d
(
D<.B) m, d
+
D +.)- m, d
<
D- m and # D ).>() m 4<,-6 !see figure (%, in the
measurement point E
(
the total magnetic induction B is ).**B m.
2+2 Calculation of electric field strength for o4erhead lines
@or the calculation of the electric field strength at the point E
(
!see @igure <% it is used
electric image method, using the same structure and the same assumptions. We have considered the
protective conductor grounded !the voltage of the protective conductor is zero%, charged by
electrical induction, other than zero, and has to be considered to the total electric field strength at
the measuring point.
Figure 4 Configuration for calculation of t!e electric field #trengt!
he geometrical characteristics of the analyzed system areC 0
&
D +(.< m, 0
F
D (B.: m,
0
?
D ((.* m, d
*
D-.+ m, d
(
D<.B) m, d
+
D+.)-) m, d
<
D-.)) m, d
-
D <.*-) m, radius of the conductor
r D >.B mm, insulator chain length l
iz
D ).>()- m 4<,-6.
@or the calculation of the electric field strength generated by a -) 0z transmission line it is
considered the voltage to ground to be a direct sequence symmetrical system. Ehase & is the
reference phase !the phase angles are measured relative to this phase%.
o calculate the electric field generated by each phase of the network, it is necessary to
determine the density of the load line at each of the three phases. o calculate the load line densities
it is used the Maxwell relations for the coefficients of potential. @or n conductors in electrostatic
equilibrium, charged with q
1
!1 D *, (, G, n%, the potential of each conductor !1% 5 denoted () can be
written as function of the charge using the following relation4*,(6C
<
*
n
) i i)
i
( * "
=
=

i D *, (, ...n, ) D *, (, ...n
or in matrix form 4*6C
[ ] [ ] [ ]
( P * =

in whichC

[ ] (
is the column matrix of potential conductors !n H *%

[ ] *
is column matrix of tasks !n H *%

[ ] P
is square matrix of potential coefficients !n H n%
o calculate the potential coefficients p
i1
, it is used the method of images. erms of matrix
4E6 can be calculated with the following relations 4(,+6C
5 p
11
5 own potential coefficient
)
(
*
ln
(
)
))
)
!
"
r
=

5 p
i1
5 mutual coefficient of potential
I
)
*
ln
(
i)
i)
+ i)
"
+
=

Where

)
>
*
< > *)
=

[@,m], and the other quantities are explained in figure -.
Figure , - -eometrical "arameter# needed to calculate t!e coefficient# of "otential
o determine the electric field strength at the point E( !@ig. <% it is used the following
relations 4*,(6C
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
( ( ( (
* *
)
, ,
(
i i i
' 'i
i i
i i
.
' ! ' !
/ & ' / & '
& d ' ! & d ' !

= =

+
= =
+ + +



ur ur

&nd
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
( ( ( (
* *
)
, ,
(
i
0 &i
i i
i i
.
& d & d
/ & ' / & '
& d ' ! & d ' !

= =


= =
+ + +



ur ur

@or the analyzed case, 0 has value d
$,
d

has value d
4
, z has value H
B
1l
i'
, and !
i
is the height of
the point where the phase conductor is suspended in console.
In this case, the total electric field strength at the point E
(
, without worker, is calculated
using the relationC
( ) ( ) ( )
( (
, , , >.B
total 0 '
/ 0 ' / 0 ' / 0 ' = + =
ur ur ur
4k$,m6
&nd the phase angle between
% , ! ' 0 /
total

and
% , ! ' 0 /
0

isC
-
( )
( )
( )
,
tan , ).*(
,
'
0
/ 0 '
0 '
/ 0 '
= =
ur
ur
2+< $he electric field induced in the !od( of 7or=ers in po7er stations
hrough high voltage substations can pass electrical currents of thousands of amperes,
which can cause a considerably magnetic field on site and in the immediate vicinity. With the
increasing demand for energy, were built many such power stations near cities.
& worker on a high5voltage substation is sub1ected, during his activities, to the
electromagnetic field generated by the voltage level of the substation and electrical current going
through the substation.
In the following, it was examined the case of a worker during verification of presence of
voltage, using a voltage detector. 'uring operation, the worker handles with both hands a side of the
detector, and the other end is in contact with the active part of the system 4B6. he power path is
formed from the electrical system, to earth, passing through the voltage detector and the workerJs
body that is in contact with the ground. he resistance of the detector !2
i
% must be large enough so
that to limit the electrical current passing through the body of the worker to non5hazardous values
!see @igure B%. he resistance of the detector is between +)) and +))) MK, depending on whether it
is wet and dirty or dry and cleans 4:6.
Figure 3 - 4or5er c!ec5ing t!e a6#ence of voltage in a 110 5( #u6#tation 789
he calculation is based on the finite element method 4:6 and quasistatic electromagnetic
field approximations. .sing Maxwell3s equations and introducing the concepts of vector potential A
with the property that
: B =
ur ur
, and the electric scalar potential
e

, the electric field can be written

asC
e
/ grad ) : =
ur ur

aking into account the quasistatic assumptionsC
e
div grad ) div : =
ur
) )
and
)
e
div grad =
)
Where
)
complex permittivity is defined as
)

= +
)
, with permittivity
) r
=
, !
r

is
relative permittivity and
)

permittivity of free space% and

is effective conductivity.
If all dielectric materials satisfy the condition <<, equation !*+% can be simplified asC
e
div grad ) div : =
ur

In figure : is represented the body postures of worker operating a voltage detector and
possible hand grip.
B

Figure 8 - Bod0 "o#ture# of or5er and "o##i6le !and gri"
he body resistance !2
6
% during the operation of a voltage detector is derived based on the
conducted current. In the case when 2
i
is +)) MK, the potential presents at the detector handle is
found to be *.> $, *.= $ and *.* $, respectively for posture * to +. &t these potentials, the peak
2ML values of the induced electric fields in various parts of the body are plotted in able II 4:6.
$a!le II - ,od( i%pedance and electric field induced in 4arious organs for R
i
> <00 :?
R
!
@=?A E
ef
@0B%A
,rain &eart
Eosture * -,( <,- x *)
5+
),(+
Eosture ( <,> +,- x *)
5+
),((
Eosture + +,* *,*x *)
5+
),*B
he peak 2ML values of the induced electric field and current density are plotted in able
III 4:6.
$a!le III- Induced electric current densit( and electric field
due to an electric current of C00 1
J @1B%
2
A E
ef
@0B%A
Dhole !od( ,rain &eart
"lectric current B)) & :B x *)
5B
(,- x *)
5<
*,= x *)
5<
&t "uropean level, 'irective ()*+,+-,." regulates occupational exposure to
electromagnetic fields 4=6. 'irective imposes certain exposure limit values !"#$% for effects on
health and the sensory effects for both the electric and magnetic fields, representing values of the
electric field induced in the body. 'irective also regulates the limit values for the external electric
fields, from which the employer is required to trigger the action plan to prevent exposure. @or -)
0z, "#$ values for effects on health are *.* $,m and "#$ for sensory effects are ).*< $,m in the
head. In @igure = is shown the connection between "#$ and &#, for the frequency of -) 0z 4>6.
Figure ; - %!e relation#!i" 6eteen /<( and :< at ,0 H'
:
C.C/-SI.
&nalyzing the results obtained with regulated values covered by ". 'irective ()*+,+-,."
is found that the resulting values for the electric and magnetic field that are sub1ect workers are not
exceeded.
,IGR1)&E
4*6 Mleb 'rNgan !coordinator%, ;0igh voltage engineeringO, $olume III, 2omanian &cademy Eublishing
0ouse Fucharest, ())+
4(6 imotin &., 0ortopan $., Ifrim &., Ereda M., P#essons of electrical heoryO, 'idactic and Eedagogic
Eublishing 0ouse, Fucharest, *>:)
4+6 Mocanu ?.I ., P"lectromagnetic field theoryO, "'E, *>:)
4<6 III 5Aormative framework on choice of insulation and protection of electric installations against
surgesO, A" ))*,)+,))
4-6 2ucNreanu ?. .a., PQverhead a nd underground power lines. MuidelinesO, echnical Eublishing 0ouse,
Fucharest, *>>=, ILFA >:+5+*5)*<:5=.
4B6 ?hen R. #., Fenkler L., ?havannes A., Suster A., Full Human Bod0 /&"o#ure :##e##ment in <o
Fre*uenc0 /lectromagnetic Field#, ()*) &sia5Eacific International Lymposium on "lectromagnetic
?ompatibility, &pril *( 5 *B, ()*), Fei1ing, ?hina, ILFA >:=5*5<(<<5-B(+5>,*).
4:6 ?hrist &., Sainz W., 0ahn ". M., 0onegger S., Tefferer M., Aeufeld "., 2ascher W., Uanka 2., Fautz W.,
?hen U., Siefer F., Lchmitt E., 0ollenbach 0., Lhen U., Qberle M., Lzczerba '., Sam &., Muag U. W. and
Suster A., %!e (irtual Famil0 V +evelo"ment of =urface Ba#ed :natomical Model# of to :dult# and
to C!ildren for +o#imetric =imulation>#, Ehys. Med. Fiol. vol.--, no. (, pp (+5+=, Uanuary, ()*).
4=6 III P". 'irective no ()*+,+-,." on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the
exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents !electromagnetic fields%O
4>6 www.emfs.info
=