Department of Building Energetics and Building Service Engineering
Zoltn MAGYAR, PhD Reasons for ventilation Need for ventilation Consequences of poor air quality IAQ Strategy Ventilation volume Natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation Typical energy consumption for different types of office buildings Hybrid ventilation Mechanical and natural ventilation Ventilation strategy Demand Controlled Hybrid Ventilation
Flow versus time over the year Flow stability Ventilation for IAQ Classification Hybrid ventilation strategies Components for hybrid ventilation concepts Natural ventilation concept based on wind effect Development stages for hybrid systems Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation systems Variability of Flow Pattern, optimisation, control, BBBRI example
Summary Reasons for ventilation 3
source load exposure
concentrations dose
health effects persons
Building Emissions from:
materials
furniture
installations
crawlspace
Source: Technical Note AIVC 59, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium 4 4 AIR QUALITY COMFORT HEALTH Required: STUFFY ODOUR HOT TOXIC SICK BUILDING COLD DRAUGHTY VENTILATION A Solution: CAN REMOVE POLLUTANTS CAN REMOVE HEAT ENERGY A Problem: LOSS OF CONDITIONED AIR FAN ENERGY Ventilation and Air Quality 5 Ventilation background 5 Before 1973 1973 Petroleum crisis 1985 Thermal Regulations 1996 Reinforced thermal regulations Tomorrow NOT insulated NEITHER airtight JUST insulated roof Double glazing Insulated Airtight housing Insulated Airtight housing Ventilation system Man is a funny creature When its hot he wants it cold When its cold he wants it hot Always wanting what is not Man is a funny creature ASHRAE Journal, unknown author Need for ventilation Windows cannot be a replacement for a proper ventilation system! supply oxygen we need eliminate odors, pollutants and allergens eliminate the excess of humidity in the air provide a sense of well- being. Source: Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment, Assessment and Design, Edited by Cristian Ghiaus and Francis Allard, ISBN: 1-84407- 129-4 hardback, 2005 Fig.1 Consequences of poor air quality 7 increase in airborne contamination health hazards such as allergies, headaches, rhinitis and asthma reduction in air circulation condensation and could growth accumulation of radon accumulation of carbon monoxide. Source: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, ASHRAE 62-1989 Fig. 2 a,b,c IAQ Strategy 8 . Source control Elimination Replacement Insulation Local exhaust Only for unavoidable sources
Mixing ventilation For unavoidable emissions of the unavoidable sources Displacement ventilation Source: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, ASHRAE 62-1989 Ventilation volume 9
Ventilation purpose IAQ Control Temperature Control Passive Cooling Flow rates 5 10 l/s per person Air Change Rate 5 10 h -1
4 8 l/s per m 2 floorarea Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium 10 TWO ways of building ventilation 10 Mechanical ventilation Natural ventilation Single sided ventilation supply and extraction through the same openings openings ~4% of floor area less efficient internal door remain closed Cross ventilation supply and extraction at the same level in the building good result when wind exists internal doors opened or equipped with ventilation grilles Stack ventilation air supply through louvers and extracted through chimneys wind not needed Mechanical supply ventilation a fan supplies air to spaces ventilation openings in buildings envelope are used for extraction usually used where high ventilation rates are needed and air has to be heated before entering the room Mechanical extract ventilation a fan draws air from spaces fresh outdoor air enters into rooms either through the leakage routes of building envelope or through ventilation openings in the building envelope Mechanical extract & supply ventilation a balanced ventilation system it must always include a supply and a return air fan an air heater is almost always installed in the supply air side Suitable for many types of buildings located in mild or moderate climates; The 'open window' environment associated with natural ventilation is often popular, especially in pleasant locations and mild climates; Natural ventilation is usually inexpensive when compared to the capital, operational and maintenance costs of mechanical systems; High air flow rates for cooling and purging are possible if there are plenty of openings; Short periods of discomfort during periods of warm weather can usually be tolerated; No plant room space is needed; Minimum maintenance; Can be less expensive to install and operate than HVAC but this need not always be true; No fan or system noise.
11 Source: F. ALLARD, Natural ventilation in buildings, James & James, London, 1998 Natural ventilation Review of its advantages: The two natural mechanisms of ventilation Wind Negative pressure region Wind driven flow 1. Wind Driven Ventilation Cross Flow Wind Wind Tower
Badgir (WindCatcher)
Wind tower 2 / 2 v C p p w
F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 Natural ventilation system single sided type tropical climate Yazd, Iran Natural ventilation cross tropical climate IUT building La Runion Island Fig.1 (a,b,c) Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4 Fig.5 Neutral pressure plane Temperature driven flow Stack (Flue) Stack (Atrium) (Courtesy M. Liddament) Air Pressure Pressure of air increases closer to the ground due to the extra amount of air above.
The pressure gradient of air increases indoors because warmer air is less dense. A 'Stack' pressure between openings is given by A + B 'Neutral' Pressure Plane B 2. Stack Driven Ventilation The two natural mechanisms of ventilation 13 F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 Stack height Fig.6 14 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
15 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature 16 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air 17 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air Open all windows 18 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air Open all windows Close all windows 19 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air Open all windows Close all windows Start internal fan 20 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air Open all windows Close all windows Start internal fan Open all windows 21 Summer Example time T e m p e r a t u r e
( d e g
C )
30 20 10 6pm 6am 6am midnight 12noon day night Outside temperature Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert N a t u r a l
v e n t i l a t i o n
p r i n c i p l e s
Inside temperature Normal comfort range Comfort range with moving air Open all windows Close all windows Start internal fan Open all windows Gentle forced ventilation overnight 22
Mechanical ventilation Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Review of its advantages: Quantity of ventilation can be controlled;
Exhaust moisture/odors out of sanitary rooms;
Less ducts compared to balanced ventilation;
Simple system and widely known;
Possibility of individual control per room. 23 Typical energy consumption for different types of office buildings Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 3 24 Hybrid ventilation ??? GENERAL DESCRIPTION A hybrid ventilation system allows the controlled introduction of outdoor air ventilation into a building by both mechanical and passive means; it is sometimes called mixed-mode ventilation; it has built-in strategies to allow the mechanical and passive portions to work in conjunction with one another so as to not cause additional ventilation loads compared to what would occur using mechanical ventilation alone; it thus differs from a passive ventilation system, consisting of operable windows alone, which has no automatic way of controlling the amount of outdoor air load; two variants of hybrid ventilation are: the changeover (or complementary) type: spaces are ventilated either mechanically or passively, but not both simultaneously; the concurrent (or zoned) type: both methods provide ventilation simultaneously, though usually to zones discrete from one another. control of hybrid ventilation is obviously an important feature; with the changeover variant, controls could switch between mechanical and passive ventilation seasonally, diurnally, or based on a measured parameter; in the case of the concurrent variant, appropriate controls are needed to prevent fighting between the two ventilation methods. Source: ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006 25 Hybrid ventilation ??? WHEN/WHERE ITS APPLICABLE when the owner and design team are willing to explore employing a nonconventional building ventilation technique that has the promise of reducing ongoing operating costs as well as providing a healthier, stimulating environment;
when it is determined that the building occupants would accept the concept of using the outdoor environment to determine (at least, in part) the indoor environment, which may mean greater variation in conditions than with a strictly controlled environment;
when the design team has the expertise and willingnessand has the charge from the ownerto spend the extra effort to create the integrated design needed to make such a technique work successfully;
where extreme outside conditionsor a specialized type of building usedo not preclude the likelihood of the successful application of such a technique;
buildings with atriums are particularly good candidates. Source: ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006 26 Hybrid ventilation ??? PROS AND CONS PRO HV is an innovative and potentially energy-efficient way to provide outdoor air ventilation to buildings and, in some conditions, to cool them, thus reducing energy otherwise required from conventional sources (power plant);
could lead to a lower building life-cycle cost;
could create a healthier environment for building occupants;
offers a greater sense of occupant satisfaction due to the increased ability to exercise some control over the ventilation provided;
there is more flexibility in the means of providing ventilation; the passive variant can act as backup to the mechanical system and vice versa;
could extend the life of the equipment involved in providing mechanical ventilation since it would be expected to run less. Source: ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006 27 Hybrid ventilation ??? CONS failure to integrate the mechanical aspects of a HV system with the architectural design could result in a poorly functioning system;
additional first costs could be incurred since two systems are being provided where only a single one would be provided otherwise, and controls for the passive system could be a major portion of the added cost;
if automatic operable window openers are utilized, these could result in security breaches if appropriate safeguards and overrides are not provided;
building operators may have to have special training to understand and learn how best to operate the system;
occupants would probably need at least some orientation so that they would understand and be tolerant of the differences in conditions that may prevail with such a system;
special attention would need to be given to certain safety issues, such as fire and smoke propagation in case of a fire;
difficult to predict conditions under all possible circumstances; Source: ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006 28 natural mechanical use as much as possible natural forces: wind temperature difference 2 mode system apply fans in case natural forces can not fulfil the required ventilation level Hybrid ventilation Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium 29 Mechanical and Natural Ventilation windspeed ventilation mechanical ventilation natural ventilation Req. level Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium . 30 Ventilation Strategy natural mechanical alternate mode
mixed mode IAQ thermal comfort Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium 31
fan energy or transport energy energy for heating ventilation air demand hybrid Demand Controlled Hybrid Ventilation Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 4 a,b 32
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 0 20 40 60 80 volume flow rate l/s t i m e
f r a c t i o n natural mechanical hybrid Flow versus time over the year Classification Alternate use of natural and mechanical Fan assisted natural Stack and wind supported mechanical
Non of them are optimal hybrid 34 . Hybrid ventilation strategies for IAQ control Approaches: Mechanical air extraction with natural supply inlets Mechanical air supply with natural extraction Mechanical cooling or heating combined with natural ventilation.
HYBRID VENTILATION system should be designed with three factors being considered: 1 Provision of sufficient air leakage rate at different environmental conditions. 2 Ability to control or throttle back the leakage rate under severe weather conditions, e.g. during high winds. 3 Prevention of back-draught or over-extraction through the extract openings, such as stacks, during high winds.
35 . Hybrid ventilation strategies for IAQ control Alternate use of natural and mechanical ventilation Commerzbank Frankfurt
Norman Foster Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 5 a,b 36
Typical 2 mode system Natural In case weather conditions allow Mechanical In case weather conditions require Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 6 a,b 37
Hybrid ventilation strategies for IAQ control Fan assisted natural ventilation Media school Grong Norway Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 7 a,b 38 Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Hybrid ventilation strategies for IAQ control Fig. 8 39 COMPONENTS FOR HYBRID VENTILATION CONCEPTS Low pressure fans with advanced control mechanism Low pressure static heat exchanger Low pressure ductwork Wind towers, solar chimneys or atria for exhaust. Underground ducts, culverts or plenums to pre-condition supply air Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 10 40 Solar assisted ventilation 40 T e c h n i c a l
s o l u t i o n s
f o r
N a t u r a l
V e n t i l a t i o n
Source: C. Ghiaus, F. Allard, J. Axley, C-A. Roulet, Natural ventilation: principles, solutions and tools T w1 h 1 T w2 h 2 T i T e T i Glass Wall Outdoor air T o <T i T e T i (a) (b) i p d p e p Solar collector (Trombe wall) (Awbi,1998) Source: Awbi, H. (1998). Ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2: 157-188. ventilator heater Source: Rakesh Khanal, Chengwang Lei, Solar chimneyA passive strategy for natural ventilation, Volume 43, Issue 8, 2011, Pg 18111819 Cross section of Victoria Barracks, Sydney, showing air flow path of cross flow natural ventilation incorporating a solar chimney 41 41 Single sided, cross flow and stack ventilation for air quality and cooling; Key Features: C a s e
s t u d i e s
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK Year of completion:1996 Type of building: Office Site: Urban Project Manager: Bernard Williams and Associates Architect : Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects Services Engineers: Max Fordham and Partners Optional occupant controlled openable windows; Solar heated fan assisted stack and wind driven design for first two floors; Good internal air contact with thermal mass through hollow sinusoidal concrete ceiling elements; BEMs controlled openings of stack vents to control cooling and air quality; Cellular and open plan offices; Daylighting and low energy lighting; Active external solar shading; Some groundwater cooling; BEMS system controls air quality and night cooling ventilation; Air change rates as high as 30 h -1 could be achieved to meet cooling needs; The top floor of the building was separately ventilated by cross flow. Source: http://www.feildenclegg.com Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 Fig.18 42 42 C a s e
s t u d i e s
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK Ventilation & Cooling five cooling stacks towering over the south side of the building which hint at the building's complex ventilation system that takes advantage of the buildings narrow layout for cross-ventilation purposes; the curved, hollow, concrete floor slabs also aid in the buildings ventilation by drawing air in through the passages in the floor/ceiling on hot, windy days; cooling can be managed also by circulating water through the passages in the curving slab; this cold water is supplied by a 70-meter-deep bore hole where the temperature is a constant 10 Celsius. this cold water is used in heat exchangers to chill circulatory water; the floor can also then use the water to store coolness from the night for the next day. In the winter time, the water is heated by condensing gas boilers that are 30% more efficient than traditional boilers by recovering heat lost in flue gases. All heating and cooling systems are managed by the Trend building management system (BMS). Source: http://www.feildenclegg.com Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 43 43 C a s e
s t u d i e s
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK Solar Control and Daylighting the buildings glazing is optimized by a louvered exterior shading system that is designed to allow maximum daylighting while minimizing glare; the louvers in the shading system have a translucent ceramic coating on their underside to filter direct sunlight as it reflects off it; the louvers change position corresponding to the time of day and season; they are controlled by the automated functions of the BMS, but can be overridden by occupants via a remote control; the louvers are oriented so the views of the occupants are not obstructed while either seated at desks or standing in circulation spaces. Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 Fig. 19 a,b 44 Monitoring in winter and summer showed that design conditions were fully satisfied;
During hot weather the inside air temperature remained at between approximately 3-5 K below the outdoor peak temperature;
The inside peak design temperature of 28C was not exceeded. 44 C a s e
s t u d i e s
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK Statistics and Studies Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 Building Area: 2,200 m 2 Site Area: 6,400 m 2
Density: 100 people @ 12 m 2 /person Energy Use Predicted Total: 83 KWhr/ m 2 /annum (0.3GJ/m 2 /annum) Heating: 47 kW/h/ m 2 /annum Artificial lighting: 9 kW/h/ m 2 /annum Cooling: 2-3.5 kW/h/ m 2 /annum Mech Vent: 0.5 kW/h/ m 2 /annum General elec: 23 kW/h/ m 2 /annum 45 Development stages for hybrid systems local exhaust versus central exhaust balancing supply and exhaust controlled supply low pressure systems supported by wind and buoyancy demand control optimisation sizing demand control l o g i c a l
c o m b i n a t i o n s
46 Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation systems Overview of different types Hybrid ventilation based on mechanical exhaust (Heinonen and Kosonen, 2000) Concept 1 Source: Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007 Fig. 13 47 Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation systems Overview of different types Hybrid ventilation with supply air duct (Heinonen and Kosonen, 2000). Concept 2 Source: Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007 Fig. 14 48 Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation systems Overview of different types Hybrid ventilation based on balanced ventilation (Heinonen and Kosonen, 2000). Concept 3 Source: Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007 Fig. 15 49 . Optimisation energy IAQ thermal comfort life cycle analysis hybrid ventilation system 50 IAQ demand control time occupancy sensor what indicator CO 2 mixed gas
Thermal comfort Temperature Air temperature Operative temperature Air velocity RH
Control algorithm's Control Strategy ASHRAE Summer Winter Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Fig. 16 51 . Final Remark Many ventilation systems may called hybrid
Many ventilation systems may called demand controlled
Hybrid ventilation systems are available in several stages of technical development
Comparisons in terms of objective performances is the only correct one!!
Optimization of hybrid ventilation systems is still a difficult task
52 References Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium Chapter 8 : Thermal Comfort. In: ASHRAE handbook of fundementals. SI Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1997, p. 8.1-8.28. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1989 ASHRAE 62-1989 ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006 International energy agency energy conservation in buildings and community systems, Pilot study report: PROBE Limelette, Belgium Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007 F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 F. ALLARD, Natural ventilation in buildings, James & James, London, 1998 Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment, Assessment and Design, Edited by Cristian Ghiaus and Francis Allard, ISBN: 1-84407-129-4 hardback, 2005