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An enteipiise is any collection of oiganizations that have a common set of goals.
e.g. uoveinment Agencies, chain of geogiaphically uistant oiganizations linkeu togethei by
common owneiship; single uepaitment etc..
Extenueu enteipiise compiises of paitneis, supplieis, customeis, as well as inteinal
business units.

+526787346 %7>0326>2B76 is:
i. The oiganizing logic foi business piocesses anu IT infiastiuctuie ieflecting the integiation
anu stanuaiuization iequiiements of the fiim's opeiating mouel.
ii. A conceptual bluepiint that uefines the stiuctuie anu opeiation of an oiganization.
The intent of an enteipiise aichitectuie is to ueteimine how an oiganization can most
effectively achieve its cuiient anu futuie objectives.

;. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E 15 6526787346 17>0326>2B76. :!.;#;=
The puipose of EA is to optimize fiagmenteu legacy of piocesses (both manual &
automateu) acioss the enteipiise into an integiateu enviionment that is iesponsive to
change anu suppoitive of the ueliveiy of business stiategy.
Effective management anu exploitation of infoimation thiough IT is a key factoi to business
success, anu an inuispensable means to achieving competitive auvantage.
An enteipiise aichitectuie auuiesses this neeu, by pioviuing a stiategic context foi the
evolution of the IT system in iesponse to the constantly changing neeus of the business
enviionment.

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A moie efficient business opeiation:
Low business opeiations cost.
Noie agile oiganization
Lowei change management costs
Noie flexible woikfoice
Impioveu business piouuctivity

A moie efficient IT opeiation:
Lowei softwaie uevelopment, suppoit anu maintenance costs
Incieaseu poitability of applications
Impioveu inteiopeiability anu easiei system anu netwoik management
Impioveu ability to auuiess ciitical enteipiise-wiue issues like secuiity
Easiei upgiaue anu exchange of system components

Bettei ietuin on existing investment, ieuuceu iisk foi futuie investment:
Reuuceu complexity in the Business anu IT
Flexibility to make, buy oi out-souice business anu IT solutions
Reuuceu iisk in new investments anu cost of owneiship



2
Fastei, Simplei anu cheapei piocuiement:
Buying uecisions aie simplei, because the infoimation goveining the piocuiement is ieauily
available in a coheient plan.
The piocuiement piocess is fastei maximizing piocuiement speeu anu flexibility without
saciificing aichitectuial coheience
The ability to piocuie heteiogeneous, multi-venuoi open systems
The ability to secuie moie economic capabilities

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An aichitectuial fiamewoik is a founuational stiuctuie oi set of stiuctuies that can be useu
foi ueveloping a bioau iange of uiffeient aichitectuies. It uesciibes a methou foi uesigning
a taiget state of the enteipiise in teims of a set of builuing blocks anu shows how the
builuing blocks fit togethei. It contains a set of tools anu pioviues a common vocabulaiy. It
incluues a list of iecommenueu stanuaius anu compliant piouucts that can be useu to
implement the builuing blocks.

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0sing an aichitectuie fiamewoik will speeu up anu simplify aichitectuie uevelopment,
ensuie moie complete coveiage of the uesigneu solution, anu make ceitain that the
aichitectuie selecteu allows foi futuie giowth in iesponse to the neeus of the business.

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Theie aie a numbei of laws anu iegulations that have been uiiveis foi the auoption anu use
of Enteipiise Aichitectuie in business:
- -06 (D35A67#(@065 %>2
(0S Infoimation Technology Nanagement Refoim Act 1996)
The 0S Infoimation Technology Nanagement Refoim Act (Clingei-Cohen Act) is uesigneu to
impiove the way the 0S Feueial uoveinment acquiies anu manages IT.
It manuates the use of a foimal enteipiise aichitectuie piocess foi all 0S feueial agencies.
- -06 &17H1564#)CD6Q %>2
(0S Public Company Accounting Refoim anu Investoi Piotection Act 2uu2)
The Saibanes-0xley Act was passeu in iesponse to a numbei of majoi coipoiate anu
accounting scanuals involving piominent companies in the 0S (foi example, Enion anu
Woilucom). 0nuei the Act, companies must pioviue attestation of inteinal contiol
assessment, incluuing uocumentation of contiol pioceuuies ielateu to IT.
- +T K376>23I64 @5 206 %L17R @E ,BHD3> (@5271>24
Similaily within the Euiopean 0nion, theie aie E0 Biiectives that iequiie venuois involveu
in Public Contiacts to show that they aie using foimal enteipiise aichitectuie piocesses
within theii businesses when supplying piouucts anu seivices.

6. +C8D135 L0Q -)U%M 34 4B321HD6 14 1 E71N6L@7O E@7 +% :!.;#P=
T0uAF has been uevelopeu thiough the collaboiative effoits of ovei Suu Aichitectuie
Foium membei companies fiom some of the woilu's leauing companies anu oiganizations.
0sing T0uAF iesults in an enteipiise aichitectuie that is consistent, ieflects the neeus of
stakeholueis, employs best piactices, gives uue consiueiation both to cuiient iequiiements
anu the peiceiveu futuie neeus of the business.


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The stiuctuie of T0uAF uocumentation ieflects the stiuctuie anu content of an aichitectuie
Capability within an enteipiise.

T0uAF is uiviueu into seven paits.
The main intention of uiviuing T0uAF specification into inuepenuent paits is to allow foi
uiffeient specialization to be consiueieu in uetail anu potentially auuiesseu in isolation.
Although all paits woik togethei as a whole, it is also feasible to select paiticulai paits foi
auoption while excluuing otheis.

The seven (7) paits to T0uAF uocumentation aie as follows:

Pait 1 - (intiouuction) pioviues a high level view to the key concepts of enteipiise
aichitectuie, in paiticulai to the T0uAF appioach. It contains the uefinition of teims useu
thioughout T0uAF anu the ielease notes that uetail the changes between the latest veision
anu the pievious veisions of T0uAF.

Pait 2 - (Aichitectuie Bevelopment Nethou) is the coie of T0uAF. It uesciibes the T0uAF
ABN in a step-by-step appioach to ueveloping enteipiise aichitectuie.

Pait S - (ABN uuiuelines anu Techniques) contains a collection of guiuelines anu
techniques useu foi the application of the T0uAF fiamewoik anu ABN.

Pait 4 - (Aichitectuie Content Fiamewoik) uesciibes the content fiamewoik, stiuctuieu
metamouel foi aichitectuial aitifacts, ieusable aichitectuie builuing blocks anu an
oveiview of aichitectuie ueliveiables.

Pait S - (Enteipiise Continuum & Tools) uiscusses appiopiiate taxonomies & tools useu to
categoiize anu stoie the outputs of aichitectuie activity within an enteipiise.
Pait 6 - (T0uAF Refeience Nouels) pioviues a selection of aichitectuial iefeience mouels
that incluues the T0uAF Founuation Aichitectuie anu the Integiateu Infoimation
Infiastiuctuie Refeience Nouel (III-RN).

Pait 7 - (Aichitectuie Capability Fiamewoik) uiscusses the oiganization, piocesses, skills,
ioles anu iesponsibilities iequiieu to establish anu opeiate an aichitectuie function within
an enteipiise.


8. $736EDQ 6C8D135 L012 -)U%M 34 :;.!#!=
T0uAF is an aichitectuie fiamewoik. T0uAF (The 0pen uioup Aichitectuie Fiamewoik)
pioviues the methous anu tools foi assisting in the acceptance, piouuction, use anu
maintenance of an enteipiise aichitectuie. T0uAF is baseu on an iteiative piocess mouel
suppoiteu by best piactices anu a ie-usable set of existing aichitectuie assets.





4
W. +C8D135 L012 17>0326>2B76 34 35 206 >@526C2 @E -)U%M :;.;#!=
IS0IEC 42u1u: 2uu7 uefines ''aichitectuie'' as:
''The funuamental oiganization of a system, embouieu in its components, theii ielationship
to each othei anu the enviionment, the piinciples goveining its uesign anu evolution.''

T0uAF embiaces but uoes not stiictly auheie to 'IS0IEC 42u1u: 2uu7' teiminology. In
T0uAF, ''aichitectuie'' has two meanings uepenuing upon the context:
A foimal uesciiption of a system, oi a uetaileu plan of the system at component level to
guiue its implementation.
The stiuctuie of components, theii intei-ielationships, the piinciples anu guiuelines
goveining theii uesign anu evolution ovei time.

T0uAF consiueis the enteipiise as a system anu enueavois to stiike a balance between
piomoting the concepts anu teiminology of IS0IEC 42u1u: 2uu7, ensuiing that usage of
teims uefineu by IS0IEC 42u1u: 2uu7 is consistent with the stanuaiu uefinition, while
ietaining othei commonly accepteu teiminology.


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Theie aie foui aichitectuie uomains that aie commonly accepteu as subsets of an oveiall
enteipiise aichitectuie, all of which T0uAF is uesigneu to suppoit:

i. The $B435644 %7>0326>2B76 uomain uefines the business stiategy, goveinance,
oiganization anu key business piocesses.
ii. The K121 %7>0326>2B76 uomain uesciibes the stiuctuie of an oiganization's logical anu
physical uata assets. It also uesciibes the oiganization's uata management iesouices.
iii. The %88D3>123@5 %7>0326>2B76 uomain pioviues a bluepiint foi the inuiviuual
applications that aie to be ueployeu, theii inteiactions anu theii ielationship to the coie
business piocesses of the oiganization.
iv. The -6>05@D@AQ %7>0326>2B76 uomain uesciibes the logical softwaie anu haiuwaie
capabilities that aie iequiieu to suppoit the ueployment of business, uata, anu application
uomain seivices.
This incluues IT infiastiuctuie, miuulewaie, netwoiks, communications, piocessing,
stanuaius etc.

!!. /012 R@64 -)U%M (@521359
T0uAF ieflects the stiuctuie anu content of an aichitectuie capability within an enteipiise,
as shown in the Figuie below.

Befinition of "(181H3D32Q"
An ability that an oiganization, peison, oi system possesses. Capabilities aie typically
expiesseu in geneial anu high-level teims anu typically iequiie a combination of
oiganization, people, piocesses, anu technology to achieve.
Examples aie maiketing, customei contact oi outbounu telemaiketing.

An enteipiise aichitectuie capability (oi aichitectuie capability) in the context of T0uAF, is
the ability foi an oiganization to effectively unueitake the activities of an enteipiise
aichitectuie piactice.

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T0uAF pioviues two iefeience mouels foi possible inclusion in an enteipiise's own
Enteipiise Continuum.

S6E6765>6 Y@R6D K64>73823@5
T0uAF Founuation
Aichitectuie Technical
Refeience Nouel
The T0uAF Technical Refeience Nouel is an
aichitectuie of geneiic seivices anu functions that
pioviues a founuation on which specific aichitectuies
anu Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks (ABBs) can be built.
Integiateu Infoimation
Infiastiuctuie Refeience Nouel
(III-RN)
The Integiateu Infoimation Infiastiuctuie Refeience
Nouel (III-RN) is baseu on the T0uAF Founuation
Aichitectuie, anu is specifically aimeu at helping the
uesign of aichitectuies that enable anu suppoit the
vision of Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow.


!F. -06 %7>0326>2B76 (181H3D32Q M71N6L@7O
The Aichitectuie Capability Fiamewoik is a set of iesouices, guiuelines, templates,
backgiounu infoimation, etc. pioviueu to help the aichitect establish an aichitectuie
piactice within an oiganization.
6
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The T0uAF Aichitectuie Bevelopment Nethou (ABN) pioviues a testeu anu iepeatable
piocess foi ueveloping aichitectuies. The ABN incluues establishing an aichitectuie
fiamewoik, ueveloping aichitectuie content, tiansitioning anu goveining the iealization of
aichitectuies.
All of these activities aie caiiieu out within an iteiative cycle of continuous aichitectuie
uefinition anu iealization that allows oiganizations to tiansfoim theii enteipiises in a
contiolleu mannei in iesponse to business goals anu oppoitunities.

Phases within the ABN aie as follows:
i. The ,76D3N3517Q ,0146 uesciibes the piepaiation anu initiation activities iequiieu to
cieate an Aichitectuie Capability incluuing customization of T0uAF anu the uefinition of
Aichitectuie Piinciples.
ii. ,0146 %Z %7>0326>2B76 [343@5 uesciibes the initial phase of an aichitectuie uevelopment
cycle. It incluues infoimation about uefining the scope of the aichitectuie uevelopment
initiative, iuentifying the stakeholueis, cieating the Aichitectuie vision, anu obtaining
appioval to pioceeu with the aichitectuie uevelopment.
iii. ,0146 $Z $B435644 %7>0326>2B76 uesciibes the uevelopment of a Business Aichitectuie
to suppoit the agieeu Aichitectuie vision.
iv. ,0146 (Z '5E@7N123@5 &Q426N4 %7>0326>2B76 uesciibes the uevelopment of Infoimation
Systems Aichitectuies to suppoit the agieeu Aichitectuie vision.
v. ,0146 KZ -6>05@D@AQ %7>0326>2B76 uesciibes the uevelopment of the Technology
Aichitectuie to suppoit the agieeu Aichitectuie vision.
vi. ,0146 +Z )88@72B532364 \ &@DB23@54 conuucts initial implementation planning anu the
iuentification of ueliveiy vehicles foi the aichitectuie uefineu in the pievious phases.
vii. ,0146 MZ Y3A7123@5 ,D15535A auuiesses how to move fiom the Baseline to the Taiget
Aichitectuies by finalizing a uetaileu Implementation anu Nigiation Plan.
viii. ,0146 UZ 'N8D6N652123@5 U@I67515>6 pioviues an aichitectuial oveisight of the
implementation.
ix. ,0146 ]Z %7>0326>2B76 (015A6 Y151A6N652 establishes pioceuuies foi managing
changes to the new aichitectuie.
x. S6^B376N6524 Y151A6N652 examines the piocess of managing aichitectuie
iequiiements thioughout the ABN.




7













8
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Executing the ABN piouuces vaiious outputs such as piocess flows, aichitectuial
iequiiements, pioject plans, pioject compliance assessments etc.
The T0uAF Aichitectuie Content Fiamewoik pioviues a stiuctuial mouel foi aichitectuial
content that allows majoi woik piouucts to be consistently uefineu, stiuctuieu anu
piesenteu.

The Aichitectuie Content Fiamewoik uses the following thiee categoiies to uesciibe the
type of aichitectuial woik piouuct:
i. A R6D3I671HD6 is a woik piouuct that is contiactually specifieu anu in tuin foimally
ievieweu, agieeu, anu signeu off by the stakeholueis. Beliveiables iepiesent the output of
piojects anu those ueliveiables that aie in uocumentation foim will typically be aichiveu at
completion of a pioject, oi tiansitioneu into an Aichitectuie Repositoiy as a iefeience
mouel, stanuaiu, oi snapshot of the Aichitectuie Lanuscape at a point in time.
ii. An 1723E1>2 is an aichitectuial woik piouuct that uesciibes an aspect of the aichitectuie.
Aitifacts aie geneially classifieu as catalogs (lists of things), matiices (showing
ielationships between things) anu uiagiams (pictuies of things). Examples incluue a
iequiiements catalog, business inteiaction matiix, anu a use-case uiagiam. An aichitectuial
ueliveiable may contain many aitifacts anu aitifacts will foim the content of the
Aichitectuie Repositoiy.
iii. A HB3DR35A HD@>O iepiesents a (potentially ie-usable) component of business, IT, oi
aichitectuial capability that can be combineu with othei builuing blocks to uelivei
aichitectuies anu solutions.

Builuing blocks can be uefineu at vaiious levels of uetail, uepenuing on the stage of
aichitectuie uevelopment. Foi instance at an eaily stage, a builuing block can simply consist
of a name oi an outline uesciiption. Latei on, a builuing block may be uecomposeu into
multiple suppoiting builuing blocks anu may be accompanieu by a full specification.
Builuing blocks can ielate to ''aichitectuies'' oi ''solutions''.
%7>0326>2B76 $B3DR35A $D@>O4 (ABBs) typically uesciibe iequiieu capability anu shape
the specification of Solution Builuing Blocks (SBBs). Foi example, a customei seivices
capability may be iequiieu within an enteipiise, suppoiteu by many SBBs, such as
piocesses, uata anu application softwaie.
&@DB23@5 $B3DR35A $D@>O4 (SBBs) iepiesent components that will be useu to implement
the iequiieu capability. Foi example a netwoik is a builuing block that can be uesciibeu
thiough complementaiy aitifacts anu then put to use to iealize solutions foi the enteipiise.

Foi example, an %7>0326>2B76 K6E35323@5 K@>BN652 is a ueliveiable that uocuments an
aichitectuie uesciiption. This uocument will contain a numbei of complementaiy aitifacts
that aie views of the builuing blocks ielevant to the aichitectuie.
Anothei example, a 87@>644 ED@L R31A71N (an aitifact) may be cieateu to uesciibe the
217A62 >1DD 015RD35A 87@>644 (a builuing block). This aitifact may also uesciibe othei
builuing blocks, such as the paiticipants involveu in the piocess (e.g. a Customei Seivices
Repiesentative).

%7>0326>2B76 $B3DR35A $D@>O4 (ABBs) aie aichitectuie uocumentation anu mouels fiom
the enteipiise's Aichitectuie Repositoiy classifieu accoiuing to the Aichitectuie Continuum.
They aie uefineu oi selecteu uuiing application of the ABN - mainly in Phases A, B, C, anu B.
9
The chaiacteiistics of ABBs aie as follows:
They uefine what functionality will be implementeu.
They captuie aichitectuie iequiiements; e.g., Business, Bata, Application, anu
Technology iequiiements.
They uiiect anu guiue the uevelopment of Solution Builuing Blocks.

Solution Builuing Blocks (SBBs) ielate to the Solutions Continuum. They aie
implementations of the aichitectuies iuentifieu in the enteipiise's Aichitectuie Continuum
anu may be eithei piocuieu oi uevelopeu. SBBs appeai in Phase E of the ABN wheie
piouuct-specific builuing blocks aie consiueieu foi the fiist time. SBBs uefine what
piouucts anu components will implement the functionality, theieby uefining the
implementation.
The chaiacteiistics of SBBs aie as follows:
They uefine what piouucts anu components will implement the functionality.
They uefine the implementation.
They fulfill business iequiiements.
They aie piouuct oi venuoi-awaie.







F. -06 +526787346 (@5235BBN :;._#!=
The Enteipiise Continuum pioviues methous foi classifying aichitectuie anu solution
aitifacts, both inteinal anu exteinal to the Aichitectuie Repositoiy, as they evolve fiom
geneiic Founuation Aichitectuies to 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies.

Enteipiise Continuum sets the bioauei context foi an aichitect anu explains how geneiic
solutions can be leveiageu anu specializeu in oiuei to suppoit the iequiiements of an
inuiviuual oiganization.
The Enteipiise Continuum is a view of the Aichitectuie Repositoiy that pioviues methous
1u
foi classifying aichitectuie anu solution aitifacts as they evolve fiom geneiic Founuation
Aichitectuies to 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies.

The Enteipiise Continuum compiises two complementaiy concepts: the Aichitectuie
Continuum anu the Solutions Continuum.
The Enteipiise Continuum enables the aichitect to aiticulate the bioau peispective of what,
why anu how the enteipiise aichitectuie has been uesigneu with the factois anu uiiveis
consiueieu.








-06 +526787346 (@5235BBN 15R 206 %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q
The Enteipiise Continuum pioviues a view of the Aichitectuie Repositoiy that shows the
evolution of these ielateu aichitectuies fiom geneiic to specific, fiom abstiact to conciete,
anu fiom logical to physical.


J. -06 %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q :;.V#!=
Aichitectuie Repositoiy can be useu to stoie uiffeient classes of aichitectuial output at
uiffeient levels of abstiaction, cieateu by the ABN.
The Aichitectuie Repositoiy is a mouel foi a physical instance of the Enteipiise Continuum.
The majoi components within an Aichitectuie Repositoiy aie as follows:
The %7>0326>2B76 Y621N@R6D uesciibes the oiganizationally tailoieu application of
an aichitectuie fiamewoik, incluuing a metamouel foi aichitectuie content.
The %7>0326>2B76 (181H3D32Q uefines the paiameteis, stiuctuies, anu piocesses that
suppoit goveinance of the Aichitectuie Repositoiy.
The %7>0326>2B76 G15R4>186 is the aichitectuial iepiesentation of assets ueployeu
within the opeiating enteipiise at a paiticulai point in time. The lanuscape is likely
11
to exist at multiple levels of abstiaction to suit uiffeient aichitectuie objectives.
The &215R17R4 '5E@7N123@5 $146 :&'$= captuies the stanuaius with which new
aichitectuies must comply, which may incluue inuustiy stanuaius, selecteu
piouucts anu seivices fiom supplieis, oi shaieu seivices alieauy ueployeu within
the oiganization.
The S6E6765>6 G3H717Q pioviues guiuelines, templates, patteins anu othei foims of
iefeience mateiial that can be leveiageu in oiuei to acceleiate the cieation of new
aichitectuies foi the enteipiise.
The U@I67515>6 G@A pioviues a iecoiu of goveinance activity acioss the enteipiise.

T0uAF pioviues a stiuctuial fiamewoik foi an Aichitectuie Repositoiy that allows an
enteipiise to uistinguish between uiffeient types of aichitectuial assets that exist at
uiffeient levels of abstiaction in the oiganization.
This Aichitectuie Repositoiy is one pait of the wiuei Enteipiise Repositoiy, which pioviues
the capability to link aichitectuial assets to components of the Betaileu Besign,
Beployment, anu Seivice Nanagement Repositoiies.






12
S. ]@L 2@ 6421HD340 15R N1352135 15 6526787346 %7>0326>2B76 (181H3D32Q
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Aichitectuie Capability Fiamewoik that is a set of iefeience mateiials anu guiuelines foi
establishing an aichitectuie function oi capability within an oiganization.
A summaiy of the contents is shown below:

(018267 K64>73823@5
Establishing an Aichitectuie
Capability
uuiuelines foi establishing an Aichitectuie
Capability within an oiganization.
Aichitectuie Boaiu uuiuelines foi establishing anu opeiating an
enteipiise Aichitectuie Boaiu.
Aichitectuie Compliance uuiuelines foi ensuiing pioject compliance
to aichitectuie.
Aichitectuie Contiacts uuiuelines foi uefining anu using
Aichitectuie Contiacts.
Aichitectuie uoveinance Fiamewoik anu guiuelines foi Aichitectuie
uoveinance.
Aichitectuie Natuiity Nouels Techniques foi evaluating anu quantifying
an oiganization's matuiity in enteipiise
aichitectuie.
Aichitectuie Skills Fiamewoik A set of iole, skill, anu expeiience noims foi
staff unueitaking enteipiise aichitectuie
woik.



In oiuei to caiiy out aichitectuial activity effectively within an enteipiise, it is necessaiy to
put in place an appiopiiate business capability foi aichitectuie, thiough oiganization
stiuctuies, ioles, iesponsibilities, skills anu piocesses.
An oveiview of the T0uAF Aichitectuie Capability Fiamewoik is shown below:



















1S









_. +421HD34035A 206 %7>0326>2B76 (181H3D32Q 14 15 @867123@51D 65232Q :;.W#!=

Baiiing aichitectuie capabilities set up to puiely suppoit change uelivei y piogiams, it is
incieasingly iecognizeu that a successful enteipiise aichitectuie piactice must sit on a fiim
opeiational footing. In effect, an enteipiise aichitectuie piactice must be iun like any othei
opeiational unit within a business; i.e., it shoulu be tieateu like a business. To this enu, anu
ovei anu above the coie piocesses uefineu within the ABN, an enteipiise aichitectuie
piactice shoulu establish capabilities in the following aieas:
Financial Nanagement
Peifoimance Nanagement (see Section S.S2)
Seivice Nanagement
Risk Nanagement (see Section A.7S)
Resouice Nanagement
Communications anu Stakeholuei Nanagement (see Section S.29)
Quality Nanagement
Suppliei Nanagement (see Section A.82)
Configuiation Nanagement (see Section A.1S)
Enviionment Nanagement

Cential to the notion of opeiating an ongoing aichitectuie is the execution of well uefineu
anu effective goveinance, wheieby all aichitectuially significant activity is contiolleu anu
aligneu within a single fiamewoik.
As goveinance has become an incieasingly visible iequiiement foi oiganizational
14
management, the inclusion of goveinance within T0uAF aligns the fiamewoik with cuiient
business best piactice anu also ensuies a level of visibility, guiuance anu contiol that will
suppoit all aichitectuie stakeholuei iequiiements anu obligations.

The benefits of aichitectuie goveinance incluue:
Incieaseu tianspaiency of accountability, anu infoimeu uelegation of authoiity.
Contiolleu iisk management.
Piotection of the existing asset base thiough maximizing ie-use of existing
aichitectuial components.
Pioactive contiol, monitoiing anu management mechanisms.
Piocess, concept anu component ie-use acioss all oiganizational business units.
value cieation thiough monitoiing, measuiing, evaluation anu feeuback.
Incieaseu visibility suppoiting inteinal piocesses anu exteinal paities'
iequiiements; in paiticulai, incieaseu visibility of uecision-making at lowei levels
ensuies oveisight at an appiopiiate level within the enteipiise of uecisions that
may have fai-ieaching stiategic consequences foi the oiganization.
uieatei shaieholuei value; in paiticulai, enteipiise aichitectuie incieasingly
iepiesents the coie intellectual piopeity of the enteipiise stuuies have
uemonstiateu a coiielation between incieaseu shaieholuei value anu well goveineu
enteipiises.
Integiates with existing piocesses anu methouologies anu complements
functionality by auuing contiol capabilities.


V. ]@L 2@ B46 -)U%M L320 @2067 E71N6L@7O4 :;.!X#!=
Two of the key elements of any enteipiise aichitectuie fiamewoik aie a uefinition of the
ueliveiables that the aichitecting activity shoulu piouuce, togethei with a uesciiption of the
methou foi piouuction.

Nany enteipiise aichitectuie fiamewoiks focus on the fiist of these - the specific set of
ueliveiables - anu aie ielatively silent about the methous to be useu to geneiate them.
Because T0uAF is a geneiic fiamewoik anu intenueu to be useu in a wiue vaiiety of
enviionments, it pioviues a flexible anu extensible content fiamewoik that unueipins a set
of geneiic aichitectuie ueliveiables.
As a iesult, T0uAF may be useu eithei in its own iight, with by a moie specific set, uefineu
in any othei fiamewoik that the aichitect consiueis ielevant.

In all cases, it is expecteu that the aichitect will auapt anu builu on the T0uAF fiamewoik in
oiuei to uefine a tailoieu methou that is integiateu into the piocesses anu oiganization
stiuctuies of the enteipiise.
This aichitectuie tailoiing may incluue auopting elements fiom othei aichitectuie
fiamewoiks, oi integiating T0uAF methous with othei stanuaiu fiamewoiks, such as ITIL,
CNNI, C0BIT, PRINCE2, PNB0K, anu NSP.

As a geneiic fiamewoik anu methou foi enteipiise aichitectuie, T0uAF also complements
othei fiamewoiks that aie aimeu at specific veitical business uomains, specific hoiizontal
technology aieas (such as secuiity oi manageability), oi specific application aieas (such as
e-Commeice).

1S
The T0uAF ABN is fiamewoik-agnostic, anu helps IT aichitects fill in the fiamewoik they
might alieauy have in use.

F < U65671D K6E35323@54 :O6Q -67N35@D@AQ=

!. %88D3>123@5 :F.J#!=
An application is a ueployeu anu opeiational IT system that suppoits business functions
anu seivices; foi example, a payioll. Applications use uata anu aie suppoiteu by multiple
technology components but aie uistinct fiom the technology components that suppoit the
application.

;. %88D3>123@5 %7>0326>2B76 :F.P#!=
A uesciiption of the majoi logical giouping of capabilities that manage the uata objects
necessaiy to piocess the uata anu suppoit the business.
A uesciiption of the stiuctuie anu inteiaction of the applications as gioups of capabilities
that pioviue key business functions anu manage the uata assets.

F. %7>0326>2B76 :F.W#!=
Aichitectuie has two meanings uepenuing upon its contextual usage:
i. A foimal uesciiption of a system, oi a uetaileu plan of the system at component level to
guiue its implementation (souice: IS0IEC 42u1u: 2uu7).
ii. The stiuctuie of components, theii intei-ielationships, anu the piinciples anu guiuelines
goveining theii uesign anu evolution ovei time.

4. %7>0326>2B76 (@5235BBN
Aichitectuie Continuum is a pait of the Enteipiise Continuum. It is a iepositoiy of
aichitectuial elements with incieasing uetail anu specialization. This Continuum begins
with founuational uefinitions such as iefeience mouels, coie stiategies, anu basic builuing
blocks. Fiom theie it spans to Inuustiy Aichitectuies anu all the way to an oiganization's
specific aichitectuie.

P. %7>0326>2B76 $B3DR35A $D@>O :%$$= :F.!X#!=
ABB aie a constituent of the aichitectuie mouel that uesciibes a single aspect of the oveiall
mouel.
Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks (ABBs) aie aichitectuie uocumentation anu mouels fiom the
enteipiise's Aichitectuie Repositoiy classifieu accoiuing to the Aichitectuie Continuum.
They aie uefineu oi selecteu uuiing application of the ABN - mainly in Phases A, B, C, anu B.

_. %7>0326>2B76 K6I6D@8N652 Y620@R :%KY= :F.!;#!=
ABN is the coie of T0uAF. It is a step-by-step appioach to ueveloping anu using an
enteipiise aichitectuie.
The Aichitectuie Bevelopment Nethou (ABN) foims the coie of T0uAF anu is a methou foi
ueiiving oiganization-specific enteipiise aichitectuie.

V. %7>0326>2B76 M71N6L@7O :F.!J#!=
AF is a conceptual stiuctuie useu to uevelop, implement anu sustain an aichitectuie.
An aichitectuie fiamewoik is a founuational stiuctuie, oi set of stiuctuies, that can be useu
foi ueveloping a bioau iange of uiffeient aichitectuies.
16

`. %7>0326>2B76 ,735>38D64 :F.!V#!=
APs aie a qualitative statement of intent that shoulu be met by the aichitectuie. Bas at least
a suppoiting iationale anu a measuie of impoitance.
Aichitectuie piinciples aie a set of geneial iules anu guiuelines foi the aichitectuie being
uevelopeu.
APs aie a set of piinciples that ielate to aichitectuie woik. They ieflect consensus acioss
the enteipiise, anu embouy the spiiit of the enteipiise aichitectuie.
Aichitectuie piinciples govein the aichitectuie piocess, affecting the uevelopment,
maintenance anu use of the enteipiise aichitectuie.

W. %7>0326>2B76 [343@5 :F.!W#!=
Av is a succinct uesciiption of the Taiget Aichitectuie that uesciibes its business value anu
the changes to the enteipiise that will iesult fiom its successful ueployment. It seives as an
aspiiational vision anu a bounuaiy foi uetaileu aichitectuie uevelopment.

!X. $146D356 :F.;!#!=
Baseline is a specification that has been foimally ievieweu anu agieeu upon, that theieaftei
seives as the basis foi fuithei uevelopment oi change anu that can be changeu only thiough
foimal change contiol pioceuuies oi a type of pioceuuie such as configuiation
management.

!!. $B3DR35A $D@>O :F.;J#!=
BB iepiesents a (potentially ie-usable) component of business, IT, oi aichitectuial
capability that can be combineu with othei builuing blocks to uelivei aichitectuies anu
solutions.
Builuing blocks can be uefineu at vaiious levels of uetail, uepenuing on what stage of
aichitectuie uevelopment has been ieacheu. Foi instance, at an eaily stage, a builuing block
can simply consist of a name oi an outline uesciiption. Latei on, a builuing block may be
uecomposeu into multiple suppoiting builuing blocks anu may be accompanieu by a full
specification. Builuing blocks can ielate to "aichitectuies" oi "solutions".

!;. $B435644 %7>0326>2B76 :F.;P#!=
Business Aichitectuie is a uesciiption of the stiuctuie anu inteiaction between the business
stiategy, oiganization, functions, business piocesses anu infoimation neeus. It uesciibes the
piouuct anuoi seivice stiategy anu the oiganizational, functional, piocess, infoimation,
anu geogiaphic aspects of the business enviionment.

!F. $B435644 U@I67515>6 :F.;`#!=
Bu is conceineu with ensuiing that the business piocesses anu policies (anu theii
opeiation) uelivei the business outcomes anu auheie to ielevant business iegulation.

!J. (181H3D32Q :F.FX#!=
An ability that an oiganization, peison, oi system possesses. Capabilities aie typically
expiesseu in geneial anu high-level teims anu typically iequiie a combination of
oiganization, people, piocesses, anu technology to achieve; oi example, maiketing,
customei contact oi outbounu telemaiketing.

17

!P. (@5>6754 :F.FJ#!=
The key inteiests that aie ciucially impoitant to the stakeholueis in a system, anu
ueteimine the acceptability of the system. Conceins may peitain to any aspect of the
system's functionality, uevelopment, oi opeiation, incluuing consiueiations such as
peifoimance, ieliability, secuiity, uistiibution anu ability to evolve.

!_. (@54271352 :F.FP#!=
An exteinal factoi that pievents an oiganization fiom puisuing paiticulai appioaches to
meet its goals; foi example, customei uata is not haimonizeu within the oiganization,
iegionally oi nationally, constiaining the oiganization's ability to offei effective customei
seivice.

!V. K121 %7>0326>2B76 :F.F_#!=
A uesciiption of the stiuctuie anu inteiaction of the enteipiise's majoi types anu souices of
uata, logical uata assets, physical uata assets anu uata management iesouices.

!`. K6D3I671HD6 :F.FV#!=
An aichitectuial woik piouuct that is contiactually specifieu anu in tuin foimally ievieweu
agieeu anu signeu off by the stakeholueis. Beliveiables iepiesent the output of piojects anu
those ueliveiables that aie in uocumentation foim will typically be aichiveu at completion
of a pioject, oi tiansitioneu into an Aichitectuie Repositoiy as a iefeience mouel, stanuaiu,
oi snapshot of the Aichitectuie Lanuscape at a point in time.

!W. +526787346 :F.F`#!=
The highest level (typically) of uesciiption of an oiganization anu typically coveis all
missions anu functions. An enteipiise will often span multiple oiganizations.

;X. M@B5R123@5 %7>0326>2B76 :F.J;#!=
ueneiic builuing blocks, theii intei-ielationships with othei builuing blocks, combineu with
the piinciples anu guiuelines that pioviue a founuation on which moie specific
aichitectuies can be built.

;!. U18 :F.JJ#!=
uap is a statement of uiffeience between two states. 0seu in the context of gap analysis,
wheie the uiffeience between the Baseline anu Taiget Aichitectuie is iuentifieu.

;;. U@I67515>6 :F.JP#!=
uoveinance is the uiscipline of monitoiing, managing, anu steeiing a business (oi ISIT
lanuscape) to uelivei the business outcome iequiieu.

;F. '5E@7N123@5 :F.J_#!=
Any communication oi iepiesentation of facts, uata, oi opinions, in any meuium oi foim,
incluuing textual, numeiical, giaphic, caitogiaphic, naiiative, oi auuio-visual.




18

;J. '5E@7N123@5 -6>05@D@AQ :'-= :F.JV#!=
i. The lifecycle management of infoimation anu ielateu technology useu by an oiganization.
ii. An umbiella teim that incluues all oi some of the subject aieas ielating to the computei
inuustiy, such as Business Continuity, Business IT Inteiface, Business Piocess Noueling anu
Nanagement, Communication, Compliance anu Legislation, Computeis, Content
Nanagement, Baiuwaie, Infoimation Nanagement, Inteinet, 0ffshoiing, Netwoiking,
Piogiamming anu Softwaie, Piofessional Issues, Pioject Nanagement, Secuiity, Stanuaius,
Stoiage, voice anu Bata Communications. vaiious countiies anu inuustiies employ othei
umbiella teims to uesciibe this same collection.

iii. A teim commonly assigneu to a uepaitment within an oiganization taskeu with
piovisioning some oi all of the uomains uesciibeu in (ii) above.
iv. Alteinate names commonly auopteu incluue Infoimation Seivices, Infoimation
Nanagement etc.

;P. G@A3>1D :F.PX#!=
An implementation-inuepenuent uefinition of the aichitectuie, often giouping ielateu
physical entities accoiuing to theii puipose anu stiuctuie; foi example, the piouucts fiom
multiple infiastiuctuie softwaie venuois can all be logically gioupeu as }ava application
seivei platfoims.

;_. Y621R121 :F.P!#!=
Netauata is uata about uata, of any soit in any meuia that uesciibes the chaiacteiistics of an
entity.

;V. Y621N@R6D :F.P;#!=
Netamouel is a mouel that uesciibes how anu with what the aichitectuie will be uesciibeu
in a stiuctuieu way.

;`. Y620@R :F.PF#!=
Nethou is a uefineu, iepeatable appioach to auuiess a paiticulai type of pioblem.

;W. Y620@R@D@AQ :F.PJ#!=
Nethouology is a uefineu, iepeatable seiies of steps to auuiess a paiticulai type of pioblem,
which typically centeis on a uefineu piocess, but may also incluue uefinition of content.

FX. Y@R6D :F.PP#!=
Nouel is a iepiesentation of a subject of inteiest. A mouel pioviues a smallei scale,
simplifieu, anuoi abstiact iepiesentation of the subject mattei. A mouel is constiucteu as a
''means to an enu''. In the context of enteipiise aichitectuie, the subject mattei is a whole oi
pait of the enteipiise anu the enu is the ability to constiuct ''views'' that auuiess the
conceins of paiticulai stakeholueis; i.e., theii ''viewpoints'' in ielation to the subject mattei.

F!. Y@R6D35A :F.P_#!=
Noueling is a technique thiough constiuction of mouels, which enables a subject to be
iepiesenteu in a foim that enables ieasoning, insight anu claiity conceining the essence of
the subject mattei.
19
F;. )Ha6>23I6 :F.PV#!=
A time-bounueu milestone foi an oiganization useu to uemonstiate piogiess towaius a
goal; foi example, ''Inciease Capacity 0tilization by Su% by the enu of 2uu9 to suppoit the
planneu inciease in maiket shaie''.
FF. ,1226754 :F.P`#!=
Patteins is a technique foi putting builuing blocks into context; foi example, to uesciibe a
ie-usable solution to a pioblem. Builuing blocks aie what you use: patteins can tell you how
you use them, when, why anu what tiaue-offs you have to make in uoing so.

FJ. ,0Q43>1D :F._!#!=
Physical is a uesciiption of a ieal-woilu entity. Physical elements in an enteipiise
aichitectuie may still be consiueiably abstiacteu fiom Solution Aichitectuie, uesign oi
implementation views.

FP. S6E6765>6 Y@R6D :SY= :F.__#!=
A iefeience mouel is an abstiact fiamewoik foi unueistanuing significant ielationships
among the entities of |anj enviionment anu foi the uevelopment of consistent stanuaius oi
specifications suppoiting that enviionment. A iefeience mouel is baseu on a small numbei
of unifying concepts anu may be useu as a basis foi euucation anu explaining stanuaius to a
non-specialist. A iefeience mouel is not uiiectly tieu to any stanuaius, technologies, oi othei
conciete implementation uetails, but it uoes seek to pioviue common semantics that can be
useu unambiguously acioss anu between uiffeient implementations.

F_. S68@432@7Q :F._V#!=
Repositoiy is a system that manages all of the uata of an enteipiise, incluuing uata anu
piocess mouels anu othei enteipiise infoimation. Bence, the uata in a iepositoiy is much
moie extensive than that in a uata uictionaiy, which geneially uefines only the uata making
up a uatabase.

FV. S6^B376N652 :F._`#!=
Requiiement is a statement of neeu that must be met by a paiticulai aichitectuie oi woik
package.

F`. S@1RN18 :F._W#!=
Roaumap is an abstiacteu plan foi business oi technology change, typically opeiating acioss
multiple uisciplines ovei multiple yeais. Noimally useu in the phiases Technology
Roaumap, Aichitectuie Roaumap, etc.

FW. &67I3>6 )73652123@5 :F.V;#!=
Seivice 0iientation is a way of thinking in teims of seivices anu seivice-baseu uevelopment
anu the outcomes of seivices.

JX. &@DB23@5 %7>0326>2B76 :F.VV#!=
Solution Aichitectuie is a uesciiption of a uisciete anu focuseu business opeiation oi
activity anu how ISIT suppoits that opeiation. A Solution Aichitectuie typically applies to a
single pioject oi pioject ielease, assisting in the tianslation of iequiiements into a solution
vision, high-level business anuoi IT system specifications anu a poitfolio of
implementation tasks.
2u

J!. &@DB23@5 $B3DR35A $D@>O :&$$= :F.V`#!=
SBB is a canuiuate solution, which confoims to the specification of an Aichitectuie Builuing
Block (ABB).

J;. &@DB23@54 (@5235BBN :F.VW#!=
Solutions Continuum is a pait of the Enteipiise Continuum. It is a iepositoiy of ie-usable
solutions foi futuie implementation effoits. It contains implementations of the
coiiesponuing uefinitions in the Aichitectuie Continuum.

JF. &21O60@DR67 :F.`X#!=
A Stakeholuei is an inuiviuual, team oi oiganization (oi classes theieof) with inteiests in oi
conceins ielative to the outcome of the aichitectuie. Biffeient stakeholueis with uiffeient
ioles will have uiffeient conceins.

44. &215R17R4 '5E@7N123@5 $146 :&'$= :F.`!#!=
SIB is a uatabase of stanuaius that can be useu to uefine the paiticulai seivices anu othei
components of an 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuie.

JP. &27126A3> %7>0326>2B76 :F.`;#!=
Stiategic Aichitectuie summaiy foimal uesciiption of the enteipiise, pioviuing an
oiganizing fiamewoik foi opeiational anu change activity anu an executive-level, long-teim
view foi uiiection setting.

J_. -17A62 %7>0326>2B76 :F.`F#!=
Taiget Aichitectuie is the uesciiption of a futuie state of the aichitectuie being uevelopeu
foi an oiganization. Theie may be seveial futuie states uevelopeu as a ioaumap to show the
evolution of the aichitectuie to a taiget state.

JV. -6>05@D@AQ %7>0326>2B76 :F.`_#!=
Technology Aichitectuie is a uesciiption of the stiuctuie anu inteiaction of the platfoim
seivices, logical anu physical technology components.

J`. -7154323@5 %7>0326>2B76 :F.`V#!=
Tiansition Aichitectuie is a foimal uesciiption of one state of the aichitectuie at an
aichitectuially significant point in time.
0ne oi moie Tiansition Aichitectuies may be useu to uesciibe the piogiession in time fiom
the Baseline to the Taiget Aichitectuie.

JW. [36L :F.``#!=
view is the iepiesentation of a ielateu set of conceins. A view is what is seen fiom a
viewpoint. An aichitectuie view may be iepiesenteu by a mouel to uemonstiate to
stakeholueis theii aieas of inteiest in the aichitectuie. A view uoes not have to be visual oi
giaphical in natuie.

PX. [36L8@352 :F.`W#!=
viewpoint is a uefinition of the peispective fiom which a view is taken. It is a specification
of the conventions foi constiucting anu using a view (often by means of an appiopiiate
21
schema oi template). A view is what you see; a viewpoint is wheie you aie looking fiom
the vantage point oi peispective that ueteimines what you see.


P!. /@7O ,1>O1A6 :F.WX#!=
Woik Package is a set of actions iuentifieu to achieve one oi moie objectives foi the
business. A woik package can be a pait of a pioject, a complete pioject oi a piogiam.



J < '527@RB>23@5 2@ 206 %KY

!. $736EDQ R64>73H6 206 %KY >Q>D6? 324 801464 15R 206 @Ha6>23I6 @E 61>0
80146 :P.;.;#!? #;? #F=
The ABN consists of a numbei of phases that cycle thiough a iange of aichitectuie uomains.
It uefines a methou foi ueveloping an Enteipiise Aichitectuie.
The ABN is applieu iteiatively thioughout the entiie piocess, between phases anu within
them.
The ABN suppoits the concept of iteiation at thiee levels:
Cycling aiounu the ABN: The ABN is piesenteu in a ciiculai mannei inuicating that
the completion of one phase of aichitectuie woik uiiectly feeus into subsequent
phases of aichitectuie woik.
Iteiating between phases: T0uAF uesciibes the concept of iteiating acioss phases
(e.g., ietuining to Business Aichitectuie on completion of Technology Aichitectuie).
Cycling aiounu a single phase: T0uAF suppoits iepeateu execution of the activities
within a single ABN phase as a technique foi elaboiating aichitectuial content.

The ,76D3N3517Q ,0146 piepaies the oiganization foi successful T0uAF aichitectuie
piojects.
It unueitakes the piepaiation anu initiation activities iequiieu to cieate an Aichitectuie
Capability, incluuing the customization of T0uAF, selection of tools, anu the uefinition of
Aichitectuie Piinciples.

S6^B376N6524 Y151A6N652 - eveiy stage of a T0uAF pioject is baseu on the RN anu it
valiuates business iequiiements. Requiiements aie iuentifieu, stoieu, anu feu into anu out
of the ielevant ABN phases, which uispose of, auuiess anu piioiitize iequiiements.

,0146 %Z %7>0326>2B76 [343@5 sets the scope, constiaints anu expectations foi a T0uAF
pioject.
The Aichitectuie vision is cieateu anu stakeholueis iuentifieu. It valiuates the business
context, cieates the Statement of Aichitectuie Woik anu obtains appiovals.

,0146 $Z $B435644 %7>0326>2B76
,0146 (Z '5E@7N123@5 &Q426N4 %7>0326>2B764 :%88D3>123@5 \ K121=
,0146 KZ -6>05@D@AQ %7>0326>2B76
Bevelop aichitectuies in foui uomains:
1. Business
2. Infoimation Systems - Application
S. Infoimation Systems - Bata
22
4. Technology
In each case, uevelop the Baseline anu Taiget Aichitectuie anu analyze gaps.

,0146 +Z )88@72B532364 \ &@DB23@54 peifoim initial implementation planning anu the
iuentification of ueliveiy vehicles foi the builuing blocks iuentifieu in the pievious phases. It
ueteimines whethei an inciemental appioach is iequiieu, anu if so iuentifies Tiansition
Aichitectuies.

,0146 MZ Y3A7123@5 ,D15535A uevelop uetaileu Implementation anu Nigiation Plan that
auuiesses how to move fiom the Baseline to the Taiget Aichitectuie.

,0146 UZ 'N8D6N652123@5 U@I67515>6 pioviues aichitectuial oveisight foi the
implementation. Piepaie anu issue Aichitectuie Contiacts. Ensuie that the implementation
pioject confoims to the aichitectuie.

,0146 ]Z %7>0326>2B76 (015A6 Y151A6N652 Pioviue continual monitoiing anu a change
management piocess to ensuie that the aichitectuie iesponus to the neeus of the enteipiise
anu maximizes the value of the aichitectuie to the business.

*@26Z The ABN uefines a iecommenueu sequence foi the vaiious phases anu steps involveu
in ueveloping an oiganization-wiue enteipiise aichitectuie, but uoes not ueteimine the
scope foi an enteipiise aichitectuie activity; this must be ueteimineu by the oiganization
itself.

;. K64>73H6 1 2Q83>1D 462 @E 42684? 4B>0 14 20@46 E@7 ,01464 $? (? 15R K
:P.;.;#;=





2S


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K :P.;.;#F=

Thioughout the piocess of applying the ABN, outputs aie geneiateu. An output in an eaily
phase may be mouifieu in a latei phase. The veisioning of output is manageu thiough
veision numbeis.

Each u.1 "Biaft" Bomain Aichitectuie view that was cieateu in Phase A must be tuineu into
a 1.u "Final" aichitectuie view.
In the coiiesponuing subsequent Bomain Aichitectuie Phase, we see that Phase A is a veiy
Impoitant Phase!

,0146 K6D3I671HD6 (@52652 [6743@5 K64>73823@5
A: Aichitectuie
vision
Aichitectuie
vision
Business
Aichitectuie
u.1
veision u.1
inuicates that a
high-level
outline of the
aichitectuie is
in place.
Bata
Aichitectuie
u.1
Application
Aichitectuie
u.1
Technology
Aichitectuie
u.1
B: Business
Aichitectuie
Aichitectuie
Befinition
Bocument
Business
Aichitectuie
1.u
veision 1.u
inuicates a
foimally
ievieweu,
uetaileu
aichitectuie.
C: Infoimation
Systems
Aichitectuie
Aichitectuie
Befinition
Bocument
Bata
Aichitectuie
1.u
Application
Aichitectuie
1.u
B: Technology
Aichitectuie
Aichitectuie
Befinition
Bocument
Technology
Aichitectuie
1.u


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-)U%M :+526787346 (@5235BBN? %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q? M@B5R123@5
%7>0326>2B76? &B88@7235A UB3R6D3564 15R -6>053^B64= :P.!#!=

The Enteipiise Continuum is an appioach foi categoiizing aichitectuial souice mateiial -
both the contents of the oiganization's own Aichitectuie Repositoiy, anu the set of ielevant,
available iefeience mouels in the inuustiy. The piactical implementation of the Enteipiise
Continuum will typically take the foim of an Aichitectuie Repositoiy that incluues iefeience
aichitectuies, mouels, anu patteins that have been accepteu foi use within the enteipiise,
anu actual aichitectuial woik uone pieviously within the enteipiise.

At ielevant places thioughout the ABN, theie aie ieminueis to consiuei which aichitectuie
assets fiom the Aichitectuie Repositoiy the aichitect shoulu use, if any. In some cases - foi
24
example, in the uevelopment of a Technology Aichitectuie - this may be the T0uAF
Founuation Aichitectuie. Similaily, in the uevelopment of a Business Aichitectuie, it may be
a iefeience mouel foi e-Commeice taken fiom the inuustiy at laige.
While using the ABN, the aichitect is ueveloping a snapshot of the enteipiise's uecisions
anu theii implications at paiticulai points in time. Each iteiation of the ABN will populate
an oiganization-specific lanuscape with all the aichitectuie assets iuentifieu anu leveiageu
thiough the piocess, incluuing the final oiganization-specific aichitectuie ueliveieu.

Aichitectuie uevelopment is a continuous, cyclical piocess, anu in executing the ABN
iepeateuly ovei time, the aichitect giauually auus moie anu moie content to the
oiganization's Aichitectuie Repositoiy. Although the piimaiy focus of the ABN is on the
uevelopment of the enteipiise-specific aichitectuie, in this wiuei context the ABN can also
be vieweu as the piocess of populating the enteipiise's own Aichitectuie Repositoiy with
ielevant ie-usable builuing blocks taken fiom the "left", moie geneiic siue of the Enteipiise
Continuum.

In fact, the fiist execution of the ABN will often be the haiuest, since the aichitectuie assets
available foi ie-use will be ielatively scaice. Even at this stage of uevelopment, howevei,
theie will be aichitectuie assets available fiom exteinal souices such as T0uAF, as well as
the IT inuustiy at laige, that coulu be leveiageu in suppoit of the effoit.
Subsequent executions will be easiei, as moie anu moie aichitectuie assets become
iuentifieu, aie useu to populate the oiganization's Aichitectuie Repositoiy, anu aie thus
available foi futuie ie-use.

The ABN is also useful when populating the Founuation Aichitectuie of an enteipiise.
Business iequiiements of an enteipiise may be useu to iuentify the necessaiy uefinitions
anu selections in the Founuation Aichitectuie. This coulu be a set of ie-usable common
mouels, policy anu goveinance uefinitions, oi even as specific as oveiiiuing technology
selections (e.g., if manuateu by law). Population of the Founuation Aichitectuie follows
similai piinciples as foi an enteipiise aichitectuie, with the uiffeience that iequiiements
foi a whole enteipiise aie iestiicteu to the oveiall conceins anu thus less complete than foi
a specific enteipiise.


P. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E 206 4B88@7235A AB3R6D3564 15R 26>053^B64? 15R
206 R3EE6765>6 H62L665 AB3R6D3564 15R 26>053^B64 :P.!#;=

T0uAF 9 Pait III: ABN uuiuelines anu Techniques is a set of iesouices - guiuelines,
templates, checklists, anu othei uetaileu mateiials - that uiiectly suppoit application of the
T0uAF ABN.

The inuiviuual guiuelines anu techniques aie uesciibeu in a sepaiate pait of T0uAF so that
they can be iefeienceu fiom the ielevant points in the ABN as necessaiy, iathei than having
the uetaileu text cluttei the uesciiption of the ABN itself.

The guiuelines pioviueu with T0uAF uesciibe how the ABN piocess can be auapteu to ueal
with a numbei of uiffeient usage scenaiios, incluuing uiffeient piocess styles (e.g., the use
of iteiation) anu also specific specialty aichitectuies (such as secuiity).

2S
The techniques uesciibeu within T0uAF 9 Pait III suppoit specific tasks within the ABN
(e.g., the gap analysis technique, piinciples, etc.).


_. $736EDQ R64>73H6 206 O6Q 8@3524 @E 206 %KY >Q>D6 :P.;.!#!=

The T0uAF ABN is iteiative; new uecisions have to be maue at each iteiation:
Enteipiise coveiage
Level of uetail
Time peiiou
Aichitectuie asset ie-use:
Pievious ABN iteiations
0thei fiamewoiks, system mouels, inuustiy mouels, .
Becisions taken shoulu be baseu on competence anuoi iesouice availability, anu the value
acciuing to the enteipiise.
The ABN uoes not iecommenu the scope of activity; this has to be ueteimineu by the
oiganization itself.

The choice of scope is ciitical to the success of the aichitecting effoit. The main guiueline is
to focus on what cieates value to the enteipiise, anu to select hoiizontal anu veitical scope,
anu pioject scheuules, accoiuingly. This exeicise will be iepeateu, anu futuie iteiations will
builu on what is being cieateu in the cuiient effoit, auuing gieatei wiuth anu uepth.

Wheie necessaiy, use of the ABN shoulu be tailoieu to meet the neeus of the oiganization.
This means that some phases may be omitteu, mouifieu, oi even auuitional pioceuuies
auueu.


V. G342 206 N135 7614@54 L0Q Q@B L@BDR 566R 2@ 1R182 206 %KY :P.F #!=

The ABN is a geneiic methou foi aichitectuie uevelopment, which is uesigneu to ueal with
most system anu oiganizational iequiiements. It easily copes with vaiiable geogiaphies,
veitical sectois, anu inuustiy types.
Bowevei, it will often be necessaiy to mouify oi extenu the ABN to suit specific neeus. 0ne
of the tasks befoie applying the ABN is to ieview the piocess anu its outputs foi
applicability, anu then tailoi them as appiopiiate to the ciicumstances of the inuiviuual
enteipiise.
This activity may well piouuce an "enteipiise-specific" ABN. Theie aie a numbei of ieasons
foi wanting to tailoi the ABN to the ciicumstances of an inuiviuual enteipiise.
Some of the ieasons aie outlineu as follows:

i. An impoitant consiueiation is that the oiuei of the phases in the ABN is to some extent
uepenuent on the matuiity of the aichitectuie uiscipline within the enteipiise conceineu.
Foi example, if the business case foi uoing aichitectuie is not well iecognizeu, then cieating
an Aichitectuie vision is essential; anu a uetaileu Business Aichitectuie neeus to come next
to uefine the business case foi the iemaining aichitectuie woik, anu secuie the active
paiticipation of key stakeholueis in that woik.


26
ii. The oiuei of phases may also be uefineu by the business anu aichitectuie piinciples of an
enteipiise. Foi example, the business piinciples may uictate that the enteipiise be piepaieu
to aujust its business piocesses to meet the neeus of a packageu solution, so that it can be
implementeu quickly to enable fast iesponse to maiket changes. In such a case, the
Business Aichitectuie (oi at least the completion of it) may well follow completion of the
Infoimation Systems Aichitectuie.

iii. An enteipiise may wish to use oi tailoi the ABN in conjunction with anothei enteipiise
aichitectuie fiamewoik that has a uefineu set of ueliveiables specific to a paiticulai veitical
sectoi: uoveinment, Befense, e-Business, Telecommunications, etc.

iv. The ABN is one of many coipoiate piocesses that make up the coipoiate goveinance
mouel foi an enteipiise. The ABN is complementaiy to, anu suppoitive of, othei stanuaiu
piogiam management piocesses. The enteipiise will tailoi the ABN to ieflect the
ielationships with, anu uepenuencies on, the othei management piocesses.

v. The ABN is being manuateu foi use by a piime oi leau contiactoi in an outsouicing
situation, anu neeus to be tailoieu to achieve a suitable compiomise between the
contiactoi's existing piactices anu the contiacting enteipiise's iequiiements.

vi. The enteipiise is a small-to-meuium enteipiise, anu wishes to use a "cut-uown" veision
of the ABN that is moie attuneu to the ieuuceu level of iesouices anu system complexity
typical of such an enviionment.

vii. The enteipiise is veiy laige anu complex, compiising many sepaiate but inteilinkeu
"enteipiises" within an oveiall collaboiative business fiamewoik, anu the aichitectuie
methou neeus to be auapteu to iecognize this. Such enteipiises usually cannot be tieateu
successfully as a single entity anu a moie feueiateu appioach is iequiieu.
The ABN piocess can also be auapteu to ueal with a numbei of uiffeient use scenaiios,
incluuing uiffeient piocess styles (e.g., the use of iteiation) anu also specific specialist
aichitectuies (such as secuiity).

`. +C8D135 206 566R E@7 206 %KY 87@>644 2@ H6 A@I6756R :P.J#!=

The ABN, whethei auapteu by the oiganization oi useu as uocumenteu in T0uAF, is a key
piocess to be manageu anu goveineu. The Aichitectuie Boaiu shoulu be satisfieu that the
methou is being applieu coiiectly acioss all phases of an aichitectuie uevelopment
iteiation.
Compliance with the ABN is funuamental to the goveinance of the aichitectuie, to ensuie
that all consiueiations aie maue anu all iequiieu ueliveiables aie piouuceu.

W. K64>73H6 206 N1a@7 35E@7N123@5 17614 N151A6R HQ 1 A@I67515>6
768@432@7Q :P.J#;=

The management of all aichitectuial aitifacts, goveinance, anu ielateu piocesses shoulu be
suppoiteu by a contiolleu enviionment. Typically this woulu be baseu on one oi moie
iepositoiies suppoiting veisioneu object anu piocess contiol anu status.
The majoi infoimation aieas manageu by a goveinance iepositoiy shoulu contain the
following types of infoimation:
27
S6E6765>6 K121 (collateial fiom the oiganization's own iepositoiiesEnteipiise
Continuum, incluuing exteinal uata; e.g., C0BIT, ITIL): 0seu foi guiuance anu
instiuction uuiing pioject implementation. This incluues the uetails of infoimation
outlineu above. The iefeience uata incluues a uesciiption of the goveinance
pioceuuies themselves.
,7@>644 &212B4Z A iecoiu of all infoimation iegaiuing the state of any goveinance
piocesses; examples of this incluue outstanuing compliance iequests, uispensation
iequests, anu compliance assessment investigations.
%BR32 '5E@7N123@5Z A iecoiu of all completeu goveinance piocess actions. This is
useu to suppoit:
Key uecisions anu iesponsible peisonnel foi any aichitectuie pioject that has
been sanctioneu by the goveinance piocess
A iefeience foi futuie aichitectuial anu suppoiting piocess uevelopments,
guiuance, anu pieceuence.


!X. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 7614@54 E@7 4>@835A 15 17>0326>2B76 1>23I32Q :P.P#!=

Theie aie many ieasons to constiain (oi iestiict) the scope of the aichitectuial activity to
be unueitaken, most of which ielate to limits in:
The oiganizational authoiity of the team piouucing the aichitectuie
The objectives anu stakeholuei conceins to be auuiesseu within the aichitectuie
The availability of people, finance, anu othei iesouices
The scope chosen foi the aichitectuie activity is noimally uiiectly uepenuent on available
iesouices, anu, in the final analysis, is usually a question of feasibility.

!!. G342 206 8@443HD6 R3N6543@54 E@7 D3N3235A 206 4>@86 :P.P#;=

K3N6543@5 (@543R67123@54
8readLh

WhaL ls Lhe full exLenL of Lhe enLerprlse, and whaL parL of LhaL
exLenL should Lhe archlLecLlng efforL deal wlLh?
Many enLerprlses are very large, effecLlvely comprlslng a
federaLlon of organlzaLlonal unlLs LhaL could valldly be consldered
enLerprlses ln Lhelr own rlghL.
1he modern enLerprlse lncreaslngly exLends beyond lLs LradlLlonal
boundarles, Lo embrace a fuzzy comblnaLlon of LradlLlonal buslness
enLerprlse comblned wlLh suppllers, cusLomers, and parLners.
uepLh 1o whaL level of deLall should Lhe archlLecLlng efforL go? Pow
much archlLecLure ls enough"? WhaL ls Lhe approprlaLe
demarcaLlon beLween Lhe archlLecLure efforL and oLher, relaLed
acLlvlLles (sysLem deslgn, sysLem englneerlng, sysLem
developmenL)?
1lme perlod WhaL ls Lhe Llme perlod LhaL needs Lo be arLlculaLed for Lhe
ArchlLecLure vlslon, and does lL make sense (ln Lerms of
pracLlcallLy and resources) for Lhe same perlod Lo be covered ln
Lhe deLalled archlLecLure descrlpLlon? lf noL, how many 1ranslLlon
ArchlLecLures are Lo be deflned, and whaL are Lhelr Llme perlods?
ArchlLecLure domalns A compleLe enLerprlse archlLecLure descrlpLlon should conLaln all
four archlLecLure domalns (8uslness, uaLa, AppllcaLlon,
1echnology), buL Lhe reallLles of resource and Llme consLralnLs
28
ofLen mean Lhere ls noL enough Llme, fundlng, or resources Lo
bulld a Lop down, all-lncluslve archlLecLure descrlpLlon
encompasslng all four archlLecLure domalns, even lf Lhe enLerprlse
scope ls chosen Lo be less Lhan Lhe full exLenL of Lhe overall
enLerprlse.

Typically, the scope of an aichitectuie is fiist expiesseu in teims of H761R20, R6820, anu
23N6. 0nce these uimensions aie unueistoou, a suitable combination of 17>0326>2B76
R@N1354 can be selecteu that aie appiopiiate to the pioblem being auuiesseu.



!;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 566R E@7 15 3526A7123@5 E71N6L@7O 2012 4324 1H@I6
35R3I3RB1D 17>0326>2B764 :P._#!=

Aichitectuies that aie cieateu to auuiess a subset of issues within an enteipiise iequiie a
consistent fiame of iefeience so that they can be consiueieu as a gioup as well as point
ueliveiables.

The uimensions that aie useu to uefine the scope bounuaiy of a single aichitectuie (e.g.,
level of uetail, aichitectuie uomain, etc.) aie typically the same uimensions that must be
auuiesseu when consiueiing the integiation of many aichitectuies.

At the piesent time, the state-of-the-ait is such that aichitectuie integiation can only be
accomplisheu at the lowei enu of the integiation spectium. Key factois to consiuei aie the
gianulaiity anu level of uetail in each aitifact, anu the matuiity of stanuaius foi the
inteichange of aichitectuial uesciiptions.





29

P < +526787346 (@5235BBN 15R -@@D4

!. $736EDQ 6C8D135 L012 206 +526787346 (@5235BBN 34 :FW.!#!=
The Enteipiise Continuum pioviues methous foi classifying aichitectuie anu solution
aitifacts, both inteinal anu exteinal to the Aichitectuie Repositoiy, as they evolve fiom
geneiic Founuation Aichitectuies to 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies.

Befinition of "Continuum"
Noun: a continuous extent of something, no pait of which is uiffeient fiom any othei.


;. +C8D135 0@L 32 34 B46R 35 @7A153b35A 15R R6I6D@835A 15 17>0326>2B76
:FW.;#!=
The Enteipiise Continuum enables the aichitect to aiticulate the bioau peispective of what,
why, anu how the enteipiise aichitectuie has been uesigneu with the factois anu uiiveis
consiueieu.
The Enteipiise Continuum is an impoitant aiu to communication anu unueistanuing, both
within inuiviuual enteipiises, anu between customei enteipiises anu venuoi oiganizations.
Without an unueistanuing of "wheie in the continuum you aie", people uiscussing
aichitectuie can often talk at cioss-puiposes because they aie iefeiencing uiffeient points
in the continuum at the same time, without iealizing it.

*)-+Z Any aichitectuie is context-specific; foi example, theie aie aichitectuies that aie
specific to inuiviuual customeis, inuustiies, subsystems, piouucts, anu seivices. Aichitects,
on both the buy-siue anu supply-siue, must have at theii uisposal a consistent language to
effectively communicate the uiffeiences between aichitectuies. Such a language enables
engineeiing efficiency anu the effective use of Commeicial 0ff-The-Shelf (C0TS) piouuct
functionality.
The Enteipiise Continuum pioviues that consistent language.

F. +C8D135 0@L 206 +526787346 (@5235BBN 87@N@264 76#B46 @E 17>0326>2B76
1723E1>24 :FW.;#;=
The Enteipiise Continuum enables the oiganization of ie-usable aichitectuie aitifacts anu
solution assets to maximize the enteipiise aichitectuie investment oppoitunities.
The "I372B1D 768@432@7Q" that is the Enteipiise Continuum consists of all the aichitectuie
assets; that is, mouels, patteins, aichitectuie uesciiptions, anu othei aitifacts piouuceu
uuiing application of the ABN.

These can exist both within the enteipiise anu in the IT inuustiy at laige, anu aie
consiueieu the set of assets available foi the uevelopment of aichitectuies foi the
enteipiise.
The ueliveiables of pievious aichitectuie woik, which aie available foi ie-use, aie examples
of inteinal aichitectuie anu solutions aitifacts.

Examples of exteinal aichitectuie anu solution aitifacts incluue the wiue vaiiety of inuustiy
iefeience mouels anu aichitectuie patteins that exist, anu aie continually emeiging,
incluuing those that aie 03A0DQ A65673> (such as T0uAF's own -6>053>1D S6E6765>6 Y@R6D
Su
(TRN)); those specific to ceitain aspects of IT (such as a web seivices aichitectuie); those
specific to ceitain types of infoimation piocessing (such as e-Commeice); anu those specific
to ceitain veitical inuustiies, such as the mouels geneiateu by veitical consoitia like the
TNF (in the Telecommunications sectoi), ARTS (Retail), Eneigistics (Petiotechnical), etc.

The enteipiise aichitectuie ueteimines which aichitectuie anu solution aitifacts an
oiganization incluues in its Aichitectuie Repositoiy. S6#B46 is a majoi consiueiation in this
uecision.

J. K64>73H6 206 >@54232B6524 @E 206 +526787346 (@5235BBN :FW.F#!=
The Enteipiise Continuum consists of thiee paits:

-06 +526787346 (@5235BBN - is the outeimost continuum anu classifies assets ielateu to
the context of the oveiall enteipiise aichitectuie.

-06 %7>0326>2B76 (@5235BBN offeis a consistent way to uefine anu unueistanu the geneiic
iules, iepiesentations, anu ielationships in an aichitectuie, incluuing tiaceability anu
ueiivation ielationships (e.g., to show that an 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuie is baseu on
an inuustiy oi geneiic stanuaiu).
The Aichitectuie Continuum iepiesents a stiuctuiing of Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks
(ABBs) which aie ie-usable aichitectuie assets. ABBs evolve thiough theii uevelopment
lifecycle fiom abstiact anu geneiic entities to fully expiesseu 0iganization-Specific
Aichitectuie assets. The Aichitectuie Continuum assets will be useu to guiue anu select the
elements in the Solutions Continuum.
The Aichitectuie Continuum shows the ielationships among founuational fiamewoiks
(such as T0uAF), common system aichitectuies (such as the III-RN), inuustiy aichitectuies,
anu enteipiise aichitectuies. The Aichitectuie Continuum is a useful tool to uiscovei
commonality anu eliminate unnecessaiy ieuunuancy.

-06 &@DB23@54 (@5235BBN pioviues a consistent way to uesciibe anu unueistanu the
implementation of the assets uefineu in the Aichitectuie Continuum. The Solutions
Continuum uefines what is available in the oiganizational enviionment as ie-usable
Solution Builuing Blocks (SBBs).
The solutions aie the iesults of agieements between customeis anu business paitneis that
implement the iules anu ielationships uefineu in the aichitectuie space. The Solutions
Continuum auuiesses the commonalities anu uiffeiences among the piouucts, systems, anu
seivices of implementeu systems.


P. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E 206 +526787346 (@5235BBN :FW.F#;=
The Enteipiise Continuum classes of assets may influence aichitectuies, but aie not uiiectly
useu uuiing the ABN aichitectuie uevelopment. The Enteipiise Continuum classifies
contextual assets useu to uevelop aichitectuies, such as policies, stanuaius, stiategic
initiatives, oiganizational stiuctuies, anu enteipiise-level capabilities.

The Enteipiise Continuum can also classify solutions (as opposeu to uesciiptions oi
specifications of solutions). Finally, the Enteipiise Continuum contains two specializations,
namely the Aichitectuie anu Solutions continuum.

S1

_. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E 206 %7>0326>2B76 (@5235BBN :FW.J#F=
Theie is a continuum of aichitectuies, Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks (ABBs), anu
aichitectuie mouels that aie ielevant to the task of constiucting an enteipiise-specific
aichitectuie, that aie teimeu by T0uAF as the Aichitectuie Continuum



V. G342 206 421A64 @E 17>0326>2B76 6I@DB23@5 R6E356R 35 206 %7>0326>2B76
(@5235BBN :FW.J#J=
The Figuie above, illustiates how aichitectuies aie uevelopeu anu evolveu acioss a
continuum ianging fiom Founuation Aichitectuies, such as the one pioviueu by T0uAF,
thiough Common Systems Aichitectuies, anu Inuustiy Aichitectuies, anu to an enteipiise's
own 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies.

The aiiows in the Aichitectuie Continuum iepiesent the ielationship that exists between
the uiffeient aichitectuies in the Aichitectuie Continuum. The leftwaius uiiection focuses
on meeting enteipiise neeus anu business iequiiements, while the iightwaius uiiection
focuses on leveiaging aichitectuial components anu builuing blocks.

The enteipiise neeus anu business iequiiements aie auuiesseu in incieasing uetail fiom
left to iight. The aichitect will typically look to finu ie-usable aichitectuie elements towaiu
the left of the continuum.
When elements aie not founu, the iequiiements foi the missing elements aie passeu to the
left of the continuum foi incoipoiation.
Within the Aichitectuie Continuum theie aie a numbei of ie-usable Aichitectuie Builuing
Blocks (ABBs) - the mouels of aichitectuies.

M@B5R123@5 %7>0326>2B76 consists of geneiic components, intei-ielationships, piinciples,
anu guiuelines that pioviue a founuation on which moie specific aichitectuies can be built.

(@NN@5 &Q426N4 %7>0326>2B764 guiue the selection anu integiation of specific seivices
fiom the Founuation Aichitectuie to cieate an aichitectuie useful foi builuing common
solutions acioss a wiue numbei of ielevant uomains. Examples of Common Systems
Aichitectuies incluue Secuiity Aichitectuie, Nanagement Aichitectuie, Netwoik
Aichitectuie.
The T0uAF Integiateu Infoimation Infiastiuctuie Refeience Nouel (III-RN) is a iefeience
mouel that suppoits uesciibing Common Systems Aichitectuie in the Application uomain
S2
that focuses on the iequiiements, builuing blocks, anu stanuaius ielating to the vision of
Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow.

'5RB427Q %7>0326>2B764 guiue the integiation of common systems components with
inuustiy specific components, anu guiue the cieation of inuustiy solutions foi specific
customei pioblems within a paiticulai inuustiy.
A typical example of an inuustiy-specific component is a uata mouel iepiesenting the
business functions anu piocesses specific to a paiticulai veitical inuustiy, such as the Retail
inuustiy's "Active Stoie" aichitectuie, oi an Inuustiy Aichitectuie that incoipoiates the
Petiotechnical 0pen Softwaie Coipoiation (P0SC) (www.posc.oig) uata mouel.

)7A153b123@5#&86>3E3> %7>0326>2B764 uesciibe anu guiue the final ueployment of usei
wiitten oi thiiu-paity components that constitute effective solutions foi paiticulai
enteipiises.


`. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E 206 &@DB23@54 (@5235BBN :FW.J#_=
The Solutions Continuum, shown below iepiesents the implementations of the
aichitectuies at the coiiesponuing levels of the Aichitectuie Continuum. At each level in the
Solutions Continuum theie is a set of iefeience builuing blocks that iepiesent a solution to
the business iequiiements at that level. A populateu Solutions Continuum can be iegaiueu
as a ieuse libiaiy.




In the figuie above, moving fiom left-to-iight incieases the solution's value; that is, piouucts
anu seivices pioviue value in cieating systems solutions. Systems solutions value is useu to
cieate inuustiy solutions, anu inuustiy solutions aie useu to cieate enteipiise solutions
(customei solutions). The iight-to-left uiiection incieasingly focuses on auuiessing
enteipiise neeus.


W. G342 206 421A64 @E 17>0326>2B76 6I@DB23@5 R6E356R 35 206 &@DB23@54
(@5235BBN :FW.J#V=
M@B5R123@5 &@DB23@54 aie highly geneiic concepts, tools, piouucts, seivices, anu solution
components that aie the funuamental pioviueis of capabilities. Seivices incluue
piofessional seivices - such as tiaining anu consulting seivices - that ensuie the maximum
investment value fiom solutions in the shoitest possible time; anu suppoit seivices - such
as Belp Besk - that ensuie the maximum possible value fiom solutions (seivices that ensuie
timely upuates anu upgiaues to the piouucts anu systems).

SS
Example Founuation Solutions woulu incluue piogiamming languages, opeiating systems,
founuational uata stiuctuies (such as EBIFACT), geneiic appioaches to oiganization
stiuctuiing, founuational stiuctuies foi oiganizing IT opeiations (such as ITIL), etc.

A (@NN@5 &Q426N4 &@DB23@5 is an implementation of a Common Systems Aichitectuie anu
is compiiseu of a set of piouucts anu seivices, which may be ceitifieu oi bianueu.
It iepiesents the highest common uenominatoi foi one oi moie solutions in the inuustiy
segments that the Common Systems Solution suppoits.

Common Systems Solutions iepiesent collections of common iequiiements anu capabilities,
iathei than those specific to a paiticulai customei oi inuustiy. Common Systems Solutions
pioviue oiganizations with opeiating enviionments specific to opeiational anu
infoimational neeus, such as high availability tiansaction piocessing anu scalable uata
waiehousing systems.
Examples of Common Systems Solutions incluue: an enteipiise management system
piouuct anu a secuiity system piouuct.

Computei systems venuois aie the typical pioviueis of technology-centiic Common
Systems Solutions. "Softwaie as a seivice" venuois aie typical pioviueis of common
application solutions. Business piocess outsouicing venuois aie typical pioviueis of
business capability-centiic Common Systems Solutions.

An '5RB427Q &@DB23@5 is an implementation of an Inuustiy Aichitectuie, which pioviues ie
usable packages of common components anu seivices specific to an inuustiy.
Funuamental components aie pioviueu by Common Systems Solutions anuoi Founuation
Solutions, anu aie augmenteu with inuustiy-specific components.

Examples incluue a physical uatabase schema oi an inuustiy-specific point-of-seivice
uevice. Inuustiy Solutions aie inuustiy-specific, aggiegate piocuiements that aie ieauy to
be tailoieu to an inuiviuual oiganization's iequiiements.

In some cases an inuustiy solution may incluue not only an implementation of the Inuustiy
Aichitectuie, but also othei solution elements, such as specific piouucts, seivices, anu
systems solutions that aie appiopiiate to that inuustiy.

An )7A153b123@5#&86>3E3> &@DB23@5 is an implementation of the 0iganization-Specific
Aichitectuie that pioviues the iequiieu business functions. Because solutions aie uesigneu
foi specific business opeiations, they contain the highest amount of unique content in oiuei
to accommouate the vaiying people anu piocesses of specific oiganizations.

Builuing 0iganization-Specific Solutions on Inuustiy Solutions, Common Systems Solutions,
anu Founuation Solutions is the usual way of connecting the Aichitectuie Continuum to the
Solutions Continuum, as guiueu by the aichitects within an enteipiise.

An 0iganization-Specific Solution will be stiuctuieu in oiuei to suppoit specific Seivice-
Level Agieements (SLAs) to ensuie suppoit of the opeiational systems at uesiieu seivice
levels.
Foi example, a thiiu-paity application-hosting pioviuei may offei uiffeient levels of suppoit
foi opeiational systems.
These agieements woulu uefine the teims anu conuitions of that suppoit.
S4
0thei key factois to be uefineu within an 0iganization-Specific Solution aie the key
opeiating parameters and quality metrics that can be used to monitor and manage the
environment.

-06 76D123@54038 H62L665 206 %7>0326>2B76 (@5235BBN 15R 206 &@DB23@54 (@5235BBN
is one of guiuance, uiiection, anu suppoit.
Foi example, Founuation Aichitectuies guiue the cieation oi selection of Founuation
Solutions. Founuation Solutions suppoit the Founuation Aichitectuie by helping to iealize
the aichitectuie uefineu in the Aichitectuie Continuum.
The Founuation Aichitectuie also guiues uevelopment of Founuation Solutions, by
pioviuing aichitectuial uiiection, iequiiements anu piinciples that guiue selection, anu
iealization of appiopiiate solutions. A similai ielationship exists between the othei
elements of the Enteipiise Continuum.
The ielationships uepicteu in the Figuie below aie a best case foi the iueal use of
aichitectuie anu solution components.







!X. +C8D135 206 76D123@54038 H62L665 206 +526787346 (@5235BBN 15R 206
-)U%M %KY :FW.P#!=
The T0uAF Aichitectuie Bevelopment Nethou (ABN) uesciibes the piocess of moving fiom
the T0uAF Founuation Aichitectuie to an enteipiise-specific aichitectuie (oi set of
aichitectuies). This piocess makes use of the elements of the T0uAF Founuation
Aichitectuie anu othei ielevant aichitectuie assets, components, anu builuing blocks.

At ielevant places thioughout the T0uAF ABN, theie aie ieminueis to consiuei which
aichitectuie assets fiom the Enteipiise Continuum the aichitect shoulu use.
SS
T0uAF itself pioviues two iefeience mouels foi consiueiation foi inclusion in an
oiganization's Enteipiise Continuum: the T0uAF Founuation Aichitectuie anu the
Integiateu Infoimation Infiastiuctuie Refeience Nouel (III-RN).


!!. K64>73H6 206 %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q :J!#!=
0peiating a matuie aichitectuie capability within a laige enteipiise cieates a huge volume
of aichitectuial output. Effective management anu leveiage of these aichitectuial woik
piouucts iequiie a foimal taxonomy foi uiffeient types of aichitectuial asset alongsiue
ueuicateu piocesses anu tools foi aichitectuial content stoiage.

T0uAF pioviues a stiuctuial fiamewoik foi an Aichitectuie Repositoiy that allows an
enteipiise to uistinguish between uiffeient types of aichitectuial assets that exist at
uiffeient levels of abstiaction in the oiganization. This Aichitectuie Repositoiy is one pait
of the wiuei Enteipiise Repositoiy, which pioviues the capability to link aichitectuial
assets to components of the Betaileu Besign, Beployment, anu Seivice Nanagement
Repositoiies.

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%7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q :FW.!#;? J!.!#;=

The Architecture Repository is a model for a physical instance of the Enterprise Continuum.

S6
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:J!.!#;=
At a high level, six classes of aichitectuial infoimation aie expecteu to be helu within an
Aichitectuie Repositoiy:
The Aichitectuie Netamouel uesciibes the oiganizationally tailoieu application of
an aichitectuie fiamewoik, incluuing a methou foi aichitectuie uevelopment anu a
metamouel foi aichitectuie content.
The Aichitectuie Capability uefines the paiameteis, stiuctuies, anu piocesses that
suppoit goveinance of the Aichitectuie Repositoiy.
The Aichitectuie Lanuscape piesents an aichitectuial iepiesentation of assets in
use, oi planneu, by the enteipiise at paiticulai points in time.
The Stanuaius Infoimation Base captuies the stanuaius with which new
aichitectuies must comply, which may incluue inuustiy stanuaius, selecteu
piouucts anu seivices fiom supplieis, oi shaieu seivices alieauy ueployeu within
the oiganization. The 0pen uioup pioviues an example of a Stanuaius Infoimation
Base on its web site.
The Refeience Libiaiy pioviues guiuelines, templates, patteins, anu othei foims of
iefeience mateiial that can be leveiageu in oiuei to acceleiate the cieation of new
aichitectuies foi the enteipiise.
The uoveinance Log pioviues a iecoiu of goveinance activity acioss the enteipiise.

!J. G342 206 20766 D6I6D4 @E 206 %7>0326>2B76 G15R4>186 :J!.;#!=
The Aichitectuie Lanuscape holus aichitectuial views of the state of the enteipiise at
paiticulai points in time. Bue to the sheei volume anu the uiveise stakeholuei neeus
thioughout an entiie enteipiise, the Aichitectuie Lanuscape is uiviueu into thiee levels of
gianulaiity:
1. Stiategic Aichitectuies show a long-teim summaiy view of the entiie enteipiise.
Stiategic Aichitectuies pioviue an oiganizing fiamewoik foi opeiational anu
change activity anu allow foi uiiection setting at an executive level.
2. Segment Aichitectuies pioviue moie uetaileu opeiating mouels foi aieas within an
enteipiise. Segment Aichitectuies can be useu at the piogiam oi poitfolio level to
oiganize anu opeiationally align moie uetaileu change activity.
S. Capability Aichitectuies show in a moie uetaileu fashion how the enteipiise can
suppoit a paiticulai unit of capability. Capability Aichitectuies aie useu to pioviue
an oveiview of cuiient capability, taiget capability, anu capability inciements anu
allow foi inuiviuual woik packages anu piojects to be gioupeu within manageu
poitfolios anu piogiams.

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%7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q :J!.J#!=
The Stanuaius Infoimation Base is a iepositoiy aiea that can holu a set of specifications, to
which aichitectuies must confoim.
Establishment of a Stanuaius Infoimation Base pioviues an unambiguous basis foi
aichitectuial goveinance since:
The stanuaius aie easily accessible to piojects anu theiefoie the obligations of the
pioject can be unueistoou anu planneu foi.
Stanuaius aie stateu in a cleai anu unambiguous mannei, so that compliance can be
objectively assesseu.

S7
!_. -@@D4 &215R17R3b123@5
To manage the content of the Enteipiise Continuum we neeu tools in oiuei to:

Piomote ie-use
Enable shaiing of aichitectuie infoimation within an oiganization
Facilitate easiei maintenance of the aichitectuie
Ensuie common teiminology is useu
Pioviue stakeholueis with ielevant mouels

0sing the mouels within T0uAF, it is then possible to implement the Aichitectuie
Repositoiy in a tool, theieby iesponuing to stakeholuei enquiiies foi mouels, views, anu
othei queiies.

&BNN17Q
The Enteipiise Continuum pioviues methous foi classifying aichitectuie anu solution
aitifacts, both inteinal anu exteinal to the Aichitectuie Repositoiy, as they evolve fiom
geneiic Founuation Aichitectuies to 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies. It is also an aiu to
communication between all aichitects involveu in builuing anu piocuiing an aichitectuie by
pioviuing a common language anu teiminology. This, in tuin, enables efficiency in
engineeiing anu effective use of C0TS piouucts.

The Aichitectuie Continuum is pait of an oiganization's Enteipiise Continuum anu is
suppoiteu by the Solutions Continuum. It offeis a consistent way to uefine anu unueistanu
the geneiic iules, iepiesentations, anu ielationships in an infoimation system, anu it
iepiesents a conceptual stiuctuiing of ie-usable aichitectuie assets.
The Aichitectuie Continuum shows the ielationships among Founuation Aichitectuies
(such as the T0uAF Founuation Aichitectuie), Common Systems Aichitectuies (such as the
III-RN), Inuustiy Aichitectuies, anu 0iganization-Specific Aichitectuies. It is also a useful
methou to uiscovei commonality anu eliminate unnecessaiy ieuunuancy.

The Solutions Continuum is pait of an oiganization's Enteipiise Continuum. It iepiesents
implementations of the aichitectuies at the coiiesponuing levels of the Aichitectuie
Continuum.
At each level, the Solutions Continuum is a population of the aichitectuie with iefeience
builuing blocks - eithei puichaseu piouucts oi built components - that iepiesent a solution
to the enteipiise's business neeus.

The Aichitectuie Repositoiy pioviues a stiuctuial fiamewoik foi a physical iepositoiy foi
managing aichitectuial woik piouucts anu is a mouel of a physical instance of the
Enteipiise Continuum. The Aichitectuie Repositoiy uefines six classes foi aichitectuial
infoimation helu in the iepositoiy.
T0uAF iecognizes the neeu to manage the content of the Enteipiise Continuum using tools,
anu incluues high-level guiuance on stanuaiuization of tools.






S8
_ # -06 %KY ,01464

,76D3N3517Q ,0146Z

The Pieliminaiy Phase incluues the piepaiation anu initiation activities to cieate an
Aichitectuie Capability. Key activities aie as follows:
0nueistanu the business enviionment
Ensuie high-level management commitment
0btain agieement on scope
Establish aichitectuie piinciples
Establish goveinance stiuctuie
Customization of T0uAF

!. K64>73H6 206 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :_.!#!=

Beteimine the Aichitectuie Capability uesiieu by the oiganization:
Review the oiganizational context foi conuucting enteipiise aichitectuie
Iuentify anu scope the elements of the enteipiise oiganizations affecteu by the
Aichitectuie Capability
Iuentify the establisheu fiamewoiks, methous, anu piocesses that inteisect with the
Aichitectuie Capability
Establish a Capability Natuiity taiget

Establish the Aichitectuie Capability:
Befine anu establish the 0iganizational Nouel foi Enteipiise Aichitectuie
Befine anu establish the uetaileu piocess anu iesouices foi aichitectuie goveinance
Select anu implement tools that suppoit the Aichitectuie Capability
Befine the aichitectuie piinciples (see Chaptei 8 foi moie infoimation on
aichitectuie piinciples)


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The Pieliminaiy Phase is about uefining "wheie, what, why, who, anu how we uo
aichitectuie" in the enteipiise conceineu. The main aspects aie as follows:
Befining the enteipiise
Iuentifying key uiiveis anu elements in the oiganizational context
Befining the iequiiements foi aichitectuie woik
Befining the aichitectuie piinciples that will infoim any aichitectuie woik
Befining the fiamewoik to be useu
Befining the ielationships between management fiamewoiks
Evaluating the enteipiise aichitectuie matuiity

K6E3535A 206 +526787346
0ne of the main challenges of enteipiise aichitectuie is that of enteipiise scope. The scope
of the enteipiise, anu whethei it is feueiateu, will ueteimine those stakeholueis who will
ueiive most benefit fiom the new oi enhanceu enteipiise aichitectuie. It is impeiative to
appoint a sponsoi at this stage to ensuie that the iesultant activity has iesouices to pioceeu
S9
anu the cleai suppoit of the business management. The enteipiise may incluue many
oiganizations anu the uuties of the sponsoi aie to ensuie that all stakeholueis aie incluueu
in uefining, establishing, anu using the Aichitectuie Capability.

'R6523EQ35A c6Q K73I674 15R +D6N6524 35 206 )7A153b123@51D (@526C2
It is necessaiy to unueistanu the context suiiounuing the aichitectuie. Foi example,
consiueiations incluue:
The commeicial mouels anu buuget foi the enteipiise aichitectuie
The stakeholueis
The intentions anu cultuie of the oiganization
Cuiient piocesses that suppoit execution of change anu opeiation of the enteipiise
The Baseline Aichitectuie lanuscape
The skills anu capabilities of the enteipiise
Review of the oiganizational context shoulu pioviue valuable iequiiements on how to tailoi
the aichitectuie fiamewoik, paiticulaily the level of foimality, the expenuituie iequiieu,
anu contact with othei oiganizations.

K6E3535A 206 S6^B376N6524 E@7 %7>0326>2B76 /@7O
Business impeiatives uiive the iequiiements anu peifoimance metiics. 0ne oi moie of the
following iequiiements neeu to be aiticulateu so that the sponsoi can iuentify the key
uecision makeis anu stakeholueis involveu in uefining anu establishing the Aichitectuie
Capability:
Business iequiiements
Cultuial aspiiations
0iganization intents
Stiategic intent
Foiecast financial iequiiements

K6E3535A 206 %7>0326>2B76 ,735>38D64 2012 L3DD '5E@7N 15Q %7>0326>2B76 /@7O
The uefinition of aichitectuie piinciples is funuamental to the uevelopment of an enteipiise
aichitectuie.
Aichitectuie woik is infoimeu by business piinciples as well as aichitectuie piinciples. The
aichitectuie piinciples themselves aie also noimally baseu in pait on business piinciples.

K6E3535A 206 M71N6L@7O 2@ H6 B46R
The ABN is a geneiic methou intenueu to be useu by enteipiises in a wiue vaiiety of
inuustiy types anu geogiaphies. It can also be useu with a wiue vaiiety of othei enteipiise
aichitectuie fiamewoiks, if iequiieu.
T0uAF has to co-exist with anu enhance the opeiational capabilities of othei fiamewoiks in
use within an oiganization. The main fiamewoiks that may neeu to be cooiuinateu with
T0uAF aie:
Business Capability Nanagement (Business Biiection anu Planning) which
ueteimine what business capabilities aie iequiieu.
PoitfolioPioject Nanagement Nethous which ueteimine how a company manages
its change initiatives.
0peiations Nanagement Nethous which uesciibe how a company iuns its uay-to-
uay opeiations, incluuing IT.
Solution Bevelopment Nethous which foimalize the way that business systems aie
ueliveieu.
4u
As illustiateu in Figuie below, these fiamewoiks aie not uisciete, anu theie aie significant
oveilaps between them anu the Business Capability Nanagement. Consequently, an
enteipiise aichitect must be awaie of the impact that the aichitectuie has on the entiie
enteipiise.






K6E3535A 206 S6D123@540384 H62L665 Y151A6N652 M71N6L@7O4
The Figuie below shows a moie uetaileu set of uepenuencies between the vaiious
fiamewoiks anu business planning activity. The enteipiise aichitectuie can be useu to
pioviue a stiuctuie foi all of the coipoiate initiatives.









41






The management fiamewoiks aie iequiieu to complement each othei anu woik in close
haimony foi the goou of the enteipiise.

+I1DB1235A 206 +526787346 %7>0326>2B76 Y12B732Q
Capability Natuiity Nouels (CNNs) aie a goou way of assessing the ability of an enteipiise
to exeicise uiffeient capabilities. Capability Natuiity Nouels typically iuentify selecteu
factois that aie iequiieu to exeicise a capability. An oiganization's ability to execute specific
factois pioviues a measuie of matuiity anu can be useu to iecommenu a seiies of sequential
steps to impiove a capability. It is an assessment that gives executives an insight into
piagmatically impioving a capability.



,0146 %Z
Phase A is about pioject establishment anu initiates an iteiation of the Aichitectuie
Bevelopment Cycle, setting the scope, constiaints, anu expectations foi the iteiation.
It is iequiieu at the stait of eveiy aichitectuie cycle in oiuei to cieate the Aichitectuie
vision, valiuate the business context, anu cieate the appioveu Statement of Aichitectuie
Woik.

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :V.!#!=
Bevelop a high-level aspiiational vision of the capabilities anu business value to be
ueliveieu as a iesult of the pioposeu enteipiise aichitectuie
0btain appioval foi a Statement of Aichitectuie Woik that uefines a piogiam of
woiks to uevelop anu ueploy the aichitectuie outlineu in the Aichitectuie vision

;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 2L@ N135 1486>24 2@ 206 1887@1>0 35 80146 % :V.;#!=Z
Phase A staits with ieceipt of a Request foi Aichitectuie Woik fiom the sponsoiing
oiganization to the aichitectuie oiganization. A key objective is to ensuie piopei
iecognition anu enuoisement fiom coipoiate management, anu the suppoit anu
commitment of line management foi this evolution of the ABN cycle.

As the name of the phase suggests, cieating the Aichitectuie vision is a key activity in this
phase. This is uiscusseu below, as is the business scenaiios technique which can be useu to
uevelop the Aichitectuie vision.
42

Cieating the Aichitectuie vision
Business scenaiios

(761235A 206 %7>0326>2B76 [343@5
The Aichitectuie vision pioviues the sponsoi with a key tool to sell the benefits of the
pioposeu capability to stakeholueis anu uecision-makeis within the enteipiise. It uesciibes
how the new capability will meet the business goals anu stiategic objectives anu auuiess
the stakeholuei conceins when implementeu.

Noimally, key elements of the Aichitectuie vision - such as the enteipiise mission, vision,
stiategy, anu goals - have been uocumenteu as pait of some wiuei business stiategy oi
enteipiise planning activity that has its own lifecycle within the enteipiise. In such cases,
the activity in Phase A is conceineu with veiifying anu unueistanuing the uocumenteu
business stiategy anu goals. Phase A may also integiate the enteipiise stiategy anu goals
with the stiategy anu goals implicit within the cuiient aichitectuie.

In othei cases, little oi no Business Aichitectuie woik may have been uone to uate.
In such cases, theie will be a neeu foi the aichitectuie team to ieseaich, veiify, anu gain
buy-in to the key business objectives anu piocesses that the aichitectuie is to suppoit.
This may be uone as a fiee-stanuing exeicise, eithei pieceuing aichitectuie uevelopment, oi
as pait of the ABN initiation phase (Pieliminaiy Phase).

Business scenaiios (see below) aie an appiopiiate anu useful technique to uiscovei anu
uocument business iequiiements, anu to aiticulate an Aichitectuie vision that iesponus to
those iequiiements.
The Aichitectuie vision pioviues a fiist-cut, high-level uesciiption of the Baseline anu
Taiget Aichitectuies, coveiing the Business, Bata, Application, anu Technology uomains.
These outline uesciiptions aie uevelopeu in subsequent phases.

0nce an Aichitectuie vision is uefineu anu uocumenteu in the Statement of Aichitectuie
Woik, it is ciitical to use it to builu a consensus. Without this consensus it is veiy unlikely
that the final aichitectuie will be accepteu by the oiganization as a whole. The consensus is
iepiesenteu by the sponsoiing oiganization signing the Statement of Aichitectuie Woik.

$B435644 &>65173@4
The ABN has its own methou (a "methou-within-a-methou") foi iuentifying anu aiticulating
the business iequiiements implieu, anu the implieu aichitectuie iequiiements. This
technique is known as "business scenaiios", anu is uesciibeu in uetail in Chaptei 8. The
technique may be useu iteiatively, at uiffeient levels of uetail in the hieiaichical
uecomposition of the Business Aichitectuie.









4S
,0146 $Z
Phase B is about uevelopment of a Business Aichitectuie to suppoit an agieeu Aichitectuie
vision.
This uesciibes the funuamental oiganization of a business embouieu in:
Its business piocess anu people
Theii ielationships to each othei anu the people
The piinciples goveining its uesign anu evolution anu shows how an oiganization
meets its business goals.

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :`.!#!=
Bevelop the Taiget Business Aichitectuie uesciibing how the enteipiise neeus to
opeiate to achieve the business goals, iesponus to the stiategic uiiveis set out in the
Aichitectuie
vision, anu auuiesses the Request foi Aichitectuie Woik anu stakeholuei conceins
Iuentify canuiuate Aichitectuie Roaumap components baseu upon gaps between the
Baseline anu Taiget Business Aichitectuies


;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 N135 1486>24 @E 206 1887@1>0 35 2034 80146 :`.;#!=Z
In summaiy, the Business Aichitectuie uesciibes the piouuct anuoi seivice stiategy, anu
the oiganizational, functional, piocess, infoimation, anu geogiaphic aspects of the business
enviionment.
A knowleuge of the Business Aichitectuie is a pieiequisite foi aichitectuie woik in any
othei uomain (Bata, Application, Technology), anu is theiefoie the fiist aichitectuie activity
that neeus to be unueitaken.
In piactical teims, the Business Aichitectuie is often necessaiy as a means of uemonstiating
the business value of subsequent aichitectuie woik to key stakeholueis, anu the ietuin on
investment to those stakeholueis fiom suppoiting anu paiticipating in the subsequent
woik.

Beveloping the Baseline Besciiption
Business moueling
0sing the Aichitectuie Repositoiy

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If an enteipiise has existing aichitectuie uesciiptions, they shoulu be useu as the basis foi
the Baseline Besciiption. Wheie no such uesciiptions exist, infoimation will have to be
gatheieu in whatevei foimat comes to hanu.
The noimal appioach to Taiget Aichitectuie uevelopment is top-uown. In the Baseline
Besciiption, howevei, the analysis of the cuiient state often has to be uone bottom-up,
paiticulaily wheie little oi no aichitectuie assets exist. In such a case, the aichitect simply
has to uocument the woiking assumptions about high-level aichitectuies, anu the piocess is
one of gatheiing eviuence to tuin the woiking assumptions into fact.

$B435644 Y@R6D35A
Business mouels shoulu be extensions of business scenaiios uevelopeu uuiing the
Aichitectuie
vision. A vaiiety of moueling tools anu techniques may be useu. Such as Activity Nouels
(also calleu Business Piocess Nouels), 0se-Case Nouels, anu Class Nouels. All thiee types of
44
mouel can be iepiesenteu in the 0nifieu Noueling Language (0NL), anu a vaiiety of tools
exist foi geneiating such mouels. The Befense sectoi also uses Noue Connectivity Biagiams
anu Infoimation Exchange Natiices.

T435A 206 %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q
The aichitectuie team will neeu to consiuei what ielevant Business Aichitectuie iesouices
aie available fiom the Aichitectuie Repositoiy, in paiticulai:
ueneiic business mouels ielevant to the oiganization's inuustiy sectoi; these aie
calleu "Inuustiy Aichitectuies"
Business mouels ielevant to common high-level business uomains (foi example,
electionic commeice, supply chain management, etc.); these aie calleu "Common
Systems Aichitectuies"
Enteipiise-specific builuing blocks (piocess components, business iules, job
uesciiptions, etc.)
Applicable stanuaius


,0146 (Z
Phase C is about uocumenting the Infoimation Systems Aichitectuies foi an aichitectuie
pioject, incluuing the uevelopment of Bata anu Application Aichitectuies. This uesciibes the
majoi types of infoimation anu the application systems that piocess the infoimation, anu
theii ielationships to each othei anu the enviionment.
Theie aie two steps in this phase, which may be uevelopeu eithei sequentially oi
concuiiently:
Bata Aichitectuie
Application Aichitectuie

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :W.!#!? !X.!#!? !!.!#!=
Develop the Target Information Systems (Data and Application) Architecture, describing
how the enterprise's Information Systems Architecture will enable the Business
Architecture and the Architecture Vision, in a way that addresses the Request for
Architecture Work and stakeholder concerns.
Identify candidate Architecture Roadmap components based upon gaps between the
Baseline and Target Information Systems (Data and Application) Architectures.

;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 76>@NN65R6R HQ -)U%M? 35>DBR35AZ
Key consiueiations foi Bata Aichitectuie (1u.2-1)
0sing the Aichitectuie Repositoiy (1u.2-1, 11.2-1)

Key Considerations for the Data Architecture
Key considerations for the Data Architecture include:
Data Management
When an enterprise has chosen to undertake large-scale architectural transformation, it is
important to understand and address data management issues. A structured and
comprehensive approach to data management enables the effective use of data to
capitalize on its competitive advantages.



4S
Considerations include:

Defining application components which will serve as the system of record or reference
for enterprise master data

Defining enterprise-wide standards that all application components, including software
packages, need to adopt

Understanding how business functions, processes, and services utilize data entities.

Understanding how and where enterprise data entities are created, stored, transported, and
reported

Understanding the level and complexity of data transformations required, supporting the
information exchange needs between applications

Defining the requirement for software in supporting data integration with the enterprise's
customers and suppliers (e.g., use of ETL10 tools during the data migration, data
profiling tools to evaluate data quality, etc.)

Data Migration
When an existing application is replaced, there will be a critical need to migrate data
(master, transactional, and reference) to the new application. The Data Architecture
should identify data migration requirements and also provide indicators as to the level of
transformation, weeding, and cleansing that will be required to present data in a format
that meets the requirements and constraints of the target application.
The objective is to ensure that the target application has quality data when it is populated.
Another key consideration is to ensure that an enterprise-wide common data definition is
established to support the transformation.

Data Governance
Considerations for data governance should ensure that the enterprise has the necessary
dimensions in place to enable the transformation, as follows:


,0146 KZ
Phase B is about uocumenting the Technology Aichitectuie foi an aichitectuie pioject, in
the foim of the funuamental oiganization of the IT systems:
Embouieu in the haiuwaie, softwaie, anu communications technology
Theii ielationships to each othei anu the enviionment
The piinciples goveining its uesign anu evolution

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :!;.!#!=
Develop the Target Technology Architecture that enables the logical and physical application
and data components and the Architecture Vision, addressing the Request for Architecture Work
and stakeholder concerns
Identify candidate Architecture Roadmap components based upon gaps between the
Baseline and Target Technology Architectures


46
;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 2@ 206 80146 :!;.;#!=? 35>DBR35AZ
T435A 206 %7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q
As part of Phase D, the architecture team must consider what relevant Technology Architecture
resources are available in the Architecture Repository. In particular, consider:
Existing IT services
The TOGAF Technical Reference Model (TRM)
Generic technology models relevant to the organization's industry vertical sector; for
example, in the telecommunications industry such models have been developed by the
TeleManagement Forum (TMF)
Technology models relevant to Common Systems Architectures; for example, the III-
RM.


,0146 +Z
Phase E is the fiist phase which is uiiectly conceineu with implementation. It uesciibes the
piocess of iuentifying majoi implementation piojects anu giouping them into woik
packages that uelivei the Taiget Aichitectuie iuentifieu in pievious phases.
Key activities aie as follows:
Peifoim initial implementation planning
Iuentify the majoi implementation piojects
uioup changes into woik packages
Beciue on appioach:
Nake veisus buy veisus ie-use
0utsouice
C0TS
0pen Souice
Assess piioiities
Iuentify uepenuencies

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :!F.!#!=
Generate the initial complete version of the Architecture Roadmap, based upon the gap
analysis and candidate Architecture Roadmap components from Phases B, C, and D
Determine whether an incremental approach is required, and if so identify Transition
Architectures that will deliver continuous business value

;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 2@ 206 80146 :!F.;#!=
Phase E concentrates on how to deliver the architecture. It takes into account the complete set of
gaps between the Target and Baseline Architectures in all architecture domains, and logically
groups changes into work packages within the enterprises portfolios. This is an effort to build a
best-fit roadmap that is based upon the stakeholder requirements, the enterprises business
transformation readiness, identified opportunities and solutions, and identified implementation
constraints. The key is to focus on the final target while realizing incremental business value.

Phase E is the initial step on the creation of a well considered Implementation and Migration Plan
that is integrated into the enterprises portfolio in Phase F.
There are four key concepts in the transition from developing to delivering a Target Architecture:
Architecture Roadmap
Work Packages
Transition Architectures
47
Implementation and Migration Plan
The Architecture Roadmap lists individual work packages in a timeline that will realize the
Target Architecture. Each work package identifies a logical group of changes necessary to realize
the Target Architecture. Transition Architecture describes the enterprise at an architecturally
significant state between the Baseline and Target Architectures. Transition Architectures provide
interim Target Architectures upon which the organization can converge.
The Implementation and Migration Plan provides a schedule of the projects that will realize the
Target Architecture.


,0146 MZ
Phase F auuiesses uetaileu migiation planning; that is, how to move fiom the Baseline to
the Taiget Aichitectuies.
Key activities incluue:
Foi woik packages anu piojects iuentifieu, peifoim a costbenefit analysis anu a
iisk assessment
Finalize a uetaileu Implementation anu Nigiation Plan

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :!J.!#!=
Finalize the Architecture Roadmap and the supporting Implementation and Migration
Plan
Ensure that the Implementation and Migration Plan is coordinated with the enterprises
approach to managing and implementing change in the enterprises overall change
portfolio
Ensure that the business value and cost of work packages and Transition Architectures is
understood by key stakeholders

;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 2@ 206 80146 :!J.;#!=
The focus of Phase F is the cieation of an Implementation anu Nigiation Plan in co-
opeiation with the poitfolio anu pioject manageis. ,0146 + pioviues an incomplete
Aichitectuie Roaumap anu Implementation anu Nigiation Plan that auuiess the Request foi
Aichitectuie Woik.

In Phase F this Roaumap anu the Implementation anu Nigiation Plan aie integiateu with
the enteipiise's othei change activity. Activities incluue assessing the uepenuencies, costs,
anu benefits of the vaiious migiation piojects. The Aichitectuie Roaumap, anu
Implementation anu Nigiation Plan, fiom Phase E will foim the basis of the uetaileu
Implementation anu Nigiation Plan that will incluue poitfolio anu pioject-level uetail. The
aichitectuie uevelopment cycle shoulu then be completeu, anu lessons leaineu uocumenteu
to enable continuous piocess impiovement.








48
,0146 UZ
Phase u uefines how the aichitectuie constiains the implementation piojects, monitois it
while builuing it, anu piouuces a signeu Aichitectuie Contiact.
Key activities incluue:
Pioviue aichitectuial oveisight foi the implementation
Befine aichitectuie constiaints on implementation piojects
uovein anu manage an Aichitectuie Contiact
Nonitoi implementation woik foi confoimance

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :!P.!#!=
Ensure conformance with the Target Architecture by implementation projects
Perform appropriate Architecture Governance functions for the solution and any
implementation-driven architecture Change Requests

;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 2@ 206 80146 :!P.;#!=
In Phase u all the infoimation foi successful management of the vaiious implementation
piojects is biought togethei. The actual uevelopment occuis in paiallel with Phase u.
The appioach in Phase u is to:
Establish an implementation piogiam that will enable the ueliveiy of the agieeu
Tiansition Aichitectuies
Auopt a phaseu ueployment scheuule that ieflects the business piioiities embouieu
in the Aichitectuie Roaumap
Follow the oiganization's stanuaiu foi coipoiate, IT, anu Aichitectuie uoveinance
0se the oiganization's establisheu poitfoliopiogiam management appioach, wheie
this exists
Befine an opeiations fiamewoik to ensuie the effective long life of the ueployeu
solution
A key aspect of Phase u is ensuiing compliance with the uefineu aichitectuie(s), not only by
the implementation piojects, but also by othei ongoing piojects.


,0146 ]Z
Phase B ensuies that changes to the aichitectuie aie manageu in a contiolleu mannei.
Key activities incluue:
Pioviue continual monitoiing anu a change management piocess
Ensuie that changes to the aichitectuie aie manageu in a cohesive anu aichitecteu
way
Pioviue flexibility to evolve iapiuly in iesponse to changes in the technology oi
business enviionment
Nonitoi the business anu capacity management

!. K64>73H6 206 N135 @Ha6>23I64 @E 206 80146 :!_.!#!=
Ensure that the architecture lifecycle is maintained
Ensure that the Architecture Governance Framework is executed
Ensure that the enterprise's Architecture Capability meets current requirements



49
;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 1887@1>0 2@ 206 80146 :!_.;#!=? 35>DBR35AZ
Biiveis foi change
Enteipiise aichitectuie management piocess
uuiuelines foi maintenance veisus aichitectuie ieuesign

The goal of an aichitectuie change management piocess is to ensuie that the aichitectuie
achieves its oiiginal taiget business value. Nonitoiing business giowth anu uecline is a
ciitical aspect of this phase.
The value and change management process, once established, will determine:
The ciicumstances unuei which the enteipiise aichitectuie, oi paits of it, will be
peimitteu to change aftei ueployment, anu the piocess by which that will happen
The ciicumstances unuei which the Aichitectuie Bevelopment Cycle will be
initiateu to uevelop a new aichitectuie

K73I674 E@7 (015A6
Theie aie thiee ways to change the existing infiastiuctuie that have to be integiateu:
1. Stiategic, top-uown uiiecteu change to enhance oi cieate new capability (capital)
2. Bottom-up changes to coiiect oi enhance capability (opeiations anu maintenance)
foi infiastiuctuie unuei opeiations management
S. Expeiiences with the pieviously ueliveieu pioject inciements in the caie of
opeiations management, but still being ueliveieu by ongoing piojects

+526787346 %7>0326>2B76 (015A6 Y151A6N652 ,7@>644
The enteipiise aichitectuie change management piocess neeus to ueteimine how changes
aie to be manageu, what techniques aie to be applieu, anu what methouologies useu.
T0uAF iecommenus the following appioach baseu on classifying the iequiieu aichitectuial
changes into one of thiee categoiies:
Simplification change: A simplification change can noimally be hanuleu via change
management techniques.
Inciemental change: An inciemental change may be capable of being hanuleu via
change management techniques, oi it may iequiie paitial ie-aichitecting, uepenuing
on the natuie of the change (see uuiuelines foi Naintenance veisus Aichitectuie
Reuesign foi guiuance).
Re-aichitecting change: A ie-aichitecting change iequiies putting the whole
aichitectuie thiough the Aichitectuie Bevelopment Cycle again.
Anothei way of looking at these thiee choices is as follows:
A simplification change to an aichitectuie is often uiiven by a iequiiement to ieuuce
investment.
An inciemental change is uiiven by a iequiiement to ueiive auuitional value fiom
existing investment.
A ie-aichitecting change is uiiven by a iequiiement to inciease investment in oiuei
to cieate new value foi exploitation.
To ueteimine whethei a change is simplification, inciemental, oi ie-aichitecting, the
following activities aie unueitaken:
1. Registiation of all events that may impact the aichitectuie
2. Resouice allocation anu management foi aichitectuie tasks
S. The piocess oi iole iesponsible foi aichitectuie iesouices has to make an
assessment of what shoulu be uone
4. Evaluation of impacts
Su

UB3R6D3564 E@7 Y13526515>6 I674B4 %7>0326>2B76 S6R643A5
A goou iule-of-thumb is:
If the change impacts two stakeholueis oi moie, then it is likely to iequiie an
aichitectuie ieuesign anu ie-entiy to the ABN.
If the change impacts only one stakeholuei, then it is moie likely to be a canuiuate
foi change management.
If the change can be alloweu unuei a uispensation, then it is moie likely to be a
canuiuate foi change management.
Foi example:
If the impact is significant foi the business stiategy, then theie may be a neeu to ie-
uo the whole enteipiise aichitectuie - thus a ie-aichitecting appioach.
If a new technology oi a stanuaiu emeiges, then theie may be a neeu to iefiesh the
Technology Aichitectuie, but not the whole enteipiise aichitectuie - thus an
inciemental change.
If the change is at an infiastiuctuie level - foi example, ten systems ieuuceu oi
changeu to one system - this may not change the aichitectuie above the physical
layei, but it will change the Baseline Besciiption of the Technology Aichitectuie.
This woulu be a simplification change hanuleu via change management techniques.
In paiticulai, a iefieshment cycle (paitial oi complete ie-aichitecting) may be
iequiieu if:
The Founuation Aichitectuie neeus to be ie-aligneu with the business stiategy.
Substantial change is iequiieu to components anu guiuelines foi use in ueployment
of the aichitectuie.
Significant stanuaius useu in the piouuct aichitectuie aie changeu which have
significant enu-usei impact; e.g., iegulatoiy changes.
If theie is a neeu foi a iefieshment cycle, then a new Request foi Aichitectuie Woik must be
issueu (to move to anothei cycle).





















S1

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:!V.!#!=
The piocess of managing aichitectuie iequiiements applies to all phases of the ABN cycle.
The Requiiements Nanagement piocess is a uynamic piocess, which auuiesses the
iuentification of iequiiements foi the enteipiise, stoies them, anu then feeus them in anu
out of the ielevant ABN phases.
As shown by its cential placement in the ABN cycle uiagiam, this piocess is cential to
uiiving the ABN piocess.

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Ensuie that the Requiiements Nanagement piocess is sustaineu anu opeiates foi all
ielevant ABN phases
Nanage aichitectuie iequiiements iuentifieu uuiing any execution of the ABN cycle
oi a phase
Ensuie that the ielevant aichitectuie iequiiements aie available foi use by each
phase as the phase is executeu

F. K64>73H6 206 1887@1>0 2@ S6^B376N6524 Y151A6N652 :!V.;#!=
The Requiiements Nanagement piocess continuously uiives the ABN. The ability to ueal
with changes in iequiiements is ciucial, as aichitectuie by its natuie ueals with unceitainty
anu change, biiuging the uiviue between the aspiiations of the stakeholueis anu what can
be ueliveieu as a piactical solution.

It is iecommenueu that a Requiiements Repositoiy is useu to iecoiu anu manage all
aichitectuie iequiiements. T0uAF uoes not manuate oi iecommenu any specific piocess oi
tool foi iequiiements management; it simply states what an effective Requiiements
Nanagement piocess shoulu achieve, which coulu be thought of as "the iequiiements foi
iequiiements".
T0uAF suggests a numbei of iesouices in this aiea:

$B435644 &>65173@4
Business scenaiios aie an appiopiiate anu useful technique to uiscovei anu uocument
business iequiiements, anu to uesciibe an Aichitectuie vision that iesponus to those
iequiiements.
Business scenaiios aie uesciibeu in uetail in T0uAF 9 Pait III: ABN uuiuelines anu
Techniques, Chaptei 26(Business Scenaiios).

)2067 S6^B376N6524 -@@D4
Theie aie a laige anu incieasing, numbei of Commeicial 0ff-The-Shelf (C0TS) tools
available foi the suppoit of iequiiements management. The voleie web site has a useful list
of iequiiements tools (see www.voleie.co.uktools.htm).

*)-+Z S6^B376N6524 Y151A6N652 Y151A64 206 MD@L @E S6^B376N6524d
Note that the Requiiements Nanagement piocess itself uoes not uispose of, auuiess, oi
piioiitize any iequiiements; this is uone within the ielevant phase of the ABN.

S2
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!. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 >@526524 @E ,172 ''' @E -)U%M W :!`.!#!=
T0uAF 9 Pait III: ABN uuiuelines anu Techniques contains a collection of guiuelines anu
techniques foi use in applying T0uAF anu the ABN. The guiuelines uocument how to auapt
the ABN piocess, wheieas the techniques aie useu when applying the ABN piocess.
uuiuelines foi auapting the ABN piocess incluue:
Ways to apply iteiation to the ABN
Applying the ABN at uiffeient levels of the enteipiise
Secuiity consiueiations when applying the ABN
0sing T0uAF to uefine Seivice-0iienteu Aichitectuies (S0As)

*)-+Z The T0uAF 9 Founuation Syllabus coveis the following subset of the mateiials in
T0uAF 9 Pait III:
Aichitectuie Piinciples
Stakeholuei Nanagement
Aichitectuie Patteins
Business Scenaiios
uap Analysis
Nigiation Planning Techniques
Inteiopeiability Requiiements
Business Tiansfoimation Reauiness Assessment
Risk Nanagement
Capability-Baseu Planning


;. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 566R E@7 17>0326>2B76 8735>38D64 15R L0676 206Q 176
B46R L32035 -)U%M :;F.!#!=
Aichitectuie piinciples aie a set of geneial iules anu guiuelines foi the aichitectuie being
uevelopeu.
They aie intenueu to be enuuiing anu seluom amenueu, anu infoim anu suppoit the way in
which an oiganization sets about fulfilling its mission. 0ften they aie one element of a
stiuctuieu set of iueas that collectively uefine anu guiue the oiganization, fiom values
thiough to actions anu iesults.
Piinciples aie an initial output of the Pieliminaiy Phase anu aie useu thioughout the ABN
to pioviue a fiamewoik foi guiuing uecision-making within the enteipiise.
Bepenuing on the oiganization, piinciples may be establisheu within uiffeient uomains anu
at uiffeient levels. Two key uomains infoim the uevelopment anu utilization of aichitectuie:
Enteipiise piinciples pioviue a basis foi uecision-making thioughout an enteipiise
anu uictate how the oiganization fulfills its mission. Such piinciples aie commonly
useu as a means of haimonizing uecision-making. They aie a key element in a
successful Aichitectuie uoveinance stiategy. Within the bioau uomain of enteipiise
piinciples, it is common to have subsiuiaiy piinciples within a business oi
oiganizational unit; foi example IT, BR, uomestic opeiations, oi oveiseas
opeiations.
SS
Aichitectuie piinciples aie a set of piinciples that ielate to aichitectuie woik. They
ieflect consensus acioss the enteipiise, anu embouy the spiiit of the enteipiise
aichitectuie.
Aichitectuie piinciples govein the aichitectuie piocess, affecting the uevelopment,
maintenance, anu use of the enteipiise aichitectuie.

F. K64>73H6 206 4215R17R 26N8D126 E@7 17>0326>2B76 8735>38D64 :;F.F#!=
T0uAF uefines a stanuaiu way of uesciibing piinciples, as shown in Table below. In
auuition to a uefinition statement, each piinciple shoulu have associateu iationale anu
implication statements, both to piomote unueistanuing anu acceptance of the piinciples
themselves, anu to suppoit the use of the piinciples in explaining anu justifying why specific
uecisions aie maue.

&6>23@5 K64>73823@5
Name
Shoulu iepiesent both the essence of the iule anu be easy to iemembei.
Specific technology platfoims shoulu not be mentioneu in the name oi
statement of a piinciple.
Avoiu ambiguous woius in the name anu in the statement such as:
"suppoit", "open", "consiuei", anu foi lack of goou measuie the woiu
"avoiu", itself, be caieful with "manage(ment)", anu look foi
unnecessaiy aujectives anu auveibs.
Statement
Shoulu succinctly anu unambiguously communicate the funuamental
iule. Foi the most pait, the piinciple's statements foi managing
infoimation aie similai among oiganizations. It is vital that the
statement be unambiguous.
Rationale
Shoulu highlight the business benefits of auheiing to the piinciple,
using business teiminology. Point to the similaiity of infoimation anu
technology piinciples to the piinciples goveining business opeiations.
Also uesciibe the ielationship to othei piinciples, anu the intentions
iegaiuing a balanceu inteipietation. Besciibe situations wheie one
piinciple woulu be given pieceuence oi caiiy moie weight than
anothei foi making a uecision.
Implications
Shoulu highlight the iequiiements, both foi the business anu IT, foi
caiiying out the piinciple - in teims of iesouices, costs, anu
activitiestasks. It will often be appaient that cuiient systems,
stanuaius, oi piactices woulu be incongiuent with the piinciple upon
auoption. The impact on the business anu consequences of auopting a
piinciple shoulu be cleaily stateu. The ieauei shoulu ieauily uiscein
the answei to: "Bow uoes this affect me." It is impoitant not to
oveisimplify, tiivialize, oi juuge the meiit of the impact.
Some of the implications will be iuentifieu as potential impacts only,
anu may be speculative iathei than fully analyzeu.

&6DE#&67I6
&2126N652 Customeis shoulu be able to seive themselves.
S123@51D6
Applying this piinciple will impiove customei satisfaction, ieuuce
auministiative oveiheau, anu potentially impiove ievenue.
'N8D3>123@54
Theie is an implication to impiove ease-of-use anu minimize tiaining neeus;
foi example, membeis shoulu be able to upuate theii contact uetails, etc. anu
be able to buy auuitional membeiship piouucts online.


S4
J. +C8D135 L012 N1O64 1 A@@R 17>0326>2B76 8735>38D6 :;F.J#;=
Theie aie five ciiteiia that uistinguish a goou set of piinciples, as shown in Table below.

-1HD6Z S6>@NN65R6R (7326731 E@7 eB1D32Q ,735>38D64
(7326731 K64>73823@5
T5R674215R1H3D32Q The unueilying tenets of a piinciple can be quickly giaspeu anu unueistoou
by inuiviuuals thioughout the oiganization. The intention of the piinciple is
cleai anu unambiguous, so that violations, whethei intentional oi not, aie
minimizeu.
S@HB425644 Piinciples shoulu enable goou quality uecisions about aichitectuies anu
plans to be maue, anu enfoiceable policies anu stanuaius to be cieateu.
Each piinciple shoulu be sufficiently uefinitive anu piecise to suppoit
consistent uecision-making in complex, potentially contioveisial situations.
(@N8D6265644 Eveiy potentially impoitant piinciple goveining the management of
infoimation anu technology foi the oiganization is uefineu. The piinciples
covei eveiy situation peiceiveu.
(@5434265>Q Stiict auheience to one piinciple may iequiie a loose inteipietation of
anothei piinciple. The set of piinciples must be expiesseu in a way that
allows a balance of inteipietations. Piinciples shoulu not be contiauictoiy
to the point wheie auheiing to one piinciple woulu violate the spiiit of
anothei. Eveiy woiu in a piinciple statement shoulu be caiefully chosen to
allow consistent yet flexible inteipietation.
&21H3D32Q Piinciples shoulu be enuuiing, yet able to accommouate changes. An
amenument piocess shoulu be establisheu foi auuing, iemoving, oi alteiing
piinciples aftei they aie iatifieu initially.


P. T5R674215R L012 1 HB435644 4>65173@ 34 15R 324 8B78@46 :;_.!#!=
A key factoi in the success of any othei majoi pioject is the extent to which it is linkeu to
business iequiiements, anu uemonstiably suppoits anu enables the enteipiise to achieve
its business objectives. Business scenaiios aie a technique useu to help iuentify anu
unueistanu the business iequiiements that an aichitectuie must auuiess.
A business scenaiio uesciibes:
A business piocess, application, oi set of applications
The business anu technology enviionment
The people anu computing components ("actois") who execute the scenaiio
The uesiieu outcome of piopei execution

The technique may be useu iteiatively, at uiffeient levels of uetail in the hieiaichical
uecomposition of the Business Aichitectuie. The geneiic business scenaiio piocess is as
follows:
1. Iuentify, uocument, anu iank the pioblem that is uiiving the pioject
2. Bocument, as high-level aichitectuie mouels, the business anu technical
enviionments wheie the pioblem situation is occuiiing
S. Iuentify anu uocument uesiieu objectives; the iesults of hanuling the pioblems
successfully
4. Iuentify human actois anu theii place in the business mouel, the human
paiticipants, anu theii ioles
S. Iuentify computei actois anu theii place in the technology mouel, the computing
elements, anu theii ioles
SS
6. Iuentify anu uocument ioles, iesponsibilities, anu measuies of success pei actoi, the
iequiieu sciipts pei actoi, anu the uesiieu iesults of hanuling the situation piopeily
7. Check foi fitness-foi-puipose of inspiiing subsequent aichitectuie woik, anu iefine
only if necessaiy
This is also summaiizeu in the Figuie below.


M3AB76Z -06 $B435644 &>65173@ ,7@>644

A goou business scenaiio iepiesents a significant business neeu oi pioblem, anu enables
venuois to unueistanu the value of a solution to the customei. A goou business scenaiio is
also "SNART":
Specific, by uefining what neeus to be uone
Neasuiable, thiough cleai metiics foi success
Actionable, by cleaily segmenting the pioblem anu pioviuing the basis foi a solution
Realistic, in that the pioblem can be solveu within the bounus of physical ieality,
time, anu cost constiaints
Time-bounu, in that theie is a cleai statement of when the oppoitunity expiies



_. +C8D135 L0676 HB435644 4>65173@4 176 B46R L32035 206 %KY >Q>D6 :;_.!#
;=
Business scenaiios figuie most piominently in the initial phase of an ABN cycle,
Aichitectuie
vision, when they aie useu to uefine ielevant business iequiiements, anu to builu
consensus with business management anu othei stakeholueis.

They may also be useu in othei phases, paiticulaily uuiing Business Aichitectuie, to ueiive
the chaiacteiistics of the aichitectuie uiiectly fiom the high-level iequiiements of the
business.
S6
Because business iequiiements aie impoitant thioughout all phases of the ABN cycle, the
business scenaiio technique has an impoitant iole to play in the T0uAF ABN, by ensuiing
that the business iequiiements themselves aie complete anu coiiect.


V. +C8D135 206 8B78@46 @E A18 151DQ434 :;V.;#!=
The technique known as gap analysis is wiuely useu in the ABN to valiuate an aichitectuie
that is being uevelopeu. A key step in valiuating an aichitectuie is to consiuei what may
have been foigotten. The aichitectuie must suppoit all of the essential infoimation
piocessing neeus of the oiganization. The most ciitical souice of gaps that shoulu be
consiueieu is stakeholuei conceins that have not been auuiesseu in piioi aichitectuial
woik.
The basic piemise is to highlight a shoitfall between the Baseline Aichitectuie anu the
Taiget Aichitectuie; that is, items that have been uelibeiately omitteu, acciuentally left out,
oi not yet uefineu.
Potential souices of gaps incluue:

Business uomain gaps:
People gaps (e.g., cioss-tiaining iequiiements)
Piocess gaps (e.g., piocess inefficiencies)
Tools gaps (e.g., uuplicate oi missing tool functionality)
Infoimation gaps
Neasuiement gaps
Financial gaps
Facilities gaps (builuings, office space, etc.)
Bata uomain gaps:
Bata not of sufficient cuiiency
Bata not locateu wheie it is neeueu
Not the uata that is neeueu
Bata not available when neeueu
Bata not cieateu
Bata not consumeu
Bata ielationship gaps
Applications impacteu, eliminateu, oi cieateu
Technologies impacteu, eliminateu, oi cieateu

`. K64>73H6 206 A18 151DQ434 26>053^B6 :;V.;#!=

The steps aie as follows:
Biaw up a matiix with all the Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks (ABBs) of the Baseline
Aichitectuie on the veitical axis, anu all the ABBs of the Taiget Aichitectuie on the
hoiizontal axis.
Auu to the Baseline Aichitectuie axis a final iow labeleu "New ABBs", anu to the
Taiget Aichitectuie axis a final column labeleu "Eliminateu ABBs".
Wheie an ABB is available in both the Baseline anu Taiget Aichitectuies, iecoiu this
with "Incluueu" at the inteisecting cell.
Wheie an ABB fiom the Baseline Aichitectuie is missing in the Taiget Aichitectuie,
each must be ievieweu. If it was coiiectly eliminateu, maik it as such in the
appiopiiate "Eliminateu" cell. If it was not, you have uncoveieu an acciuental
S7
omission in youi Taiget Aichitectuie that must be auuiesseu by ieinstating the ABB
in the next iteiation of the aichitectuie uesign - maik it as such in the appiopiiate
"Eliminateu" cell.
Wheie an ABB fiom the Taiget Aichitectuie cannot be founu in the Baseline
Aichitectuie, maik it at the inteisection with the "New" iow as a gap that neeus to
filleu, eithei by ueveloping oi piocuiing the builuing block.
When the exeicise is complete, anything unuei "Eliminateu Seivices" oi "New
Seivices" is a gap, which shoulu eithei be explaineu as coiiectly eliminateu, oi
maikeu as to be auuiesseu by ieinstating oi uevelopingpiocuiing the function.
Table below shows examples of gaps between the Baseline Aichitectuie anu the
Taiget Aichitectuie; in this case the missing elements aie "bioaucast seivices" anu
"shaieu scieen seivices".

-1HD6Z U18 %51DQ434 +C1N8D6
Target
Architecture f
Baseline
Architecture g
Video
Conferencing
Services
Enhanced
Telephony
Services
Mailing List
Services
Eliminated
Services g

Broadcast
Services


Intentionally
Eliminated
Video
Conferencing
Services
Included

Enhanced
Telephony
Services

Potential Match

Shared Screen
Services

Unintentionally
excluded a gap in
Target
Architecture
New f

Gap: Enhanced
services to be
developed or
produced
Gap: Enhanced
services to be
developed or
produced


-06 A18 151DQ434 26>053^B6 40@BDR H6 B46R 35 ,01464 $? (? K? 15R + @E 206 %KY.

W. +C8D135 206 267N 35267@8671H3D32Q :;W.;#!=

'5267@8671H3D32Q
T0uAF uefines inteiopeiability as "the ability to shaie infoimation anu seivices". Befining
the uegiee to which infoimation anu seivices aie to be shaieu is veiy impoitant, especially
in a complex oiganization anuoi extenueu enteipiise.
Nany oiganizations finu it useful to categoiize inteiopeiability as follows:
0peiational oi Business Inteiopeiability uefines how business piocesses aie to be
shaieu.
Infoimation Inteiopeiability uefines how infoimation is to be shaieu.
Technical Inteiopeiability uefines how technical seivices aie to be shaieu oi at least
connect to one anothei.
S8
Fiom an IT peispective, it is also useful to consiuei inteiopeiability in a similai vein to
Enteipiise Application Integiation (EAI); specifically:
Piesentation IntegiationInteiopeiability is wheie a common look-anu-feel
appioach thiough a common poital-like solution guiues the usei to the unueilying
functionality of the set of systems.
Infoimation IntegiationInteiopeiability is wheie the coipoiate infoimation is
seamlessly shaieu between the vaiious coipoiate applications to achieve, foi
example, a common set of client infoimation. Noimally this is baseu upon a
commonly accepteu coipoiate ontology anu shaieu seivices foi the stiuctuie,
quality, access, anu secuiitypiivacy foi the infoimation.
Application IntegiationInteiopeiability is wheie the coipoiate functionality is
integiateu anu shaieable so that the applications aie not uuplicateu (e.g., one
change of auuiess seivicecomponent; not one foi eveiy application) anu aie
seamlessly linkeu togethei thiough functionality such as woikflow. This impacts the
business anu infiastiuctuie applications anu is veiy closely linkeu to coipoiate
business piocess unificationinteiopeiability.
Technical IntegiationInteiopeiability incluues common methous anu shaieu
seivices foi the communication, stoiage, piocessing, anu access to uata piimaiily in
the application platfoim anu communications infiastiuctuie uomains. This
inteiopeiability is piemiseu upon the uegiee of iationalization of the coipoiate IT
infiastiuctuie, baseu upon stanuaius anuoi common IT platfoims. Foi example,
multiple applications shaiing one infiastiuctuie oi 1u,uuu coipoiate web sites
using one centializeu content managementweb seivei (iathei than thousanus of
seiveis anu webmasteis spieau thioughout the countiyglobe).

+C1N8D6 ;Z +C1N8D6 '5267@8671H3D32Q Y@R6D
Example Inteiopeiability Nouel
An example inteiopeiability mouel fiom the Canauian uoveinment follows. This mouel
incluues a high level uefinition of thiee classes of inteiopeiability anu the natuie of the
infoimation anu seivices shaieu at each level. Inteiopeiability is coineu in teims of e-
enableis foi e-uoveinment. The inteiopeiability bieakuown is as follows:
Infoimation inteiopeiability:
o Knowleuge management
o Business intelligence
o Infoimation management
o Tiusteu iuentity
Business inteiopeiability:
o Beliveiy netwoiks
o e-Bemociacy
o e-Business
o Enteipiise iesouice management
o Relationship anu case management
Technical inteiopeiability:
o IT infiastiuctuie





S9
!X. T5R674215R 206 B46 @E 35267@8671H3D32Q 76^B376N6524 L32035 206 -)U%M
%KY :;W.!#!=
The ueteimination of inteiopeiability occuis thioughout the ABN:
In Phase A: Aichitectuie vision, the natuie anu secuiity consiueiations of
infoimation anu seivice exchanges aie founu using business scenaiios.
In Phase B: Business Aichitectuie, infoimation anu seivice exchanges aie uefineu in
business teims.
In Phase C: Bata Aichitectuie, the content of infoimation exchanges is uetaileu using
the coipoiate uata anuoi infoimation exchange mouel.
In Phase C: Application Aichitectuie, the ways that applications aie to shaie
infoimation anu seivices aie specifieu.
In Phase B: Technology Aichitectuie, appiopiiate technical mechanisms to peimit
infoimation anu seivice exchanges aie specifieu.
In Phase E: 0ppoitunities & Solutions, actual solutions aie selecteu.
In Phase F: Nigiation Planning, inteiopeiability is implementeu logically.


!!. T5R674215R 206 $B435644 -7154E@7N123@5 S61R35644 87@A71N :FX.!#;=
Enteipiise aichitectuie often involves consiueiable change. Business Tiansfoimation
Reauiness Assessment pioviues a technique foi unueistanuing the ieauiness of an
oiganization to accept change, iuentifying the issues, anu uealing with them in the
Implementation anu Nigiation Plan.
It is baseu on the Canauian uoveinment Business Tiansfoimation Enablement Piogiam
(BTEP).


!;. T5R674215R L0676 $B435644 -7154E@7N123@5 S61R35644 34 B46R L32035
206 %KY :FX.!#!=
0se of such a technique is key to a successful aichitectuie tiansfoimation in Phases E anu F.
An initial assessment of business tiansfoimation ieauiness is caiiieu out in Phase A.
This assessment is iecommenueu to be a joint effoit between coipoiate staff, lines of
business, anu IT planneis.
The iecommenueu activities aie:
Beteimine the ieauiness factois that will impact the oiganization
Piesent the ieauiness factois using matuiity mouels
Assess the ieauiness factois, anu ueteimine the ieauiness factoi iatings
Assess the iisks foi each ieauiness factoi anu iuentify impiovement actions to
mitigate the iisk
Bocument the finuings into the Capability Assessment anu latei incoipoiate the
actions into the Implementation anu Nigiation Plan in Phases E anu F


!F. T5R674215R 206 >0171>2673423>4 @E 734O N151A6N652 :F!.!#;=
Risk management, uocumenteu in T0uAF 9 Pait III: ABN uuiuelines anu Techniques,
Chaptei S1 (Risk Nanagement), is a technique useu to mitigate iisk when implementing an
aichitectuie pioject. Theie aie two levels of iisk that shoulu be consiueieu:


6u
1. Initial Level of Risk: Risk categoiization piioi to ueteimining anu implementing
mitigating actions.
2. Resiuual Level of Risk: Risk categoiization aftei implementation of mitigating
actions.
The iecommenueu piocess foi managing iisk consists of the following activities:
Risk classification
Risk iuentification
Initial iisk assessment
Risk mitigation anu iesiuual iisk assessment
Risk monitoiing

!J. T5R674215R L0676 734O N151A6N652 34 B46R L32035 206 -)U%M %KY
:F!.!#!=
Risk is peivasive in any enteipiise aichitectuie activity anu piesent in all phases within the
ABN. Iuentification of business tiansfoimation iisks anu mitigation activities is fiist
ueteimineu in Phase A as pait of the initial Business Tiansfoimation Reauiness Assessment.
It is iecommenueu that iisk mitigation activities be incluueu within the Statement of
Aichitectuie Woik.

The iisk iuentification anu mitigation assessment woiksheets aie maintaineu as goveinance
aitifacts anu aie kept up-to-uate in Phase u (Implementation uoveinance) wheie iisk
monitoiing is conuucteu.

Implementation goveinance can iuentify ciitical iisks that aie not being mitigateu anu
might iequiie anothei full oi paitial ABN cycle.


!P. T5R674215R (181H3D32Q#$146R ,D15535A :F;.!#!=
Capability-Baseu Planning is a business planning technique that focuses on business
outcomes.
It is business-uiiven anu business-leu anu combines the iequisite effoits of all lines of
business to achieve the uesiieu capability.
It accommouates most, if not all, of the coipoiate business mouels anu is especially useful in
oiganizations wheie a latent capability to iesponu (e.g., an emeigency piepaieuness unit) is
iequiieu anu the same iesouices aie involveu in multiple capabilities. 0ften the neeu foi
these capabilities is uiscoveieu anu iefineu using business scenaiios.

Figuie below illustiates the ielationship between Capability-Baseu Planning, enteipiise
aichitectuie, anu poitfoliopioject management.

61

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!. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 >@5>682 @E %7>0326>2B76 U@I67515>6 :PX.!#!=
Aichitectuie uoveinance is the piactice by which enteipiise aichitectuies anu othei
aichitectuies aie manageu anu contiolleu at an enteipiise-wiue level.
Aichitectuie uoveinance incluues the following:
Implementing a system of contiols ovei the cieation anu monitoiing of all
aichitectuial components anu activities, to ensuie the effective intiouuction,
implementation, anu evolution of aichitectuies within the oiganization
Implementing a system to ensuie compliance with inteinal anu exteinal stanuaius
anu iegulatoiy obligations
Establishing piocesses that suppoit effective management of the above piocesses
within agieeu paiameteis
Beveloping piactices that ensuie accountability to a cleaily iuentifieu stakeholuei
community, both insiue anu outsiue the oiganization
Aichitectuie uoveinance typically opeiates within a hieiaichy of goveinance
stiuctuies which, paiticulaily in the laigei enteipiise, can incluue the following as
uistinct uomains with theii own uisciplines anu piocesses:
Coipoiate uoveinance
Technology uoveinance
IT uoveinance
Aichitectuie uoveinance
Each of these uomains of goveinance may exist at multiple geogiaphic levels - global,
iegional, anu local - within the oveiall enteipiise. Coipoiate uoveinance is a bioau topic
anu outsiue the scope of the T0uAF fiamewoik.






62
/012 34 U@I67515>69
uoveinance is about ensuiing that business is conuucteu piopeily. It is less about oveit
contiol anu stiict auheience to iules, anu moie about effective usage of iesouices to ensuie
sustainability of an oiganization's stiategic objectives.

The following chaiacteiistics, auapteu fiom !"#$"#%&' )"*'#+%+,' (Naiuoo, 2uu2), aie useu
in T0uAF to highlight both the value anu necessity foi goveinance as an appioach to be
auopteu within oiganizations anu theii uealings with all involveu paities:

K34>38D356Z All involveu paities will have a commitment to auheie to pioceuuies, piocesses,
anu authoiity stiuctuies establisheu by the oiganization.
-715481765>QZ All actions implementeu anu theii uecision suppoit will be available foi
inspection by authoiizeu oiganization anu pioviuei paities.
'5R6865R65>6Z All piocesses, uecision-making, anu mechanisms useu will be establisheu
so as to minimize oi avoiu potential conflicts of inteiest.
%>>@B521H3D32QZ Iuentifiable gioups within the oiganization - e.g., goveinance boaius who
take actions oi make uecisions - aie authoiizeu anu accountable foi theii actions.
S648@543H3D32QZ Each contiacteu paity is iequiieu to act iesponsibly to the oiganization
anu its stakeholueis.
M1375644Z All uecisions taken, piocesses useu, anu theii implementation will not be alloweu
to cieate unfaii auvantage to any one paiticulai paity.



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Phase u of the T0uAF ABN is ueuicateu to Implementation uoveinance, which conceins
itself with the iealization of the aichitectuie thiough change piojects. Aichitectuie
uoveinance coveis the management anu contiol of all aspects of the uevelopment anu
evolution of aichitectuies. It neeus to be suppoiteu by an Aichitectuie uoveinance
Fiamewoik, which assists in iuentifying effective piocesses so that the business
iesponsibilities associateu with Aichitectuie uoveinance can be eluciuateu, communicateu,
anu manageu effectively. T0uAF pioviues such a fiamewoik, which is uesciibeu in the
following sections.

(@5>682B1D &27B>2B76
Aichitectuie uoveinance is an appioach, a seiies of piocesses, a cultuial oiientation, anu set
of owneu iesponsibilities that ensuie the integiity anu effectiveness of the oiganization's
aichitectuies. The key concepts aie shown in Figuie below.








6S







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The split of piocess, content, anu context is key to suppoiting an Aichitectuie uoveinance
initiative. It allows the intiouuction of new goveinance mateiial (foi example, uue to new
iegulations) without unuuly impacting the piocesses. The content-agnostic appioach
ensuies the fiamewoik is flexible.
Key Aichitectuie uoveinance Piocesses
The following aie the key piocesses:
1. Policy Nanagement anu Take-0n
2. Compliance
S. Bispensation
4. Nonitoiing anu Repoiting
S. Business Contiol
6. Enviionment Nanagement

)7A153b123@51D &27B>2B76
uoveinance is the piactice of managing anu contiolling aichitectuies. An effective
Aichitectuie uoveinance stiuctuie iequiies piocesses, stiuctuies, anu capabilities (see
Figuie below) anu will typically incluue a global goveinance boaiu, local goveinance boaiu,
uesign authoiities, anu woiking paities.

64


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Aichitectuie uoveinance is beneficial because it:
Links IT piocesses, iesouices, anu infoimation to oiganizational stiategies anu
objectives
Integiates anu institutionalizes IT best piactices
Aligns with inuustiy fiamewoiks such as C0BIT (planning anu oiganizing, acquiiing
anu implementing, ueliveiing anu suppoiting, anu monitoiing IT peifoimance)
Enables the oiganization to take full auvantage of its infoimation, infiastiuctuie,
anu haiuwaiesoftwaie assets
Piotects the unueilying uigital assets of the oiganization
Suppoits iegulatoiy anu best piactice iequiiements such as auuitability, secuiity,
iesponsibility, anu accountability
Piomotes visible iisk management




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It is impoitant to consiuei the following to ensuie a successful appioach to Aichitectuie
uoveinance, anu effective management of the Aichitectuie Contiact:
Establishment anu opeiation of best piactices foi submission, auoption, ie-use,
iepoiting, anu ietiiement of aichitectuie policies, pioceuuies, ioles, skills,
oiganizational stiuctuies, anu suppoit seivices
Establishment of coiiect oiganizational iesponsibilities anu stiuctuies to suppoit
Aichitectuie
uoveinance piocesses anu iepoiting iequiiements
Integiation of tools anu piocesses to facilitate take-up of piocesses (both pioceuuial
anu cultuial)
Nanagement of ciiteiia foi contiol of Aichitectuie uoveinance piocesses,
uispensations, compliance assessments, Seivice Level Agieements (SLAs), anu
0peiational Level Agieements (0LAs)
Neeting inteinal anu exteinal iequiiements foi effectiveness, efficiency,
confiuentiality, integiity, availability, compliance, anu ieliability of Aichitectuie
uoveinance-ielateu infoimation, seivices, anu piocesses


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An enteipiise aichitectuie imposeu without appiopiiate political backing is bounu to fail.
An impoitant element in any Aichitectuie uoveinance stiategy is establishment of a cioss-
oiganizational Aichitectuie Boaiu to oveisee the implementation of the goveinance
stiategy.

This bouy shoulu be iepiesentative of all the key stakeholueis in the aichitectuie, anu will
typically compiise a gioup of executives iesponsible foi the ieview anu maintenance of the
oveiall aichitectuie.


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The Aichitectuie Boaiu is typically maue iesponsible, anu accountable, foi achieving some
oi all of the following goals:
Pioviuing the basis foi all uecision-making with iegaiu to changes to the
aichitectuies
Consistency between sub-aichitectuies
Establishing taigets foi ie-use of components
Flexibility of enteipiise aichitectuie; to meet business neeus anu utilize new
technologies
Enfoicement of Aichitectuie Compliance
Impioving the matuiity level of aichitectuie uiscipline within the oiganization
Ensuiing that the uiscipline of aichitectuie-baseu uevelopment is auopteu
Suppoiting a visible escalation capability foi out-of-bounus uecisions
The Aichitectuie Boaiu is also iesponsible foi opeiational items such as the monitoiing anu
contiol of Aichitectuie Contiacts, anu foi goveinance items such as piouucing usable
goveinance mateiials.
66

_. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 7@D6 @E %7>0326>2B76 (@5271>24 :JW.!#!=
Aichitectuie Contiacts aie joint agieements between uevelopment paitneis anu sponsois
on the ueliveiables, quality, anu fitness-foi-puipose of an aichitectuie. Successful
implementation of these agieements will be ueliveieu thiough effective Aichitectuie
uoveinance. Taking a goveineu appioach to contiact management ensuies a system that
continuously monitois integiity, changes, uecision-making, anu auuit, as well as auheience
to the piinciples, stanuaius, anu iequiiements of the enteipiise. The aichitectuie team may
also be incluueu in piouuct piocuiement, to help minimize the oppoitunity foi
misinteipietation of the enteipiise aichitectuie.


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T0uAF uefines the meaning of key teims such as "confoimant", "compliant", etc. as shown
in Figuie below





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67

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Ensuiing the compliance of inuiviuual piojects within the enteipiise aichitectuie is an
essential aspect of Aichitectuie uoveinance. An Aichitectuie Compliance stiategy shoulu be
auopteu.
T0uAF iecommenus two complementaiy piocesses:
The Aichitectuie function will be iequiieu to piepaie a seiies of Pioject
Aichitectuies; i.e., pioject-specific views of the enteipiise aichitectuie that illustiate
how the enteipiise aichitectuie impacts on the majoi piojects within the
oiganization. (See ABN Phases A to F.)
The IT uoveinance function will uefine a foimal Aichitectuie Compliance Review
piocess (see below) foi ieviewing the compliance of piojects to the enteipiise
aichitectuie.
Apait fiom uefining foimal piocesses, the Aichitectuie uoveinance function may also
stipulate that the aichitectuie function shoulu extenu beyonu the iole of aichitectuie
uefinition anu stanuaius selection, anu paiticipate also in the technology selection piocess,
anu even in the commeicial ielationships involveu in exteinal seivice piovision anu
piouuct puichases. This may help to minimize the oppoitunity foi misinteipietation of the
enteipiise aichitectuie, anu maximize the value of centializeu commeicial negotiation.


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The puipose of an Aichitectuie Compliance Review incluues the following:
To catch eiiois in the pioject aichitectuie eaily, anu theieby ieuuce the cost anu
iisk of changes iequiieu latei in the lifecycle; this in tuin means that the oveiall
pioject time is shoiteneu, anu that the business gets the bottom-line benefit of the
aichitectuie uevelopment fastei
To ensuie the application of best piactices to aichitectuie woik
To pioviue an oveiview of the compliance of an aichitectuie to manuateu enteipiise
stanuaius
To iuentify wheie the stanuaius themselves may iequiie mouification
To iuentify seivices that aie cuiiently application-specific but might be pioviueu as
pait of the enteipiise infiastiuctuie
To uocument stiategies foi collaboiation, iesouice shaiing, anu othei syneigies
acioss multiple aichitectuie teams
To take auvantage of auvances in technology
To communicate to management the status of technical ieauiness of the pioject
To iuentify key ciiteiia foi piocuiement activities (e.g., foi inclusion in Commeicial
0ff- The-Shelf (C0TS) piouuct RFIRFP uocuments)
To iuentify anu communicate significant aichitectuial gaps to piouuct anu seivice
pioviueis
The Aichitectuie Compliance Review can also be a goou way of ueciuing between
aichitectuial alteinatives, since the business uecision-makeis typically involveu in the
ieview can guiue uecisions in teims of what is best foi the business, as opposeu to what is
technically moie pleasing oi elegant.


68
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An Aichitectuie Compliance Review is a sciutiny of the compliance of a specific pioject
against establisheu aichitectuial ciiteiia, spiiit, anu business objectives. T0uAF uesciibes a
piocess, incluuing the ioles anu actions to unueitake a ieview anu uelivei an assessment
iepoit, as summaiizeu in Figuie below.








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This consists of 12 steps as follows:
&268 %>23@5 *@264 /0@
!
Request Aichitectuie Review
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policies
Anyone with an
inteiest in oi
iesponsibility foi the
business aiea
; Iuentify iesponsible pait of
oiganization anu pioject
piincipals

Aichitectuie Review
Co-oiuinatoi
F Iuentify Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect anu othei aichitects

Aichitectuie Review
Co-oiuinatoi
J
Beteimine scope of ieview
Iuentify which othei business
unitsuepaitments aie
involveu
0nueistanu wheie the system
fits into the coipoiate
aichitectuie fiamewoik
Aichitectuie Review
Co-oiuinatoi
P
Tailoi checklists
To auuiess the business
iequiiements
Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect
_
Scheuule Aichitectuie Review
meeting

Aichitectuie Review
Co-oiuinatoi with
collaboiation of Leau
Enteipiise Aichitect

69

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V
Inteiview pioject piincipals
To get backgiounu anu
technical infoimation
Foi inteinal pioject: in peison
Foi C0TS: in peison oi via RFP
0se checklists
Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect,
anuoi Aichitect,
Pioject
Leauei, anu Customeis
`
Analyze completeu checklists
Review against coipoiate
stanuaius
Iuentify anu iesolve issues
Beteimine iecommenuations
Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect
W Piepaie Aichitectuie
Compliance Review iepoit
Nay involve suppoiting staff
Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect
!X
Piesent ieview finuings
To Customei
To Aichitectuie Boaiu
Leau Enteipiise
Aichitect
!!
Accept ieview anu sign-off
Aichitectuie Boaiu
anu
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Establishing a sustainable Aichitectuie Capability within an oiganization can be achieveu
by auheiing to the same appioach that is useu to establish any othei capability - such as a
business piocess management capability - within an oiganization. The ABN is an iueal
methou to be useu to aichitect anu govein the implementation of such a capability.
Applying the ABN with the specific Aichitectuie vision to establish an aichitectuie piactice
within the oiganization woulu achieve this objective.

T0uAF states that this shoulu not be seen as a phase of an aichitectuie pioject, oi a one-off
pioject, but iathei as an ongoing piactice that pioviues the context, enviionment, anu
iesouices to govein anu enable aichitectuie ueliveiy to the oiganization.

As an aichitectuie pioject is executeu within this enviionment it might iequest a change to
the aichitectuie piactice that woulu tiiggei anothei cycle of the ABN to extenu the
aichitectuie piactice.
Implementing any capability within an oiganization woulu iequiie the uesign of the foui
uomain aichitectuies: Business, Bata, Application, anu Technology. Establishing the
aichitectuie piactice within an oiganization woulu theiefoie iequiie the uesign of:

The Business Aichitectuie of the aichitectuie piactice that will highlight the
Aichitectuie uoveinance, aichitectuie piocesses, aichitectuie oiganizational
stiuctuie, aichitectuie infoimation iequiiements, aichitectuie piouucts, etc.

The Bata Aichitectuie that woulu uefine the stiuctuie of the oiganization's
Enteipiise Continuum anu Aichitectuie Repositoiy
7u
The Application Aichitectuie specifying the functionality anuoi applications
seivices iequiieu to enable the aichitectuie piactice

The Technology Aichitectuie that uepicts the aichitectuie piactice's infiastiuctuie
iequiiements anu ueployment in suppoit of the aichitectuie applications anu
Enteipiise Continuum




W # %7>0326>2B76 [36L4? [36L8@3524? 15R &21O60@DR674

!. K6E356 15R 6C8D135 206 E@DD@L35A O6Q >@5>6824 :FP.!#!=Z
System
Stakeholueis
Conceins
views
viewpoints

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A system is a collection of components oiganizeu to accomplish a specific function oi set of
functions.
"The teim system encompasses inuiviuual applications, systems in the tiauitional sense,
subsystems, systems of systems, piouuct lines, piouuct families, whole enteipiises, anu
othei aggiegations of inteiest."

&21O60@DR674
Stakeholueis aie people who have key ioles in, oi conceins about, the system; foi example,
useis, uevelopeis, etc. Stakeholueis can be inuiviuuals, teams, oiganizations, etc.
A system has one oi moie stakeholueis. Each stakeholuei typically has inteiests in, oi
conceins ielative to, that system. Figuie 2S shows a typical set of stakeholueis foi an
enteipiise aichitectuie, with uefineu categoiies of stakeholuei type.

71


M3AB76Z % -Q83>1D &62 @E &21O60@DR674 E@7 15 +526787346 %7>0326>2B76


(@5>6754
Conceins aie key inteiests that aie ciucially impoitant to stakeholueis, anu ueteimine the
acceptability of the system.
They may incluue peifoimance, ieliability, secuiity, uistiibution, evolvability, etc. A Secuiity
Aichitect coulu have the following conceins: authentication, authoiization, auuit, assuiance,
availability, asset piotection, auministiation anu iisk management.

*)-+: The teims "concein" anu "iequiiement" aie not synonymous. A concein is an aiea of
inteiest.
Conceins aie the ioot of the piocess of uecomposition into iequiiements. Conceins aie
iepiesenteu in the aichitectuie by these iequiiements. Requiiements shoulu be SNART
(i.e., shoulu incluue specific metiics).

[36L
A view is a iepiesentation of a system fiom the peispective of a ielateu set of conceins. A
view is what you see (oi what a stakeholuei sees).
An aichitect cieates aichitectuie mouels. A view consists of paits of these, chosen to show
stakeholueis that theii conceins aie being met. Foi example, just as a builuing aichitect will
cieate wiiing uiagiams, flooi plans, anu elevations to uesciibe uiffeient facets of a builuing
to its uiffeient stakeholueis (electiicians, owneis, planning officials), so an Enteipiise
Aichitect must cieate uiffeient views of the business, infoimation system, anu technical
aichitectuie foi the stakeholueis who have conceins ielateu to these aspects. These might
incluue business piocess, physical layout, anu secuiity views of an IT system.
72




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A viewpoint uefines the peispective fiom which a view is taken.
It uefines how to constiuct anu use a view, the infoimation neeueu, the moueling
techniques foi expiessing anu analyzing it, anu a iationale foi these choices (e.g., by
uesciibing the puipose anu intenueu auuience of the view).
The ielationship between viewpoint anu view is analogous to that of a template anu an
instance of the completeu template. In constiucting an enteipiise aichitectuie, an aichitect
7S
fiist selects the viewpoints (templates), then constiucts a set of coiiesponuing views
(instances).


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The aichitect uses views anu viewpoints in the ABN cycle uuiing Phases A thiough B foi
ueveloping aichitectuies foi each uomain (Business, Bata, Application, anu Technology).

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A "view" is what you see. A "viewpoint" is wheie you aie looking fiom; the vantage point oi
peispective that ueteimines what you see (a viewpoint can also be thought of as a schema).
viewpoints aie geneiic, anu can be stoieu in libiaiies foi ie-use.
A view is always specific to the aichitectuie foi which it is cieateu.
Eveiy view has an associateu viewpoint that uesciibes it, at least implicitly.

To illustiate the concepts of views anu viewpoints, consiuei Example below. This is a veiy
simple aiipoit system with two uiffeient stakeholueis: the pilot anu the aii tiaffic
contiollei.

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[36L4 15R [36L8@3524 E@7 1 &3N8D6 %378@72 &Q426N
The pilot has one view of the system, anu the aii tiaffic contiollei has anothei. Neithei view
iepiesents the whole system, because the peispective of each stakeholuei constiains (anu
ieuuces) how each sees the oveiall system.
The view of the pilot compiises some elements not vieweu by the contiollei, such as
passengeis anu fuel, while the view of the contiollei compiises some elements not vieweu
by the pilot, such as othei planes.

Theie aie also elements shaieu between the views, such as the communication mouel
between the pilot anu the contiollei, anu the vital infoimation about the plane itself.
A viewpoint is a mouel (oi uesciiption) of the infoimation containeu in a view. In this
example, one viewpoint is the uesciiption of how the pilot sees the system, anu the othei
viewpoint is how the contiollei sees the system. Pilots uesciibe the system fiom theii
peispective, using a mouel of theii position anu vectoi towaiu oi away fiom the iunway. All
pilots use this mouel, anu the mouel has a specific language that is useu to captuie
infoimation anu populate the mouel.

Contiolleis uesciibe the system uiffeiently, using a mouel of the aiispace anu the locations
anu vectois of aiiciaft within the aiispace. Again, all contiolleis use a common language
ueiiveu fiom the common mouel in oiuei to captuie anu communicate infoimation
peitinent to theii viewpoint.

Foitunately, when contiolleis talk with pilots, they use a common communication language.
(In othei woius, the mouels iepiesenting theii inuiviuual viewpoints paitially inteisect.)
Pait of this common language is about location anu vectois of aiiciaft, anu is essential to
safety. So in essence each viewpoint is an abstiact mouel of how all the stakeholueis of a
paiticulai type - all pilots, oi all contiolleis - view the aiipoit system.
The inteiface to the human usei of a tool is typically close to the mouel anu language
associateu with the viewpoint. The unique tools of the pilot aie fuel, altituue, speeu, anu
location inuicatois. The main tool of the contiollei is iauai. The common tool is a iauio.
74

To summaiize fiom Example above, we can see that a view can subset the system thiough
the peispective of the stakeholuei, such as the pilot veisus the contiollei.
This subset can be uesciibeu by an abstiact mouel calleu a viewpoint, such as an aii flight
veisus an aii space mouel. This uesciiption of the view is uocumenteu in a paitially
specializeu language, such as "pilot-speak" veisus "contiollei-speak". Tools aie useu to
assist the stakeholueis, anu they inteiface with each othei in teims of the language ueiiveu
fiom the viewpoint. When stakeholueis use common tools, such as the iauio contact
between pilot anu contiollei, a common language is essential.
Foi many aichitectuies, a useful viewpoint is that of business uomains, which can be
illustiateu by an example fiom The 0pen uioup.

The viewpoint can be specified as follows:
[36L8@352 +D6N652 K64>73823@5
&21O60@DR674 Nanagement Boaiu, Chief Executive 0fficei
(@5>6754 Show the top-level ielationships between geogiaphical sites anu
business functions.
Y@R6D35A -6>053^B6 Nesteu boxes uiagiam.
0utei boxes = locations; innei boxes = business functions.
Semantics of nesting = functions peifoimeu in the locations.

The corresponding view of The Open Group (in 2008) is shown in Figure below.


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The relationship between stakeholders, concerns, views, and viewpoints are summarized in
Figure below.

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N0TE: Aichitectuie views aie iepiesentations of the oveiall aichitectuie in teims
meaningful to stakeholueis. They enable the aichitectuie to be communicateu to anu
unueistoou by the stakeholueis, so they can veiify that the system will auuiess theii
conceins.

The aichitect chooses anu uevelops a set of views in the ABN cycle uuiing Phases A thiough
B that enable the aichitectuie to be communicateu to, anu unueistoou by, all the
stakeholueis, anu enable them to veiify that the system will auuiess theii conceins.
The choice of which paiticulai aichitectuie views to uevelop is one of the key uecisions that
the aichitect has to make.
The aichitect has a iesponsibility foi ensuiing:

The completeness of the aichitectuie:
Boes it auuiess all the conceins of its stakeholueis.
The integiity of the aichitectuie:
Can the views be connecteu to each othei.
Can the conflicting conceins be ieconcileu.
What tiaue-offs have been maue (e.g., between secuiity anu peifoimance).

S6>@NN65R6R &2684
The following aie the iecommenueu steps to cieate the iequiieu views foi a paiticulai
aichitectuie:

1. Refer to any existing libraries of viewpoints (note that TOGAF 9 includes a set of
architecture viewpoints).
2. Select key stakeholders.
3. Analyze their concerns and document them.
4. Select appropriate viewpoints (based on the stakeholders and their concerns).
5. Generate views of the system using the selected viewpoints as templates.



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A builuing block is a package of functionality uefineu to meet business neeus acioss an
oiganization. A builuing block has publisheu inteifaces to access functionality. A builuing
block may inteiopeiate with othei, possibly intei-uepenuent builuing blocks.
A goou builuing block has the following chaiacteiistics:
It consiueis implementation anu usage, anu evolves to exploit technology anu
stanuaius.
It may be assembleu fiom othei builuing blocks.
76
It may be a subassembly of othei builuing blocks.
Iueally, a builuing block is ie-usable anu ieplaceable, anu well specifieu with stable
inteifaces.
Its specification shoulu be loosely coupleu to its implementation, so that it can be
iealizeu in seveial ways without impacting the builuing block specification.

The way in which functionality, piouucts, anu custom uevelopments aie assembleu into
builuing blocks vaiies wiuely between inuiviuual aichitectuies. Eveiy oiganization must
ueciue foi itself what aiiangement of builuing blocks woiks best foi it. A goou choice of
builuing blocks can leau to impiovements in legacy system integiation, inteiopeiability, anu
flexibility in the cieation of new systems anu applications.

An aichitectuie is a composition of:
A set of builuing blocks uepicteu in an aichitectuial mouel
A specification of how those builuing blocks aie connecteu to meet the oveiall
iequiiements of an infoimation system
The vaiious builuing blocks in an aichitectuie specify the seivices iequiieu in an
enteipiise specific system.
The following geneial piinciples shoulu apply:
An aichitectuie neeu only contain builuing blocks to implement those seivices it
iequiies.
Builuing blocks may implement one, moie than one, oi only pait of a seivice
iuentifieu in the aichitectuie.
Builuing blocks shoulu confoim to stanuaius.



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Systems aie built fiom collections of builuings blocks. They can be uefineu at many levels of
uetail:
Groupings at a functional level, such as a customer database, are known as Architecture
Building Blocks.
Real products or specific custom developments are known as Solutions Building Blocks.

%7>0326>2B76 $B3DR35A $D@>O4
Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks (ABBs) aie aichitectuie uocumentation anu mouels fiom the
enteipiise's Aichitectuie Repositoiy classifieu accoiuing to the Aichitectuie Continuum.
They aie uefineu oi selecteu uuiing application of the ABN - mainly in Phases A, B, C, anu B.
The chaiacteiistics of ABBs aie as follows:
They uefine what functionality will be implementeu.
They captuie aichitectuie iequiiements; e.g., Business, Bata, Application, anu
Technology iequiiements.
They uiiect anu guiue the uevelopment of Solution Builuing Blocks.

ABB specifications shoulu contain as a minimum:
Fundamental functionality and attributes: semantic, unambiguous, including security
capability and manageability
Inteifaces: chosen set, supplieu
77
Inteiopeiability anu ielationship to othei builuing blocks
Bepenuent builuing blocks with iequiieu functionality anu nameu usei inteifaces
Nap to businessoiganizational entities anu policies

Each ABB shoulu incluue a statement of any aichitectuie uocumentation anu mouels fiom
the enteipiise's Aichitectuie Repositoiy that can be ie-useu in the aichitectuie
uevelopment. The specification of builuing blocks using the ABN is an evolutionaiy anu
iteiative piocess.

&@DB23@5 $B3DR35A $D@>O4
Solution Builuing Blocks (SBBs) ielate to the Solutions Continuum. They aie
implementations of the aichitectuies iuentifieu in the enteipiise's Aichitectuie Continuum
anu may be eithei piocuieu oi uevelopeu. SBBs appeai in Phase E of the ABN wheie
piouuct-specific builuing blocks aie consiueieu foi the fiist time. SBBs uefine what
piouucts anu components will implement the functionality, theieby uefining the
implementation.
The chaiacteiistics of SBBs aie as follows:

They uefine what piouucts anu components will implement the functionality.
They uefine the implementation.
They fulfill business iequiiements.
They aie piouuct oi venuoi-awaie.

SBB specifications shoulu contain as a minimum:
Specific functionality anu attiibutes
Inteifaces: the implementeu set
Requiieu SBBs useu with iequiieu functionality anu names of inteifaces useu
Napping fiom the SBBs to the IT topology anu opeiational policies
Specifications of attiibutes shaieu such as secuiity, manageability, scalability
Peifoimance, configuiability
Besign uiiveis anu constiaints incluuing physical aichitectuie
Relationships between the SBBs anu ABBs



F. $736EDQ 6C8D135 206 B46 @E HB3DR35A HD@>O4 35 206 %KY >Q>D6 :FV.F#!=
Systems aie built up fiom collections of builuing blocks, so most builuing blocks have to
inteiopeiate with othei builuing blocks. Wheievei that is tiue, it is impoitant that the
inteifaces to a builuing block aie publisheu anu ieasonably stable.
Builuing blocks can be uefineu at vaiious levels of uetail, uepenuing on what stage of
aichitectuie uevelopment has been ieacheu.

Foi instance, at an eaily stage, a builuing block can simply consist of a giouping of
functionality, such as a customei uatabase anu some ietiieval tools. Builuing blocks at this
functional level of uefinition aie uesciibeu in T0uAF as Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks
(ABBs). Latei on, ieal piouucts oi custom uevelopments ieplace these simple uefinitions of
functionality, anu the builuing blocks aie then uesciibeu as Solution Builuing Blocks (SBBs).
The key phases anu steps of the ABN at which builuing blocks aie evolveu anu specifieu aie
summaiizeu as follows, anu illustiateu in Figuie below.
78



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In Phase A, the eailiest builuing block uefinitions stait as ielatively abstiact entities within
the Aichitectuie vision.
In Phases B, C, anu B builuing blocks within the Business, Bata, Application, anu Technology
Aichitectuies aie evolveu to a common pattein of steps.
Finally, in Phase E the builuing blocks become moie implementation-specific as SBBs aie
iuentifieu to auuiess gaps.



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,122675
A pattein is "an iuea that has been useful in one piactical context anu will piobably be
useful in otheis".

In T0uAF, patteins aie consiueieu to be a way of putting builuing blocks into context; foi
example, to uesciibe a ie-usable solution to a pioblem. Builuing blocks aie what you use;
patteins can tell you how you use them, when, why, anu what tiaue-offs you have to make
in uoing that.
79
Patteins offei the piomise of helping the aichitect to iuentify combinations of Aichitectuie
anuoi Solution Builuing Blocks (ABBsSBBs) that have been pioven to uelivei effective
solutions in the past, anu may pioviue the basis foi effective solutions in the futuie.




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T0uAF uefines a set of suggesteu ueliveiables that will be consumeu anu piouuceu acioss
the T0uAF ABN cycle The ueliveiable set pioviueu is intenueu to pioviue a typical baseline
of aichitectuie ueliveiables in oiuei to bettei uefine the activities iequiieu in the ABN anu
act as a staiting point foi tailoiing within a specific oiganization.

T0uAF iuentifies ueliveiables that aie piouuceu as outputs fiom executing the ABN cycle
anu potentially consumeu as inputs at othei points in the ABN. 0thei ueliveiables may be
piouuceu elsewheie anu consumeu by the ABN.

As ueliveiables aie typically the contiactual oi foimal woik piouucts of an aichitectuie
pioject, it is likely that these ueliveiables will be constiaineu oi alteieu by any oveiaiching
pioject oi piocess management foi the enteipiise (such as CNNI, PRINCE2, PNB0K, oi
NSP).


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o Aichitectuie Builuing Blocks
o Aichitectuie Contiact
o Aichitectuie Befinition Bocument
o Aichitectuie Piinciples
o Aichitectuie Repositoiy
o Aichitectuie Requiiements Specification
o Aichitectuie Roaumap
o Aichitectuie vision
o Business Piinciples, Business uoals, anu Business Biiveis
o Capability Assessment
o Change Request
o Communications Plan
o Compliance Assessment
o Implementation anu Nigiation Plan
o Implementation uoveinance Nouel
o 0iganizational Nouel foi Enteipiise Aichitectuie
o Request foi Aichitectuie Woik
o Requiiements Impact Assessment
o Solution Builuing Blocks
o Statement of Aichitectuie Woik
o Tailoieu Aichitectuie Fiamewoik

8u
It is expecteu that at least some of these ueliveiables woulu be coveieu as pait of the
leaining in othei units.

%7>0326>2B76 $B3DR35A $D@>O4 :%$$4=
ABBs aie aichitectuie uocumentation anu mouels fiom the enteipiise's Aichitectuie
Repositoiy.

%7>0326>2B76 (@5271>2
Aichitectuie Contiacts aie the joint agieements between uevelopment paitneis anu
sponsois on the ueliveiables, quality, anu fitness-foi-puipose of an aichitectuie. They aie
piouuceu in Phase u: Aichitectuie uoveinance. Successful implementation of these
agieements will be ueliveieu thiough effective Aichitectuie uoveinance.
By implementing a goveineu appioach to the management of contiacts, the following will
be ensuieu:
A system of continuous monitoring to check integrity, changes, decision-making, and
audit of all architecture-related activities within the organization
Adherence to the principles, standards, and requirements of the existing or developing
architectures
Identification of risks in all aspects of the development and implementation of the
architecture(s) covering the internal development against accepted standards, policies,
technologies, and products as well as the operational aspects of the architectures such that
the organization can continue its business within a resilient environment
A set of processes and practices that ensure accountability, responsibility, and discipline
with regard to the development and usage of all architectural artifacts
A formal understanding of the governance organization responsible for the contract, their
level of authority, and scope of the architecture under the governance of this body

%7>0326>2B76 K6E35323@5 K@>BN652
The Aichitectuie Befinition Bocument is the ueliveiable containei foi the coie aichitectuial
aitifacts cieateu uuiing a pioject anu foi impoitant ielateu infoimation. The Aichitectuie
Befinition Bocument spans all aichitectuie uomains (Business, Bata, Application, anu
Technology) anu also examines all ielevant states of the aichitectuie (baseline, tiansition,
anu taiget).
It is fiist cieateu in Phase A, wheie it is populateu with aitifacts cieateu to suppoit the
Aichitectuie vision. It is upuateu in Phase B, with Business Aichitectuie-ielateu mateiial,
anu subsequently upuateu with Infoimation Systems Aichitectuie mateiial in Phase C, anu
then with Technology Aichitectuie mateiial in Phase B. Wheie the scope of change to
implement the Taiget Aichitectuie iequiies an inciemental appioach, the Aichitectuie
Befinition Bocument will be upuateu to incluue one oi moie Tiansition Aichitectuies in
Phase E.
A Tiansition Aichitectuie shows the enteipiise at an aichitectuially significant state
between the Baseline anu Taiget Aichitectuies. Tiansition Aichitectuies aie useu to
uesciibe tiansitional Taiget Aichitectuies necessaiy foi effective iealization of the Taiget
Aichitectuie.

%7>0326>2B76 K6E35323@5 K@>BN652 I674B4 %7>0326>2B76 S6^B376N6524 &86>3E3>123@5
The Aichitectuie Befinition Bocument is a companion to the Aichitectuie Requiiements
Specification, with a complementaiy objective:
The Aichitectuie Befinition Bocument pioviues a qualitative view of the solution anu aims
to communicate the intent of the aichitects.
81
The Aichitectuie Requiiements Specification pioviues a quantitative view of the solution,
stating measuiable ciiteiia that must be met uuiing the implementation of the aichitectuie.

%7>0326>2B76 ,735>38D64
This set of uocumentation is an initial output of the Pieliminaiy Phase. Piinciples aie
geneial iules anu guiuelines, intenueu to be enuuiing anu seluom amenueu, that infoim anu
suppoit the way in which an oiganization sets about fulfilling its mission.
In theii tuin, piinciples may be just one element in a stiuctuieu set of iueas that collectively
uefine anu guiue the oiganization, fiom values thiough actions to iesults.

%7>0326>2B76 S68@432@7Q
The Aichitectuie Repositoiy acts as a holuing aiea foi all aichitectuie-ielateu piojects
within the enteipiise. The iepositoiy allows piojects to manage theii ueliveiables, locate
ie-usable assets, anu publish outputs to stakeholueis anu othei inteiesteu paities.

%7>0326>2B76 S6^B376N6524 &86>3E3>123@5
The Aichitectuie Requiiements Specification pioviues a set of quantitative statements that
outline what an implementation pioject must uo in oiuei to comply with the aichitectuie.
An Aichitectuie Requiiements Specification will typically foim a majoi component of an
implementation contiact oi a contiact foi moie uetaileu Aichitectuie Befinition.

%7>0326>2B76 S@1RN18
The Aichitectuie Roaumap lists inuiviuual woik packages that will iealize the Taiget
Aichitectuie anu lays them out on a timeline to show piogiession fiom the Baseline
Aichitectuie to the Taiget Aichitectuie. The Aichitectuie Roaumap highlights inuiviuual
woik packages' business value at each stage. Tiansition Aichitectuies necessaiy to
effectively iealize the Taiget Aichitectuie aie iuentifieu as inteimeuiate steps. The
Aichitectuie Roaumap is inciementally uevelopeu thioughout Phases E anu F, anu infoimeu
by the ioaumap components uevelopeu in Phases B, C, anu B.

%7>0326>2B76 [343@5
The Aichitectuie vision is cieateu in Phase A anu pioviues a high-level summaiy of the
changes to the enteipiise that will follow fiom successful ueployment of the Taiget
Aichitectuie. The puipose of the vision is to agiee at the outset what the uesiieu outcome
shoulu be foi the aichitectuie, so that aichitects can then focus on the uetail necessaiy to
valiuate feasibility.
Pioviuing an Aichitectuie vision also suppoits stakeholuei communication by pioviuing a
summaiy veision of the full Aichitectuie Befinition.

Business scenaiios aie a iecommenueu technique that can be useu as pait of ueveloping an
Aichitectuie vision uocument.

$B435644 ,735>38D64? $B435644 U@1D4? 15R $B435644 K73I674
Business piinciples, business goals, anu business uiiveis pioviue context foi aichitectuie
woik, by uesciibing the neeus anu ways of woiking employeu by the enteipiise. These will
have usually been uefineu elsewheie in the enteipiise piioi to the aichitectuie activity.
Nany factois that lie outsiue the consiueiation of aichitectuie uiscipline may have
significant implications foi the way that aichitectuie is uevelopeu.


82
(181H3D32Q %44644N652
Befoie embaiking upon a uetaileu Aichitectuie Befinition, it is valuable to unueistanu the
baseline anu taiget capability level of the enteipiise. This assessment is fiist caiiieu out in
Phase A anu upuateu in Phase E.
This Capability Assessment can be examineu on seveial levels:
What is the capability level of the enterprise as a whole? Where does the enterprise wish
to increase or optimize capability? What are the architectural focus areas that will support
the desired development of the enterprise?
What is the capability or maturity level of the IT function within the enterprise? What are
the likely implications of conducting the architecture project in terms of design
governance, operational governance, skills, and organization structure? What is an
appropriate style, level of formality, and amount of detail for the architecture project to fit
with the culture and capability of the IT organization?
What is the capability and maturity of the architecture function within the enterprise?
What architectural assets are currently in existence? Are they maintained and accurate?
What standards and reference models need to be considered? Are there likely to be
opportunities to create re-usable assets during the architecture project?
Where capability gaps exist, to what extent is the business ready to transform in order to
reach the target capability? What are the risks to transformation, cultural barriers, an
other considerations to be addressed beyond the basic capability gap?

(015A6 S6^B642
Requests foi Aichitectuie Change aie consiueieu in Phase B.
Buiing implementation of an aichitectuie, as moie facts become known, it is possible that
the oiiginal Aichitectuie Befinition anu iequiiements aie not suitable oi aie not sufficient
to complete the implementation of a solution. In these ciicumstances, it is necessaiy foi
implementation piojects to eithei ueviate fiom the suggesteu aichitectuial appioach oi to
iequest scope extensions. Auuitionally, exteinal factois - such as maiket factois, changes in
business stiategy, anu new technology oppoitunities - may open up oppoitunities to extenu
anu iefine the aichitectuie.
In these ciicumstances, a Change Request may be submitteu in oiuei to iequest a
uispensation oi to kick-stait a fuithei cycle of aichitectuie woik.

(@NNB53>123@54 ,D15
Enteipiise aichitectuies contain laige volumes of complex anu intei-uepenuent
infoimation.
Effective communication of taigeteu infoimation to the iight stakeholueis at the iight time
is a ciitical success factoi foi enteipiise aichitectuie. Bevelopment of a Communications
Plan in Phase A foi the aichitectuie allows foi this communication to be caiiieu out within a
planneu anu manageu piocess.

(@N8D315>6 %44644N652
0nce an aichitectuie has been uefineu, it is necessaiy to govein that aichitectuie thiough
implementation to ensuie that the oiiginal Aichitectuie vision is appiopiiately iealizeu anu
that any implementation leainings aie feu back into the aichitectuie piocess. Peiiouic
compliance ieviews of implementation piojects in Phase u pioviue a mechanism to ieview
pioject piogiess anu ensuie that the uesign anu implementation is pioceeuing in-line with
the stiategic anu aichitectuial objectives.


8S
'N8D6N652123@5 15R Y3A7123@5 ,D15
The Implementation anu Nigiation Plan pioviues a scheuule of the piojects foi
implementation of Taiget Aichitectuie. The Implementation anu Nigiation Plan incluues
executable piojects gioupeu into manageu poitfolios anu piogiams. The Implementation
anu Nigiation Stiategy iuentifying the appioach to change is a key element of the
Implementation anu Nigiation Plan.

K6I6D@8N652 @E 206 'N8D6N652123@5 15R Y3A7123@5 ,D15
The outline Implementation anu Nigiation Plan is cieateu in Phase E anu then finalizeu in
Phase F.

'N8D6N652123@5 U@I67515>6 Y@R6D
0nce an aichitectuie has been uefineu, it is necessaiy to plan how the Tiansition
Aichitectuie that implements the aichitectuie will be goveineu thiough implementation.
Within oiganizations that have establisheu aichitectuie functions, theie is likely to be a
goveinance fiamewoik alieauy in place, but specific piocesses, oiganizations, ioles,
iesponsibilities, anu measuies may neeu to be uefineu on a pioject-by-pioject basis.
The Implementation uoveinance Nouel piouuceu as an output of Phase F ensuies that a
pioject tiansitioning into implementation moves smoothly into appiopiiate Aichitectuie
uoveinance.

)7A153b123@51D Y@R6D E@7 +526787346 %7>0326>2B76
An impoitant ueliveiable of the Pieliminaiy Phase is the 0iganizational Nouel foi
Enteipiise Aichitectuie.
In oiuei foi an aichitectuie fiamewoik to be useu successfully, it must be suppoiteu by the
coiiect oiganization, ioles, anu iesponsibilities within the enteipiise. 0f paiticulai
impoitance is the uefinition of bounuaiies between uiffeient enteipiise aichitectuie
piactitioneis anu the goveinance ielationships that span acioss these bounuaiies.

S6^B642 E@7 %7>0326>2B76 /@7O
This is a uocument that is sent fiom the sponsoiing oiganization to the aichitectuie
oiganization to tiiggei the stait of an Aichitectuie Bevelopment Cycle. Requests foi
Aichitectuie Woik can be cieateu as an output of the Pieliminaiy Phase, a iesult of
appioveu aichitectuie Change Requests, oi teims of iefeience foi aichitectuie woik
oiiginating fiom migiation planning.
In geneial, all the infoimation in this uocument shoulu be at a high level.

S6^B376N6524 'N81>2 %44644N652
Thioughout the ABN, new infoimation is collecteu ielating to an aichitectuie. As this
infoimation is gatheieu, new facts may come to light that invaliuate existing aspects of the
aichitectuie. A Requiiements Impact Assessment assesses the cuiient aichitectuie
iequiiements anu specification to iuentify changes that shoulu be maue anu the
implications of those changes.

&@DB23@5 $B3DR35A $D@>O4
Implementation-specific builuing blocks fiom the enteipiise's Aichitectuie Repositoiy.

&2126N652 @E %7>0326>2B76 /@7O
The Statement of Aichitectuie Woik is cieateu as a ueliveiable fiom Phase A anu uefines
the scope anu appioach that will be useu to complete an aichitectuie uevelopment cycle.
84
The Statement of Aichitectuie Woik is typically the uocument against which successful
execution of the aichitectuie pioject will be measuieu anu may foim the basis foi a
contiactual agieement between the suppliei anu consumei of aichitectuie seivices.

-13D@76R %7>0326>2B76 M71N6L@7O
Selecting anu tailoiing a fiamewoik is the piactical staiting point foi an aichitectuie
pioject.
T0uAF pioviues an inuustiy stanuaiu fiamewoik foi aichitectuie that may be useu in a
wiue vaiiety of oiganizations. Bowevei, befoie T0uAF can be effectively useu within an
aichitectuie pioject, tailoiing at two levels is necessaiy.
Fiistly, it is necessaiy to tailoi the T0uAF mouel foi integiation into the enteipiise. This
tailoiing will incluue integiation with pioject anu piocess management fiamewoiks,
customization of teiminology, uevelopment of piesentational styles, selection,
configuiation, anu ueployment of aichitectuie tools, etc. The foimality anu uetail of any
fiamewoiks auopteu shoulu also align with othei contextual factois foi the enteipiise, such
as cultuie, stakeholueis, commeicial mouels foi enteipiise aichitectuie, anu the existing
level of aichitectuie capability.
0nce the fiamewoik has been tailoieu to the enteipiise, fuithei tailoiing is necessaiy in
oiuei to fit the fiamewoik to the specific aichitectuie pioject. Tailoiing at this level will
select appiopiiate ueliveiables anu aitifacts to meet pioject anu stakeholuei neeus.






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A Founuation Aichitectuie is an aichitectuie of builuing blocks anu coiiesponuing
stanuaius that suppoits all the Common Systems Aichitectuies, anu, theiefoie, the
complete computing enviionment. A Founuation Aichitectuie is positioneu at the left-hanu
siue of the Enteipiise Continuum.
T0uAF incluues the Technical Refeience Nouel (TRN) as its Founuation Aichitectuie. The
ABN explains how to uevelop fiom this geneiic founuation aichitectuie to an enteipiise
specific one. The T0uAF TRN uesciibes a funuamental aichitectuie upon which othei, moie
specific, aichitectuies can be baseu.


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Najoi chaiacteiistics of a Founuation Aichitectuie incluue the following:
It ieflects geneial computing iequiiements.
It ieflects geneial builuing blocks.
It uefines technology stanuaius foi implementing these builuing blocks.
It pioviues uiiection foi piouucts anu seivices.
8S
It ieflects the function of a complete, iobust computing enviionment that can be
useu as a founuation.
It pioviues open system stanuaius, uiiections, anu iecommenuations.
It ieflects uiiections anu stiategies.
The TRN has two main components:
1. A taxonomy that uefines teiminology, anu pioviues a coheient uesciiption of the
components anu conceptual stiuctuie of an infoimation system
2. A mouel, with an associateu TRN giaphic, that pioviues a visual iepiesentation of
the taxonomy, as an aiu to unueistanuing
Figuie below shows the high-level mouel of the TRN. The thiee main paits of the
TRN (Application Softwaie, Application Platfoim, anu Communications
Infiastiuctuie) aie connecteu by two inteifaces (Application Platfoim Inteiface anu
Communications Infiastiuctuie Inteiface).





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Figuie below shows the uetail of the TRN. This highlights the platfoim seivice categoiies
(these aie coveieu in uetail in the T0uAF 9 Level 2 syllabus) togethei with the exteinal
enviionment entities, such as applications anu Communications Infiastiuctuie.

86



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With the emeigence of Inteinet-baseu technologies in iecent yeais, foi many oiganizations
the main focus of attention, anu the main ietuin on investment in aichitectuie effoit, has
shifteu fiom the Application Platfoim space, moueleu by the TRN, to the Application
Softwaie space.
In iesponse to this The 0pen uioup uevelopeu the Integiateu Infoimation Infiastiuctuie
Refeience Nouel (III-RN).
The III-RN is a iefeience mouel that focuses on the Application Softwaie space, anu is a
"Common Systems Aichitectuie" in Enteipiise Continuum teims. The III-RN is a subset of
the T0uAF TRN in teims of its oveiall scope, but it also expanus ceitain paits of the TRN -
in paiticulai, the business applications anu infiastiuctuie applications paits - in oiuei to
pioviue help in auuiessing one of the key challenges facing the enteipiise aichitect touay:
the neeu to uesign an integiateu infoimation infiastiuctuie to enable Bounuaiyless
Infoimation Flow. These concepts aie explaineu in uetail below.
Like the T0uAF TRN, the III-RN has two main components:

1. A taxonomy, which uefines teiminology, anu pioviues a coheient uesciiption of the
87
components anu conceptual stiuctuie of an integiateu infoimation infiastiuctuie
2. An associateu III-RN giaphic, which pioviues a visual iepiesentation of the
taxonomy, anu the intei-ielationship of the components, as an aiu to unueistanuing



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It is funuamentally an Application Aichitectuie iefeience mouel - a mouel of the application
components anu application seivices softwaie essential foi an integiateu infoimation
infiastiuctuie. It incluues infoimation pioviuei anu consumei applications, as well as
biokeiing applications. Fuithei uetail is coveieu in the T0uAF 9 Ceitifieu Syllabus.

III-RM
The 0pen uioup has uocumenteu the business scenaiio that leu to the cieation of the
Integiateu Infoimation Infiastiuctuie Refeience Nouel (III-RN) in the Inteiopeiable
Enteipiise Business Scenaiio (Boc. No. Ku22). This is fieely available foi uownloau fiom the
Business Scenaiios section of The 0pen uioup online bookstoie at
www.opengioup.oigbookstoie.


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The Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow pioblem space is one that is shaieu by many customei
membeis of The 0pen uioup, anu by many similai oiganizations woiluwiue. It is essentially
the pioblem of getting infoimation to the iight people at the iight time in a secuie, ieliable
mannei, in oiuei to suppoit the opeiations that aie coie to the extenueu enteipiise.

In ueneial Electiic, }ack Welch inventeu the teim "the Bounuaiyless 0iganization", not to
88
imply that theie aie no bounuaiies, but that they shoulu be maue peimeable.

Cieating oiganizational stiuctuies that enableu each inuiviuual uepaitment to opeiate at
maximum efficiency was foi a long time accepteu as the best appioach to managing a laige
enteipiise. Among othei benefits, this appioach fosteieu the uevelopment of specialist skills
in staff, who coulu apply those skills to specific aspects of an oveiall activity (such as a
manufactuiing piocess), in oiuei to accomplish the tasks involveu bettei, fastei, anu
cheapei.

As each oveiall activity piogiesseu thiough the oiganization, passing fiom uepaitment to
uepaitment (foi example, fiom Besign to Piouuction to Sales), each uepaitment woulu take
inputs fiom the pievious uepaitment in the piocess, apply its own business piocesses to the
activity, anu senu its output to the next uepaitment in line.
In touay's woilu wheie speeu, flexibility, anu iesponsiveness to changing maikets make the
uiffeience between success anu failuie, this methou of woiking is no longei appiopiiate.

0iganizations have been tiying foi some time to oveicome the limitations imposeu by
tiauitional oiganization stiuctuies. Nany business piocess ie-engineeiing effoits have been
unueitaken anu abanuoneu because they weie too ambitious, while otheis cost fai moie in
both time anu money than oiiginally intenueu.
Bowevei, oiganizations touay iecognize that they neeu not abanuon functional oi
uepaitmental oiganization altogethei. They can enable the iight people to come togethei in
cioss-functional teams so that all the skills, knowleuge, anu expeitise can be biought to beai
on any specific pioblem oi business oppoitunity.

But this in tuin poses its own challenges. CI0s aie unuei enoimous piessuie to pioviue
access to infoimation to each cioss-functional team on an as-iequiieu basis, anu yet the
souices of this uata can be numeious anu the volumes huge.
Even woise, the IT systems, which have been built ovei a peiiou of 2u oi Su yeais at a cost
of many billions of uollais, anu aie not about to be thiown out oi ieplaceu wholesale, weie
built foi each functional uepaitment. So although it may be possible to get people to woik
togethei effectively (no minoi achievement in itself), the IT systems they use aie uesigneu
to suppoit the olu-style thinking.

The IT systems in place touay uo not allow foi infoimation to flow in suppoit
of the bounuaiy-less oiganization. When they uo, then we will have Bounuaiyless
Infoimation Flow.
The 0pen uioup's Inteiopeiable Enteipiise Business Scenaiio, oiiginally publisheu in 2uu1,
ciystallizes this neeu foi Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow anu uesciibes the way in which
this neeu uiives IT customeis' ueployment of theii infoimation infiastiuctuie.

In this scenaiio, the customei's pioblem statement says that the customei enteipiise coulu
gain significant opeiational efficiencies anu impiove the many uiffeient business piocesses
of the enteipiise - both inteinal piocesses, anu those spanning the key inteiactions with
supplieis, customeis, anu paitneis - if only it coulu pioviue staff with:

Integiateu infoimation so that uiffeient anu potentially conflicting pieces of
infoimation aie not uistiibuteu thioughout uiffeient systems
Integiateu access to that infoimation so that staff can access all the infoimation they
neeu anu have a iight to, thiough one convenient inteiface
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The infiastiuctuie that enables this vision is teimeu the "integiateu infoimation
infiastiuctuie".
0ne of the key challenges foi the aichitect in touay's enteipiise is to woik out, anu then
communicate to senioi management, how fai technologies such as web seivices, application
integiation seivices, etc. can go towaiu achieving an integiateu infoimation infiastiuctuie,
anu iealizing the vision of Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow, in the enteipiise conceineu.

The 0pen uioup's follow-up analysis of the Inteiopeiable Enteipiise Business Scenaiio has
iesulteu in the uevelopment of an integiateu infoimation infiastiuctuie mouel (the III-RN),
which uepicts the majoi components iequiieu to auuiess the Bounuaiyless Infoimation
Flow pioblem space, anu can help the aichitect in this task.

The III-RN thus pioviues insights ielateu to customei neeus foi Bounuaiyless Infoimation
Flow in enteipiise enviionments. The mouel also points to iules anu stanuaius to assist in
leveiaging solutions anu piouucts within the value chain.

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1. A tiauemaik of The 0pen uioup.
2. A shoithanu iepiesentation of "access to integiateu infoimation to suppoit business
piocess impiovements" iepiesenting a uesiieu state of an enteipiise's
infiastiuctuie specific to the business neeus of the oiganization.
An infiastiuctuie that pioviues Bounuaiyless Infoimation Flow has open stanuaiu
components that pioviue seivices in a customei's extenueu enteipiise that:
Combine multiple souices of infoimation
Secuiely uelivei the infoimation whenevei anu wheievei it is neeueu, in the iight
context foi the people oi systems using that infoimation






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The T0uAF Technical Refeience Nouel pioviues a mouel anu coie taxonomy of geneiic
platfoim seivices. In summaiy:
It is a Founuation Aichitectuie.
It can be useu to builu any system aichitectuie.
A taxonomy uefines consistent teiminology.
The III-RN is a mouel of the key components foi ueveloping, managing, anu opeiating an
integiateu infoimation infiastiuctuie. In summaiy:
It is an example of a Common Systems Aichitectuie.
The focus is on applications iathei than the platfoim.
It has two main components: a taxonomy anu an associateu giaphic.
A key uiivei foi uevelopment of the mouel is the neeu foi Bounuaiyless Infoimation
Flow; getting infoimation to the iight people at the iight time in a secuie, ieliable,
anu timely mannei.