04 SEP-602A - Distance Protection ZM, PHS, ZDIR

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2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training
REL 670 Line Distance
Protection IED
Distance protection ZM, PHS,
ZDIR
Substation Automation and
Protection Training
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Distance Protection in REL 670
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Distance Protection in REL 670
ZM01, ZM02 ZM05 (zone measurements):
They calculate the 6 impedance loops with non directional characteristic.
PHS (phase selection):
It detects the faulty loops by using
impedance-based algorithm
(STCNDZ), or by using current-
based algorithm (STCNDI).
It detects presence in the Load
area (load encroachment) by using
impedance-based algorithm.
ZD01 (directionality):
It detects the direction for all the
six loops. Memory voltage is here!
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Combination of ZD and ZM
Directionality
Non Directional
Characteristic
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a
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AND
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Combination of directional characteristic and Load Area
Directional Characteristic
Load Area (in Phase Selector)
AND
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Impedance protection characteristic - examples
PE or PP loops
Depending on settings of ZM, PHS and ZD, there can be different shapes of characteristics:
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ZM function blocks
In order to do this they
measure different electrical
impedances (loops)
ZM function blocks
(ZM01, ZM02, , ZM05)
are responsible for measuring the
distance to the fault.
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Phase to phase faults and settings
Reach (settings X1, R1)
arc resistance
(Setting RFPP)
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
L1
L2
L3
R
f
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ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.
ZM PP loops (2-phase faults)
R1+j X1
R1+j X1
L1
L2
RFPP
2
RFPP
2
Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!
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ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.
ZM PP loops (3-phase faults)
R1+j X1
L2
R1+j X1
L1
RFPP
2
RFPP
2
Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!
R1+j X1
L3
RFPP
2
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Phase to earth faults and settings
Fault resistance
(Setting RFPE)
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
L1
L2
L3
Z
N N
Neutral Impedance reach
(settings X1, R1, X0, R0)
R
f
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ZM measures the ohm/loop impedance of the fault.
ZM PE loops (phase-earth faults)
R1+j X1
L1
N
RFPE
Test equipment must be set in ohm/loop!
2 (R1+j X1) +(R0+j X0)
3
Zloop
set
=
(R0+j X0) - (R1+j X1)
3
ZN
set
=
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Example of ZM settings
Set ZM zones as indicated: ZM01 = 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
ZM02 = 125% of line (fw) 400 ms
ZM03 = 150% of line (rv) 800 ms
ZM04 = 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms
ZM05 = OFF
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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Settings are in primary, so there is no need to convert primary settings into
secondary.
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Set RFPE = 15 ohms and RFPP = 10 ohms
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Set primary nominal rated references (base values)
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All settings for ZM1:
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Settings for ZM02:
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Settings for ZM03, 150% of line (rv) 800 ms
Settings for ZM03:
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Settings for ZM04:
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Settings for ZM05, OFF
Settings for ZM05:
Operation = Off
is the important setting.
Other settings have been
modified in order to avoid
misunderstandings.
Note how they have been set to
the MAX allowed value.
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Settings for ZD01, directional function
Directional lines function block (ZD01) must also be set.
Keep default
(10%)
Keep default unless network
calculations suggest different
settings
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Settings for ZD01 series compensated lines
Settings for series compensated lines must be changed!
Change default settings for
series compensated networks
(from 115 to 130)
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! The hidden link..
There is a hidden characteristic AND between PHS and ZM,
through the STCNDZ signal.
PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to
STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02), otherwise the characteristic can be different from the
expected one!
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Phase Selector - PHS
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Basic PHS settings
Keep these settings as default
Unless system studies
suggest different values
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Settings of PHS
PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to
STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02).
In a more simple way:
Ground Faults (L1N, L2N, L3N PE loops): LN characteristic of PHS must cover LN
characteristic of ZM02
2-Phase faults (L1L2, L2L3, L3L1 PP loops): LL characteristic of PHS must cover LL
characteristic of ZM02
3-phase faults (L1L2L3 PP loops): L1L2L3 characteristic of PHS selector must cover
L1L2L3 characteristic of ZM02.
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PHS LN Characteristic ohm/loop domain
The easiest way is to use the non-
directional characteristic of PHS
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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain
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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain
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Conclusion on PHS settings
PHS settings should be done according to users guide formulae. They can be
graphically verified by using the informal EXCEL tool given to the course participants
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PHS settings to cover ZM01 and ZM02
PHS settings to cover the calculated ZM02 zone are the followings:
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PHS settings for the Load Area
PHS settings defining the load cutting area are the followings:
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From Power data to PHS load data:
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Load Area of PHS (example in forward direction).
jX
R
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PHS Load Area for PE loops: LNfaults
LN faults:
Ohm/loop domain
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PHS Load Area for PP loops: LL and L1L2L3 faults
LL faults:
L1L2L3 faults:
Ohm/phase domain
Ohm/phase domain
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Real PHS characteristic: PE Loops
LN faults:
Ohm/loop domain
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Real PHS characteristic: PP Loops
LL faults:
Ohm/phase domain
L1L2L3 faults:
Ohm/phase domain
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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)
ArgLd < 30 degrees:
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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)
ArgLd > 30 degrees:
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PHS can trip
PE characteristic, LN faults
PP Characteristic, LL faults
PP characteristic, L1L2L3 faults
In some application, typical remote back-up
applications, PHS can be set to trip if the fault is
measured within the characteristics (not A32
application).
PHS can be seen as a non directional zone, with 3 different characteristics:
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A32 - Impedance Protection Set-up
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Measured characteristic for calculated settings
PE loops, LN faults ohm/loop domain (KL factor in test equipment = 0).
Primary ohms.
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PP loops, LL faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.
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PP loops, L1L2L3 faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.
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A32 - Connections to TRIP function
This logic works BEFORE the trip and not
DURING the trip to avoid unwanted three-phase
trip command from A/R or Binary Input.

04 SEP-602A - Distance Protection ZM, PHS, ZDIR

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