Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Equilibrium of Particle in 2-D
1
2
Objectives of Chapter 2
1. Draw free-bod dia!ram "#$D% for a
particle.
2. &ppl equations of equilibrium "EoE% to
solve 2-D problems.
'tudents will be able to(
3
Definition
1. & particle will be in equilibrium if it continues to be
at rest if ori!inall at rest or moves with a constant
velocit if ori!inall in motion.
2. 'tatic equilibrium indicates a bod at rest.
). *ewton+s 1st law states that a bod at rest does not
have an unbalanced forces, i.e.

=0
#or !iven wei!ht of the traffic
li!hts, what are the forces in
the cables- .hat si/e of cable
must ou use-
#or a spool of !iven wei!ht,
what are the forces in cables
&$ and &C -
&pplication( Equilibrium Of & Particle
4
0his is an e1ample of a 2-D
"coplanar% force sstem. 2f
the whole assembl is in
equilibrium, then particle & is
also in equilibrium.
0o determine the tensions
in the cables for a !iven
wei!ht of the en!ine, we
need to 3now how to draw
a free bod dia!ram and
appl equations of
equilibrium.
Equilibrium of a Particle (2D)
Equilibrium of a Particle (2D)
250 kg
5
THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A FREE ODY
D!A"RA# (FD)
#ree $od Dia!ram is one of the most important thin!s
ou must 3now how to draw and use.
.hat is #$D- - 2t is a drawin! that shows all
the e1ternal forces actin! on the particle or
bod.
.h draw- 4 #$D helps ou to write the
equations of equilibrium used to solve for the
un3nowns "usuall forces or an!les%
6
2. 2ma!ine the particle isolated or cut 5free6 from surroundin!s
or sstem of which it is part.
). 'how all the forces that act on the particle 4 these forces
can be 5active forces6 "tend to move the particle%, or
5reactive forces6 "tend to resist motion7 caused b supports
or constraints%
8. 2dentif each force, and show all 3nown ma!nitude and
direction. 'how all un3nown forces as variables. Direction
of a force of un3nown ma!nitude can be assumed first.
Ho$ to %ra$ FD for a Particle&
1. 2dentif the point ou wish to anal/e. 0his is often dictated
b the forces ou wish to determine.
7
8
*O0 a free-bod dia!ram99
#$D of Point &
. : "2;< 3!%"=.>1 ms
-2
%
E'(AT!ON) OF 2*D E'(!+!R!(#
'ince particle & is in equilibrium,
the net force at & will be /ero.
'o #
&$
? #
&$
? #
&C
: <
i.e. @# : <
2n !eneral, for a particle in equilibrium, @# : <
.ritten in a scalar form(
@#
1
: < and @#

: <
$oth are scalar equations of equilibrium "EoE% in 2-D.
0he can be used to solve up to 2 un3nowns.
9
10
E,erci-e. Dra$ Free*o%/ Dia0ram
0he sphere has a mass of A 3! and is supported as shown.
Draw #$D of the sphere, the cord CE and the 3not at C.
11
"#
CE
, force of cord CE
actin! on sphere%
#
CE
. : m! : ;>.= *
"., wei!ht or !ravit
actin! on sphere%
#$D of sphere( onl two forces
actin! on sphere( its wei!ht .
and force of the cord CE.
#$D of cord CE( .hen isolated,
onl two forces act on cord CE(
force of sphere and force of 3not
#
CE
"#
CE
, force of sphere
actin! on cord CE%
"#orce of 3not actin!
on cord CE%
#
EC
C
E
12
#$D of 3not C( 0hree forces act on the 3not
as shown below.
F
CBA
F
CD
(Force of spring acting on knot)
F
CE
(Force of cord C acting on knot)

(Force of cord C!" acting on knot)
Note# $eight of sphere% $ does not direct&' act on the
knot( )nstead% the cord C s*+,ects the knot to this force(
EB&CPDE( #$D of a particle on an inclined surface
-
P
.
/
0
P
.
/
0
m0
N
FD
13
14
0pes of Connections Encountered in
Particle Equilibrium
1. Cables and Pulles
2. 'prin!s

&ll cables are assumed to be wei!htless and non-

stretchable "i.e. not e1tensible%.

&ll forces actin! from cables direct awa from point of

analsis, i.e. cables are &D.&E' in tension "ou can+t push
on a rope%.

.hen a cable passes a pulle, the tension is the same as

alon! as it is the same cable.

Pulles are assumed to be smooth "frictionless% unless

stated otherwise.

Dimensions of a pulle are usuall ne!lected in calculations,

e1cept stated otherwise.
1able- an% Pulle/-
15
16
1able- an% Pulle/-
Cable is alwas in tension.
0ension is the same as lon! as it
is the same cable.
1
2
1g
22
1
2
1g
22
1g
32
m
2
1
$
&
/
3
.
1g
23
3
/
.
17
18
)2rin0-
4
Ca!nitude of force e1erted on a sprin! of stiffness 3,
deformed a distance s : l 4 l
o
, measured from its
unloaded position is # : 3s.
4
2f s is positive "elon!ation%, # must pull on the sprin!7
if s is ne!ative "compressed%, then # must push on it.
4 E1ample( if sprin! with an unstretched len!th l
o
of
<.8m and 3 : ;<< *Fm is to be stretched to <.Am,
s : l 4 l
o
: <.2m and # : 3s : 1<<* is needed.
19
)2rin0-
Procedure for Gsin! #$D to 'olve for
Equilibrium of Particle
#ree-$od Di a!ram

Establish 1 and a1es in an suitable orientation.

'how all 3nown and un3nown force ma!nitudes and

directions on #$D dia!ram.
Equati on of Equi l i bri um
&ppl EoE( #
1
: < and #

: <

Components are positive if the are directed alon! the

positive a1is and ne!ative if directed alon! ne!ative a1is.

2f more than 2 un3nowns e1ist and problem involves

sprin!, appl # : 3s to relate sprin! force # to the
deformation s of the sprin!.

2f the solution for a force is ne!ative, this means the

sense of this force is the opposite "reverse% to what ou
initiall assumed.
20
E1ampl e 2.11
Determine the tension in cables &$ and $C for the
sstem to be in equilibrium
233 40
205
405
"
!
C
An-. T
A
5 2627N, T
1
5 689:N 21
)olution 6. Tri0onometr/ an% force trian0le
19626
2
!C
2
"!
405
605
705
505
)tart, en%

'ine Daw(
1=A2
sinA<
o
=
0
&$
sinH<
o
=
0
$C
sin;<
o
0
&$
=
1=A2sinH<
o
sinA<
o
= 212= *
0
$C
=
1=A2sin;<
o
sinA<
o
= 1H); *
E1ampl e 2.11
22
)olution 2. Rectan0ular com2onent
!
C
1962 6
2
!C
cos205
2
!C
sin205
2
"!
sin405
2
"!
cos405
E1ampl e 2.11

+ #
1

= <
0
$C
cos 2<
o
+ "0
&$
cos 8<
o
% = <
0
$C
= <.>1;2 0
&$
...... "1%
? #

= 1=A2*

0
&$
sin 8<
o
+ 0
$C
sin 2<
o
: 1=A2* ...... "2%
'ubstitute equ. "1% into equ. "2% (
0
&$
: 212=* 0
$C
: 1H);*
23
)olution 9. Rectan0ular com2onent met;o% (-lantin0 a,e-)
78
'8
!
1962 6
2
!C
1962 6 sin205
2
"!
sin305
2
"!
cos305
78
1962 6 cos205
'8
&ll forces are resolved into their component 1+ and + component.
Gsuall, the a1is is positioned such that one a1is lies on an un3nown
quantit " 0
$C
%
&dvanta!e( directl solve one un3nown
Disadvanta!e( must be !ood in determinin! an!les
?ve ( <
1=A2cos 2< cos )< <

212= *
?ve( <
1=A2sin2< sin)
1H);
< <
*

&$
1
$C
&
$C
$
$
&
#
0
#
0 0
0
0
=
=
=

=
=
=

o o
o o
]
Z
24
Ii ven( $a! & wei!hs 2< lb.
and !eometr is as
shown.
#i nd( #orces in the cables and
wei!ht of ba! $.
Pl an(
1. Draw a #$D for Point E.
2. &ppl EoE at Point E to solve for
the un3nowns "0
EI
J 0
EC
%.
). Kepeat this procedure at C to find
.
$
E1ampl e 2.12
25

+: F
x

= T
EG
sin30
o
T
EC
cos 45
o
= 0
+: F
y

= T
EG
cos 30
o
T
EC
sin45
o
20lb = 0
& #$D of point E should loo3 li3e the
one to the ri!ht. *ote the assumed
directions for both cables( tensi on.
'olvin! these two simultaneous equations for the
two un3nowns ields(
0
EC
: )>.A lb and 0
EI
: ;8.A lb
Eqn. of equilibrium "in scalar form%(
E1ampl e 2.12
26

+: F
x

= 38.64lb cos 45
o

4
5
()
T
CD
= 0
+ : F
y

=
3
5
()
T
CD
+ 38.64lb sin 45
o
W
B
= 0
9o&:ing the first e;*ation% then the second 'ie&ds(
0
CD
: )8.2 lb and .
$
: 8H.> lb .
6e7t% 1o:e on to ring C(
F!< of C sho*&d &ook &ike
the one on the &eft(
;n( of e;*i&i+ri*1 (in sca&ar for1)#
E1ampl e 2.12
27
A<< *
C
$ &
30
0
50
0
E1ampl e 2.1)
Ii ven( 'stem in equilibrium.
#i nd( 0ension in cables &C
and $C
Pl an(
1. Draw a #$D for point equilibrium.
2. &ppl EoE to solve for the an!le.
'ol n( 'ame as in E1ampl e 2.11.
28
A<< *
C
0
$C
0
&C
30
0
50
0
Point 1 a- FD<

#
1

= <7
0
&C
3os;<
o
: 0
$C
3os)<
o
0
$C
=
20
&C
3os;<
o
)
........."1%
#

= <7
0
&C
sin;<
o
? 0
$C
sin)<
o
= A<<
0
&C
sin;<
o
?
0
&C
3os;<
o
)
= A<<
0
&C
=
A<<
"sin;<
o
+
3os;<
o
)
%
= ;2H.A) *
0
$C
= )=1.A2 *
E1ampl e 2.1)
29
OK
Pol!on "trian!le% method

= 1><
o
A<
o
8<
o
= ><
o
A<<
sin><
o
:
0
&C
sinA<
o
:
0
$C
sin8<
o
0
&C
: ;2H.A) *
0
$C
: )=1.A2 *
A<<*
0
$C
0
&C
60
0
40
0
L
E1ampl e 2.1)
30
"RO(P PRO+E# )O+=!N"
Ii ven( 0he car is towed at a
constant speed b the
A<<-lb force, !iven the
an!le L is 2;M.
#i nd( #orces in ropes &$ and
&C.
Pl an(
1. Draw #$D for point &.
2. &ppl EoE to solve for the forces in ropes &$ and &C.
31
"RO(P PRO+E# )O+=!N" (contin*e)
305 255
600 &+
F
"!
F
"C
"
#$D at point &
&pplin! the scalar EoE at point &, we !et7
? @# =
1
: #
&C
cos )<M 4 #
&$
cos 2;M : <
? @ > #

: -#
&C
sin )<M 4 #
&$
sin 2;M ? A<< : <
'olve the above equations, we !et7
#
&$
: A)8 l b
#
&C
: AA8 l b
&l ternati ve sol n.( #orce tri an!l e and tri !onometr7 see E1ampl e 2.11
32
8m s
1<m
E1ampl e 2.18
Ii ven( & ;<-3! bo is in
equilibrium condition as
shown. Den!th of cable is
2<m.
#i nd( #orces in the cable and
distance s.
Pl an(
1. Draw #$D for point equilibrium.
2. &ppl EoE at to solve for the an!le.
33
;< !
0
0
N L
Kesol ve force i nto 1- components
#i nd an!l e L and tensi on 0
C
L L
&
$
D
2<-D
1< m
8 m
Di stance s(
E1ampl e 2.18
1< m

8 + "D sin % = "2< D% sin

2 D sin = 2< sin 8
'ubstitute = A<
o
and solve for D (
2 D sin A<
o
= 2< sin A<
o
8
D =
2< sin A<
o
8
2 sin A<
o
= H.A= m
s = D cos A<
o
= ).>; m

+ #
1

= <
0 cos : 0 cos
:
+ #

= <
20 sin : ;< "!%

2f &$ : D and $C : "2< D%, then(

D cos ? "2< D% cos : 1< m
D cos ? 2< cos D cos : 1< m
cos :
1<
2<
7 : A<
o
0herefore, 0 :
;< "=.>1%
2 sin A<
o
= 2>).2 *

34
&
$
C
3 : 2<< *Fm
L : A<M
1<<< mm
H;< mm
E1ampl e 2.1;a
Ii ven( Gnstretched len!th of sprin!
is ;<< mm.
#i nd( a. 'tretch of sprin!, s
b. 0ension in sprin!
c. 0ension in cord &$
d. Cass of ball
'stem i s i n equi l i bri um as shown

&nswer( s : 12;mm7 0 : 2;*7 0
&$
: ;<*7 m : 8.813!
35
a% #inal stretch of sprin!(
1
1
: 1<<< mm 4 H;< mm cos A<M : A2; mm
s : A2; mm 4 l
o
: 12; mm
b% 0ension in sprin!, #
$C
: 3s : 2<<*Fm"<.12;m% : 2;*
c% 0ension in cord &$, 0
&$
: 2;*Fcos A<
o
: ;< *
d% Cass of ball, . : m! : ;< * sin A<
o
m : 8.81 3!
E1ampl e 2.1;a
36
37
E1ampl e 2.1;b
Ii ven(
Determine the required len!th of cord
&C so that the >-3! lamp can
be hun! as shown. 0he
undeformed len!th of sprin!
&$ is <.8m7 sprin! stiffness is
3
&$
: )<< *Fm
#i nd( a. 0ension in sprin! &$
b. 0ension in cord &C
c. 'tretch of sprin!
d. Den!th of cord &C
)olution.
1. Draw a #$D for point &.
2. &ppl EoE to solve for the forces in &$ and &C.
38

+ #
1
= 7 O 0
&$
0

&C
cos OO
o
: O
? #

= 7 O

0
&C
sin OO
o
. * OOO : O
'olvin! ( 0
&C
=OOO.O* and 0
&$
: . * 111 1
F!<# 3oint "
9tretch of spring "!#

0
&$
=3
&$
s
&$
7 . * OOO O = " *Fm%"s 111
&$
%
s
&$
= . m 1 111
9tretched &ength#
D
&$
: D
o, &$
? s
&$
D
&$
: <.8 m ? <.8;) m : <.>;) m
?e;*ired &ength of cord "C#
2 m : D
&C
cos )<M

? <.>;) m
D
&C
: 1.)2 m "&*'.EK%
2f the force in the sprin! &$ is
3nown, then the stretch of sprin!
can be found usin! # : 3s.
1< 3!
A<M
;<< mm
C
$
D
&
E1ampl e 2.1A
"i>en. 9'ste1 is in e;*i&i+ri*1(
Fin%. a( 2ension in ca+&e "!
+( @ength of ca+&e "!
39
1< !
A<M
L
1< !
0
&$
$
Den!th of $C(
E1ampl e 2.1A

+ #
1

= <7 0
&$
cos - 1<"!% cos A<
o
= <
0
&$
=
;"!%
cos
..... "1%
? #

= <7 1<"!% sin A<

o
+ 0
&$
sin 1<"!% = < ...."2%
'ubstitute eqn."1% into eqn."2% and rearran!e(
tan :
1<"!% - ;"!% )
;"!%
tan : <.2AH=;
: 1;
o
0ension in rope &$(
0
&$
:
;"!%
cos
:
;"=.>1%
cos 1;
o

: ;<.H>*
Den!th of &$(

;<< mm
sin A<
o
=;HH.); mm

;HH.); mm
sin 1;
o
=
D
&$
si n A<
o
D
&$
: 1=)1.>; mm
40
OK
Kesolved forces alon! line of action 0
&$
"1+% and +(
1< !
A<M
L
1< !
L
1
$
Den!th of cable &$
o
AB =
500
sin
1931.8
15
m
AB
5 m
=
y
o
o
'
o
x
o
'
10gsin(60 ) 10 sin(90 )
(60 ) (90 )
2
+! F 0"

15
+! F 0"

= 0

3

=
+ =
=

+
=
=

^
Z
o
o
g
A
o
AB
B


# 20
# 50.$8
gkos($5
%
) =
=
E1ampl e 2.1A
41
0he beam has a wei!ht of ).;3*. Determine the shortest
cable &$C that can be used to lift the beam if the ma1imum
force that the cable can sustain is H.;3*.
E1ampl e 2.1H
: 1).;M D
&$C
: ).<=m
42
E1ampl e 2.1>

+ #
1

= <7 0 cos - 0 cos : <

:
+ #

= <7 20 sin - 8=.<;* : <

: tan
-1

<.1;m
<.2<m





= )A.>H
o
0 : 8<.=*
2f the ;-3! bloc3 is suspended from the pulle $ and the sa! of
the cord is d : <.1;m, find the tension in the cord &$C. *e!lect
si/e and wei!ht of pulle.
*ote( 'i mi l ar to E1ampl e 2.18
. : ; !
0 0
N L
43
Gjian 1
1>F1<F2<1<
44

+ #
1

=<7 - 0
&C
cos ? 0
&$
: <
0
&C
:
0
&$
cos
...... "1%
+ #

=<7 0
&C
sin 28;2.; * : < ...... "2%
F!<# ?ing "
Eq."1% shows 0
&C
is alwas P 0
&$
since cos Q 1. 0hus,
rope &C will reach ma1imum tensile force of 12.; 3*
before rope &$.

'ubstitute 0
&C
: . 3* into equ." % OOO O(
" *% sin 11111 - . * 1111 1 : O
sin :
. * OOOOO
* OOOOO
: O.1 1 1 1
: sin
-O
O.OOOO: . 11 11
o

'olve for tension in rope &$, use equ." % O(

0
&C
:
0
&$
cos

0
&$
: . 3* cos . 11 1 11 11
o
=OO.1 1 1 3*
9o&*tion
45

+ #
1

= <7 - 0
&C
cos ? 0
&$
: <
- 0
&C
cos ? 12;<< * : <
0
&C
cos : 12;<< * ...... "1%
+ #

= <7 0
&C
sin "2;<%"=.>1% : <
0
&C
sin : 28;2.; * ...... "2%
'olve "2% "1% (
0
&C
sin
0
&C
cos
= tan =
28;2.;
12;<<
= <.1=A2
= 11.1<
o
'ubstitute = 11.1<
o
into either eqn."1% or eqn."2% (
0
&C
cos : 12;<< *
0
&C
:
12;<<*
cos 11.1<
o
: 12H)>.)* "R 12;<<*%

F!<# ?ing "
Case 1# "ss*1e 2
"!
= 12(5 k6
"&ternati:e 9o&*tion
46

+ #

= <7 0
&C
sin "2;<%"=.>1% : <
12;<< * sin : 28;2.; *
sin :
28;2.;
12;<<
: <.1=A2
: sin
-1
<.1=A2 : 11.)1;
o

+ #
1

= <7 - 0
&C
cos ? 0
&$
: <
- 12;<< cos 11.)1;
o
? 0
&$
: <
0
&$
: 122;H * "S 12;<< *%
0herefore, smallest an!le ( = 11.)1
o
F!<# ?ing "
Case 2# "ss*1e 2
"c
= 12(5 k6
"&ternati:e 9o&*tion (contin*e)
47