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2 Collapse Mechanism
L w
n
A
B
C
9
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 16
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 1 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, the rotations
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
The work done by the external load (w
n
L) is
equal w
n
L times the average deflection
avg
of the mechanism at the center of the
beam.
The deflection is calculated as follows:
2
theory) angle (small
2 /
tan
L
L
=
=
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 17
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 1 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments M
n
at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
The average deflection
avg
throughout the
length of the beam is equals one-half the
deflection at the center of the beam, that
is
4 2 2
1
2
1
avg
L L
=
= =
10
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 18
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 1 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between w
n
and M
n
as
follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n n n
M
L
L w
M M M L w
W W
4
4
2
work Internal work External
avg
int. ext.
=
+ + =
=
=
Left
A
Middle
B
Right
C
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 1 (contd)
Therefore,
For 18-ft span, the plastic limit distributed
load is computed as
2
16
4
4
L
M
w
M
L
L w
n
n
n n
=
=
( ) 25 . 20 18
16 16
2 2
n n n
n
M M
L
M
w = = =
11
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 20
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2
For the propped beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load P
n
in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
M
n
developed at the hinges.
ft 20 = L
n
P
ft 10
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2 (contd)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
ft 20 = L
n
P
ft 10
2
L
2
L
2 Collapse Mechanism
L w
n
A
B
C
12
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 22
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, the rotations
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
The work done by the external load (P
n
) is
equal P
n
times the deflection of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
The deflection is calculated as follows:
2
theory) angle (small
2 /
tan
L
L
=
=
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments M
n
at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
Note that in example, we have only two
plastic hinges at points A and B of the
mechanism. Point C is a real hinge, and no
moment occurs at that point.
Also note that the external work is
calculated using and not
avg
. because of
the concentrated load P
n
in that location.
13
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 24
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between P
n
and M
n
as
follows:
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n n
M
L
P
M M P
W W
3
2
2
work Internal work External
int. ext.
=
+ =
=
=
Left
A
Middle
B
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 2 (contd)
Therefore,
For 20-ft span, the plastic limit load P
n
is
computed as
L
M
P
M
L
P
n
n
n n
6
3
2
=
=
n
n n n
n
M
M M
L
M
P 3 . 0
10
3
20
6 6
= = = =
14
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3
For the fixed-end beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load P
n
in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
M
n
developed at the hinges.
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 20
3
2
=
L
ft 10
3
=
L
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 20
3
2
=
L
ft 10
3
=
L
3
2L
3
L
) (
2 1
+
Collapse Mechanism
n
P
A
B
C
E
15
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
Because of the unsymmetry, the rotations
1
and
2
at the end plastic hinges are not
equal.
We need to find all rotations in terms, say
1
The work done by the external load (P
n
) is
equal P
n
times the deflection of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
From triangles ABE and BCE:
3
2L
3
L
) (
2 1
+
n
P
A
B
C
E
1 2 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 or
3 3
2
: 3 and 2 Eqs. from Thus,
3 3 /
tan : BCE
3
2
3 / 2
tan : ABE
= =
= =
= =
L L
L
L
L
L
1 1 1 2 1
1 2
1
3 2 : B At
2 : A At
: C At
Therefore,
= + = + =
= =
=
B
A
C
(2)
(3)
16
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments M
n
at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
Note that in example, we have three plastic
hinges at points A, B, and C of the
mechanism. Also there is no real hinge.
Also note that the external work is
calculated using and not
avg
. because of
the concentrated load P
n
in that location.
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between P
n
and M
n
as
follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n n n
M
L
P
M M M P
W W
1 1
1 1 1
int. ext.
6
3
2
3 2
work Internal work External
=
+ + =
=
=
Left
A
Middle
B
Right
C
2 Eq. from
3
2
1
L
=
17
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 32
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Example 3 (contd)
Therefore,
For 30-ft span, the plastic limit load P
n
is
computed as
L
M
P
M
L
P
n
n
n n
9
6
3
2
=
=
n
n n
n
M
M
L
M
P 3 . 0
30
9 9
= = =
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 33
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Complex Structures
If a structure (beam) has more than one
distributed or concentrated loads, there
would be different ways in which this
structure will collapse.
To illustrate this, consider the propped
beam of Fig. 4.
The virtual-work method can be applied to
this beam with various collapse
mechanisms.
18
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 34
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Complex Structures (contd)
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 10
n
P 6 . 0
ft 10 ft 10
Figure 4
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 35
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Complex Structures (contd)
The beam with its two concentrated loads
is shown in Fig. 5 together with four
possible collapse mechanisms and the
necessary calculations.
It is true that the mechanisms of parts (a),
(c), and (d) of Fig. 5 do not control, but
such a fact is not obvious for those taking
an introductory course in plastic analysis.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider all
cases.
19
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 36
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Figure 5a. Various Cases of Collapse Mechanism
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 10
n
P 6 . 0
ft 10 ft 10
2
3
20
10
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n n
M P
P M
P P M
227 . 0
4 . 4
10 20 6 . 0 5
=
=
+ =
Real hinge
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 37
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Figure 5b. Various Cases of Collapse Mechanism
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 10
n
P 6 . 0
ft 10 ft 10
3
10
20
2
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n n
M P
P M
P P M
154 . 0
5 . 6
20 10 6 . 0 4
=
=
+ =
Real hinge
Controls
Controls
20
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 38
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Figure 5c. Various Cases of Collapse Mechanism
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 10
n
P 6 . 0
ft 10 ft 10
2
10
( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n
M P
P M
P M
3 . 0
33 . 3
10 3
=
=
=
Real hinge
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 39
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Figure 5d. Various Cases of Collapse Mechanism
ft 30 = L
n
P
ft 10
n
P 6 . 0
ft 10 ft 10
10
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n n
M P
P M
P P M
1875 . 0
33 . 5
10 10 6 . 0 3
=
=
+ =
Real hinge
10
21
CHAPTER 8c. INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
Slide No. 40
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Complex Structures (contd)
The value for which the collapse load P
n
is
the smallest in terms of M
n
is the correct
value.
or the value where M
n
is the greatest in
terms of P
n
.
For this beam, the second plastic hinge
forms at the concentrated load P
n
, and P
n
equals 0.154 M
n
.