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Tullock and downs argued that in making decisions and talking actions, an individual seeks to maximize personal utility. In Niskanen's theory, bureaucrats seek to maximize the budget o an agency.
Tullock and downs argued that in making decisions and talking actions, an individual seeks to maximize personal utility. In Niskanen's theory, bureaucrats seek to maximize the budget o an agency.
Tullock and downs argued that in making decisions and talking actions, an individual seeks to maximize personal utility. In Niskanen's theory, bureaucrats seek to maximize the budget o an agency.
tullock and downs in that the central fgure in his theory was individual utility maximizing bureaucrat. Niskanen, however, paid more detailed attention to what bureaucrats sought to maximize. The rational choice assumptions o economics argue that in making decisions and talking actions, an individual seeks to maximize personal utility. !n and o itsel, however, this is not a particularly use ul insight. "hat, ater all, constitutes #personal utility$% in economics, utility is typically put into operation according to &uchanan tullock's #more rather than less$ dictum. (ecisions that yield more o something )wages, profts, consumption opportunities) are thus presumed to increase utility. Niskanen sought to extend this reasoning rom the individual economics actor to the bureaucratby suggesting several variables that might enter into the latter's utility unctions * salary, per+uisites, power, prestige, patronage, public reputation, and agency output. Niskanen argued that most o these variables are tied to the budget o a given agency. ! such things as salary, power, and prestige are tied to the overall budget o an agency, the rational bureaucrat should thereore strive to make that budget as large as possible. Niskanen thus suggested that budget maximization serves as a good proxy or the utility o the bureaucrat ),-.,, /0) Niskanen recognized that not all bureaucrats are motivated by fnancial bottom lines or career advancement, and was willing to acknowledge that some bureaucrat, however, have a problem * #A bureaucrat...is neither omniscient norsovereign. 1e cannot ac+uire all o the inormation on individual preerences and production oppurtunities that would be necessary to divine the public in constitutes the public interest$ ),-.,, /-). !n other words, bureaucrat have di2erent ideas about what constitutes the public interest, and no incividual has all the inormation re+uired to make a defnitive claim that his or her conception o the civic good is the correct one. 3o although Niskanen recognized that some public servants may be public spirited, he believed they were unlikely to be particularly e2ective in advancing the public interes. !n act, argued niskanen, #it is impossible or ormation and the con4icting interests o other, regardless o his personal motivation$ ),-.,, /-). !n contrast, the rational bureaucrat is well positioned to act on behal o his own interests. All he need to know are his own preerences. Niskanen thus viewed a bureaucracy as a rought e+uivalent o a business where budget maximization subtituted or proft maximization. Niskanen created a market analogy where bureaucracies were monopoly producers o public services, and logislators were monopsonist buyers. &ureaucrats sought to maximize their budget by #selling$ a certain level o public services to legislators. 5or any given bureaucracy, a subgroup o legislators will have powerul incentives to secure high levels o the service produced. These incentives were largely electoral bureaucracies provided contracts, 6obs, and services that benefted constituents and or which legislators could claim credit. A market with monopoly producer and handul o dominant buyers had predictable outcomes * ine7ciency in production and supply outpacing demand ),-.,, 88.). To combat this inherent dysunction in public service production, Niskanen suggested that the fnancing o public services be restricted to the lowest level o government possible, and that budget decisions be re+uired to muster a two9thirds vote in a legislature ),-.,, 88.988-). The idea was to reduce the in4uence o monopoly buyers and to better connect the supply o public services to demand by putting producers as close as possible to consumers. (an birokrasi). Niskanen berbagi titik awal mirip dengan Tullock surut dalam bahwa tokoh sentral dalam teorinya individu utilitas memaksimalkan birokrat. Niskanen, bagaimanapun, memberikan perhatian yang lebih rinci untuk apa birokrat berusaha untuk memaksimalkan. Asumsi pilihan rasional ekonomi berpendapat bahwa dalam mengambil keputusan dan tindakan berbicara, seorang individu berusaha untuk memaksimalkan utilitas pribadi. (alam dan dari dirinya sendiri, bagaimanapun, ini bukan terutama menggunakan wawasan ul. Apa, setelah semua, merupakan :utilitas pribadi:% di bidang ekonomi, utilitas biasanya dimasukkan ke dalam operasi sesuai dengan : lebih daripada kurang : &uchanan Tullock diktum. ;eputusan yang menghasilkan lebih dari sesuatu )upah, keuntungan, peluang konsumsi) dengan demikian dianggap meningkatkan utilitas. Niskanen berusaha untuk memperpan6ang penalaran ini dari aktor ekonomi individu untuk bureaucratby menun6ukkan beberapa variabel yang mungkin masuk ke dalam ungsi utilitas yang terakhir* ga6i, penghasilan tambahan, kekuasaan, prestise, patronase, reputasi publik, dan output lembaga. Niskanen berpendapat bahwa sebagian besar variabel ini terkait dengan anggaran dari lembaga tertentu. <ika hal9hal seperti ga6i, listrik, dan prestise yang terkait dengan anggaran keseluruhan dari suatu instansi, birokrat rasional karena itu harus berusaha untuk membuat anggaran yang sebesar mungkin. Niskanen sehingga menyarankan bahwa anggaran maksimalisasi berungsi sebagai proxy yang baik untuk utilitas birokrat ),-.,, /0). Niskanen diakui bahwa tidak semua birokrat termotivasi oleh garis bawah keuangan atau kema6uan karir, dan bersedia untuk mengakui bahwa beberapa birokrat, bagaimanapun, memiliki masalah * : 3eorang birokrat... bukanlah norsovereign mahatahu. (ia tidak bisa mendapatkan semua inormasi pada preerensi individu dan celah produksi yang akan diperlukan untuk ilahi di depan umum merupakan kepentingan publik : ) ,-.,, /- ). (engan kata lain, birokrat memiliki ide yang berbeda tentang apa yang merupakan kepentingan umum, dan tidak ada incividual memiliki semua inormasi yang diperlukan untuk menga6ukan klaim defniti bahwa nya konsepsi kebaikan sipil adalah yang benar. <adi meskipun Niskanen diakui bahwa beberapa pegawai negeri mungkin publik bersemangat, ia percaya mereka tidak mungkin sangat eekti dalam mema6ukan interes publik. &ahkan, berpendapat Niskanen, : tidak mungkin untuk pembentukan dan kon4ik kepentingan dari lain, terlepas dari motivasi pribadinya : ),-.,, /- ). 3ebaliknya, birokrat rasional posisi yang baik untuk bertindak atas nama kepentingan sendiri. =ang ia perlu tahu adalah preerensi sendiri.