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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies. This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 42-101.
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GIS 42-101 - Fabrication Assembly Erection and Inspection of Carbon and low alloy steel pipework.pdf
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies. This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 42-101.
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies. This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 42-101.
Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)
GIS 42-101
BP GROUP ENGINEERING TECHNICAL PRACTICES Document No. GIS 42-101 Appli cability Group Date 3 May 2005 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 2 of 30 Foreword This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 42-101. This Guidance on Industry Standard (GIS) is based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies as follows: British Petroleum GS 118-5 The Fabrication, Assembly, Erection and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese and Low Alloy Steel Pipework to ASME B31.3. Amoco A PN-PLT-31.3-C PipingPlantASME B31.3Construction Specification. A PN-PLT-31.3-CG PipingPlantASME B31.3Construction and Fabrication Guide. A PN-PLT-31.3-P PipingPlantASME B31.3Fabrication Specification. ARCO ES 200 Piping Design. Copyright 2005, BP Group. All rights reserved. The information contained in this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract under which the document was supplied to the recipients organisation. None of the information contained in this document shall be disclosed outside the recipients own organization without the prior written permission of Director of Engineering, BP Group, unless the terms of such agreement or contract expressly allow. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 3 of 30 Table of Contents Page Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter I Scope and definitions ..................................................................................................... 6 300 General statements................................................................................................................ 6 300.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection.............................................................................. 7 327 General .................................................................................................................................. 7 327.1 Quality assurance and positive material identification ................................................. 7 327.2 Material control ........................................................................................................... 8 327.3 Pipework marking ....................................................................................................... 8 327.5 Fabrication facilities .................................................................................................... 8 328 Welding.................................................................................................................................. 8 328.2 Welding qualifications ................................................................................................. 8 328.3 Welding materials ..................................................................................................... 11 328.4 Preparation for welding ............................................................................................. 11 328.5 Welding requirements............................................................................................... 12 330 Pre-heating.......................................................................................................................... 15 330.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 15 330.2 Specific requirements ............................................................................................... 16 331 Heat treatment ..................................................................................................................... 16 331.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 16 331.2 Specific requirements ............................................................................................... 17 332 Bending and forming............................................................................................................ 18 332.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 18 332.2 Bending .................................................................................................................... 18 332.4 Required heat treatment ........................................................................................... 18 335 Assembly and erection......................................................................................................... 19 335.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing .......................................................................... 20 341 Examination......................................................................................................................... 20 341.3 Examination requirements ........................................................................................ 20 341.4 Extent of required examination.................................................................................. 20 342 Examination personnel ........................................................................................................ 20 342.1 Personnel qualification and certification .................................................................... 20 343 Examination procedures ...................................................................................................... 20 344 Types of examination........................................................................................................... 21 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 4 of 30 344.2 Visual examination.................................................................................................... 21 344.5 Radiographic examination......................................................................................... 21 344.6 Ultrasonic examination.............................................................................................. 21 345 Testing................................................................................................................................. 22 345.4 Hydrostatic leak test.................................................................................................. 22 347 Weld repairs ........................................................................................................................ 22 Appendix E Reference standards................................................................................................. 29 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 30 List of Tables Table 1 Acceptance criteria for welds (to be read in conjunction with Table 341.3.2 of ASME B31.3) ....................................................................................................................... 23 Table 2 Acceptable radiographic sensitivity levels (using wire type IQI to ASTM E747 or BS EN 462-1)....................................................................................................................... 24 List of Figures Figure 1 Charpy notch locations................................................................................................. 25 Figure 2 Dimensional tolerances for fabricated pipework ........................................................... 26 Figure 3 Local heat treatment for branch connections................................................................ 27 Figure 4 Segmental bends ......................................................................................................... 28 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 5 of 30 Introduction a. Guidance for fabrication, assembly, erection, and inspection of carbon, carbon manganese, and low alloy steel pipework is based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.3, Process Piping, 2002: 1. Chapter I Scope and definitions. 2. Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection. 3. Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing. b. Guidance statements of this GIS are modifications to ASME B31.3. c. Modifications to ASME B31.3 are identified as Add, Modify to Read, or Delete. d. Paragraph numbers in this ETP correspond to ASME B31.3. e. Paragraphs of ASME B31.3 that are not revised remain applicable. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 6 of 30 Chapter I Scope and definitions 300 General statements 300.1 Scope 300.1.3 Exclusions Add (e) Sea transport. (f) Transmission pipelines in land or subsea locations, including risers. (g) Pipelines of significant length and diameter, e.g., transfer lines between processing units, storages, and jetties that are specified by BP to be engineered as main pipelines. (h) Production piping systems, as designated by BP. Production piping is covered by BS EN 14161 and ASME B31.4. (i) Underground drainage systems. (j) Steam piping systems within plot limits of power stations and steam generating stations outside process areas. Steam piping is covered by ASME B31.1 and BS EN 13480. There is no ETP currently available to cover this category. However, guidance on these systems can be found in ACES A PN-BLR-31.1-E and BP OUS RP 5-5-4. (k) Heating, ventilating, and domestic water systems within buildings, including offshore accommodation modules. (l) Hydraulic systems. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 7 of 30 Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection 327 General Add 327.1 Quali ty assurance and posi tive material i dentificati on 327.1.1 Initial documentation a. Before commencing fabrication of pipework, fabricator shall prepare: 1. Quality plan. 2. Set of design documents. b. Both documents shall be subject to BP approval. c. These documents should normally include: 1. Procedures for: a) Storage and control of materials and welding consumables (Refer to GP 18-02). b) Welding and nondestructive testing. c) Mechanical working, heat treatment, and leak testing. 2. Supporting qualification records. 3. Illustration of proposed areas of application. d. Previously qualified welding procedures may be considered for use if they comply with this GIS document and are appropriate to proposed scope of work. e. Simplified welder instruction cards based on qualified welding procedures should be prepared for each welding process/material combination and issued to each welder. f. Quality plan shall include brief details and sequence of examinations that will be performed for fabricator. g. Names of individuals responsible for implementation of quality assurance and quality control functions shall be included. Fabricators involved in simultaneous fabrication of carbon steel and alloy piping should submit positive material identification (PMI) document setting out how they maintain and verify identification of materials during fabrication. GIS 36-103 sets out requirements for a PMI system. 327.1.2 Production documentation a. Fabricator shall maintain production records using recording system approved by BP. b. Production records shall include: 1. Material and welding consumable certificates. 2. Post weld heat treatment records. 3. Visual and dimensional inspection. 4. NDT and pressure test records. 5. Isometric drawings marked up with weld numbers. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 8 of 30 6. Welder and welding operator qualification test records. 7. Authenticated copies of NDT operators certificates. 8. Records of agreed concessions to fabrication standards. c. Upon completion of fabrication programme, records shall either be passed to BP or stored by fabricator, as directed by engineering design or fabrication contract. 327.2 Material control a. Fabricator shall inspect materials upon receipt and ensure that correct grade of material has been supplied and that identification, dimensions, material quality, and end preparation are in accordance with the requisite standards and specifications. b. Different materials shall be kept in discrete sections of storage area, and material shall be marked in a manner that allows it to be related to original manufacturers certification. c. Procedures for transfer of material identification marks shall be agreed with BP prior to commencement of fabrication. d. Material that is not readily identifiable shall be removed from worksite and quarantined until material grade and source can be confirmed. Positive identification and segregation of materials is an important issue. 327.3 Pipework marki ng a. Pipework shall be identified by indelible marking that is free from sulphur, chloride, and other halogens. b. If spools are subject to postweld heat treatment, suitable heat resisting paint shall be used. c. Vibroetching techniques may be used for identification transfer, but adhesive tapes or hard stamping, other than that with low stress stamps, shall not be used. d. Marking shall have minimum life of 1 year in covered, unheated, storage. e. Marking shall identify material and fabricator and include item number, enabling spool to be traced to relevant isometric drawing. Guidance on suitable colours for identification of piping materials is in BS 5383. 327.5 Fabrication facili ties a. Area used for fabrication shall be totally separate from that used for carbon and low alloy steel. 1. Each alloy type shall be segregated during fabrication. 2. Precautions shall be taken to prevent surface contamination by contact with jigs and fixtures manufactured in non compatible materials. 3. Separate sets of clearly identified cleaning and grinding equipment shall be provided for each material. b. Shop layout, equipment, and production procedures shall be subject to BP approval. 328 Welding 328.2 Wel di ng qualificati ons 328.2.1 Qualification requirements (a) Add 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 9 of 30 1. Welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification test results shall be subject to BP approval before commencement of fabrication. 2. Each procedure qualification record (PQR) shall be certified by recognised independent inspectorate. SMAW, GTAW, and SAW processes are frequently employed for pipework fabrication and are considered to be acceptable welding techniques if used in accordance with this ETP. GMAW and FCAW processes are also often applied to piping fabrication. However, there are many variants of these two processes. In addition to ensuring adequate procedure qualification, it is important to ensure that the particular welding technique proposed for a given application is well proven and will only be used by qualified and experienced welders. (d) Add 1. For design temperatures below 0C (32F), Charpy V notch impact testing shall be required on carbon, carbon-manganese, and 3 1/2% nickel piping materials, fittings, and weldments in accordance with EEMUA 153, Appendix SA. 2. Weld metal, fusion line, and HAZ testing are required. 3. Charpy specimens shall be cut transverse to weld with axis of notch perpendicular to surface of test piece. 4. Specimen and notch locations shall be as shown in Figure 1. 5. Weld metal, fusion line, and HAZ impact results shall, as a minimum, meet requirements of parent material. 6. If only subsize charpy specimens can be taken, the following standard energy reduction factors shall be applied: Specimen Size (mm) Specimen Size (in) Reduction Factor 10 x 7.5 0.394 x 0.295 0.833 10 x 5 0.394 x 0.197 0.667 7. If welding procedure requiring impact testing is to be used in all positions, separate 2G and 5G qualifications shall be performed. EEMUA 153, Table SA 6.1.3, gives guidance on service conditions where nonimpacted materials may be used. (e) Modify to Read Backing rings are not permitted. (f) Add P-Numbers (also F-Numbers) 1. Extension of welding procedure qualification from material on PQR to material of different specification, even if it has same P-Number, shall be subject to BP approval. 2. New welding procedure qualification is required for nonimpact tested procedures, if there is a change of consumable classification. 3. Unless agreed otherwise, new welding procedure qualification is required for impact tested procedures if there is a change of consumable brand name. 4. New welder performance test is required if there is a change of SMAW electrode brand name, unless brand characteristics do not differ sufficiently to affect performance. Such change shall be subject to BP approval. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 10 of 30 Add (g) Welding procedure specification (WPS) shall require requalification if any of the following changes are made: 1. Change outside welding parameter tolerance ranges specified in qualified welding procedure specification. 2. Increase of more than 1 gage number in electrode size from that used in qualified welding procedure. 3. Change in type of current, e.g., ac to dc or, in dc welding, change in electrode polarity, except where these changes are within electrode manufacturer recommendations. 4. For impact tested procedures, increase in either maximum electrode diameter or weave width or if maximum interpass temperature is raised above 250C (480F). 5. For critical applications, as directed by the engineering design. (h) If a limitation on weldment hardness is specified in engineering design, macrographic examination and hardness measurements shall also form part of welding procedure qualification (WPQ). Depending on service duty, weld metal and HAZ hardness may be subject to specific limitations. Perhaps the best known limitation is 22 Rc (248 HV 10) placed on carbon and low alloy ferritic steel weldments in sour duty in accordance with GP 06-20. Hardness limit of 200 HBN (210 HV 10) is also often placed on carbon steel weld metals in corrosive refinery environments (NACE RP0472). Guidance on need for hardness limitation should be provided by engineering design. A hardness test may also be used to determine effectiveness of heat treatment procedures. In absence of specific restrictions on hardness, requirements of Table 331.1.1 of ASME B31.3 may be used for guidance. (i) In addition to mechanical testing, welding procedure test samples shall be subjected to radiographic examination. (j) Magnetic particle/dye penetrant and ultrasonic examination shall be applied to test samples if they are to be used in evaluation of production welds. (k) Nondestructive examination shall be completed prior to machining of test pieces. (l) Ideally, welder performance tests for positional welding should be performed in both 2G and 5G positions. However, subject to agreement of BP, welder performance test may be undertaken in 6G position. In that case, each welder shall also demonstrate his ability to deposit acceptable root runs in both 2G and 5G positions. With the agreement of BP, this may be achieved by radiography of welders first production welds in 2G and 5G positions. (m) Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by visual examination and radiography. Subject to provision of authenticated CV and with agreement of BP, welders and welding operators may be qualified on their initial production welds. (n) Welder and welding operator qualification tests shall be witnessed by inspector. The above additions and modifications to qualification requirements have been made on basis of fabrication experience and allow welding to proceed with improved level of confidence in both procedural qualification and welder skill. Ultrasonics may be used in lieu of radiography if material thickness restricts suitability of radiography due to decreased sensitivity or extended exposure time. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 11 of 30 Add 328.2.5 Test joints a. Welding procedure qualification tests for impact tested P1 steels and all higher P-Number materials shall be performed on pipe. b. On nonimpact tested P1 materials, testing shall be performed on pipe for sizes DN 200 (NPS 8) and below. c. On sizes greater than DN 20 (NPS 8), plate qualified welding procedures may be approved by BP. d. Welder performance tests shall be performed on pipe. 328.3 Wel di ng materi als 328.3.1 Filler metal Add a. In general, deposited weld metal shall be of similar composition to parent material, except that in case of: 1. Carbon steel carrying injection water or wet hydrocarbons, where specific guidance shall be provided by engineering design in order to minimise possibility of preferential weld metal corrosion. 2. Carbon steels in service at or below 0C (32F), where a consumable containing nominally 1% nickel may be required to meet impact toughness requirements. 3. 1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo 1/4 V steels, where 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo consumables shall be used to minimise risk of stress relief cracking and ensure adequate creep ductility in service. b. Consumables for repairs to C 1/2 Mo steels shall be of 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo composition. Selection of austenitic stainless steel or high nickel alloy weld metal for steels containing 5% chromium can minimise potential for hydrogen cracking and may permit some relaxation of preheating requirements. However, use of such consumables must be compatible with service requirements, specifically approved by BP and qualified by procedure testing. Final guidance on special requirements for weld metal selection, including selection of weld metal composition for dissimilar metal joints, should be provided by engineering design. 328.3.2 Weld backing materi al Modify to Read As stated in 328.2.1(e), backing rings shall not be used. 328.3.3 Consumable inserts Modify to Read Consumable inserts may only be used with BP approval. 328.4 Preparati on for wel di ng 328.4.2 End preparation (b) Circumferential welds (4) Modify to Read 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 12 of 30 Use of deposited weld metal to correct misalignment shall be subject to agreement by BP. Add (6) Prior to fitup, weld bevels shall be visually inspected. This visual inspection, if considered necessary by either fabricator or BP inspection or welding personnel, may be supplemented by either magnetic particle or dye penetrant examination. (7) Unless approved by BP, end bevels and holes for branches shall be prepared by machining or machine flame cutting, except for holes for branches less than 25 mm (1 in) nominal bore, which shall be drilled. (8) Flame cut edges shall be dressed to remove oxide and dross. 328.4.3 Alignment (a) Circumferential welds Add (3) Bore misalignment in circumferential butt joints shall not exceed 1.5 mm (1/16 in) without BP approval. (c) Branch connection welds (3) Add Weld metal shall not be deposited to correct contour, shape, or tolerances without permission of BP. Add (e) Fabrication tolerances 1. Unless approved otherwise, fabrication tolerances shall comply with Figure 2. 2. Category M tolerances shall be used: a) For service temperatures greater than 460C (850F). b) PN 150 (Class 900) ratings and above. c) If specified by engineering design. 328.5 Wel di ng requirements 328.5.1 General (b) Modify to Read Welds shall be marked with welder/welding operator identification symbol using marker pencils or paints that comply with 327.3. (c) Add Tack welds that are to become an integral part of root weld shall be ground to feather edge, while those not intended to become part of final weld shall be removed as welding proceeds. (d) Modify to Read Peening shall not be permitted on any pass. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 13 of 30 Add (g) Unless otherwise stated in manufacturer installation instructions, welding adjacent to inline valves shall be performed with valve in fully opened position. Soft seated valves (e.g., butt welded or socket welded ball valves) should not be welded inline unless a weld procedure has been qualified to demonstrate that soft seats are undamaged or unless soft seat has been removed prior to welding. (h) Butt welds and pressure containment fillet welds in DN 40 (NPS 1 1/2) and smaller pipes shall use GTAW, with addition of filler metal, for all passes. (i) GTAW shall be used for root pass of butt welds in pipes of DN 50 (NPS 2) and DN 65 (NPS 2 1/2). GTAW is also preferred technique for root pass in all alloy steels. (j) SMAW may be used for subsequent passes, provided electrode size does not exceed 2.5 mm (3/32 in) for second (hot) pass, and welders have demonstrated their ability to use SMAW on pipe of these diameters. (k) GTAW equipment shall use either high frequency starting unit or alternative programmed touch starting unit. A current decay device should also be fitted, together with a gas lens, to improve gas shielding of weld pool. (l) GTAW shall only be used under enclosed shop conditions, unless adequate weather protection is provided at each outdoor location where this technique is to be used. If gas shielded processes are being used, moderate air currents can result in loss of shielding gas leading to weld defects. Thus, sufficient screening must be used under such circumstances to keep winds and draughts away from welding area. (m) Back purging shall be employed for joints involving alloy steels and/or weld metals with nominal chromium content of 2 1/4% or more. Purging shall, as a minimum, be maintained for root and second (hot) pass. (n) SAW and, if permitted, FCAW and GMAW shall not be used for pipes smaller than DN 150 (NPS 6), unless otherwise agreed by BP. (o) Intermediate cooling 1. Welds should be completed without intermediate cooling. 2. However, if this is impractical, intermediate cooling under insulating blanket is permitted but only after completion of 30% of final weld depth. 3. Heat treatment cycle detailed in 331.2.4 shall be applied to P-Numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 materials. 4. Before welding is permitted to restart, weld surface shall be subject to magnetic particle examination and any preheat reestablished. 5. Pipes shall not be moved or lifted until at least 50% of final weld depth has been deposited. (p) Vertical down welding is not permitted. (q) Temporary attachments 1. Temporary attachments to outside surface of pipe shall not be made without BP approval. 2. Attachments that are permitted shall be removed by grinding, followed by magnetic particle inspection. 3. BP may require ultrasonic check to establish that remaining wall thickness is not less than design minimum. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 14 of 30 (r) If practical, fillet welded joints for pressure containment should have minimum of three weld passes, two of which should be showing for visual inspection. The above additions and modifications to welding requirements have been made on the basis of fabrication experience and allow welding to proceed with improved level of confidence in workmanship and practice. 328.5.3 Seal welds Modify to Read a. Threaded joints should be assembled in such a manner that a maximum of three threads are exposed prior to welding. b. Joints to be seal welded shall be made up clean and without use of tape or compound. c. Welding shall be performed in accordance with qualified procedure by qualified welder. d. Welding shall not cause damage to threaded fitting. e. Exposed threads shall be covered by seal weld. 328.5.4 Welded branch connections Add If designing angled branch connections, in addition to considering stress concentration effects, sufficient access shall be provided for welding in acute angle section. If set on integrally reinforced branch connections are used, it should be noted that the wall thickness of the connection may well be in excess of that necessary to provide the required level of reinforcement. Consequently, no reinforcement contribution is necessary from the weld metal, and the deposition of a branch weld with an excessive throat thickness may lead to unacceptable distortion of the main run pipe. The engineering design should provide guidance on the sizing of branch welds if using this type of fitting and on the need for controlled weld profiles if the branch is on severe cyclic duty. If set in integrally reinforced branch connections are used, fit up, jigging, and developing an overall welding sequence, should minimise the extent of any "sinking". 328.5.5 Fabricated laps Add Fabricated laps shall not be used without agreement of BP. 328.5.6 Welding for severe cyclic conditions Add a. Weld reinforcement shall be smooth and regular. b. Weld reinforcement shall blend smoothly with external surface of pipe to minimise possible stress concentration effects. The engineering design should provide specific guidance considered necessary for weld profiles in severe cyclic duty. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 15 of 30 Add 328.5.7 Proxi mity of welds a. Toes of adjacent circumferential butt welds shall be no closer than four times nominal thickness of the pipe. b. For pipe sizes of DN 300 (NPS 12) and below, minimum acceptable separation shall be 50 mm (2 in). c. For pipe sizes greater than DN 300 (NPS 12), minimum acceptable separation shall be 100 mm (4 in). d. Branch and non pressure part attachment welds shall not cross longitudinal seams or circumferential butt welds and shall be subject to toe to toe separation distance specified for circumferential butt welds. If such intersections are unavoidable, the main weld shall be subject to nondestructive examination prior to making attachment weld. e. Joints involving intersection of more than two welds shall be avoided. 330 Pre-heating 330.1 General Add a. Oxy-fuel gas welding or cutting torches may only be used for preheating if fitted with proprietary preheating nozzles. b. Quenching or other means of accelerated cooling from preheat temperatures shall not be used. 330.1.1 Requirements and recommendations Add If the carbon content of P1 material is greater than or equal to 0.25%, minimum preheat temperature of 80C (175F) shall be required, irrespective of thickness or minimum tensile strength. When establishing preheat temperatures, advantage may often be taken of the lower hydrogen potential of the GTAW process, relative to the SMAW process, in setting a lower preheat temperature for welding. However, adequacy of the selected temperature must be proven by welding trials/procedure qualification testing. 330.1.3 Temperature verifi cation (b) Add Thermocouples may not be directly attached to pressure parts without agreement of BP. 330.1.4 Preheat zone Modify to Read The preheat zone shall extend 75 mm (3 in) or a distance equal to four times the material thickness, whichever is greater, beyond each edge of weld. Add 330.1.5 Interpass temperature Maximum interpass temperature shall not exceed 250C (480F). 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 16 of 30 330.2 Speci fic requirements 330.2.4 Interrupted welding Add If welding is interrupted, the requirements of 328.5.1(m) shall apply. 331 Heat treatment 331.1 General 331.1.1 Heat treatment requi rements Add (e) Post weld heat treatment shall be applied if required by the engineering design. (f) Post weld heat treatment is required if carbon content of P1 material is greater than 0.25%. (g) Low melting point metals, such as aluminium, lead, tin, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury, and their alloys, shall not be permitted to contact steel surfaces that will undergo hot forming, welding, or post weld heat treatment. Possible sources of such contamination include solder, galvanised components, clamps and fixtures, and certain types of paint. 331.1.3 Governing thickness The engineering design should provide necessary clarification of paragraphs (a) and (b) in the event that specific service conditions, e.g., low temperature applications or sour duty, require alternative guidelines on governing thickness. 331.1.4 Heating and cooling Add a. If furnace heat treatment is applied, furnace temperature shall not exceed 400C (750F) when pipework is loaded or removed. b. Maximum heating or cooling rate above 400C (750F) shall not exceed 200C (400F) per hour, and for wall thickness, t mm greater than 30 mm (1 in) shall not exceed 6000/t C (430/t F) per hour. The above additions are made to define heat treatment requirements more closely. 331.1.6 Temperature verifi cation Add a. If practical, thermocouples shall be attached to spool pieces at minimum of six equally spaced locations, adjacent to welds, prior to heat treatment. b. Procedures for attachment of thermocouples by capacitor discharge welding shall be subject to BP approval. Use of this technique shall be carefully monitored. 331.1.7 Hardness tests Add Additional requirement for hardness testing may be specified by engineering design. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 17 of 30 331.2 Speci fic requirements 331.2.2 Exceptions to basic requi rements Some examples of where the engineering design may deviate from the basic requirements are: Use of P1 materials in low temperature piping systems designed for use below 0C (32F), where requirements of EEMUA 153, Appendix SA, and paragraph 328.2.1(d) of this document should be followed. Use of P1 materials in low criticality applications at temperatures above 0C (32F), where limiting thickness for post weld heat treatment may be relaxed from 19 mm (3/4 in) up to maximum of 35 mm (1 3/8 in). If materials are employed on sour duty or in environments liable to induce stress corrosion cracking, reference should be made to GP 06-20. 331.2.4 Delayed heat treatment Modify to Read If a weldment in material of P-Numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 is to be allowed to cool to ambient temperature prior to final post weld heat treatment, intermediate post weld heating shall be applied, as required by the following: a. On completion of welding, joints of thickness in excess of 10 mm (0.4 in) deposited by processes other that GMAW or GTAW shall be immediately raised to 300C (570F) for 1 hour per 25 mm (1 in) of thickness, with a minimum of 30 minutes. Subsequently, the joint shall be cooled slowly under dry insulation. b. For joints in materials containing in excess of 4% chromium and having wall thickness exceeding 25 mm (1 in), the temperature shall be raised immediately after welding to a value within range specified for post weld heat treatment and held at that temperature for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the joint shall be cooled slowly under dry insulation. The above modification is made to clarify requirements related to delayed heat treatment. The thermal cycle associated with intermediate post weld heating is designed to allow dispersion of potentially dangerous hydrogen concentrations in weld metal and HAZ. This heat treatment may also result in microstructural softening in some alloys that often further reduces the potential for hydrogen induced cracking. 331.2.6 Local heat treatment Modify to Read a. If local heat treatment is applied, weld shall be sufficiently heated and insulated to ensure that (for a pipe of DN (NPS) D and wall thickness t): 1. Specified heat treatment temperature is achieved at weld. 2. Within distance of 1.8 Dt on both sides of the weld, temperature of not less than half of specified heat treatment temperature is attained. b. In the case of branch attachments, temperature gradient shall be such that length of material from each crotch heated to temperature equalling half heat treatment temperature shall be 1.8 Dt (where D and t are the nominal diameter and thickness of the main pipe and branch as appropriate) (Figure 3). c. In a. and b., D is expressed as DN (NPS), t is expressed in mm (in), and temperature is expressed in C. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 18 of 30 The above modification is made to clarify the requirements for local post weld heat treatment. 332 Bending and forming 332.1 General If designing pipe spools, particularly in P1 materials, the potential of induction bending should be considered to avoid use of large numbers of individual elbows and minimise extent of fabrication welding. Multiple bends of varying angles may be included in spools made from single lengths of parent pipe using this technique. Engineering design should consider manufacturing tolerances and need for heat treatment following pipe bending. Bend manufacturer procedures should be reviewed to confirm that adequate control is being exercised in heating, cooling, and inspection of bends. Typical tolerances on completed bends should be: Ovality at cross section of bend should not exceed 5%. Wall thickness after bending should not be less than nominal design thickness. Angle of bend should be within 0.009 radians (0.5 degrees) of nominal. Following heat treatment of cold pulled bends in low alloy steels, it is recommended that a quality control check by means of hardness testing be performed, at least in the early stages of production. The hardness testing should be performed on one bend per heat treatment batch at four locations around pipe circumference using portable hardness tester of a type approved by BP. In the absence of specific restrictions on hardness, requirements of Table 331.1.1 may be used for guidance. 332.2 Bending 332.2.3 Corrugated and other bends Add a. Fabricated mitre (segmented) bends are not generally permitted. b. Subject to agreement of BP, limited use of mitred bends in accordance with Figure 4 may be proposed. c. Cut and shut design shall not be used. 332.4 Required heat treatment 332.4.1 Hot bending and forming Add a. The engineering design shall state requirements for heat treatment of P1 materials following hot bending and forming. b. The fabricator shall be required to retest materials following thermal treatment to confirm that requirements of engineering design are satisfied after such heat treatment. Heat treatment of P1 materials may not be necessary if hot forming is completed at a temperature above 900C (1650F), and material is allowed to cool in still air. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 19 of 30 335 Assembly and erection 335.1 General 335.1.1 Alignment (a) Piping distortions Add 1. Application of heat for correction of minor distortions shall only be undertaken with BP approval. 2. Such heating shall be performed in accordance with approved procedure, and maximum temperature employed shall not exceed 450C (840F). 3. Spot heating techniques shall not be used. 4. Under no circumstances shall materials be quenched to correct alignment. Add 335.1.2 Bolting procedures a. Bolting procedures should be provided for each joint or group of joints to be assembled. b. As a minimum, these procedures shall contain the following information: 1. Required bolt load or stress. 2. Tightening method. 3. Tightening sequence. 4. Elongation measurement requirements. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 20 of 30 Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing 341 Examination 341.3 Examination requi rements 341.3.1 General (a) Modify to Read Final examination shall be performed after completion of heat treatment. 341.3.2 Acceptance criteria (a) Modify to Read Acceptance criteria for welds are stated in ASME B31.3, Table 341.3.2, and Table 1 of this GIS. 341.4 Extent of requi red examination Add a. For all fluid categories, extent of required examination and inspection method employed shall depend on criticality rating of individual piping system. b. Method of determining criticality rating shall be specified by engineering design. Assigned values shall be recorded in piping line lists. 342 Examination personnel 342.1 Personnel qual ificati on and certification Add a. Only personnel certified in accordance with PCN, CSWIP, AWS QC1, ASNT CP-189, or ASNT recommended practice SNT-TC-1A shall be allowed to undertake examinations. b. In the case of ASNT SNT-TC-1A, assessment of operator competence should have been undertaken by an external authority. c. Other equivalent certification may be accepted at discretion of BP. d. Personnel qualifications shall be subject to BP approval. Under most circumstances, equivalent certification will only be considered if the body issuing certification meets the requirements of ISO 9712 or BS EN 473. 343 Examination procedures Add Examination procedures shall comply with 327.1.1. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 21 of 30 344 Types of examination 344.2 Visual examination 344.2.1 Definition Add Visual examination shall include examination of internal surface of weld, if possible, using suitable optical instruments. 344.5 Radiographic examination 344.5.1 Method Modify to Read a. X-ray techniques are preferred for shop radiography of pipework up to 25 mm (1 in) wall thickness. b. If use of X-rays is impractical, gamma ray isotopes may be used, subject to BP approval. c. In each case, prior to production radiography the technique shall be qualified using source side image quality indicator (IQI) of wire type to ASTM E747 or BS EN 462-1, whichever is applicable. d. Single wall, single image technique should be used if possible. e. Lead intensifying screens and fine grain high contrast film shall be used. f. Film density shall be 2.0-3.0 through thickest portion of weld. g. IQI specified in accordance with BS EN 462-1 shall have radiographic sensitivity that complies with Table 2. h. If complete joint circumference is radiographed in a single exposure, four IQIs placed at /2 radian (90 degree) intervals shall be used. i. Set on branch connections if permitted by engineering design, should be subject to intermediate radiography. 1. Film shall be on bore side of joint. 2. Radiography shall be performed when weld depth is similar to wall thickness and before reinforcing fillet is applied. 344.5.2 Extent of radiography (c) Spot radiography Modify to Read Spot radiography shall not be used for girth, mitre, or branch welds. 344.6 Ul trasoni c examinati on Add a. If ultrasonic examination is required, procedures for each joint configuration and thickness shall be subject to BP approval. b. Such examination will normally be restricted to wall thicknesses greater than 10 mm (3/8 in). If fabricating pipework having wall thickness in excess of 25 mm (1 in), consideration should be given to examination of root region if welding is partially 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 22 of 30 complete to depth of approximately 30% of wall thickness. This minimises the need for through wall repairs. Following repairs to the root and reexamination, the weld should be completed and subjected to final examination. Add 344.6.3 Post weld heat treated joints a. On joints subject to post weld heat treatment, if examination is necessary both prior to and after heat treatment, the use of a dual NDT technique may be considered. b. While radiography might be the most appropriate form of examination during fabrication prior to heat treatment, ultrasonics may be more relevant in some locations after heat treatment. c. If ultrasonics is applied following post weld heat treatment it should also be applied before heat treatment. Access to perform radiography may become restricted as fabrication proceeds. In such cases, it may be appropriate to perform radiography and ultrasonics prior to completing fabrication and apply ultrasonics after heat treatment to those areas that are inaccessible for radiographic inspection. 345 Testing 345.4 Hydrostatic leak test Add a. Fabricator hydrostatic test procedure shall include: 1. Details of test fluid. 2. Minimum temperature. 3. Test pressure. 4. Pressure recording. 5. Control method and holding time. b. Hydrostatic test procedure shall be reviewed by BP. c. After hydrostatic testing, pipe spools that are to be stored prior to installation shall have ends sealed to prevent ingress of dirt, moisture, or other contaminants. If piping spools are to be stored prior to installation, due consideration should be given to the need for the introduction of a suitable vapour phase inhibitor/biocide. d. Flange faces shall be coated with suitable corrosion preventive. Hydrotesting should be performed after completion of heat treatment. Add 347 Weld repairs a. Before starting fabrication, the fabricator and BP shall agree which types of welding defects are to be regarded as notifiable prior to rectification. b. Fabricator shall subsequently advise BP of need to perform such repair, which shall be subject to approval prior to commencement of further work on defective welds. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 23 of 30 c. Detailed records of repairs shall be retained by fabricator. d. Repair welding shall comply with approved repair procedures, unless use of original procedure has been agreed with BP. e. As a minimum, repair welds shall be inspected to their full extent using techniques used for inspection of initial weld. f. If cracking has occurred in either weld metal or heat affected zone and a repair has been agreed: 1. The full extent of the original weld shall be re-examined on completion of the repair. 2. BP may require that additional inspection techniques be applied to the joint following repair. g. Weld repairs shall, if practical, be performed prior to post weld heat treatment. If a second heat treatment is necessary, details of procedure qualification requirements shall be agreed with BP. Application of a second heat treatment may have adverse effects on the properties of weld metal and some base materials. Thus, it may be necessary to consider a qualification test using previously welded and heat treated material for qualification of repair techniques. In such cases, additional testing of parent material should be performed. Table 1 Acceptance criteria for welds (to be read in conjunction with Table 341.3.2 of ASME B31.3)
Type of Imperfection Acceptance Criteria for the Specified Service Condition Lack of fusion 'A' for all welds. Incomplete penetration (1) 'A' shall apply to all welds in severe cyclic or normal fluid service. Internal porosity 'D' shall apply to all welds in severe cyclic or normal fluid service. 'E' shall be applicable to category D fluid service. Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication (1) 'F' shall apply to all welds irrespective of service condition. Undercutting 'H' shall apply to girth and, if approved, mitre groove welds in category D fluid service. Concave root surface (suck back) (1) Not permitted in severe cyclic or normal fluid service unless a specific limit is set by the engineering design. A maximum of 1.6 mm (1/16 in) shall apply to welds in category D fluid service. Reinforcement or internal protrusion For all welds irrespective of service conditions external weld reinforcement shall be uniform, 1.6 mm (1/16 in) to 3 mm (1/8 in) in height and shall merge smoothly into the pipe surface. Positive root penetration shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16 in) for DN 50 (NPS 2) and smaller or 3 mm (1/8 in) for larger pipe. Note: 1. If these defects are permitted, total cumulative length of lack of root penetration, slag inclusions, or concave root shall not exceed 10% of weld joint circumference. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 24 of 30 Table 2 Acceptable radiographic sensiti vity level s (using wire type IQI to ASTM E747 or BS EN 462-1) Thickness 1 X-Radiography Gamma Radiography mm in SWSI DWSI DWDI SWSI DWSI DWDI 4.5 0.177 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 4.5 6.0 0.177 0.236 2.0% 2.5% 3.2% 2.6% 2.7% 3.5% 6.0 9.0 0.236 0.354 1.7% 2.0% 3.0% 2.4% 2.5% 3.2% 9.0 14.0 0.354 0.551 1.5% 1.8% Note 3 2.4% 2.5% Note 3 14.0 18.5 0.551 0.728 1.4% 1.7% NA 2.0% 2.2% NA 18.5 26.0 0.728 1.024 1.3% 1.7% NA 1.7% 2.0% NA 26.0 40.0 1.024 1.574 1.1% 1.7% NA 1.5% 1.8% NA >40.0 >1.574 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 1. Thickness for SWSI and DWSI is estimated single weld thickness. Thickness for DWDI is one wall thickness plus one estimated weld thickness. 2. Sensitivity shall be no worse than the values given in this Table. Sensitivity values are based on IQI placed on film side for SWSI and DWSI exposures and IQI on source side for DWDI exposures. Sensitivity shall be calculated using the formula: Sensitivity = 1 Thickness area weld in visible wire thinnest of Thickness
3. Sensitivity requirement to be agreed with BP following production of test radiographs.
3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 25 of 30 Figure 1 Charpy notch locations WELD CENTRE LINE NOTCHES 2mm MAX 2mm MAX FL + 1mm FL + 2mm FL + 5mm FUSION LINE (FL) AND HAZ NOTCH POSITIONS
Weld metal centre line, FL and FL+2 mm testing is mandatory. The need for other notch locations to be tested shall be identified by the engineering design. <25 mm (1 in) wall thickness = charpy specimens to be taken from weld cap. 25 mm (1 in) wall thickness = charpy specimens to be taken from the root and cap regions. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 26 of 30 Figure 2 Dimensional tolerances for fabri cated pi pework C L C L C L C L A A A A A E D C/L FLANGE OR BRANCH C B A
Maximum Allowable Dimensional Tolerance
Item
Category D and Normal Service Conditions Category M and Severe Cyclic Temperature >450C (850F) Rating PN 150 (Class 900) A 3 mm (1/8 in) maximum from indicated dimension: from face to face, centre to face, location of attachments, etc. B 8% maximum (for internal pressure) 3% maximum (for external pressure) 2% maximum Flattening measured as difference between maximum and minimum O.D. at any cross section C 3 mm (1/8 in) maximum lateral translation of branches or connections 1.5 mm (1/16 in) maximum lateral translation of branches or connections D 1.5 mm (1/16 in) maximum rotation from the indicated position, of flanges measured as shown E 0,75 mm (0.03 in) maximum out of alignment of flanges from the indicated position, measured across any diameter 0.4 mm (0.016 in) maximum out of alignment of flanges from the indicated position, measured across any diameter
3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 27 of 30 Figure 3 Local heat treatment for branch connections 1 1 1.8 D t 1.8 D t 2 2 SHADED AREAS TO BE HEAT TREATED D NOMINAL O.D OF MAIN PIPE D NOMINAL O.D OF BRANCH PIPE t THICKNESS OF MAIN PIPE t THICKNESS OF BRANCH PIPE 1 2 1 2
3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 28 of 30 Figure 4 Segmental bends
3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 29 of 30 Appendix E Reference standards ASNT Add CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel. ASTM Add E 747 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology. AWS Add QC1 Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors (1996 or later edition). Add BSI Standards BS EN 462-1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1: Image quality indicators (wire type) - Determination of image quality value. EEMUA Standards EEMUA 153 Process Piping-Supplement to ASME B31.3. BP GP 18-02 Guidance on Practice for Storage and Control of Welding Consumables. 3 May 2005 GIS 42-101 Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3) Page 30 of 30 Bibliography American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) [1] ASME B31.1 Power Piping. [2] ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other Liquids BP [3] GIS 36-103 Guidance on Industry Standard for Positive Material Identification (PMI). [4] GP 06-20 Guidance on Practice for Sour Service (GS 136-1). British Standards Institute (BSI) [5] BS EN 473 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel - General principles. [6] BS 5383 Material identification of steel, nickel alloy and titanium alloy tubes by continuous character marking and colour coding of steel tubes. [7] BS EN 13480 Metallic industrial piping. [8] BS EN 14161 Petroleum and natural gas industries Pipeline transportation systems. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [9] ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel.