Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
is the harvesting of wild fish.[3] One half of the world commercial production
History
Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi
Aquaculture began in China circa 2500 BC.[5] When the waters subsided
after river floods, some fishes, mainly carp, were trapped in lakes. Nascent
aquaculturists fed their brood using nymphs and silkworm feces, and ate the
fish for their protein. A fortunate genetic mutation of carp led to the
1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend says that it was constructed by the
poles and, later, nets and oyster shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for
away from the seacoasts and the big rivers, fish were scarce/expensive.
popular.
artificial fish hatching operations were under way in both Canada and the
world.
plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been
involve fewer risks than that of land animals, which took a large toll in
human lives through diseases such as smallpox and bird and swine flu, that
species.
marine species, combined with a growing demand for this high quality
World production
In 2004, the total world production of fisheries was 140.5 million tonnes of
which aquaculture contributed 45.5 million tonnes or about 32% of the total
sustained and rapid, averaging about 8 percent per annum for over thirty
years, while the take from wild fisheries has been essentially flat for the last
decade.
Production by country
harvests grew at an annual rate of 16.7 percent, jumping from 1.9 million to
nearly 23 million tons. In 2005, China accounted for 70% of the world's
producers in 2004
Environmental impact
commercial feed improvements during the 1990s & 2000s have lessened
About 20 percent of mangrove forests have vanished since 1980, partly due
to aqua-farming.[19]
of aquatic food webs. In-ocean aquaculture often produces much higher than
normal concentrations of fish waste in the water. The waste collects on the
Fish can escape, where they can encounter wild fish and dilute wild genetic
wild fish, because producing one kilo of farmed salmon requires up to six
kilo of fish or other protein.[22] Adequate diets for salmon and other
although are concerns about changes in the balance between omega-6 and
mollusks such as oysters, clams, mussels and scallops are relatively benign
nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus directly from the water,
[25]
and filter-feeding mollusks can extract nutrients as they feed on
money into promoting sustainable practices.[27] New methods lessen the risk
being used more and more to reduce antibiotic use for disease control.[28]
Onshore recirculating aquaculture systems, facilities using polyculture
effects.
Types of aquaculture
Algaculture
industrial uses, but due to their size and specific requirements, they are not
easily cultivated on a large scale and are most often taken in the wild.
releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a
species raised by fish farms include salmon, catfish, tilapia, cod, carp and
trout.
Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, and many of the
same problems as, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced
by the developmental life cycle of the main species (the giant river prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii).[29]
The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding crayfish and
crabs) in 2003 was about 280,000 tons, of which China produced 180,000
tons, followed by India and Thailand with 35,000 tons each. Additionally,
sinensis).[30]
from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the
co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case,
these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes,
extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond.
species are typically more than just biofilters; they are harvestable crops of
Mariculture
the latter is the farming of marine fish, prawns, or oysters in saltwater ponds.
Shrimp farming
Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly
largest exporter.
ever higher densities per unit area, and broodstock is shipped worldwide.
Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (i.e., shrimp of the family
white shrimp) and the Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) account for
roughly 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very
pressure and criticism from both NGOs and consumer countries led to
changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulation by
• Asian Carps
• Barramundi
• Black Drum
• Bluegill
• Catfish
• Cobia
• Crappie
• Florida Pompano
• Gourami
• Largemouth Bass
• Milkfish
• Perch
• Red Drum
• Salmon
• Striped Bass
• Tilapia
• Trout
• Algaculture
• Aquaponics
• Agroecology
• Fish farming
• Fisheries science
• Mariculture
• Industrial agriculture
• Shrimp farm
• Prawn farm
Detergent
sometimes used to differentiate between soap and other surfactants used for
Components
Detergents, especially those made for use with water, often include different
• Abrasive to scour
compounds
ingredients
• oxidants (oxidizers) for bleaching, disinfection, and breaking down
organic compounds
solution or gel
skin
are said to be detergent. For instance, certain foods such as celery are said to
Types
There are several factors that dictate what compositions of detergent should
tolerance for and type of dirt. For instance, all of the following are used to
clean glass. The sheer range of different detergents that can be used
glass-cleaning agent:
• a chromic acid solution—to get glass very clean for certain precision-
dishwashing machine
• glass contact lens cleaning solutions, which must clean and disinfect
rinsed
Terminology
cleaning products, the term syndet, short for synthetic detergent was
promoted to indicate the distinction. The term never became popular and is
term soapless soap also saw a brief vogue. There is no accurate term for
detergent.
The term detergent by itself is sometimes used to refer specifically to
agents.
Plain water, if used for cleaning, is a detergent. Probably the most widely-
used detergents other than water are soaps or mixtures composed chiefly of
soaps. However, not all soaps have significant detergency and, although the
words "detergent" and "soap" are sometimes used interchangeably, not every
detergent is a soap.
The term detergent is sometimes used to refer to any surfactant, even when
it is not used for cleaning. This terminology should be avoided as long as the
History
The earliest detergent substance was undoubtedly water; after that, oils,
abrasives such as wet sand, and wet clay. The oldest known detergent for
wool-washing is stale (putrescent) urine.[1] For the history of soap, see the
entry thereon. Other detergent surfactants came from saponins and ox bile.
1917, to alleviate World War I soap shortages. Detergents were mainly used
in industry until World War II. By then new developments and the later
suited to dissolve protein stains, such as egg stains, were introduced in the