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Power systems protection 302

Name: Ubayeda Shaqer
Student number: 15975669
Title of the experiment: Restricted Earth Fault Protection For A
____________________Three Phase transformer
Laboratory group: Monday (1400-1600)(Even)
Laboratory supervisor: Hadi
Laboratory partners: Scott
Date performed the experiment: -09-2014
Due date: 06-09-2014
Date submitted: 06-09-2014



I hereby declare that the report presents entirely my own work and have not copied from any
other student or past student.
Student signature: ________________________________________


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Table of Contents

Introduction: ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Aim: ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Summary of report: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Procedure ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Test 1:No Load Tests ........................................................................................................................... 7
Test 2:Balanced Load Test .................................................................................................................. 7
Test 3:Unbalanced Load Tests ............................................................................................................ 8
Discussion................................................................................................................................................ 9
Answers to the questions ..................................................................................................................... 11
No Load Tests .................................................................................................................................... 11
Balanced Load Test ........................................................................................................................... 13
Unbalanced Load Tests ..................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 20







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Restricted Earth Fault Protection of a Three-Phase
Power Transformer (Using Current Sensitivity Relay)
Introduction:

This lab tests the restricted earth fault protection for a three-phase power transformer. The
sensitivity is adjusted and the current is measured across various points.
Aim:

This lab has been designed to test the restricted in the fault which is used to protect earthed
and wye-connected three phase machines but cant be used delta connected setting due to the
fact this type of protection works on the neutral phase of the three phase setting. The
protection scheme was tested on three different circuits one with no load in the system,
balanced load and unbalanced load.
Summary of report:

The experiment was successfully completed. Faults that occurred in the protection zone was
identified and cleared- but any external faults (i.e. outside the reach of the relays) did not trip
the circuit.
Theory

An earth fault relay generally provides protection against faults by measuring the neutral or
the residual current or both. Ideally the neutral and residual currents of a system are zero.
Under normal conditions and by application of Kirchhoffs laws the sum of currents in both
current transformers (CTs) equals zero. The REF under external faults, the current in the line
CTs are balanced with the neutral CTs; however this is not the case under internal faults
the current is not balanced and current flows in the neutral circuit therefore this is an
indication of an fault and the REF operates.
The REF is a combination of residual current relay which detects the current differential of
the three phases (in a three phase system) and a second relay thats operates on the neutral
line of the wye connected scheme. The currents in both the lines are observed and this is how
faults are detected and then cleared; this is very accurate approach for protection.
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Figure 1: Protection Scheme
Three current transformers for each phase and current transformer for the neutral line is used
to measure current in this protection scheme. As seen in the figure above the secondary
windings of the line current transformers are connected in parallel to obtain the vector sum of
the three line currents. These secondary windings are also connected in parallel with a
protective relay and the secondary winding of the neutral current transformer. This is
similar to a differential protection however a REF protection scheme is comparatively
cheaper than differential protection scheme.

Any unbalance between the two current initiates the protection system causes the protective
scheme to trip and isolated the transformer. However this is true only for the secondary side
of the transformer. According to requirements and budget a REF can be placed in the primary
side of the transformer too. This would provide a complete protection for the entire system
against both external and internal faults in the system. REF protection is fast and can isolate
winding faults extremely quickly, thereby limiting damage and consequent repair costs.


Figure 2: Protection Scheme and Single Line Diagram for REF
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Procedure

The EMS Workstation and the Protective Relaying Control Station was set up according to
the schematic provided.

Figure 3: Schematic For REF protection

The circuit was connected according to each connection i.e. for the red wire phase A of the 3
phase circuit was selected and connected from the input to its end at RL (1). Following colour
one by one starting and ending its connection was procedure used to begin and complete the
circuit.
Faults were then manually initiated for different 3 different setting of the circuit under no
load, a balanced load and unbalanced. The time and current in the ammeter were observed
and recorded. The sensitivity settings were set according to the instruction (Sensitive Relay to
20 % and 50%). In this protection scheme the time setting were already placed internally with
in the relay.
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In Restricted Earth Fault scheme the common terminals of phase CTs are connected to the
secondary of Neutral CT in such a manner that secondary unbalance electric current of phase
CTs and the secondary electric current of Neutral CT will oppose each other. If these both
electric currents are equal in amplitude there will not be any resultant electric
current circulate through the said close path. Ammeters were used to measure this current.

Equipment

Current sensitive relay
Relay test set


Figure 4: Completed Connected Schematic
This figure displays the complete connected circuit.

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Results

Test 1:No Load Tests

7.1 The primary line current (indicated by ammeter I1), the secondary line current (indicated
by ammeter I2), the neutral current (indicated by ammeter I3), and the current flowing in the
AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (indicated by ammeter 14)

Table 1: Ammeter Currents (No Load)

7.2 An earth fault near the neutral end of the secondary winding of transformer T1.
Table 2: Ammeter Currents (Internal Fault at T1)
I1= 40mA I2=4,0mA
I3= 600mA I4 = 600mA

7.3 A phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
Table 3: Ammeter Currents (External Fault)
I1= 650mA I2= 650mA
I3= 800mA I4 = 0mA

Test 2:Balanced Load Test

8.1 An earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T1.
Table 4: Ammeter Currents (Internal Fault at T1)
11= 200mA 12= 200mA
13= 600mA I4 =420 mA why zero?? balanced



I1= 0 A I2= 0 A
I3= 0 A I4=0 A
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8.2 An earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T3.
Table 5: Ammeter Currents (Internal Fault at T3)
I1= 350mA I2= 350mA
I3= 600mA I4 = 550mA

8.3 A phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
Table 6: Ammeter Currents (External Fault)
I1= 1.05A I2= 1.05A
I3= 600mA I4 = 0mA

Test 3:Unbalanced Load Tests

9.1 This unbalances the three-phase load currents.
Table 7: Ammeter Currents (Unbalanced Load)

I1= 200mA I2= 200mA
I3= 200mA I4 = 0mA

9.2 An earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T1.
Table 8: Ammeter Currents (Internal Fault at T1)
I1= 200mA I2= 200mA
I3= 150mA I4 = 180mA

9.3 An earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T3.
Table 9: Ammeter Currents (Internal Fault at T1)
I1= 0A .8 I2= 0A.8
I3= 0A .8 I4 = 600mA ,4ma

9.4 A phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
Table 10: Ammeter Currents (External Fault)
I1= 750mA I2=750mA
I3= 800mA I4 = 0mA
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Discussion

This laboratory investigates the function and limits of the Restricted Earth Fault. The REF
requires 4 CTs to be connected in parallel. The CTs compare the difference in the neutral and
residual current in order to detect a fault. As seen in the schematics (figure 1) the protection
system has been designed where under normal conditions the neutral current and the CT
currents should cancel out (Ammeter 4 should always be zero).
This lab primarily deals with two different faults internal and external faults. The faults test is
conducted under three different configurations No load, Balanced load and Unbalanced
load. In all three cases the internal faults are detected and cleared by the REF protection
system. However in all three cases the external faults could not be detected nor cleared by the
REF. This was simply because the faults were outside the scope and reach of the CTs
therefore they completely avoid detection. This suggest the REF system is highly stable and
reliable as it operates when required and within its zone.
The internal faults that were investigated were located in two different locations in T1 or T3
and in the middle of the winding or the neutral. Faults in the secondary winding cause an
imbalance between the neutral and residual current; this is detected by Ammeter 4 which then
triggers the relay according to the current setting of the relay (sensitivity). 0% means the
relay is most sensitive and will trip the circuit when any amount of current is detected under
any conditions (not necessary a fault present in the circuit). The current setting is setting up a
standard or reference fault current which will allow the relay to distinguish between fault
current and normal current; when to or not to trip the circuit. Therefore the relay must be
adjusted according to the rated power and current setting taking into consideration the
maximum fault current that can be expected.
Most of the ammeter reading are in Millie-Ampere which is very difficult to decipher
between whether the detections actually error or saturation or mismatch but however since
the relay operated during faults and cleared the internal faults; it can safely be assumed the
currents during the fault are the actual fault current, where a percentage of the current has
been contributed by the various error issues of the circuit. CT mismatch, CT saturation,
tolerance of the equipment and spill currents are sources of error that affect the recorded
current values.

Ammeter 1 and Ammeter 2 display the phase currents on the primary and secondary winding
of the transformer. Since there is no protection on the primary side faults on the primary cant
be detected or cleared. Ammeter 3 displays neutral current which is essential in detection of
the faults or unbalances in the system. As the winding fault position moves towards the
neutral, the magnitude of the current seen on the primary rapidly decreases and could
potentially not be detected (limiting the amount of winding which can be protected).


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A restricted earth fault system supplied by a three phase transformers must include a time
delay in order to avoid dubious and nuisance triggering resulting from transients. Generally it
recommended that current setting must not be lower than 15% of the transformer rating at
best, or 20 % of the transformer ratings in the most unfavourable cases. Moreover, if an earth
fault occurs in a star winding near a neutral point, the maximum fault current is only a small
part of the maximum fault current which is limited by the neutral earth impedance. For this
reason, the current setting is usually 20% of the maximum current limited by the neutral earth
in order to protect 80% of the windings.

Earth fault protection applied to a delta-connected or unearthed star winding is inherently
restricted, since no zero sequence components can be transmitted through the transformer to
the other windings. If a fault occurs on the delta side it cannot be detected or cleared. Build of
fault current can lead to catastrophic failure in the system.

It can be observed that fault currents recorded near the neutral for the primary side have
smaller amplitude comparatively. Hence, although the prospective current level decreases as
fault positions progressively nearer the neutral end of the winding ;a large percentage of the
winding can be covered if the protection system is placed on the secondary side (as seen in
the schematics figure 2). Both windings of a transformer can be protected separately with
restricted earth fault protection, thereby providing high-speed protection against earth faults
Because the fault detection is limited between the lines of CT it is restricted in this zone
which why the protection scheme is called the Restricted earth fault system.
REF are comparatively cheaper than the differential protection scheme therefore it is better
option due to the fact it is reliable, fast and stable protection system
.








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Answers to the questions
No Load Tests

7. 1 Record the primary line current (indicated by ammeter I1), the secondary line current
(indicated by ammeter I2), the neutral current (indicated by ammeter I3), and the current
flowing in the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (indicated by ammeter 14) in the following
blank spaces.
The circuit currents are:

Is the REF protection system almost perfectly balanced? Briefly explain.
Yes, the REF protection system was balanced. Under normal conditions the system was
balanced because there was no fault in the system and by application of Kirchhoffs
laws the sum of currents in both current transformers (CTs) equals zero. This has been
observed and recorded above, all ammeter values equal to zero.

7. 2 On the Fault able Transformers, set fault switch FS3 of transformer T1 to the I position
to insert an earth fault near the neutral end of the secondary winding of transformer T1.
While doing this, observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the
AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Adjust the current set point of the AC/DC Current Sensitive
Relay to 20 % and 50%, respectively and observe the operation of relay.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 40mA I2=4,0mA
I3= 600mA I4 = 600mA

Describe what happens when an earth fault occurs near the neutral end of one of the power
transformer secondary windings.
Due to an earth faults and imbalance in current is seen through the circuit. The
ammeter placed in the circuits detects currents due to the imbalance and the presence of
a fault. Current through Ammeter 1 and 2 are the same because they are placed across
two different phases of the three phase system and Ammeter 3 and 4 detects the
difference in current therefore subtraction of the phase current and neutral current
results in the same value.
I1= 0 A I2= 0 A
I3= 0 A I4=0 A
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The circuit trips when the difference in current reaches a certain value (level). This
tripping characteristic is set for a certain reference in order to take into account error
of the CT and prevent any false trips.
7. 3 On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a
phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 650mA I2= 650mA
I3= 800mA I4 = 0mA

Set the current setting of relay on 20% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 0% (minimum) and apply same fault again. While doing this,
observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
Describe what has happened.
0% means the relay is the most sensitive any differential current in I4 would cause
the protection scheme to operate and the circuit to trip. However the with the manual
initiation of the UFM the circuit did not trip nor was a differential current detected in
I4. This is because from the schematic we can see the fault is outside the protection zone
and scope of the REF therefore even the most sensitive relay settings will not pick up the
fault.
Is the REF protection system stable for faults outside the protection zone defined by the four
current transformers? Briefly explain.
Yes the system is stable. The protection system only operates when it is required that
is the fault is within its protection zone. The UFM is outside the protection zone of the
CTs so the fault is not detected and no difference in current detected by Ammeter 4.
Therefore in case of an external fault the relay is not activated, the CTs dont pick up
any fault and REF is stable. An external fault in the star side will result in current
flowing in the line current transformer of the affected phase and at the same time a
balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer; hence the resultant electric
current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will not be operating for
external earth fault.
Has the fault been cleared by the REF protection system? Why?
Yes No
The REF does not clear the fault because it does not see the fault; it is outside the
protection zone and scope of the CTs; the fault must be cleared by another protection
scheme. The system is operative for faults within the region between current
transformers that is, for faults on the star winding in question. The system will remain
stable for all faults outside this zone.
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Balanced Load Test

8. 1 On the Fault able Transformers, set fault switch FS3 of transformer T1 to the I position
to insert an earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T1.
Set the current setting of relay on 20% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 50% and apply same fault again. While doing this, observe the
circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
The circuit currents are:
11= 200mA 12= 200mA
13= 600mA I4 =420 mA why zero?? balanced

Describe what happens when an earth fault occurs on one of the power transformer
secondary windings and describe the difference of relay operation for mentioned two
settings.
At 20% a lower current initiates the protection scheme as the relay is more sensitive
(the reference current is lower) than it is at 50%. But the measurement obtained is
degraded by the inaccuracies of all three current transformers, in particular in the
event of transient over-currents when the transformers become saturated. This means
the fault current is detected earlier when the relay is at 20% but protection scheme
takes the same amount of time to clear the fault. When an earth fault occurs at the
secondary winding the neutral current transformer carries the unbalanced fault current
and this initiates Restricted Earth Fault Relay to isolate the transformer against the
internal fault.
For which current setting of relay, the fault has been cleared by the REF protection system?
By both the current setting the fault was cleared by the relay. The setting just adjusted
at what fault current the REF tripped the circuit but it cleared both the faults. The
sensitivity setting must be adjusted in order to in to consideration mismatch, error, and
saturation; make sure there are no nuisance trips.






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8. 2 On the Fault able Transformers, set fault switch FS3 of transformer T3 to the I position to
insert an earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T3.
Set the current setting of relay on 50% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 70% and apply same fault again. While doing this, observe the
circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.

The circuit currents are:
11= 350mA 12= 350mA
13= 600mA I4 = 550mA

Describe what happens when an earth fault occurs on one of the power transformer
secondary windings.
At 50% current setting the relay (protection and trip) is initiated for smaller current as
it is more sensitive (the reference current is lower) than it is at 70%. But the
measurement obtained is degraded by the inaccuracies of all three current
transformers, in particular in the event of transient over-currents when the
transformers become saturated. Most of the current setting recorded is in milliamps.
This means the fault current is detected earlier when the relay is at 50% but protection
scheme takes the same amount of time to clear the fault. When an earth fault occurs at
the secondary winding the neutral current transformer carries the unbalanced fault
current and this initiates Restricted Earth Fault Relay to isolate the transformer against
the internal fault.

For which current setting of relay, the fault has been cleared by the REF protection system?
The relay functioned for both the current settings. It is usually recommended to keep
the current setting at 20% to 80% is an optimum standard depending on fault levels
this range ignores nuisance trips at the same time functions for high fault levels (high
powered transformers).





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8. 3 On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a
phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 1.05A I2= 1.05A
I3= 600mA I4 = 0mA

Set the current setting of relay on 20% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 0% (minimum) and apply same fault again. While doing this,
observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
Describe what has happened.
The manual initiation of the UFM the circuit did not trip nor was a differential current
detected in I4. This is because from the schematic we can see the fault is outside the
protection zone and scope of the REF therefore even the most sensitive relay settings
(i.e. 0%) will not pick up the fault.

Is the REF protection system stable for faults outside the protection zone defined by the four
current transformers? Briefly explain.
Yes the system is stable. The protection system only operates when it is required that
is the fault is within its protection zone. The UFM is outside the protection zone of the
CTs so the fault is not detected and no difference in current detected by Ammeter 4.
Therefore in case of an external fault the relay is not activated, the CTs dont pick up
any fault and REF is stable. An external fault in the star side will result in current
flowing in the line current transformer of the affected phase and at the same time a
balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer; hence the resultant electric
current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will not be operate for external
earth fault
On the Universal Fault Module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position.
Has the fault been cleared by the REF protection system?
Yes No




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Unbalanced Load Tests

9. 1 Set the resistance of resistor R1 to the value given in the following table. (Make all the 3
existing 4800 (ohm) resistors parallel) This unbalances the three-phase load.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 200mA I2= 200mA
I3= 200mA I4 = 0mA

9.2 On the Fault able Transformers, set fault switch FS3 of transformer T1 to the
I position to insert an earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of
transformer T1.
Set the current setting of relay on 10% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 30% and apply same fault again. While doing this, observe the
circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 200mA I2= 200mA
I3= 150mA I4 = 180mA

Describe what happens when an earth fault occurs on one of the power transformer primary
windings.
When a fault occurs on the primary winding it is less likely the fault is going to be
detected by the REF protection scheme. This is because the CTs are all connected on
the secondary side of the transformer not the primary. There no protection placed on
the primary or any neutral current present in the primary winding. If a fault occurs in
the primary then the fault current will circulate in the circuit will build until it leads to
a catastrophic failure in the transformer and circuit.
According to the test 9.2 when a fault occurs in the secondary winding the following
results were observed and recorded. At 10% current setting the relay is initiated
without a fault in the circuit. This is because the relay is very sensitive therefore it
trips (nuisance trip) due to any difference in current that is present due errors that have
not been take into consideration (i.e. CT mismatch saturation etc.). The current
measurement obtained is degraded by the inaccuracies of all three current
transformers, in particular in the event of transient over-currents when the
transformers become saturated. Most of the current setting recorded is in milliamps.
This means the fault current is detected earlier when the relay is at 30% but protection
scheme takes the same amount of time to clear the fault as the time setting are fixed and
we are only changing the current setting.
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When an earth fault occurs at the secondary winding the neutral current transformer
carries the unbalanced fault current and this initiates Restricted Earth Fault Relay to
isolate the transformer against the internal fault.
For which current setting of relay, the fault has been cleared by the REF protection system?
For both the current setting the faults were cleared by the protection scheme. This is
because the faults are internal but 10% the relay is too sensitive which lead nuisance
trips small difference in currents is considered to be a fault current which is the not
case. Even without manually introducing the fault in the system the protection scheme
operates.
Are the values of I4 same for both faults in steps 8-2 and 9-2? Why?
No they are not the same. This due to the fact the load requirements in the circuit are
different in between 8.2 and 9.2 and due CT mismatch, saturation and presence of spill
current directly effects the current values that have been recorded. The current
measurement obtained is degraded by the inaccuracies of all four current transformers.
9. 3 On the Fault able Transformers, set fault switch FS3 of transformer T3 to the I position
to insert an earth fault near the middle of the secondary winding of transformer T3.
Set the current setting of relay on 30% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 60% and apply same fault again. While doing this, observe the
circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 0A .8 I2= 0A.8
I3= 0A .8 I4 = 600mA ,4ma

Describe what happens when an earth fault occurs on one of the power transformer
secondary windings.
At 30% current setting the relay is activated and protection scheme is initiated for a
smaller fault current as it is more sensitive (the reference current is lower) than it is at
70%. 70% current setting is generally considered as the optimum sensitivity setting
where high fault current can detected and cleared by the transformer. Due to the fault
in the phase T3 there is an imbalance in the phase currents which is carried by the
neutral compared with the CT current; the difference of the two is a sign a fault has
occurred and the I4 activates the relay which causes the circuit to trip. But the
measurement obtained is degraded by the inaccuracies of all three current
transformers, in particular in the event of transient over-currents when the
transformers become saturated. Most of the current setting recorded is in milliamps.

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This means the fault current is detected earlier when the relay is at 70% but protection
scheme takes the same amount of time to clear the fault. When an earth fault occurs at
the secondary winding the neutral current transformer carries the unbalanced fault
current and this initiates Restricted Earth Fault Relay to isolate the transformer against
the internal fault.
For which current setting of relay, the fault has been cleared by the REF protection system?
For both the current setting the faults were cleared by the REF protection system as
they are internal faults and in accurate range of the relay sensitivity.
Are the values of I4 same for both faults in steps 8-3 and 9-3? Why?
No they are not the same. This due to the fact the load requirements in the circuit are
different in between 8.3 and 9.3 and due CT mismatch, saturation and presence of spill
current directly effects the current values that have been recorded. The current
measurement obtained is degraded by the inaccuracies of all four current transformers.

9. 4 On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a
phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers.
The circuit currents are:
I1= 750mA I2=750mA
I3= 800mA I4 = 0mA

Set the current setting of relay on 20% and observe the operation of relay. After that change
the current setting of relay to 0% (minimum) and apply same fault again. While doing this,
observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
Describe what has happened.
0% means the relay is the most sensitive any differential current in I4 would cause
the protection scheme to operate and the circuit to trip. However the with the manual
initiation of the UFM the circuit did not trip nor was a differential current detected in
I4. This is because from the schematic we can see the fault is outside the protection zone
and scope of the REF therefore even the most sensitive relay settings will not pick up the
fault.



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Is the REF protection system stable for faults outside the protection zone defined by the four
current transformers? Briefly explain.
Yes the system is stable. The protection system only operates when it is required (stable)
that is the fault is within its protection zone. The UFM is outside the protection zone
of the CTs so the fault is not detected and no difference in current detected by Ammeter
4. Therefore in case of an external fault the relay is not activated, the CTs dont pick up
any fault and REF is stable. An external fault in the star side will result in current
flowing in the line current transformer of the affected phase and at the same time a
balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer; hence the resultant electric
current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will not be operating for
external earth fault.
Has the fault been cleared by the REF protection system?
Yes No


























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Conclusion

The REF is a combination of residual current relay which detects the current differential of
the three phases (in a three phase system) and a second relay thats operates on the neutral
line of the wye connected scheme. The currents in both the lines are observed and this is how
faults are detected and then cleared; this is very accurate approach for protection. It is far
cheaper method of protection when compared to the differential protection. Unlike this lab
investigation if REF is used on both sides of the transformer this will ensure fault protection
throughout the transformer.