ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Faculty of Social Science

!De"a#t$ent of Pa%itan Stu&ie'
(ARNIN)
*+ PLA)IARISM OR ,IRIN) OF ),OST (RITER!S' FOR SOLVIN)
T,E ASSI)NMENT!S' (ILL DEBAR T,E STUDENT FROM A(ARD
OF DE)REE-.ERTIFI.ATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STA)E+
/+ SUBMITTIN) ASSI)NMENTS BORRO(ED OR STOLEN FROM
OT,ER!S' AS ONE0S O(N (ILL BE PENALI1ED AS DEFINED IN
2AIOU PLA)IARISM POLI.Y3+
.ou#e4 Social T5eo#y6I !7889' Se$ete#4 S"#in:, /;*<
Le=el4 M+ Sc Total Ma#%4 *;;
Note4 An>e# 5oul& ?e "#efe#a?ly in En:li5 an& ?ae& u"on t5e "#ec#i?e&
#ea&in: $ate#ial+ .onult cou#e outline fo# :ui&ance+ Atte$"t all @uetion+
ASSI)NMENT No+ *
!Unit *67'
Q.1 Discuss the concept of an ideal state in the light of early Greek philosophies. (25)
Q.2 To what extent the !ocratic Dialogue" had helped sol#e the $oral and
philosophical pro%le$s of that ti$e& 's it possi%le to take guidance for$ it to help
sol#e $odern world"s $oral and philosophical dile$$as& (25)
Q.( )ritically analy*e +lato"s Theory of 'deas in order to explain the dispensation of the
realities of today. (25)
Q., Discuss the writings of -ristotle on .ogic. /ow $uch contri%ution was $ade %y
-ristotle"s logic in the de#elop$ent of e$pirical $ethod& (25)
ASSI)NMENT No+ /
!Unit A69' Total Ma#%4 *;;
Q.1 )ritically analy*e !ocial )ontract Theory. Do you think that the theory is still
rele#ant& (25)
Q.2 - nu$%er of scholars %elie#e that /o%%es" 0aterialis$ is consistent with
description of hu$ankind1 ci#il society and nature. Do you agree2disagree with this
#iew& 3xplain with cogent argu$ents. (25)
Q.( 4hat do you know a%out the natural rights propounded %y 5ohn .ocke& Discuss
natural rights in the light of works of 5ohn .ocke. (26)
Q., Do you agree2disagree with the argu$ents of 7ousseau regarding origin of
ine8ualities& -naly*e whether these argu$ents can help sol#e the pro%le$ of
ine8ualities. (25)
1
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
Faculty of Social Science
!De"a#t$ent of Pa%itan Stu&ie'
.OURSE OUTLINE SEMESTER4 SPRIN), /;*<
SO.IAL T,EORY6I
.o&e4 7889
.ou#e De=elo"$ent .oo#&inato#
D#+ Lu?na Saif
2
*+ St#uctu#e of t5e .ou#e
9nder the title of !ocial Theory1 you will study two course !ocial Theory:' ()ode; ,<<=)
and !ocial Theory:'' ()ode; ,<>6). 3ach course contains nine units and carries weight?
age of three credit hours.
This is !ocial Theory:' ()ode; ,<<=). 'n this course you will study nine units which are
arranged in two study %locks. 'deally one unit is a student work of 12:1< hours. !ince the
course?work of one unit will includes studying the prescri%ed reading $aterial and as the
length of the units is une8ual you ha#e to calculate how $uch ti$e you are re8uired to
spend on each unit and $ake your own ti$eta%le. 4e expect you to finish the work
within the allocated ti$e.
@or this course1 BFo#tni:5tly Tuto#ial0 are arranged in 9ni#ersity"s 7egional !tudy )entres.
The pro#ide facilities to $eet with one another for $utual help and indi#idual discussion with
the tutor". These tutorials are not for$al lectures" gi#en in any for$al uni#ersity1 rather these
are $eant for groups and indi#idual discussion with the tutor to facilitate you to undertake
part of your learning together. !o1 %efore going to attend a tutorial prepare your?self to discuss
course $aterial with your colleagues and the tutor. 4e reco$$end that you should regularly
attend these tutorials for achie#ing good results.
@or this course1 like other course1 you will ha#e to do T>o Ai:n$ent, a set of these
assign$ents is %eing sent to you in this $ailing package. -t the end of the se$ester and
%efore the final written exa$ination1 your will ha#e to attend the .ou#e (o#%5o" for
( days which will %e organi*ed at the notified regional office. 't is co$pulsory to attend
the workshop. Aou will not %e declared pass if you fail to attend the course workshop.
*+* Ae$ent
Fo# eac5 cou#e t5e #e:ite#e& tu&ent >ill ?e aee& a follo>in:4
(a) -ssign$ents (continuous assess$ent). !ee details as gi#en %elow.
(%) @inal 3xa$ination (a three?hour written exa$ination will take place at the end of
the se$ester.
T5e con&ition to @ualify eac5 co$"onent a#e :i=en ?elo>4
- $ini$u$ of ,6B in each assign$ent. (Total nu$%er of assign$ents for this
course is 2)
- $ini$u$ of ,6B of the final written exa$ination.
-n aggregate of ,6B of %oth the co$ponents i.e. assign$ents and final exa$ination.
To take final exa$ination the students has to pass the assign$ent co$ponent.
T5e :#a&e >ill ?e &ete#$ine& a follo>in:4
,6B ? ,=B D
56B ? 5=B )
<6B ? <=B C
>6B ? >=B -
-%o#e D6B -E
(
Ai:n$ent
-ssign$ents are those written exercises1 which you are re8uired to co$plete at
your own ho$e or place of work after ha#ing studied different parts of the
prescri%ed reading $aterial within the scheduled period of study. (+lease see the
schedule) for this course you will recei#e 2 assign$ents1 which we expect you to
co$plete within the scheduled period.
This is a co$pulsory course work and its successful co$pletion will $ake you
eligi%le to take final exa$ination at the end of the se$ester.
To co$plete you work successfully1 you are pro#ided with tutorial support1 so that
you can discuss your acade$ic pro%le$s in tutorial $eetings.
-fter co$pleting the assign$ent you will send it to the tutor2course guide1 whose na$e
is notified to you for assess$ent and necessary guidance. Aour tutor2course guide will
return it after $arking and pro#iding acade$ic guidance and super#ision.
Note4 T5e tu&ent a#e info#$e& a?out t5e na$e of tuto# an& tu&y cent#e in t5e
?e:innin: of t5e e$ete#+ If you &o not #ecei=e uc5 info#$ation, Pleae
contact you# Re:ional Office+
*+/ .ou#e (o#%5o"
The workshop of e#ery course will %e held at the end of each se$ester at 7egional
)a$puses notified to you %y your regional office.
't is co$pulsory to attend the workshop. Aou will not %e declared pass if you fail to
attend the workshop. - student who does not o%tain $ore than >5B attendance in
the workshop will %e considered F@ailG.
The duration of the workshop for a three credit course is ( days.
In o#&e# to $a%e t5i an en:a:in: an& #ea&in: eC"e#ience fo# e=e#yone,
tu&ent a#e #e@ui#e& to co$e "#e"a#e& to fully "a#tici"ate in t5e >o#%5o"+
/+ .ou#e Dec#i"tion
/+* O?Decti=e of t5e .ou#e4
4hat is a social theory& - si$ple answer is an atte$pt to understand the nature of
the society. +eople always had ideas a%out the nature of society1 e#en if these ideas
reflected nothing $ore than an a%solute sense of the rightness of their own social
custo$s. 'n this course we will introduce you to so$e of these ideas which ha#e
%een the interest of philosophers since the Greek )ity !tate. Hur ai$ is not only to
trace the origin and e#olution of these ideas %ut also to assess so$e of the $ost
fa$iliar theories which contain the$.
+ri$ary o%Iecti#e of this course is to trace the de#elop$ent of speculations
concerning the nature of $an and society which has existed al$ost as long as $an
hi$self. .ong line of thought 8uestioning the relationship of $an and society
which has grown fro$ Greek thinkers onwards is the interest of this course. The
ai$ is to understand that today"s ideas of society are deeply rooted in earlier
,
traditions of thought and feeling. Today"s theorists" concern is al$ost si$ilar to
early theorists1 like theorists of past1 their concern is to de#elop a philosophical
understanding of >5at ou:5t to ?e in the scientific explanation of >5at i.
!ocial Theory is a $ost #aried enterprise. 'n this course we will fa$iliari*e you
with so$e of the $ost leading thinkers who ha#e influenced the progress of social
theory and in turn had an i$pact o#er the growth of the society?fro$ a feudal
society to today"s nation state. The ai$ is to trace the de#elop$ent of social theory
in relation to the ad#ance$ent of $odern hu$an society.
/+/ .ou#e Outline
Bloc% One6Mo#al an& Political P5iloo"5y6T5eo#y of t5e .ity State
!9nit 1) The )ity !tates
!9nit 2) !ocrates
!9nit () +lato
(9nit ,) -ristotle
Bloc% T>o6Mo#al an& Political P5iloo"5y6T5eo#ie of Nation State
(9nits 5 J <) Tho$as /o%%es (15DD:1<>=)
(9nit >) 5ohn .ocke (1<(2:1>6,)
(9nits D J =) 5ean 5ac8ues 7ousseau (1>12:1>>D)
/+< .ou#e Int#o&uction
There are nine units in this course which are arranged in two !tudy Clocks. 9nder the %road
the$e of $oral and political philosophy1 Clocks Hne1 (units 1:,) deals with the Theory of )ity
!tate. 't is so$eti$es argued as to what extent theorists of past are still influential or the
8uestions raised %y early theorist are still rele#ant. !a%ine o%ser#ed that $ost $odern political
ideals such for exa$ple1 as Iustice1 li%erty1 constitutional go#ern$ent1 and respect for the law"
had their origin in political and social thoughts of Greek philosophers reflecting upon the
institution of the city state.
1
3xplaining why later philosophers repeatedly refer to +lato and
-ristotle1 !a%ine writes that the presu$ption upon which +lato worked K that hu$an relations
$ay %e $ade the o%Iect of rational study and $ay %e su%Iected to intelligent direction : is a sin
8ua non of any social science whate#er". -nd si$ilarly the $ore general ethical principle of
-ristotle"s political theory K the con#iction that a state ought to %e relation %etween free
citi*ens $orally e8ual1 conducting itself according to law and resting upon discussion and
consent rather than force" has %een the underlying principle of 3uropean political philosophy.
2
There is no dou%t that the city state was different fro$ today"s nation?state1 howe#er1 it needs to
%e re$e$%ered that it was only different in the sense that it was a $ore #ital and intense for$ of
the sa$e thing. Cecause of its s$all si*e and its syste$ of pri$ary go#ern$ent1 the indi#idual
in a city state $ight realise hi$self $ore easily as part of the state. !ir 3rnest %arker argues that
in studying the syste$ of the city state1 we are studying the idea of our $odern statesL we are
studying a thing1 which is as $uch of today as of yesterday1 %ecause it is1 in its essentials1 for
1
George /. !a%ine1 The History of Political Theory, (.ondon; Geourge G. /arrap J )o. .td.
1=<()1 p. 12(.
2
'%id.
5
e#er."
(
The Greeks in#ented the political theory during the 5
th
century C) and their theories
pro#ide the foundation of a de$ocratic society of today. !o$e political scientists in late 26
th
century redisco#ered their -ristotelian roots %y returning to the 8uestion of how to achie#e the
good1 Iust and sta%le polity?that is %y returning to the study of De$ocracy.
)ontinuing with the the$e of $oral and political philosophy1 Clock two (9nits 5:=)
exa$ines the theory of the Mation !tate. 'ntense conflict of econo$ic1 political and religious
nature in the 15
th
and 1<
th
centuries on the one hand %rought -sia and -frican under the cloak
of 3uropean )olonialis$1 and on the other hand it caused the disruption of feudal order
gi#ing %irth to the )apitalis$1 and on the other hand new secular de$ocratic nation states in
3urope. 7ossides o%ser#es that the transfor$ation and gradual replace$ent of feudal
)hristendo$ is the $ost profound social e#ent in recorded history.
,
4ith the e$ergence of
nation states1 the attraction for di#ine law and natural law gradually receded and a new kind
of social theory" ca$e into %eing which not only dropped the earlier %asis of power and
authority1 %ut also %rought in so$e kind of ulti$ate Iustification" to the actual laws of the
state. 3ach nation state was de$anding for political authority and independence. The struggle
for independent nation states is reflecti#e in the de#elop$ent of ideas during the 1>
th
and 1D
th
centuries. 7onald @letcher writes that with the e$ergence of the $odern nation statesN..the
social contract kind of theory ca$e into %eing1 di#ine law had %eco$e to %e suspect1 and had
to %e attacked. 4ith the o#erthrow of )hristendo$1 howe#er1 so$e new %asis of political
so#ereignty had to %e found."
5
The theorists of this period used the social contract idea with
different e$phasis. -ccording to 7onald @letcher1 towards the end of se#enteenth and during
the eighteenth centuries till the @rench 7e#olution1 the theorists were confronted with a new
challenge to pro#ide details of the new secular political order".
<

3xplore the theories of nation:state1 our focus will %e on so$e #ery fa$iliar theorists of
this era1 which include Tho$as /o%%es (15DD:1<>=)1 5ohn .ocke (1<(2:1>6,) and 5ean
5ac8ues 7ousseau (1>12:1>>D). 'n 1>
th
century 3ngland1 /o%%es and .ocke are the
earliest theorists who proposed the social contract theory. Though1 we find di#ersity in
their ai$s and argu$ents1 there is one thing co$$on1 they %oth contri%uted to the theory
of li%eral politics and li%eral society. The social contract theories of /o%%es and .ocke1
gi#e us the $ost radical expression to free politics fro$ religion and feudalis$. The
social contract pro#ided a new %asis for the politics. 'ts re#olutionary significance" is
that it ga#e new assu$ptions a%out the nature of society. This theory altered the earlier
notions a%out the nature %y pronouncing that it is not the society which gi#es identity to
the indi#iduals1 rather fro$ the indi#iduals the society would recei#e its identity as
indi#iduals had identities prior to the society. This idea that indi#iduals create society and
are noted its creatures1 ga#e new direction to the western social thought. The works of
(
!ir 3rnest Carker1 The +olitical Thought of +lato and -ristotle1 .ondon; Do#er +u%lications1
1=5=)1 p. 15.
,
Daniel 4. 7ossides1 The History and Nature of Sociological Theory (.ondon; /oughton 0ifflin
)o$pany1 1=>D)1 pp. 1=?26.
5
7onald @letcher1 The Making of Sociology: Beginnings and Foundations, (.ondon; Melson1
1=>1) p. 16>.
<
'%id.
<
/o%%es and .ocke reflect the intellectual cli$ax to the gradual e$ancipation of
econo$ic and political institutions fro$ the structure of feudal )hristendo$. The
characteristics of a li%eral society can %e descri%ed as indi#idualis$1 pri#ate property1 the
pri$acy of econo$ic $oti#es and $arket relations1 utilitarianis$1 and a separate and
supre$e real$ of positi#e law. 't will not %e surprising1 if we infer that /o%%es and other
theorists of the 1>
th
century de#eloped the $ain assu$ptions of li%eral social theory.
Tho$as 5efferson who drafted the Declaration of 'ndependence of the 9nited !tates
%etween 5une 11 and 5une 2D1 1>><1 %orrowed ideas of indi#idual li%erty fro$
philosophers like 5ohn .ocke and succinctly descri%ed the$ as F!elf?e#ident TruthsG in
setting forth a rationale for %reaking ties with colonial powers of 3ngland.
The 3nglish philosopher Tho$as /o%%es (15DD?1<>=) is %est known for his political
thought1 and deser#edly so. /is #ision of the world is strikingly original and still rele#ant
to conte$porary politics. /is $ain concern is the pro%le$ of social and political order;
how hu$an %eings can li#e together in peace and a#oid the danger and fear of ci#il
conflict. /e poses stark alternati#es; we should gi#e our o%edience to an unaccounta%le
so#ereign (a person or group e$powered to decide e#ery social and political issue).
Htherwise what awaits us is a state of nature" that closely rese$%les ci#il war : a
situation of uni#ersal insecurity1 where all ha#e reason to fear #iolent death and where
rewarding hu$an cooperation is all %ut i$possi%le. Hne contro#ersy has do$inated
interpretations of /o%%es. Does he see hu$an %eings as purely self?interested& !e#eral
passages support such a reading1 leading so$e to think that his political conclusions can
%e a#oided if we adopt a $ore realistic picture of hu$an nature. /owe#er1 $ost scholars
now accept that /o%%es hi$self had a $uch co$plex #iew of hu$an $oti#ation.
5ohn .ocke (1<(2?1>6,) presents an intriguing figure in the history of political
philosophy whose %rilliance of exposition and %readth of scholarly acti#ity re$ains
profoundly influential.
.ock proposed a radical conception of political philosophy deduced fro$ the principle of
self?ownership and the corollary right to own property1 which in turn is %ased on his
fa$ous clai$ that a $an earns ownership o#er a resource when he $ixes his la%our with
it. Go#ern$ent1 he argued1 should %e li$ited to securing the life and property of its
citi*ens1 and is only necessary %ecause in an ideal1 anarchic state of nature1 #arious
pro%le$s arise that would $ake life $ore insecure than under the protection of a $ini$al
state. .ocke is also renowned for his writings on toleration in which he espoused the right
to freedo$ of conscience and religion (except when religion was dee$ed intolerantO)1 and
for his cogent criticis$ of hereditary $onarchy and patriarchalis$. -fter his death1 his
$ature political philosophy leant support to the Critish 4hig party and its principles1 to
the -ge of 3nlighten$ent1 and to the de#elop$ent of the separation of the !tate and
church in the -$erican )onstitution as well as to the rise of hu$an rights theories in the
Twentieth )entury.
.ocke is rightly fa$ous for his Two Treatises of Governent yet during his life he
repudiated his authorship1 although he su%tly reco$$ended the$ as essential reading in
>
letters and thoughts on reading for gentle$en. The Treatises swiftly %eco$e a classic in
political philosophy1 and its popularity has re$ained undi$inished since his ti$e; the
5ohn .ocke acade$ic industry" is #i%rant and %road with an acade$ic Iournal (5ohn
.ocke !tudies) and %ooks regularly co$ing out dealing with his philosophy.
5ean?5ac8ues 7ousseau was one of the $ost influential thinkers during the 3nlighten$ent in
eighteenth century 3urope. /is first $aIor philosophical work1 ! "iscourse on the Sciences
and !rts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted %y the -cade$y of DiIon
in 1>56. 'n this work1 7ousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has
caused the corruption of #irtue and $orality. This discourse won 7ousseau fa$e and
recognition1 and it laid $uch of the philosophical groundwork for a second1 longer work1 The
"iscourse on the #rigin of $ne%uality& The second discourse did not win the -cade$y"s pri*e1
%ut like the first1 it was widely read and further solidified 7ousseau"s place as a significant
intellectual figure. The central clai$ of the work if that hu$an %eings are %asically good %y
nature1 %ut were corrupted %y the co$plex historical e#ents that resulted in present day ci#il
society. 7ousseau"s praise of nature is a the$e that continues throughout his later works as
well1 the $ost significant of which include his co$prehensi#e work on the philosophy of
education1 the 'ile, and his $aIor work on political philosophy1 The Social (ontract: %oth
pu%lished in 1><2. These works caused great contro#ersy in @rance and were i$$ediately
%anned %y +aris authorities. 7ousseau fled @rance and settled in !wit*erland1 %ut he
continued to find difficulties with authorities and 8uarrel with friends. The end of 7ousseau"s
life was $arked in large part %y his growing paranoia and his continued atte$pts to Iustify his
life and his work. This is especially e#ident in his later %ooks1 The (onfessions, The )everies
of the Solitary *alker1 and )ousseau: +udge of +ean,+ac%ues&
7ousseau greatly influenced '$$anuel Pant"s work on ethics. /is no#el +ulie or the New
Heloise i$pacted the late eighteenth century"s 7o$antic Maturalis$ $o#e$ent1 and his
political ideals were cha$pioned %y leaders of the @rench 7e#olution.
P#ec#i?e& Rea&in: Lit
)o$pulsory 7eading;
1. - /istory of +olitical Theory %y George /. !a%ine.
Su::ete& Rea&in:4
1. !ir 3rnest Carker1 (1=5=) The +olitical Thought of +lato and -ristotle1 .ondon1
Do#er +u%lications.
2. Daniel 4. 7ossides1 (1=>D) The History and Nature of Sociological Theory .ondon1
/oughton 0ifflin )o$pany.
(. 7onald @letcher1 (1=>1) The Making of Sociology: Beginnings and Foundations,
.ondon1 Melson.
,. Micholas 5olley1 (1===) -ocke, His Philoso.hical Thought, Hxford1 Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress.
5. Tully1 5a$es1 (1==() !n !..roach to Political Philoso.hy: -ocke in (onte/ts,
)a$%ridge1 )a$%ridge 9ni#ersity +ress.
<. Moel 0alcol$1 2662. !s.ects of Ho00es& Mew Aork; Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress.
>. Micholas Dent1 (2665). )ousseau& .ondon; 7outledge.
D. 7o%ert 4okler1 (1==5). )ousseau& Hxford; Hxford 9ni#ersity +ress.
D