HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

Hodgkin's lymphoma formerly known as Hodgkin's disease is a

cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system.
In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally
and may spread beyond the lymphatic system. As Hodgkin's lymphoma
progresses, it compromises your body's ability to fight infection. Hodgkin's
lymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. The
other type, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common. Advances in diagnosis
and treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped give people with this
diagnosis the chance for a full recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for
people with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Hodgkin's lymphoma signs and symptoms may include:
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
Persistent fatigue
Fever and chills
Night sweats
Unexplained weight loss as much as 10 percent or more of your body
weight
Loss of appetite
Itching
Increased sensitivity to the effects of alcohol or pain in your lymph nodes
after drinking alcohol
It's not clear what causes Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Doctors know that most Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when an infection-
fighting cell called a B cell develops a mutation in its DNA. The mutation tells the
cells to divide rapidly and to continue living when a healthy cell would die. The
mutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate in
the lymphatic system, where they crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs and
symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Various types of Hodgkin's lymphoma exist. The type is based on the
types of cells involved in your disease and their behavior. Your type determines
your treatment options.
Nama : Kevin S. Jeremia
Nama Medis : Neisseria Menigntidis
Nama Korona : Bacteriology
No. Absen : 05
01
Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. It
can be broken down further into subtypes. People diagnosed with classical
Hodgkin's lymphoma have large, abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in
their lymph nodes.
Subtypes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma include:
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma
Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma
Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma
Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
This much rarer type of Hodgkin's lymphoma involves large, abnormal cells
that are sometimes called popcorn cells because of their appearance. Treatment
may be different from the classical type. People with this type of Hodgkin's
lymphoma may have a better chance of a cure when the disease is diagnosed at an
early stage.
Factors that increase the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma include:
Your age. Hodgkin's lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people
between the ages of 15 and 30, as well as those older than 55.
A family history of lymphoma. Having a close family member who has
Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma increases your risk of
developing Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Your sex. Males are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by the
Epstein-Barr virus, such as infectious mononucleosis, are more likely to
develop Hodgkin's lymphoma than are people who haven't had Epstein-
Barr infections.
A weakened immune system. Having a compromised immune system,
such as from HIV/AIDS or from having an organ transplant requiring
medications to suppress the immune response, increases the risk of
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Which treatment options are appropriate for your Hodgkin's lymphoma
depends on your type and stage of disease, your overall health, and your
preferences. The goal of treatment is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible
and bring the disease into remission.
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill lymphoma
cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel through your bloodstream and can reach nearly
all areas of your body. Chemotherapy is often combined with radiation therapy in
people with early-stage classical type Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiation therapy is
typically done after chemotherapy. In advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma,
chemotherapy may be used alone or combined with radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy drugs can be taken in pill form, through a vein in your arm or
sometimes both methods of administration are used. Several combinations of
chemotherapy drugs are used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. Side effects of
chemotherapy depend on the specific drugs you're given. Common side effects
include nausea and hair loss. Serious long-term complications can occur, such as
heart damage, lung damage, fertility problems and other cancers, such as
leukemia.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer
cells. For classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, radiation therapy can be used alone, but
it is often used after chemotherapy. People with early-stage lymphocyte-
predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma typically undergo radiation therapy alone.
During radiation therapy, you lie on a table and a large machine moves
around you, directing the energy beams to specific points on your body. Radiation
can be aimed at affected lymph nodes and the nearby area of nodes where the
disease might progress. The length of radiation treatment varies, depending on the
stage of the disease.
Radiation therapy can cause skin redness and hair loss at the site where the
radiation is aimed. Many people experience fatigue during radiation therapy.
More-serious risks include heart disease, stroke, thyroid problems, infertility and
other forms of cancer, such as breast or lung cancer.
A stem cell transplant is a treatment to replace your diseased bone marrow
with healthy stem cells that help you grow new bone marrow. A stem cell
transplant may be an option if Hodgkin's lymphoma returns despite treatment.
During a stem cell transplant, your own blood stem cells are removed,
frozen and stored for later use. Next you receive high-dose chemotherapy and
radiation therapy to destroy cancerous cells in your body. Finally your stem cells
are thawed and injected into your body through your veins. The stem cells help
build healthy bone marrow.
No alternative medicines have been found to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. But
alternative medicine may help you cope with the stress of a cancer diagnosis and
the side effects of cancer treatment. Talk to your doctor about your options, such
as:
Acupuncture
Aromatherapy
Massage
Meditation
Relaxation techniques

REFERENCES
1. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-
lymphoma/basics/con-20030667
2. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview#showall
3. http://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-
lymphoma