Second Law Efficiencyanalysis

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Second Law Efficiency Analysis of Heat Exchangers

Journal: Heat Transfer - Asian Research
Manuscript ID: Draft
Wiley - Manuscript type: Original Article
Date Submitted by the Author: n/a
Complete List of Authors: K, Manjunath; Delhi Technological University, Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Kaushik, S.C.; Indian Institute of Technology, Centre for Energy Studies
Keywords:
heat exchangers, exergy analysis, energy efficiency, condenser, heat
transfer, pressure drop
Abstract:
Analytical analysis of unbalanced heat exchangers is carried out to study
the second law thermodynamic performance parameter through second law
efficiency by varying length-to-diameter ratio for counter flow and parallel
flow configurations. In a single closed form expression, three important
irreversibilities occurring in the heat exchangers namely due to heat
transfer, pressure drop and imbalance between the mass flow streams are
considered which is not possible in the first law thermodynamic analysis.
The study is carried out by giving special influences on geometric
characteristic like tube length-to-diameter dimensions; working condition
like changing heat capacity ratio, changing the value of maximum heat
capacity rate as hot stream and cold stream separately and fluid flow type
i.e. laminar and turbulent flows for fully developed condition. Optimum
heat exchanger geometrical dimension namely length-to-diameter ratio can
be obtained from the second law analysis corresponding to lower total
entropy generation and higher second law efficiency. Further, second law
efficiency analysis is carried out for condenser and evaporator heat
exchangers by varying effectiveness and number of heat transfer units for
different values of inlet temperature to reference temperature ratio by
considering heat transfer irreversibility.

Heat Transfer - Asian Research
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Second Law Efficiency Analysis of Heat Exchangers
K. Manjunath
1,*
and S.C. Kaushik
2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, New Delhi 110042, India
*Corresponding author, Email: manjunath_k_mys@yahoo.com
2
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India
Email: kaushik@ces.iitd.ernet.in

Abstract

Analytical analysis of unbalanced heat exchangers is carried out to study the second law thermodynamic
performance parameter through second law efficiency by varying length-to-diameter ratio for counter flow
and parallel flow configurations. In a single closed form expression, three important irreversibilities
occurring in the heat exchangers namely due to heat transfer, pressure drop and imbalance between the
mass flow streams are considered which is not possible in the first law thermodynamic analysis. The study
is carried out by giving special influences on geometric characteristic like tube length-to-diameter
dimensions; working condition like changing heat capacity ratio, changing the value of maximum heat
capacity rate as hot stream and cold stream separately and fluid flow type i.e. laminar and turbulent flows
for fully developed condition. Optimum heat exchanger geometrical dimension namely length-to-diameter
ratio can be obtained from the second law analysis corresponding to lower total entropy generation and
higher second law efficiency. Further, second law efficiency analysis is carried out for condenser and
evaporator heat exchangers by varying effectiveness and number of heat transfer units for different values
of inlet temperature to reference temperature ratio by considering heat transfer irreversibility.
Keywords: Heat exchangers, second law efficiency, irreversibilities, streams imbalance loss, condenser,
evaporator

1. Introduction
Heat Exchangers have got wide applications and play a major role in energy conservation opportunity.
Energy waste in any form results in reduction of available work from the energy resources considered. The
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losses due to process irreversibility can be calculated using second law analysis. The property exergy
serves as a valuable tool in determining the quality of energy and comparing work potentials of different
energy sources or systems. There exists a direct proportionality between irreversibility, quantity of entropy
generated and the amount of available work lost in the process. Second law analysis seeks to minimize
these losses by keeping the entropy generated to a minimum. A realistic design approach for systems is to
base the design on minimum entropy production. In other words, entropy generation can be used to
determine quantitatively the quality of thermal energy transformation (Bejan [1]). Therefore, in the analysis
and design of heat exchangers, it is essential to give due consideration to the rate of irreversible entropy
generation as well as available energy or exergy destruction process.

Exergy analysis of heat exchangers has been carried out by several investigators. In these investigations,
dimensionless exergy measure has been used in different forms. Second law efficiency of heat exchanger
was introduced by Bruges [2] and defined as the ratio of availability (exergy) gained by the cold stream to
availability (exergy) donated by the warm stream. Golem and Brzustowski [3] examined the irreversibility
of heat exchangers using the rational effectiveness, and extended this concept to the local level. Mukherjee
et al. [4] proposed the use of merit function to evaluate heat exchangers, and defined the merit function as
the ratio of exergy transferred to the sum of exergy transferred and exergy destroyed. The exergy
destruction number, which is the ratio of the non-dimensional exergy destruction number of the augmented
surfaces to that of the unaugmented one, can be used to evaluate heat transfer enhancement devices as
analyzed by Prasad and Sen [5]. The exergy analysis method including the non-dimensional exergy
destruction, the exergy destruction number, and the heat transfer improvement number was used to
determine the performance of several wire-coils inserts in forced convection heat transfer by Prasad and
Sen [6]. The analysis of counter flow heat exchanger using the relations of rational efficiency and
effectiveness has been carried out by Cornelissen et al. [7] using heat transfer irreversibility.

Das and Roetzel [8] presented a second law analysis for thermally dispersive flow through a plate heat
exchanger using the specific irreversibility. San and Jan [9] studied a second law analysis of a wet cross
flow heat exchanger for various weather conditions. Mahmud et al. [10] analytically investigated the first
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and second law characteristics of fully developed non-Newtonian fluid flow and heat transfer inside a
cylindrical annular space. Durmus [11] experimentally studied the heat transfer and exergy loss in a
concentric heat exchanger with snail entrance. The effects on heat transfer, friction factor and
dimensionless exergy loss were investigated experimentally by mounting helical wires of different pitch in
the inner pipe in a double pipe heat exchanger by Akpinar [12]. Gupta et al. [13] defined the fractional
exergy loss differently by dividing the irreversibility by maximum heat that can be transferred ideally so
that one can get better understanding about the quantitative values of exergy loss in respect of maximum
heat transferred. San [14] considered the exergy change rate in an ideal gas flow or an incompressible flow
to analyze heat exchanger. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the entropy generation, exergy
loss of a horizontal concentric micro-fin tube heat exchanger are presented by Naphon [15]. The effects of
the technical and economical parameters on the general and optimal thermoeconomical performances have
been discussed.

A multi-objective exergy-based optimization through a genetic algorithm method is conducted to study and
improve the performance of shell-and-tube type heat recovery heat exchangers, by considering two key
parameters, such as exergy efficiency and cost by Hajabdollahi et al. [16]. Comparison of a constructal heat
exchanger and normal heat exchanger is analyzed by Manjunath and Kaushik [17] using second law
analysis. Analysis is carried out by considering the three irreversibilities due to heat transfer, pressure drop
and production of the materials and the construction of the heat exchanger. Based on constructal theory,
entropy generation minimization and second law efficiency equations are formulated by Manjunath and
Kaushik [18] for tree-shaped counter flow imbalanced heat exchanger for fully developed laminar and
turbulent fluid flow. Entropy generation number, rational efficiency and effectiveness behavior with respect
to changes in number of pairing levels and different tube length-to-diameter ratios of constructal heat
exchanger are analyzed analytically

For heat exchangers analysis, we use performance criteria based on exergy analysis, known generally as
exergetic efficiency. A yardstick of this type can be used to compare the performance of different types of
production processes with the same form of output and can help in selecting the one with the least exergy
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destruction as provided by Kotas [19]. Exergetic efficiency is also known as rational efficiency or second
law efficiency, in the case of heat exchangers, is defined as the ratio of exergy rate at the outlet of heat
exchanger to that at the inlet of the heat exchanger. Exergetic efficiency gives an indication of the degree of
thermodynamic perfection. The higher values of the exergetic efficiency mean that the heat exchanger
operates closer to ideal processes. In this work equations relating rational efficiency (second law efficiency)
with effectiveness and number of heat transfer units were considered to study the thermal performance of
heat exchangers of different configurations based on exergy analysis. The analysis has been carried out in
two different cases by considering the value of maximum heat capacity rate as hot stream and cold stream
separately. To appreciate the difference between first law and second law analysis, a comparison has been
carried out between effectiveness and rational efficiency. Rational efficiency takes care of all the
irreversibilities occurring in the system in a single closed form expression. Also, second law analysis of
condensers and evaporators is carried out using rational efficiency expressions by considering heat transfer
irreversibility.

Nomenclature

A surface area, m
2

Ac cross-sectional area of tube, m
2

C heat capacity ratio
cp specific heat, j/kg K
D tube diameter, m
.
E exergy rate, W
f friction factor
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s
2

G mass velocity, kg / m
2
s
G* dimensionless mass velocity
h enthalpy, j/kg
.
I irreversibility, W
L tube length, m
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.
m mass flow rate, kg/s
NTU number of heat transfer units
Ns entropy generation number
Nu Nusselt number
P pressure, Pa
Pr Prandtl number
P pressure drop, Pa
R gas constant, j/kg K
Re Reynolds number
gen
.
S entropy generation rate, W/K
St Stanton number
T temperature, K
To reference temperature, K
U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m
2
K

Greek symbols
effectiveness
viscosity, N s/m
2

density, kg/m
3

rational efficiency

Subscripts
c cold stream
h hot stream
in inlet
max maximum
min minimum
out outlet
T heat transfer component only

Superscripts
P pressure exergy component
T heat transfer exergy component

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2. Analysis

Some of the assumptions made while carrying out the analysis are 1. the flow is fully developed, 2. the
pressure drops are mainly due to friction along the straight cross section of the heat exchanger, 3.
neglecting the local pressure drops associated in the joints of tubes, 4. one tube of hot stream is right next to
its counterpart in the cold stream and have excellent thermal contact. 5. The working fluid is assumed to be
ideal gas.

The type of exergetic efficiency called the rational efficiency is defined by Kotas [19] as the ratio of
desired exergy output to exergy used,
used
.
put desiredout
.
E
E
= (1)
put desiredout
.
E is the sum of all exergy transfers from the system, which is regarded as constituting the desired
output, plus any by-product, which is produced by the system. The desired output is determined by
examining the function of the system. used
.
E is the required exergy input for the process to be performed
which can be expressed in terms of irreversibilities as,
.
put desiredout
.
used
.
I E E + =
Alternative form of the rational efficiency can be obtained as,
.
put desiredout
.
put desiredout
.
I E
E
+
= (2)
From the consideration of the heat exchanger, we can consider that the desired exergy output is the increase
of the thermal component of exergy of the cold stream, i.e. [7],
.
T
c
put desiredout
.
E E =
where,
T
in , c
.
T
out , c
.
T
c
.
E E E =
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With reference to equation (1), in which rational efficiency is formulated, we can identify the required
exergy input, used
.
E as,
P
h
.
P
c
.
T
h
.
used
.
E E E E + + =
By using equations (1) and (2), the rational efficiency of the heat exchanger is obtained as,
.
T
c
.
T
c
.
P
h
.
P
c
.
T
h
.
T
c
.
I E
E
E E E
E
+
=
+ +
= (3)
The exergy change of the hot and cold streams can be written with the help of ideal gas relations as follows,
| |
) P / P ln( R T m ) T / T ln( c m T ) T T ( c m
) s s ( T h h m E E
in out o
.
in out P
.
o in out P
.
in out o in out
.
in
.
out
.
+ =
+ =
(4)
The desired exergy output which is the increase of the thermal component of exergy of the cold stream is
obtained by equation (4) as,
( )
(
(
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
=
in , c
out , c
p o in , c out , c
c
p
.
T
c
.
T
T
ln c T T T c m E (5)
The effectiveness expression of heat exchanger is defined as,
) T T ( ) c m (
) T T ( ) c m (
) T T ( ) c m (
) T T ( ) c m (
in , c in , h min P
.
out , h in , h h P
.
in , c in , h min P
.
in , c out , c c P
.
= (6)
The effectiveness and number of heat transfer units (NTU) relationship for counter flow and parallel flow
heat exchangers respectively are given as [20],
) C / C 1 ( NTU
max min
) C / C 1 ( NTU
max min
max min
e ) C / C ( 1
e 1

=
(7)
) C / C ( 1
e 1
max min
) C / C 1 ( NTU
max min
+
=
+
(8)
Expressing the outlet temperature in terms of inlet temperature and effectiveness in equation (5),
( )
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ = 1
T
T
C
C
1 ln T T T
C
C
C E
in , c
in , h
c
min
o in , c in , h
c
min
c
T
c
.
(9)
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Defining the heat capacity rate ratio as,
min
max
C
C
C = (10)
Where, C
max
is the maximum heat capacity and C
min
is minimum heat capacity of the fluids.

Case 1: Considering C
max
=C
h
and C
min
= C
c
,
c
h
C
C
C =
The equation (9) becomes,
( )
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ = 1
T
T
1 ln T T T C E
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
T
c
.
(11)
The irreversibility term in the rational efficiency expression of equation (3) is obtained as product of
entropy generation rate and reference temperature. Expressing entropy generation rate in terms of entropy
generation number from equation (18) which will be defined latter and minimum capacity rate as,
( )
min s o
.
C N T I = (12)
Finally, the rational efficiency is obtained in terms of increase of the thermal component of exergy of the
cold stream and total irreversibility terms by substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (3) as,
( )
( ) ( )
min s o
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
C N T 1
T
T
1 ln T T T C
1
T
T
1 ln T T T C
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
=

(13)
Neglecting pressure drop terms, we are able to derive the rational efficiency defined by heat transfer term
only from equation (13) as follows [7],
(
(
+
(
(
+
=
)
T
T
1 (
C
1
1 ln C ) T / T T / T (
) 1
T
T
( 1 ln ) T / T T / T (
in , h
in , c
o in , c o in , h
in , c
in , h
o in , c o in , h
T

(14)
The entropy generation rate in the heat exchanger is given by Bejan [21] using first and second law
statements as,
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|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
in , h
out , h
h
.
in , c
out , c
c
.
in , h
out , h
h
.
p
in , c
out , c
c
.
p
gen
.
p
p
ln R m
p
p
ln R m
T
T
ln mc
T
T
ln mc S
(15)
Defining entropy generation number by dividing entropy generation by minimum heat capacity rate i.e.
C
min
[21],
min
gen
.
S
C
S
N = (16)
Following the procedure from Bejan [21], consider the total entropy generation number equation (15)
which includes pressure drop irreversibility along with heat transfer irreversibility. With the ideal gas
assumption and assuming the relative pressure drops (P/P) along each stream are sufficiently small and
conductive thermal resistance of the wall which separates fluids is negligible we are having,
in , c
c
in , c
out , c
P
P
P
P
ln

=
|
|
\
|
and
in , h
h
in , h
out , h
P
P
P
P
ln

=
|
|
\
|

Pressure drop expression is given as,
( )
2
* G
D
L 4
f
P
P
=
(17)
Where, ( )
P 2
G
* G
2
= is the dimensionless mass velocity.

Expressing the outlet temperature in terms of inlet temperature and effectiveness using equation (6) and
substituting equation (15), total entropy generation number for flow imbalance heat exchanger of equation
(16) becomes,
( ) ( )
h
2
h , p
c
2
c , p in , h
in , c
in , c
in , h
S
D
L 4
* G f
c
R
C
D
L 4
* G f
c
R
T
T
1
C
1
1 ln C 1
T
T
1 ln N
(
(
+
(
(
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ =
(18)
The first two terms in the above equation represents heat transfer entropy generation number while
third and fourth terms represent pressure drop entropy generation number. As provided in Ordonez and
Bejan [22], the overall thermal resistance is the sum of the resistances of the two sides of the heat
exchanger surface,
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( ) ( )
h c
UA
1
UA
1
UA
1
+ = (19)
Here it is assumed that the resistance to the conduction across the solid wall separating the two streams is
negligible. The NTU is defined as,
min
C
UA
NTU = (20)
Combining with NTU equation (20), the equation (19) becomes,
( ) ( )
h c
NTU
1
NTU
1
NTU
1
+ = (21)
Stanton number is defined as,
G c
U
St
p
=
With the NTU and Stanton number relations, the overall NTU equation (21) for cold and hot streams
becomes as,
( ) ( )
h h
c
h
c
c c
c
St
1
A
A
C
C
St
1
A
A
NTU
1
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
Where A
c
is the cross sectional area and A is the surface area of each tube. Making assumptions that same
type of fluid flows in both the streams and both sides of the streams have same geometrical dimensions, the
above equation becomes,
(
+
=
1 C
C
St
D
L 4
NTU (22)

Case 2: Considering C
max
=C
c
and C
min
= C
h
,
h
c
C
C
C =
The equation (9) becomes,
( )
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ = 1
T
T
C
1
1 ln T T T
C
1
C E
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
T
c
.

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Following the procedure as mentioned in the case 1, we obtain the expressions for rational efficiency,
rational efficiency defined by heat transfer term only and total entropy generation number respectively as
follows,
( )
( ) ( )
min s o
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
in , c
in , h
o in , c in , h c
C N T 1
T
T
C
1
1 ln T T T
C
1
C
1
T
T
C
1
1 ln T T T
C
1
C
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
=

(23)
(
(
+
(
(
+
=
)
T
T
1 ( 1 ln ) T / T T / T (
) 1
T
T
(
C
1
1 ln C ) T / T T / T (
in , h
in , c
o in , c o in , h
in , c
in , h
o in , c o in , h
T

(24)
( ) ( )
h
2
h , p
c
2
c , p in , h
in , c
in , c
in , h
S
D
L 4
* G f
c
R
D
L 4
* G f
c
R
C
T
T
1 1 ln 1
T
T
C
1
1 ln C N
(
(
+
(
(
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ =
(25)

2.1 For fully developed laminar flow in the heat exchanger

In fully developed laminar flow (L/D 100), the heat transfer coefficient is constant, that is, independent of
longitudinal position. The Nusselt number values for fully developed laminar flow for circular duct with
uniform heat flux is equal to 4.364 as provided in Bejan [23]. Heat transfer in heat exchangers frequently
occurs with a constant heat flux. At Pr 0.7 there is very low significant difference between heat transfer
for uniform heat flux and uniform surface temperature cases [20]. The Stanton number can be calculated in
terms of Nusselt number, Reynolds number and Prandtl number as
Pr . Re
Nu
St =
The friction factor expressed in terms of Reynolds number is given as,
Re
16
f =
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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20
21
22
23
24
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
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NTU is related to Stanton number as mentioned earlier in the equation (22). The N
S
equation (18) for the
heat exchanger varies with the L/D ratio through the equation (22) and effectiveness equations for
particular configuration such as counter flow equation (7) and parallel flow equation (8).

2.2 For fully developed turbulent flow in the heat exchanger

In fully developed turbulent flow (L/D60), the Nusselt number expression is given by Dittus-Boelter
equation as [23],
4 . 0 5 / 4
Pr Re 023 . 0 Nu =
The Stanton number is obtained in terms of Nusselt number and Reynolds number as mentioned earlier.
The friction factor is expressed in terms of Reynolds number as,
4 / 1
Re 078 . 0 f

= 2300 < Re < 2 x 10
4

5 / 1
Re 046 . 0 f

= 2 x 10
4
< Re < 10
6

Further, the procedure is followed as mentioned in laminar flow case. Cold stream mass velocity is
calculated by using the given input values of Reynolds number and diameter of the tube as,
D
Re
G
c
=
Hot stream mass velocity is calculated by using capacity ratio as,
c h
G . C G =
These mass velocity values along with the friction factor are used to calculate the pressure drop entropy
generation terms.

2.3 Condenser

In the case of condenser, to define the rational efficiency, the desired exergy output term is taken as
increase of exergy of cold stream and exergy input term is taken as decrease of exergy of hot stream if we
neglect pressure drop terms. In condensation, T
h,in
= T
h,out
(saturation temperature), therefore hot and cold
capacity rate becomes,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
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C
h
= C
max
and C
c
= C
min
.
The capacity ratio becomes,
= = =
c
h
min
max
C
C
C
C
C
Defining the ratio of inlet cold fluid temperature to reference temperature as,
o
in , c
c
T
T
R =

and defining the ratio of inlet hot fluid temperature to reference temperature as,
o
in , h
h
T
T
R =

Following the approximation procedure as provided in Hesselgreaves [24], rational efficiency given by
equation (14) for condenser becomes,
( )
( )
|
|
\
|

(
(
|
|
\
|
+
=
h
c
c h
c
h
c h
T
R
R
1 R R
1
R
R
1 ln R R

(26)
2.4 Evaporator

In the case of evaporator, to define the rational efficiency, the desired exergy output term is taken as
decrease of exergy of hot stream and exergy input term is taken as increase of exergy of cold stream if we
neglect pressure drop terms.
In evaporation, T
c,in
= T
c,out
(saturation temperature), therefore cold and hot capacity rate becomes,
C
c
= C
max
and C
min
= C
h
.
The capacity ratio becomes,
0
C
C
C
C
C
h
c
min
max
= = =
Following the approximation procedure as provided in Hesselgreaves [24], rational efficiency given by
equation (24) for evaporator becomes,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
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42
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|
|
\
|

(
+
=
1
R
R
) R R (
)
R
R
1 ( 1 ln ) R R (
c
h
c h
h
c
c h
T

(27)
The effectiveness and number of heat transfer units (NTU) relationship for condenser and evaporator is
given as [18],
NTU
e 1

= (28)

3. Results and discussion

The input values considered for the analysis as referred from Mohamed [25] are: inlet hot to cold streams
temperature ratio, T
h,in
/T
c,in
= 1.5; inlet hot to cold streams pressure ratio, P
h,in
/P
c,in
= 10; inlet cold stream
temperature, T
c,in
= 300 K; inlet cold stream pressure, P
c,in
= 10
5
Pa; tube length, L = 1 m and taking
reference temperature, T
o
= T
c,in
. The two stream fluids in the heat exchanger are considered as air and its
thermo physical properties are referenced at average temperature from [20]. The analysis is carried out
using EES software [26] and results are generated. Length-to-diameter ratio, L/D for fully developed
laminar flow is varied from 100 to 600 and for fully developed turbulent flow is varied from 60 to 300 [23].
Considering capacity ratio value as 1 and 2, the following results are obtained for different fluid flow types
and heat exchanger configurations.

3.1 Unbalanced heat exchanger analysis using second law efficiency

3.1.1 Counter flow heat exchanger

Figure 1 shows the results of rational efficiency () and rational efficiency defined by heat transfer terms
only (
T
) versus length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) for counter flow (laminar flow) heat exchanger by varying
capacity ratio (C) and for the two cases i.e. for C
max
= C
h
and C
max
= C
c
. As the value of L/D ratio increases,
increases, attains maximum value and then decreases, but
T
increases continuously. This maximum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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22
23
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value of rational efficiency can be used to obtain optimum value of L/D ratio for lower irreversibilities.
Initially, for some value of L/D ratio, the values of

and
T
are same and then onwards the value of
decreases

due to the inclusion of pressure drop irreversibility along with heat transfer irreversibility in the
rational efficiency expression. This provides more realistic second law analysis and we can obtain optimum
value of L/D ratio for lower irreversibilities considered in a single closed form expression. As we increase
the value of C, both and
T
decreases indicating increase in the loss due to imbalance irreversibility. In
the definition of capacity ratio, when C
max
= C
c
, both the values of

and
T
becomes lower when we
compare with C
max
= C
h
. This is because, when C
max
= C
h
, temperature difference of hot stream will be less,
so exergy increase of cold stream will be more and when C
max
= C
c
, temperature difference of hot stream
will be more leading increase of heat transfer irreversibility, so exergy increase of cold stream will be less.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of rational efficiency () and rational efficiency defined by heat transfer terms
only (
T
) versus length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) for counter flow (turbulent flow) heat exchanger by varying
capacity ratio (C). There is increasing, attaining maximum value and then decreasing behavior of for
increase in the value of L/D ratio, but
T
increases continuously. The behavior of

is due to inclusion of
pressure drop irreversibility to the rational efficiency expression which gives more realistic value of
optimum L/D ratio for the lower irreversibilities. In the case of turbulent flow, the value of

is lower
compared to the case of laminar flow. The optimum L/D ratio for maximum

is lower for the case of
turbulent flow compared to laminar flow. As the value of C is increased, after a particular value of L/D
ratio, rational efficiency decreases. This is due to increase of imbalance irreversibility in the case of C = 2.
Same result follows as in laminar flow for the case of capacity rate C
max
= C
h
and C
max
= C
c
. That is when
C
max
= C
c
, both the values of

and
T
becomes lower compared to the case when C
max
= C
h
. The reason for
this behavior is same as mentioned earlier.

3.1.2 Parallel flow heat exchanger

Figure 3 shows the result of rational efficiency () and rational efficiency defined by heat transfer terms
only (
T
) versus length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) for parallel flow (laminar flow) heat exchanger by varying
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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22
23
24
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32
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36
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39
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42
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max
= C
h
and C
max
= C
c
. The behaviors of the curves are
same as counter flow case. But the values of rational efficiency for all the curves are much lower compared
to counter flow case. This is because of lower value of effectiveness in the case of parallel flow compared
to counter flow.

Figure 4 shows the result of rational efficiency () and rational efficiency defined by heat transfer terms
only (
T
) versus length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) for parallel flow (turbulent flow) heat exchanger by varying
max
= C
h
and C
max
= C
c
. Here also, behavior of curves are
same with lower values of rational efficiency as compared to counter flow case except for the case of
rational efficiency () curves when C = 2, which is having same value. This is due to that when C = 2, the
values of pressure drop entropy generation for both the cases are same and it is having higher value
compared to heat transfer entropy generation values.

The reason for this is provided in Bejan [1] and Ratts and Raut [27] that after some particular value of
Reynolds number, the viscous loss increase will be more compared to heat transfer loss. The trade-off
between competing irreversibilities is to determine thermodynamically optimal size or operating regime of
an engineering system, where by optimal we mean the condition in which the system destroys the least
exergy while still performing its fundamental engineering function. In many systems, the various
mechanisms and design features that account for irreversibility compete with one another. In the heat
exchanger, we are having mainly two types of irrversibilities namely, heat transfer and fluid flow
irreversibilities. The relative importance of the two irreversibility mechanisms is described by the
irreversibility distribution ratio, which is defined as the ratio of fluid flow irreversibility versus heat transfer
irreversibility [1].

From the above results and discussion of counter flow and parallel flow heat exchangers, we are able to
compare the second law and first law thermodynamic analysis referring to the values compiled in the table
1. In the case of laminar flow, optimum L/D ratio value corresponding to higher rational efficiency, (for
lower total irreversibilities) is 410 for counter flow and is 280 for parallel flow for the input values
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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27
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29
30
31
32
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36
37
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considered. This optimum value cannot be easily obtained from first law effectiveness result only. This is
because as referred from the table 1, the maximum effectiveness is obtained when the L/D ratio is having
maximum value considerd for the analysis i.e. L/D = 600 for laminar flow. Corresponding to this higher
L/D ratios value, the rational efficiency, will be lower (total irreversibilities will be higher). Same result
is followed for turbulent flow case. In parallel flow configuration, we can observe that the rational
efficiency will be lower compared to counter flow. This is because of lower value of effectiveness in the
case of parallel flow configuration compared to counter flow.

3.2 Condenser and evaporator analysis using second law efficiency

In the analysis, the values for the inlet temperature to reference temperature ratios are considered according
to refrigeration system condenser and evaporator working temperatures.

The behavior of rational efficiency versus effectiveness for the condenser is shown in the figure 5. As the
effectiveness increases, rational efficiency increases. By keeping the value R
c
=1 constant and increasing R
h

value will results in increase of rational efficiency. There is not much difference between the two curves
belonging to R
h
=1.2 and 1.3, because of R
c
value equal to reference temperature. By increasing the value of
R
c
above the reference temperature, rational efficiency increases due to lowering the temperature difference
between the streams which reduces the value of heat transfer entropy generation.

The results of rational efficiency versus NTU for the condenser are shown in the figure 6. As NTU
increases, rational efficiency increases. By keeping the value R
c
=1 as constant and increasing the value of
R
h
, will results in increase of rational efficiency. As we increase the value of R
c
equal to 1.1, the rational
efficiency increases. In this case, as R
h
value is increased, rational efficiency decreases due to increase in
the heat transfer entropy generation resulting from increase of temperature difference between the streams.

Figure 7 shows the behavior of rational efficiency versus effectiveness for the evaporator. As effectiveness
increases, rational efficiency increases. By keeping the value of R
h
constant and decreasing the value of R
c

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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27
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29
30
31
32
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34
35
36
37
38
39
40
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will lead to decrease of rational efficiency. This is due to increase of heat transfer entropy generation
number due to increase of temperature difference between the streams. As the value of R
h
decreases, the
value of rational efficiency increases. This is because of decrease of temperature difference between the
streams.

The variation of rational efficiency with NTU is shown in the figure 8. As NTU increases, the value of
rational efficiency increases. Here also by keeping the value of R
h
constant and reducing the value of R
c

will decrease rational efficiency. As the value of R
h
decreases, rational efficiency increases due to reduction
in temperature difference between the streams.

4. Conclusions

The following conclusions can be obtained by the exergy analysis of unbalanced heat exchangers.

a. The total rational efficiency which also includes the irreversibility due to pressure drop is having
lower value as compared to rational efficiency defined by heat transfer term only and having
increasing trend, attaining maximum value and then showing decreasing behavior. This value of
maximum second law efficiency gives more realistic optimum value of length-to-diameter ratio
for lower value of all the irreversibilities. This value of length-to-diameter ratio is having lower
value in the case of turbulent flow as compared to the laminar flow.
b. As we increase the value of heat capacity ratio, the second law efficiency decreases because of the
addition of imbalance irreversibility. But in the first law analysis, from the result of effectiveness
versus number of heat transfer units (NTU), as the value of capacity ratio increases, the value of
effectiveness also increases.
c. In both the types of laminar and turbulent flows, the behavior of both the total rational efficiency
and rational efficiency defined by heat transfer term only will be having higher value when the
maximum capacity rate considered is equal to hot stream capacity rate as compared to cold stream
capacity rate case.
1
2
3
4
5
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22
23
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31
32
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d. By having all the irreversibilties combined in a single closed form expression, second law
thermodynamic analysis of heat exchanger provides realistic optimum values of different
parameters such as geometrical dimensions, working condition like changing heat capacity ratio
and fluid flow type i.e. laminar and turbulent flows for fully developed fluid flow as compared to
first law thermodynamic analysis.
e. Compared to counter flow, parallel flow heat exchanger is having lower values of rational
efficiency. This is due to the lower value of effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger. But in
the case of turbulent flow when heat capacity ratio is equal to 2, the total rational efficiency is
having same value as counter flow heat exchanger because of having same higher value of
pressure drop entropy generation compared to heat transfer entropy generation. That is, when
imbalance between the fluid flow streams is more, then the second law efficiency is same for both
counter flow and parallel flow heat exchangers.
f. In condenser, by keeping condensing temperature constant and increasing the cold stream
temperature, the rational efficiency increases. This is because of less exergy loss between the
streams due to reduction in temperature difference between the two streams.
g. As we decrease the condensing temperature, the rational efficiency decreases if cold stream
temperature is equal to reference temperature.
h. In evaporator, by keeping evaporating temperature constant and increasing the hot stream
temperature, the rational efficiency decreases. This is due to increase in the temperature difference
between the streams which leads to more exergy loss.
i. As we decrease the evaporating temperature, the rational efficiency decreases.

The above results are beneficial for the thermal design of heat exchangers based on exergy analysis.

References

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F
o
r

R
e
v
i
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w

O
n
l
y
100 200 300 400 500 600
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
L/D

, ,, ,

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
Laminar flow (Counter Flow)
(C=1) (C=1)

T
(C=2)[C
max
=C
h
]
T
(C=2)[C
max
=C
h
]

T
(C=1)
T
(C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]

Figure 1 Rational efficiency and rational efficiency defined
by heat transfer terms only versus length-to-diameter ratio for
laminar flow (counter flow) heat exchanger for different
values of capacity ratio, C and for two cases, Cmax = Ch and
Cmax = Cc.

100 200 300 400 500 600
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
L/D

, ,, ,

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
Turbulent flow (Counter flow)
(C=1) (C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]

T
(C=1)
T
(C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]

turbulent flow (counter flow) heat exchanger for different
Cmax = Cc.

100 200 300 400 500 600
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
L/D

, ,, ,

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
Laminar flow (Parallel Flow)
(C=1) (C=1)

T
(C=2)[C
max
=C
h
]
T
(C=2)[C
max
=C
h
]

T
(C=1)
T
(C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]

laminar flow (parallel flow) heat exchanger for different
Cmax = Cc.

100 200 300 400 500 600
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
L/D

, ,, ,

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
Turbulent flow (Parallel flow)
(C=1) (C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
h
]

T
(C=1)
T
(C=1)

T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
T
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]
(C=2) [C
max
=C
c
] (C=2) [C
max
=C
c
]

turbulent flow (parallel flow) heat exchanger for different
Cmax = Cc.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

T
R
c
=1, R
h
=1.2 R
c
=1, R
h
=1.2
Condenser
R
c
=1, R
h
=1.3 R
c
=1, R
h
=1.3
R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.2 R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.2
R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.3 R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.3

Figure 5 Rational efficiency versus effectiveness of
condenser for different values of inlet temperature to
reference temperature ratios.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NTU

T
Condenser
R
c
=1, R
h
=1.2 R
c
=1, R
h
=1.2
R
c
=1, R
h
=1.3 R
c
=1, R
h
=1.3
R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.2 R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.2
R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.3 R
c
=1.1,R
h
=1.3

Figure 6 Rational efficiency versus NTU of condenser for
different values of inlet temperature to reference temperature
ratios.

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2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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F
o
r

R
e
v
i
e
w

O
n
l
y
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

T
R
c
=0.9, R
h
=1 R
c
=0.9, R
h
=1
Evaporator
R
c
=0.8, R
h
=1 R
c
=0.8, R
h
=1
R
c
=0.8, R
h
=0.9 R
c
=0.8, R
h
=0.9
R
c
=0.7, R
h
=0.9 R
c
=0.7, R
h
=0.9

Figure 7 Rational efficiency versus effectiveness of
evaporator for different values of inlet temperature to
reference temperature ratios.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
NTU

T
R
c
=0.9, R
h
=1 R
c
=0.9, R
h
=1
Evaporator
R
c
=0.8, R
h
=1 R
c
=0.8, R
h
=1
R
c
=0.8, R
h
=0.9 R
c
=0.8, R
h
=0.9
R
c
=0.7, R
h
=0.9 R
c
=0.7, R
h
=0.9

Figure 8 Rational efficiency versus NTU of evaporator for
different values of inlet temperature to reference temperature
ratios.

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12
13
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F
o
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R
e
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O
n
l
y
Table 1 Comparison of second law and first law thermodynamic analysis of counter flow and parallel flow heat exchangers.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
L/D ratio Rational efficiency, (%) Effectiveness, Remarks

Counter Parallel Counter Parallel Counter Parallel
flow flow flow flow flow flow
_______________________________________________________________________________________
For laminar flow
410 280 64 45 0.9 0.65 Optimum L/D ratio
100 100 41 38 0.6 0.54 Minimum L/D ratio
600 600 59 39 0.95 0.65 Maximum L/D ratio
For turbulent flow
100 80 30 25 0.55 0.45 Optimum L/D ratio
60 60 23 20 0.4 0.37 Minimum L/D ratio
300 300 10 6 0.85 0.65 Maximum L/D ratio
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(Capacity ratio, C = 2)

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Second Law Efficiencyanalysis

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Second Law Efficiencyanalysis

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F

= is the dimensionless mass velocity.

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