RESULT

1. Effect on conductivity and salinity level towards changes in concentration of KCl.

Concetration of KCl (M) Conductivity Salinity level
0.005(0.3725 g/L) 750 0.50
0.01 (0.7461 g/L) 1300 0.90
0.05 (3.3743 g/L) 6000 3.80
Table 4.1 : Concuctivity on different concentration and salinity level of KCl

2. Effects on conductivity and salinity level towards changes in temperature.

Temperature (C) Conductivity Salinity level
25 1300 0.90
29 1220 0.90
30 1480 1.00
35 1600 1.00
40 1700 1.00
Table 4.2 : Conductivity and salinity level on different temperature of KCl



























DISCUSSION


1. Change of molarity towards the changes of conductivity.



Graph 1
Graph 1 shows the conductivity versus the concentration of KCl (Molar). The graph of a
linear gradient obtained with the value, 116986 and the y-intercept, 148.63. Conductivity
increases as the KCl concentration increased. This situation occurs because the conductivity
is influenced by the concentrations of ions present in solution. If the concentration of KCl
increases, directly, the concentration of ions K
+
and Cl
-
is also increased. The presence of
these ions can increase the flow of electricity, thus increasing conductivity.


2. Change of temperature towards change of conductivity.

y = 116986x + 148.63
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

(

m
h
o
s
/
c
m
)


Molarity (M)

Graph 2
Graph 2 shows the conductivity of the0.01 M KCl concentration versus temperature .Graf also be
obtained with a linear gradient, 0.0071 and y-intercept, 0.7335. From the graph, conductivity is
directly proportional to the temperature. Rising temperatures are causing the conductivity to
increase. This situation can occur because of an increase in temperature will directly increase the
kinetic energy acquired by the ions K
+
and Cl
-
. High kinetic energy causes the frequency of collisions
between the ions will increase. High frequency of the collision increase the effectiveness of K
+
ions
and Cl
_
to flow the electric current, thus increasing conductivity.

QUESTION
a) Why the content of KCl in 0746 g per liter of distilled water is 0:01 M?

Relative molecular mass KCl = 39.1 + 35.5
= 74.6 g/mol
0.746 g KCl in 1 liter distilled water =
1L
1
g/mol 74.6
g 0.746

= 0.01 mol/L

b) Sketch a graph of conductivity as the y-axis and length of river (km) as x-axis. River is the
most upstream position. Explain why.


y = 0.0071x + 0.7335
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

(

m
h
o
s
/
c
m
)

Temperature ( C)


















Kekonduksian, y
(mhos/cm)


Panjang sungai, x (km)
Titik tepu
Theoretically, conductivity is influenced by the amount of solid or dissolved materials that are
soluble in water or solvent. If the "Total Dissolved Solids"
(TDS) is high, then this directly led to an increase in the conductivity. As shown in the figure above,
when the river water flows from upstream, the river length, X = 0, the conductivity is very small and
can be 0 or omitted because normally, the upper reaches of the river water is clean and does not
contain TDS. The increase of conductivity is due to the TDS in the water when the river water flowing
toward the downstream direction. Water flow has been settled and dissolving the contaminated
material and organic material to the flow of electric current. Thus, the conductivity will increase if
there is a flow of electric current. While heading to the river downstream, there are many sources of
waste that pollutes the water by residential, industrial and sewage raised the TDS in the water flow.
Adsorption of contaminants into the river water will stop the value of the conductivity will remain
constant when the water was saturated with contaminated material, or TDS. This situation can be
seen in the figure is at the saturation point. After the saturation point, the conductivity becomes
constant. The value of the saturation point is not always the same. At different temperatures, the
saturation point will also change. If the temperature gets higher, the degree of saturation increases.
The increase in temperature will promote the leaching of contaminants into the river.
















5.2 ERRORS

Among the errors that were detected during the experiments carried out:
1. The mass weighing process for different KCl Molarity is less accurate than the mass required.
2. When KCl is poured into a 1L beaker, there is waste or residual left in the container. This has led to
diversion of obtaining the actual Molarity.
3. Instability indicators SCT tools make it difficult reading for the conductivity, salinity and
temperature made.
4. The scale used by the SCT tool is also difficult for accurate reading is obtained. Expectations or
estimates are made.



5.3 RECOMMENDATION

1. Weighing process is made with caution and care necessary for the actual mass is found.
2. Containers used to fill the KCl are rinsed with water after KCl is poured into the beaker. This is
important to ensure that all KCl was dissolved in the beaker.
3. Reading is repeated to a certain frequency and the average value is used. Repetition of data
acquisition and use of the average value will enable more accurate value to be obtained.





6.0 Conclusion

The value of water conductivity is influenced by the concentrations of ions and temperature.
Increase in concentrations of ions and temperature causes an increase in the conductivity. Water
samples containing many contaminants will have a lot of TDS, thus increasing conductivity.