Introduction to the feasibility study

This feasibility study report relates to BAMA FARMS, a subsidiary of BAMA

INNOVATIONS LIMITED, which was established on 29th December, 2005 for the
purpose of carrying on the business of farming, general contractors and merchandising. The
Farm was set up in December 2005 and is sited at Afero illage, about ! "m off #agos$%pe
%&pressway in %pe #ocal 'o(ernment of #agos )tate, *igeria. The Farm is an integrated
farm and is engaged in the following agricultural sectors+ ,oultry, ,iggery, Fishery, snailery,
grasscutter rearing, rabbitry, crop production and de(elopment and processing and storage
units.
The Farm plans to e&pand its present capacity of !"!!! layers birds" !!"!!! fish" #!!
$i%s" #!! snails" &#! rabbits" #!! %rasscutters and (ast land for oil $al' culti(ation and
$rocessin%" rice $roduction and $rocessin% and fruit )uice $roduction*
The purpose of this report is to help management raise "!+,",+"!!! naira -about .S
dollar , 'illion/ in loan to help finance the e&pansion. The Farm intends to be a ma-or
producer of chic"en, eggs, pigs, fish, rice and fruit -uice.
This business plan was compiled by .A/A FA0/) /anagement team led by ,rince 12ale
3ye"oya, 4%3, and assisted by /r.5ehinde 3ladega of /53 4onsulting 6/anagement 7
Ta& %&perts8 during 9uly$August 2009.
The location of the farm predisposes it to many agricultural opportunities especially in terms
of mar"et outlets, input sources, networ"ing among sta"eholders in the agricultural sector
and infrastructure de(elopments. .ama farms *igeria limited proposes to e&pand an e&isting
integrated farm in terms of infrastructural de(elopment and (enturing into other sectors of
agriculture.
0* The pro-ect is situated on a !!!1acre land with only :00 acres fully de(eloped. The
optimal use of the land with en(ironmental consideration especially in the area of farm waste
disposal and water effluent will be of priority in the de(elopment of physical structures such
as pens for the li(estoc", fishponds, farm office; house, processing unit, cold room,
slaughtering slab, power; generator house etc.
%pe is located in the %astern part of #agos )tate where (ast agricultural acti(ities
abound. <t shares boundary with <-ebu $ 3de 6a ma-or city in 3gun )tate8 to the east, A-ah ;
#e""i a&is to the west, Atlantic 3cean 6with towns; beaches such as %le"o, A"odo etc8 to the
south and lagoons with many smaller towns such as 5etu, <toi"in etc to the north.
<n terms of infrastructural de(elopment, the road networ" in and around %pe is
considered ade=uate for agricultural acti(ities intended to embar" upon. The ! "m road off
#agos > %pe %&pressway that leads to the farm site will only be motorable all year round
when rehabilitated. The present condition of the road to the farm off the e&pressway will
:
ma"e the e(acuation of farm products and supply of inputs (ery difficult at certain period of
the year if not rehabilitated.
Ade=uate pro(ision has to be made for power generation with the procurement of an
additional industrial generator for the farm to compliment the e&isting one because the
electricity from the mains at the pro-ect site is not a(ailable.
%pe and its en(ironment are generally agrarian, a(ailability of farm labour and
agricultural based resources; raw materials ; inputs for the farm are relati(ely a(ailable all
year round. For e&ample, in %pe di(ision of #agos )tate, where %pe is a principal town, are
to be found readily traditional artisan fishermen 6who ha(e mastered the fishing and needs
little empowerment to perfect the art of fish farming8, small and medium scale cassa(a;
mai?e producers and processors for the supply of feed ingredients among others. The
location of the farm also predisposes it to e&tension ser(ices, agricultural and (eterinary
personnel all year round.
0*+ 4limatically, though there are no records for %pe itself but the data a(ailable for <toi"in
6which is in the same geographical ?one with %pe8 re(ealed that rainfall duration
commencing from /arch and ending in 3ctober co(ered about 2@0 days. The mean annual
rainfall ho(ers between :A50mm and 2:50mm while the mean annual ma&imum and
minimum temperature is !0.24 and 2!.5 4 respecti(ely. After a careful analysis of the
weather characteristics, and the e&amination of the climatic re=uirements of the proposed
agricultural sectors to be e&panded and embar"ed upon, it is opined that the location is
climatically adapted for the pro-ect
0*& <n terms of security and safety of the personnel and materials, more security personnel
for day and night would be employed in addition to the e&isting ones while the farm
managers and labourers would be on site throughout the day. <n addition to this, the farm
would be de(eloped in such a way that the entire operation area would be completely fenced
with two entrances+ one to the outside and the other one to the farmhouse ; labour line.
0*0 <t is in attempt to fully ma&imi?e the resources a(ailable to the pro-ect that Ba'a Far's
has re=uested the ser(ices of a team of agricultural consultants to e(aluate technically the
suitability and (iability or otherwise of the possible units for de(elopment and; or e&pansion,
and determine the funding arrangement for the pro-ect.
The consultants loo"ed into the proposed de(elopment programmes putting into
perspecti(e the suitability of the intended agricultural operation to the geographical area,
mar"etability of the products and a(ailability of wor"force and other input re=uirements.
3(erall, the pro-ect intends to be established o(er the initial :$year de(elopment period.
2
0*# The operational principle of the farm would be based on the 2ero E'ission Research
Initiati(e -2ERI/" which is one of the foundations of organic farming. Thus, waste from the
li(estoc" units in form of organic manure will be used for crop production.
This approach is preferred in order to align the farm to the global challenges of organic
farming.
0*3 0ecord "eeping is an essential component of commercial agriculture. The records to be
"ept on the farm should be detailed, reliable, and up$to$date. 0ecords pro(ide information
for determining growth rate, feed efficiency, culling of unproducti(e animals, selection of
breeding stoc", determining costs and returns on in(estment. Two main types of records are
to be "ept, namely, financial and production records. The financial records ta"e care of
monetary transactions while production records ta"e care of the identification, stoc" position,
breeding, production performance etc.
0*, 9ob creation and employment abound in the farm, as this will create opportunities for the
dwellers in and around the farm to be fully engaged either casually or permanently. )ince
most of the dwellers are practising farmers in all the sectors, which .ama Farms intends to
e&plore, the dwellers will ha(e the opportunities of wor"ing in a different farming settlement
that has all the technologically impro(ed farming tools and e=uipment at their disposal. This
gesture will pro(ide employment for appro&imately #!! people in the s"illed, semi$s"illed
and uns"illed labour mar"et.
Bouths in the area will also be fully engaged.
!
&*! THE PROJECT
&* BRIEF DES4RI5TION OF 5RO6E4T
BAMA FARMS is one of the principal industrial scale farming enterprises in #agos
)tate, )outh$2est *igeria, and is the subsidiary of BAMA INNOVATIONS LIMITED
6pro-ect sponsors8 who are acti(ely in(ol(ed in the management of the farm. <t started
operated in December 2005 by ac=uiring a suitable farmland of about !!! acres at
AFERO (illa%e, about ! "m off #agos %pe %&pressway %pe #ocal go(ernment #agos
state *igeria. The farm is a leading producer of poultry 6chic"en8, eggs, fish, pigs,
snails, rabbits, and grasscutters, among others. 3nly about @0C of the farmland is
currently under culti(ation. To ta"e ad(antage of its leading position it had de(eloped,
the farm is implementing an e&pansion plan in #agos )tate to bring incremental land
into production and increase the supply of li(estoc", fish, rice etc.
3n the basis of analysis of the e&isting enterprises at .ama Farms and the a(ailable
farm facilities, a need has been determined for the e&pansion of some farming
enterprises and the introduction of new ones, in order to cope with e(er$increasing
mar"et demand.
<t is has been proposed to +
6a8 establish D0 nos. concrete fish ponds in addition to the e&isting !0 nos. earthen pondsE
6b8 e&pand the si?e of the pig farm by procuring :,000 piglets for increased production, in
addition to the present population of 500 pigsE
6c8 establish a 200 breeding grasscutter farmE
6d8 establish a D0,000 snail capacity farm by procuring additional :,000 initial stoc"E
6e8 establish a DD 0abbitry farm for breedingE
6f8 e&pand the poultry farm by procuring additional
50,000 day$old chic"s for egg productionE
:0,000 day$old chic"s for broiler productionE
:0,000 day$old chic"s for coc"erel productionE
procure : unit of hatchery Eand
procure : unit of Feed mill plantE
6g8 establish a bee farm to cost 250,000 nairaE
6h8 establish a rice farm of 500 hectares with 5 nos. millsE
6i8 culti(ate a new 20 hectare oil palm plantationE
6-8 culti(ate a new 5 hectare pineapple plantationE and
6"8 build a new slaughtering and storage facility64oldroom8.
This increased scale of farming operation will impro(e sales and increase profits, pro(ide
employment for teeming Bouth and the whole pro-ect will significantly substitute imports.

0*! S5ONSORS7I5" MANA8EMENT AND TE47NI4AL ASSISTAN4E
0*! 7istory and Business of s$onsors9 .ama Farms is a subsidiary enterprise of .ama <nno(ations
#imited, which was established on 29th December 2005 for the purpose of carrying on the business
of farming, general contractors and merchandising. The farm was set up in December 2005 and is
@
sited at Afero illage, about !"m off #agos > %pe %&pressway in %pe #ocal 'o(ernment of #agos
)tate, )outh > 2est *igeria.
The farm is planning to grow from small$scale to medium$scaleE it is an integrated farm engaged in
the following agricultural enterprises+ poultry, piggery, fishery, oil$palm plantation and cassa(a
farming.
The financial performance of the farm for the past three years > 200D, 200A and 200F ha(e been
impre!ssi(e 6see appendi& ...8. The farm is being managed by e&perienced farm manager with a crop
of dedicated wor"force. The staff are being regularly trained to cope with e(er$ increasing daily
challenges on the farm. /anagement proposed to result additional personnel for the proposed
pro-ect.
0*!+ 5ro$osed Mana%e'ent Arran%e'ents
The farm planned to recruit a general manager who would co$ordinate entire operations and staff of
the farm for efficiency proper e&ecution of tas"s assigned.
The farm is presently being managed by a farm manager > /r. ............... Gis curriculum (itae is
included in the appendices. The 4(s of other management staff are also included in the appendices.
0*!& Descri$tion of Technical arran%e'ents and na'es and curriculu' (itae of Mana%ers
4urrently, the farm ma"es use of technical ser(ices from the #agos )tate Agricultural De(elopment
Authority and other consulting agricultural e&perts on e(ery area of the farm business operations.
<n the area of mar"eting, the farm has established lin"s with wholesalers of the farm products.
Through (arious established distribution centres. The farm plans to establish sound accounting and
internal controls to ensure efficient and internal controls to ensure efficient management of its
financial resources.
#*! MAR:ET AND SALES
#*! Basic 'ar;et orientation9 There is a (ast mar"et for all the products of the farm. The farm is
located in the state with a population that is not less than :F /illion people. arious people including
small farm holders and organi?ations patroni?e the farm daily for the farm products.
The products are pac"aged to meet national and internal standards. Arrangements are underway to
mar"et the products aboard especially 'hana and the H)A where there is shortage of poultry
products.
#*!+ 5ro)ected $roduction (olu'es" unit $rices" sales ob)ecti(es" and 'ar;et share of the $ro$osed
$ro)ects9 see pro-ected income statement in the appendices. 3ur sales ob-ecti(es include selling
products directly to all patrons, both retailers and wholesalers. The farm has a place for retail sales.
,roducts are sold at competiti(e prices too. 2ith the proposed e&pansion plans, the farm is set to be a
dominant player in the sector.
#*!& 5otential .sers of 5roducts and Distribution channels to be used9 %(erybody needs food to
sustain life. )o people, young and old, come to buy the farm products.
5
2ith good access roads around the farm especially the #agos$%pe %&pressway, the farm is able to
mo(e its products to the cosmopolitan areas of #agos and en(irons.
,lans are underway to supply the farm products especially poultry products to established
restaurants, eateries and fast food supermar"ets which are now growing (ery rapidly due to
urbani?ation.
Farm products and inputs li"e day$old chic"s are being procured from large farms li"e Iartech farms,
4hi farms, among others. The products are of high =uality, high yielding, sustainable and reliable
means.
<n terms of competitions, there are similar farms around our farm but they are no threats at all. 3ur
products =uality and prices ma"e than compete fa(ourably with others.
#*!0 2e are aware of future competition and because we "now that product inno(ation ma"es the product
to dominate the mar"et, we want to continue to impro(e our products and ser(ices =uality. .ecause
of peopleJs preferences and choices that is why we want to e&pand to produce (arious .rands of the
same product for e&ample poultry spent layers, broilers and coc"erels which meet peopleJs different
tastes.
#*!# There is a tariff protection and import restriction on poultry products, for e&ample. This has created a
huge mar"et potential for the product, among others.
#*!3 4ritical factors that deter'ine 'ar;et $otential9
$ ,henomenal growth in the number of fast food centres, restaurants and eateries in the
metropolis of #agos.
$ <ncreasing awareness about safe and healthy food productsE
$ 0estrictions on imports
3*! TE47NI4AL FEASIBILIT<" MAN5O=ER" RA= MATERIAL RESO.R4ES" AND
ENVIRONMENT9
3*! Brief descri$tion of 'anufacturin% $rocess9 The farm produces li(estoc"s and other farm
products.
,roducts are reared to maturity. Different products ha(e different maturity periods. Gowe(er, most of
the products are always a(ailable for sale.
3*!+ 4o''ents on s$ecial technical co'$le>ities and need for ;no?1ho? and s$ecial s;ills9 %(ery
farm product and e=uipment re=uires some form of technical s"ills. 2here there are special
comple&ities, that farm has a(ailable technical manpower and sometimes ma"es use of consultants
from outside. For e&ample, the farm has charts for (accination and other periodic e&ercises. <n case
of disease outbrea"s, the farm has put in place, the proceeding to be followed by the rele(ant staff.
3*!& 5ossible su$$liers of e@ui$'ent9 There are numerous suppliers of farm e=uipment in *igeria. /ost
of than ha(e their offices in #agos and are within reach.
D
3*!0 A(ailability of 'an$o?er and infrastructure facilities9 $ The location of the farm is (ery strategic.
All categories of manpower are within the reach of the farm. The lin"ing roads are motorable and are
constantly being impro(ed upon. The farm is near the #agos$%pe %&pressway. The farm is in a
ri(erine area, so water supply is no problem.
.ecause of the e&pansion programme there is need for more borehole for constant water supply.
arious means of communications are a(ailable > e$mail and telephone especially. ,ower supply is a
challenge. %lectricity supply is not reliable. )o we run on generator. 2e planned to get higher
capacity generator > :505A.
3*!# Brea;do?n of $ro)ected o$eratin% cost9 )ee pro-ected income statements in the appendices.
3*!3 Source" cost and @uality of ra? 'aterial su$$ly and relation ?ith su$$ort industries9 $ arious
farm inputs and materials are pro(ided by go(ernment agencies and leading agro$allied companies at
good =uality and competiti(e prices.
3*!, There are no i'$ort restrictions on re@uired ra? 'aterials*
3*!A 5ro$osed $lant location in relation to su$$liers" 'ar;ets" infrastructure and 'an$o?er9 $ The
proposed farm pro-ects are to be sited within the farm which is =uite accessible to suppliers,
mar"eters and manpower.
3*!B 5ro$osed $lant siCe9 The farm is growing from small to medium$si?e. There are few medium$si?e in
the area.
3*! 5otential en(iron'ental issues and ho? those issues are addressed9 $ There are no serious
en(ironmental issues on the farm. Gowe(er, any en(ironmental and ad(erse social impacts can be
a(oided or mitigated by adhering to en(ironmental protection laws and regulations of the state
6#A)%,A8 and generally recogni?ed performance standards and guidelines.
,*! INVESTMENT RED.IREMENTS" 5RO6E4T FINAN4IN8 AND RET.RNS9
,*! Esti'ate of total $ro)ect cost9
S/no. Proposed Project Capital
Working
Capital TOTAL TOTAL
Expenditre !A"RA#$%%%& !A"RA#$%%%& 'S (OLLAR
!A"RA#$%%%& #$%%%&
1 Fishery/Aquaculture 9,150.020 14,533.200 23,683.220 $157.888
2 Piggery Far 95,601.450 313,650.000 409,251.450 $2,728.343
3 !rasscutter Pr"#ucti"$ 2,407.200 3,813.000 6,220.200 $41.468
A
4 %$ail Pr"#ucti"$ 514.800 261.800 776.600 $5.177
5 &a''it Pr"#ucti"$ 1,364.165 617.840 1,982.005 $13.213
6a P"ultry()ayer *ir#s 227,674.700 67,920.000 295,594.700 $1,970.631
6' P"ultry(*r"iler *ir#s 40,800.000 3,591.900 44,391.900 $295.946
6c P"ultry(+"c,erel *ir#s 40,800.000 3,591.900 44,391.900 $295.946
6# P"ultry(-atchery 119.235 119.235 $0.795
6e P"ultry .ee# /la$t 5,250.000 2,250.000 7,500.000 $50.000
7 *ee,ee/i$g 250.000 250.000 $1.667
8 &ice 0ill 91,579.400 46,695.000 138,274.400 $921.829
9 1il Pal Pla$tati"$ 1,858.000 970.200 2,828.200 $18.855
10 Pi$ea//le Pla$tati"$ 2,602.500 215.250 2,817.750 $18.785
11
+"l#r""/%t"rage
Facility 15,000.000 15,000.000 $100.000
12 P"2er ge$erat"r 10,000.000 10,000.000 $66.667
TOTAL )**+,-..*-% *)/+..%.%,% .+%%0+%/..)1% 1+1/-.2.%
,*!+ 5ro$osed financial structure9
The entire pro-ect cost is to be sourced from one source, through long$term loan.
O3erall in3est4ent plan is as 5ollo6s78
"te4 !aira 'S (ollars
+a/ital 34/e$#iture 544,971 $3,633.143
5"r,i$g +a/ital 458,110 $3,054.067
9rand total .+%%0+%/2 :1+1/-.2.%
T;e o3erall <inancing plan is as 5ollo6s7
"te4 !aira 'S (ollars
Purchase ". )a$# 0.000 $0.000
LOA! 1,003,081.560 $6,687.210
9rand total .+%%0+%/..)1% :-+-.1.%.2
,*!& Ty$e of IF4 Financin%9 #ong$term loan amounting to :.0!: billion naira 6H)KA.A /illion8
,*!0 5ro)ected financial state'ent1 see a$$endices*
,*!# 4ritical factors deter'inin% $rofitability9
$ 0egular; constant power supply. Ade=uate pro(ision is being made for alternati(e power
supply by procuring bigger si?e generator of si?e :505A.
$ ,rice stability
$ 4ontrol of disease outbrea"
F
A*! 8OVERNMENT S.55ORT E RE8.LATIONS
A*! Ni%eria is basically an a%rarian econo'y*
'o(ernment economic de(elopment and in(estment programmes include pro(iding land and farm
inputs at fair prices.
A*!+ S$ecific %o(ern'ent incenti(es and su$$ort a(ailable to $ro)ect9
$ Ta& holidays for first three years.
$ %&port incenti(es for e&port products.
A*!& E>$ected contribution of $ro)ect to econo'ic de(elo$'ent
The farmJs growth and de(elopment of the pro-ect will achie(e the following impacts+
6i8 E'$loy'ent9 $ .ama farmJs e&pansion plan is e&pected to boost employment and create
stable wor" positions in the rural areas where a significant portion of the population,
especially the teeming youth, is either unemployed or underemployedE
6ii8 Far'erFs lin;a%es9 $ <ndi(idual farmers and small groups of farmers would deri(e a lot of
benefits from the farmE
6iii8 SME de(elo$'ent9 $ .ama farmJs operations result in significant opportunities to supply
goods and ser(ices from a large number of small and medium si?e enterprises.
6i(8 Food safety and @uality 'ana%e'ent syste's9 $ The farm is aware of the need to impro(e
its food safety and =uality management systems in (iew of an increasingly demanding retail
sectorE
6(8 4li'ate chan%eG Rene?able E cleaner ener%y9 $ Although currently pig manure is used
entirely as fertili?er in the farm, with <F4Js assistance, .ama farms will e&plore the
possibility of capturing methane emissions from pig manure to produce biogasE
6(i8 Financial trans$arencyG cor$orate %o(ernance9 The 'roup will li"e to benefit from <F4Js
in(ol(ement to impro(e transparency through independent audited financial statements and
streamline organi?ation and management systems.
A*!0 There are no go(ernment regulations on e&change controls and conditions of capital entry and
repatriationE
B*! TIMETABLE ENVISA8ED FOR 5RO6E4T 5RE5ARATION AND 4OM5LETION9 The
timetable for the (arious farming enterprises is already laid out. <mplementation depends on the
a(ailability of funds.
/eanwhile, arrangement ha(e been made with land sur(eyors and ha(e concluded all arrangements
of the mapping of the (arious farmlands for specific farming enterprises. The sur(ey plan is included
in the appendices.
Arrangements is also on to inter(iew and determine suitable candidates for the (arious employment
opportunities in the enlarged farms operations.
9
The contact details of the "ey persons dealing with the proposal are as follow+
Mr* :ehinde Olade%a$/anaging 4onsultant, /53 4onsulting
3ffice address+ D, 4o"er road, <lupe-u, #agos, )outh$west *igeria.
/obile phone+ L2!@F02A2F:099
e$mail + "ehindeoladegaMyahoo.com
3*! FIS7ERIES G AD.A4.LT.RE 5ROD.4TION AND 5RO4ESSIN8
3* INTROD.4TION
:0
Fishery;A=uaculture is the rearing of a=uatic organisms in enclosed water bodies such as
ponds, dams, cages, pens and a=uariums. A=uaculture, as a term, is not limited to fish
farming alone, but co(ers the culturing of any organism in a=uatic habitat. Fish culture
therefore has its aim as the rational and -udicious rearing of fish including, notably, the
control of growth and breading.
*igeria with a population of o(er 0! 'illion people has her national fish demand at
o(er *# 'illion metric tons per annum. The current annual a=uaculture production is
about +#"!!! metric tons. These, combined with e(er$decreasing catch 6due to o(er$
e&ploitation8 from the captured fisheries, ha(e not been able to meet the e(er > increasing
protein demand of the country. /ore o(er, the con(ersion rate of feed to flesh is high in
fish compared with other li(estoc"E all these coupled with the high prices of fresh fish in
the mar"et and e(er$a(ailable mar"et for fresh fish ma"es the fish farming a rewarding
(enture for any intending in(estor.
The reason for de(eloping a fishing pro-ect on the farm is primarily because of the
e&istence of ma-or mar"ets in #agos )tate and other ma-or cities such as <-ebu > 3de,
which are within the reach of the farm by road in less than between 20 minutes and 2 :;2
hours. The pro-ect site, that is, %pe is also a well$ "nown fishing community.
0ecent study on catfish indicated that there is demand greater that the supply for catfish,
and where the price is right, regular demand on a continual basis can be guaranteed.
<n addition to this, the rates of de(elopments of #e""i $%pe a&is pro-ect site within the last
! years ma"e it economically and en(ironmentally safe to de(elop agricultural enterprise
as mar"et is emerging and e&panding by the day.
3*+ T<5ES OF FIS7 5ONDS
A pond is a water body usually contained by earthen or concrete wall which can be easily
emptied but through which water does not necessarily flow. Fish culture is principally
practised in ponds. <t permits the super(ision of, and regulation of, reproduction, feeding,
=uantitati(e growth and control of the si?e of fish, as well as, the stoc"ing and
maintenance of the ponds instead of lea(ing it to the nature. 3f different types or methods
of intensi(e fish farm a(ailable, theFlow- Through is considered ahead of others
because it is relati(ely easy to manage and operate, less dependent on constant supply of
electricity and well adaptable to the *igeria farming system.
3*& TAR8ET FIS7
The target fish for production is catfish, which is clarias %arie$inus. 4atfish is "nown to
sur(i(e better that most species under unfa(ourable conditions. <t depends on wide range
::
of food items, both plant and animal organisms. 0esearch findings ha(e also shown that
they can be raised on commercial ; artificial feeds and domestic wastes. Fecundity
6fertility8 is up to !0,000 eggs per spawn. The fry 6small ones8 also sur(i(es better when
compared to species such as tilapia. The growth rate is fast and under a (ery sound
management, they can reach the weight of more than *!;% within # months of stoc"ing.
enturing into the production of other fish type by the farm in future is a function of
factors such as the change in the taste of the people, mar"et re=uirements, and scientific
brea"through in their production practices for increased profits and so on.
3*0 FIS7 FEED AND FIN8ERLIN8S
)ince the cost of feed usually ta"es about 50C of the total running cost of a fish farm, the
farm produces product its own feed in order to cut down cost and ensure good feed =uality.
A hatchery comple& is proposed for the unit in order to ensure all$year$ round a(ailability
of fingerlings.
3*# MODE OF O5ERATION
The fish farm will ha(e a hatching section 6hatchery8 for the production of fingerlings as
stated abo(e. The de(elopment of the hatchery will go simultaneously with the first cycle
of production in the concrete ponds. This is because of the high proficiency re=uirements
for the fingerlings production.
The stoc"ing of and output from the concrete fishponds will be designed in such a way that
will allow bi$monthly off$ta"e from the farm. <t is with this in mind that the production
ponds on the farm is compartmentali?ed into si& of 5 ponds each, such that their stoc"ing
can be done si& times on bi$monthly basis in a year. <n order words, J off seasonJ syndrome
would be limited from the fish farm thus the labour and other resources would be e(enly
utili?ed throughout the year and output could be easily anticipated and planned for. The
management system to be employed on the farm would ensure that the production cycle of
each # $ond1 co'$art'ent does not e&ceed # months.
3*3 SO.R4E OF =ATER FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT
The water to be used for the concrete ponds will be abstracted from the
borehole6underground tan"8 to be de(eloped on the farm. The water from this source is
considered ade=uate, in terms of =uantity, to meet the fisheries unit re=uirement all year
round. <f need be howe(er, a separate borehole can be de(eloped for the concrete ponds in
future. ,ending the water analysis from the earlier study in the area (ery close to the site
indicated that the water from the borehole would be of good =uality for the intended.
3*, SO.R4E OF 5O=ER FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT
The pro(ision of electricity supply to the fisheries unit would be from the industrial
generator, which will also ser(e the entire farm comple&. This is considered satisfactory to
:2
ser(e the need of the unit especially in the area of electricity supply for breeding wor"s
such as for o&ygen administration and so on.
3*A ESSENTIAL MATERIALS FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT
The followings are the components of the plant, machinery, e=uipment and tools on the
unit+
)torage tan"s
2ater pumps
5ni(es, cutlasses, etc
2heel barrows
Thermometers, obser(ation bowl, scoop nets, hoses, etc.
3*B =ATER DIS5OSAL
The nearness of the farm to a non$seasonal stream and swamps is a ma-or ad(antage, as
e&cess water and other li=uid discharge from the farm would not constitute menace or
danger to the farm it self, as well as, to the neighbours.
3*! 5ERSONNEL RED.IREMENTS
The day$to$day management of the farm will be the responsibility of Fish /anager who
would not ha(e les than A years post =ualification e&perience in fisheries management.
Ge ;)he is e&pected to reside in the farmhouse located within the farm comple&. Two
super(isors with minimum re=uirement of 3*D in general agriculture will assist the fish
/anager. %ight 6F8 attendants would be engaged to carry out menial -obs in the Hnit.
3* MANA8EMENT 5RA4TI4ES
<n order to sustain a friendly en(ironment for intensi(e fish production, the water =uality
and all its physico$chemical parameters shall be maintained at optimum le(el for fish
growth. As a matter of principle, the fishery unit will be stoc"ing only -u(enile and sorting
to be carried out a wee" after.
This ensures that e(en si?es of fish are stoc"ed together while the shooters are remo(ed.
This practice reduces cannibalism and competition amongst the fishes where the big fishes
would eat first, lea(ing little or nothing to the smaller ones. The recommended stoc"ing
ratio for the farm is !! fish per s=uare meter. This stoc"ing density is considered
technically and financially manageable in line with the a(ailable resources on the farm.
Test$cropping is to be carried out e(ery wee" in the first month of stoc"ing and thereafter
less fre=uently, usually forth nightly.
<n the first wee" of stoc"ing, the fishes usually acclimati?e to their new en(ironment and
their food consumption rate is usually low at this time. Feeding would, therefore be gi(en
:!
to the fish gradually to a(oid food wastage and water pollution, which could in turn result
to contamination and e(entually lead to high mortality rate in the fishes.
The water would be replaced more fre=uently especially in the first three wee"s of stoc"ing
on order to ensure that aeration is ade=uate. Thereafter, the rate of water change is
recommended to be twice a wee" but this is also sub-ect to the rate of pond water
fertili?ation where there is algae bloomE water change can be more regular. Turbid,
greenish patches on the pond surface, un$consumed feed rising to the water surface and
e(en at the pond bottom, foam on the water, foul smell are all signs of water pollution and
would, as a matter of policy of the farm, be a(oided as much as possible.
3*+ 5RESENT STAT.S OF T7E FIS7EER< .NIT
,resently, there are 50 numbers earthen ponds of si?e !0 by D0J roughly :A5s=. meters each
with a population of about :00,000 fishes. The fishes are doing fine and the demand is (ery
high.
There is also a hatchery, which currently produces :0,000 fingerlings and 5,000 -u(eniles.
3*& 5RO5OSED 5LAN FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT -DESI8N 4ON4E5T/
The dominant acti(ities of the fishery unit are commercial catfish and fingerling production.
<n addition to the e&isting &! earthen fish ponds of roughly ,# metre s=uare each in si?e
on the a(erage, the fishery will de(elop concrete fish ponds as part of her e&pansion
acti(ities. The concrete fishponds will occupy a land area of roughly 0 plots for the
construction of 3! concrete ponds of 5 & 2 & :.2m each 6:2 nos. of 5 ponds compartment8
in which clarias will be cultured. The new hatchery section will occupy a space of about
one plot.
Table -a/ ESTIMATED 4A5ITAL EH5ENDIT.RE9 FIS7 5ONDS - FLO=1
T7RO.87/ - 3! NOS* OF #M H +M H *+M/
SGN ITEM DT<
RED.IRED
.NIT 4OST
NAIRA
TOTAL 4OST
NAIRA
: 4ement F00 bags 2,000 :,D00,000
2 )harps sands @0 tipper loads F,500 !@0,000
! 'ra(el. 20 tipper loads :A,000 !@0,000
@ 9JJ .loc" :0,000 units :20 :,200,000
5 2ater proof cement D0 bags 550 !!,000
D )oft sand 20 tipper loads :0,000 200,000
A 2JJ ,4 pipe @0 lengths :,000 @0,000
F 2JJ %lbow -oint A0 units 950 DD,500
9 2JJ Air (al(e A0 units 950 DD,500
:0 2JJ Adaptor A0 units A50 52,500
:@
:: Tangit gum 6big si?e8 :2 units F50 :0,200
:2 ,utty and yarn #ump $ :2,000
:! :JJ ,4 pipe :00 lengths 500 50,000
:@ :JJ %lbow A0 units 250 :A,500
:5 :JJ T$-uncture A0 units 250 :A,500
:D :JJ 'ate (al(e A0 units 250 :A,500
:A 3ther plumbing materials #ump $ @0,000
:F Gatchery de(elopment #ump $ !,000,000
:94hic"en wire gau?e;net !0 bundles !,500 :05,000
20 2&2 1J plan"s D00 pieces 250 :50,000
2: Tie rods D00 pieces A5 @5,000
22 *ails #ump $ 5,000
2! #abour for carpentry,
plumbing and
bric"laying -obs
D00,000
2@ 4ontingencies 6:0C8 A9D,F20
TOTAL A",3#"!+!
Table -b/
OT7ER MATERIALS E ED.I5MENT NAIRA
.owls, buc"ets and sie(es !0,000
*et for sorting 7 har(esting 20,000
)cales 6D nos8 6:0"g, 50"g 7 :50"g8 :20,000
:,000 'allon storage tan" 6@8 A0,000
,elleti?er and grinder ::0,000
/iscellaneous 6:0C8 !5,000
S.B TOTAL &A#"!!!
TOTAL 4A5ITAL EH5ENDIT.RE FOR FIS7ERIES I B"#!"!+! Naira
Table + -a/ ESTIMATED =OR:IN8 4A5ITAL FOR ONE 5ROD.4TION 4<4LE
-MAHIM.M OF 3 MONT7S D.RATION/ OF 3! NOS* -#M H +M H *+M/ FLO=1
T7RO.87 FIS7 5ONDS
SGN ITEM G
MATERIAL DT< RED.IRED
.NIT
4OST IN
NAIRA
TOTAL4
OST IN
NAIRA
: 4larias -u(enile DD,0006:,:00pieces;pond8 20 :,!20,000
2 Feed+
a8 4oppens
b8 4ompounded
feed.
2@0 bags 6@ bags;pond8
@F,000"g 6F00"g;pond8
@,500
:50
:,0F0,000
A,200,000
! Fuelling D,000litres at
:5
re=uirement appro&imately 20 liter
;wee"
D5 !90,000
@ Drugs #ump $ D0,000
5 Appropriated salary
and wages for
6Farm /anager,
#abourers and
)ecurity ser(ices8
Table ! 6#ump8
$
!,:50,000
D /aintenance and
repairs
#ump $ :2,000
A :0C contingencies :,!2:,000
TOTAL 0"#&&"+!!
Table + -b/ ESTIMATED REVEN.E FROM A #15OND 4OM5ARTMENT
Maturity $eriodI 3 'onths -'a>i'u'/
A(erage weight at har(est 0.F5"g
%stimated har(estable clarias at :0C loss 59,@00 pieces
Gar(ested clarias in "g 50,@90"g
4urrent mar"et price of clarias in "g !F0 naira
E>$ected re(enue fro' #!"0B!;% clarias B"A3"+!!

'i(en two production cycles in a year, )ales becomes :9,:FD,200&2
This gi(es a total of &A"&,+"0!!Naira.
3*0 FINANA4IAL 5LAN
A total sum of B"#!"!+! naira would be needed for the capital e&penditure while the
recurrent e&penditure to start a :2 units of 5 > pond compartment and run it for one
production cycle will cost 0"#&&"+!! for the fishery unit of the farm.
The capital e&penditure cost is to be written off o(er a period of ten 6:08 years.
Table & DE5RE4IATION S47ED.LE FOR 5ONDSGED.I5MENT
Ite's Dty
.nit
(alue
in
Naira
Life
s$an
-yr/
De$re
ciatio
n rate
5ro)ect
sal(a%e
(alueGunit
in Naira
<early
de$reciatio
n
in Naira
Fishponds D0 D5,000 :0 :0C 5,909 !5@,5@D
)cales D #ump 5 20C :0,000 20,000
,elletiser
7'rinder
2 55,000 5 20C 9,:DA :F,!!!
2ater storage @ !5,000 :0 :0C :,59: :!,!D@
:D
tan"
*ets, plastic
bowl etc
arious #ump 2 50C $ !5,000
Total 00"+0&
Table 0 SIM5LIFIED -ESTIMATED/ 5ROFIT AND LOSS A44O.NT FOR &<EARS
<ear <ear + <ear &
5ro)ected re(enue fro'9
:. )ales of table$si?e clarias
2. )ales of fingerlings
NAIRA
!F,!A2,@00
:,000,000
NAIRA
@2,209,D@0
:,:00,000
NAIRA
@D,@!0,D0@
:,2:0,000
Total Re(enue-a/

&B"&,+"0!! 0&"&!B"30! 0,"30!"3!0
-b/Less cost of
$roduction9
:. 4larias
2. Fingerling
29,0DD,@00
@00,000
!:,9A!,0@0
@@0,000
!5,:A0,!@@
@F@,000
Total-a1b/ +B"033"0!! &+"0&"!0! &#"3#0"&00
5rofitGLoss B"B!3"!!! !"AB3"3!! "BA3"+3!
3*0* Assu'$tions9
:. The Gatchery section of the fisheries unit will be the source of fingerlings apart from the
first production cycle when fingerlings will be gotten from outside the farm. This will
considerably bring down the cost of production.
2. <t is also assumed that the price per "ilogram of clarias will stabili?e within the ne&t three
years because of the influ& of the people into the farming.
!. The cost per fingerling produced by the hatchery is put at ! naira.
@. )ales prices and cost of production ha(e been assumed to increase at :0C per annum.
3*0*+ 4onclusion and reco''endation for fishery unit
:A
.ased on the simple financial and technical analysis abo(e and for the fact catfish is well
accepted in the western part of *igeria where the farm is located the pro-ect is technically,
socially and economically feasible it is therefore recommended for e&ecution.
,*! 5I88ER< FARM
:F
,* 5resent Status
,resently, there is a piggery farm with a population of #!! pigs comprising of breeders,
weaners;growers and fatteners.
There are three piggery ,ens each measuring D0 by !0 feet with different number of rooms.
%ach of the buildings;,ens ser(es as .reeding pen, 2eaners;'rowers ,ens and
Fattening;Animals for mar"et ,en respecti(ely.
'al(ani?ed /etal ,oles will be used as pillars for the pen and Asbestos roofing sheets will
be used. 2atering and feeding Troughs will be constructed within each room.
,*+ 5ro$osed 5roduction 5lan
The ,iggery Farm proposed to e&pand to a larger farm. The Farm will stoc" :,000 piglets,
which will grow to produce more pigs for sale. Two months old piglets will be procured
from well$established suppliers at a cost of D,000 naira each gi(ing a total cost of D,000,000
naira. The ,iggery farm will be established on a land measuring 5 acres of land.
The cost of feeds for the piggery farm is estimated at :D0 naira per "g. Throughout the
analysis period, it has been assumed that the feeds for the pigs will ha(e to be mi&ed at the
farm. )ince a lot of rice is being grown and milled in the farm area and many more
agricultural acti(ities are ta"ing place in the area, obtaining raw materials for the feeds is
(ery feasible as this has been the practice presently.
<t is estimated that each sow will produce :0 piglets and F piglets are e&pected to sur(i(e to
weaning age. After the growing period of :F months, the piggery will be selling D,F00 pigs at
:90 naira per "g. A carcass of a pig at si& months age is estimated to weigh !5 "gs.Gence,
gross income that will be reali?ed e(ery D months is @5,220,000 naira.
,*& 5i%%ery 7ouse
The farm will construct :0 bloc"s. The first 5 bloc"s will ha(e :00 fattening pens while the
second fi(e pens will ha(e :00 farrowing pens plus 20 boar pens.
%ach pen will measure @ & D feet. Gence, the first 5 bloc"s will measure @00 & D feet and the
second 5 bloc"s will measure @F0 & D feet. There will be one central store and office
measuring :20 & D feet and should be attached to the first 5 bloc"s. There will be a labour
line made of 5 units of @ rooms, : room for the /anager, : room for the )uper(isors and the
store staff, : room for the Accounts Assistants and the )alesmen and : room for others. The
pro-ect will construct a disposable pit measuring :0&@ & ! feet. To each piggery house there
will be a urine collection facility measuring 2&2&2 feet and made of concrete. The perimeter
fence will measure 5 acres. The piggery buildings are estimated to cost FD,D0:,@50 naira as
per the bill of =uantities gi(en in anne&ure2.
The ,iggery house is labour intensi(e. The farm will employ 2: employees to include :
Farm /anager, 2 )uper(isors, : )tore 3fficer, 2 )tore Assistants, 2 Accounts Assistants, 2
)alesmen, :0 Farm Attendants and : )ecurity 'uard. Their monthly wage bill is estimated at
525,000 naira.
%ach .uilding will ha(e its separate feed and other production materials store and an office
for the Farm Attendant and /anager. All necessary bio$security measures will be ensured
during construction.
:9
,*0 In(est'ent 5rofitability Analysis
,*0* Notes and Assu'$tions
The assumed opportunity cost is :FC
All the feeds will be mi&ed at the farm
Bear0, in the piggery pro-ect is made of :F months, which represents the growing period
before sale of pigs start.
The mar"et$selling price of D months old pig is estimated at :90 naira per "g and the
weight of carcass is assumed to be !0"gs.
A mortality rate of 5C of the pigs purchased has been assumed.
%ach sow has been assumed to produce F piglets.
The analysis period is :0 years considered to ha(e ade=uate to assess the in(estment.
,*# Viability Indicators
a/ Net 5resent Value -N5V/
The *, of a pro-ect is defined as the (alue obtained by discounting separately for each
yearE the cash net flows accruing throughout the life of the pro-ect at a fi&ed predetermined
interest rate .<n this pro-ect, :FC ha(e been used. The *et ,resent alue of the ,iggery
pro-ect is @0,5:D,9DAnaira. )ince the *, is positi(e, the pro-ect is (iable and hence worth
underta"ing for in(estment.
b/ Internal Rate of Return -IRR/
The <00 is the discount rate at which the present (alue cash inflows are e=ual to the present
(alue cash outflows and the *, is ?ero. The <00 indicates the actual profit rate of the total
in(estment outlay.
<t also indicates the ma&imum loan interest rate that could be paid without creating any
losses for the pro-ect. The <00 for the ,iggery is 2!C. )ince <00 for the pro-ect is higher
than the discount rate 6which is also the opportunity rate8 pro-ect is (iable.
"n3est4ent Strctre 5or Pigger= Enterprise
Ta>le )7 Capital expenditre
20
"te4 A4ont8!A"RA
)a$# 0
*uil#i$gs 86,601,450
Purchase ". 2 "$ths /iglets 6,000,000
Fur$iture a$# .ar t""ls 1,500,000
Prelii$ary a$# Pre("/erati6e 1,500,000
Total Capital Expenditre ,)+1%.+*)%
5"r,i$g ca/ital 313,650,000
Total in3est4ent *%,+2).+*)%
Working Capital Pro3ision
Ta>le 17 Working Capital
"te4 Co3er ?ont;s
A4ont8
!A"RA
Fee#s 18 306,000,000
)a'"ur +"sts 18 3,150,000
7rugs a$# 8acci$ati"$ 18 1,800,000
1ther e4/e$ses 18 2,700,000
Total Working Capital 0.0+1)%+%%%
Capital cost 5or Pigger= Hoses
Ta>le
-#a&.ST
@LOCA
2:
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC RATE8!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 *l"c,s ( 15,000 120 1,800,000
2 %".t sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 170 12,000 2,040,000
3 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 110 17,000 1,870,000
4 0etallic /i/e 10.t Pcs 120 8,000 960,000
5 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 180 17,000 3,060,000
6 +ee$t *ags 800 2,000 1,600,000
7 2""# 4:44: Pcs 120 7,500 900,000
8 ;r"$ sheets Pcs 200 1,700 340,000
9 <ails =gs 1250 2,000 2,500,000
10 0iscella$e"us ( ( ( 500,000
11 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,000,000
S>
Total ./+)-%+%%%
Ta>le -
#>& 2!(
@LOCA
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC RATE8!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 *l"c,s ( 16,000 120 1,920,000
2 %".t sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 200 12,000 2,400,000
3 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 140 17,000 2,380,000
4 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 180 17,000 3,060,000
5 +ee$t *ags 950 2,000 1,900,000
6 0etallic /i/es Pcs 2500 8,000 20,000,000
7 5""# Pcs 1100 7,500 8,250,000
8 ;r"$ sheets Pcs 280 1,700 476,000
22
9 <ails =gs 1400 2000 2,800,000
10 &ei$."rcee$t 'ars Pcs 60 10,500 630,000
11 0iscella$e"us ( ( ( 500,000
12 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,400,000
S>
Total *-+-.1+%%%
LA@O'R
L"!E #.)
x -4&7
All the
c"sts as
i$ 3
a'"6e 12,672,700

7is/"sa'le /it >341.541? @
34ca6ati"$
0%%+%%%

<ence #) Acres& D o5 t;e costs in La=er >irds
)+**1+2)%
Site Clearance
)%%+%%%
All costs as a>o3e .+0,1+)%%
Ta>le /7S44ar= o5
capital cost
Pigger= Project !A"RA
1st *l"c, 18,570,000
2$# *l"c, 47,716,000
)a'"ur )i$e 12,672,700
7is/"sa'le Pit 300,000
9"ilet 1,396,500
Fe$ce 5,446,250
%ite +leara$ce 500,000
Total /1+1%.+*)%
,*3 5roduction $ara'eters for the $i%%ery enter$rise
Assuming 5 C mortality rate, the pro-ect shall remain with B#! pigs.
<f :0 of these are boars and that the rest are sows that produce each F piglets.
This gi(es a total of F5&FN 3"A!! piglets.
<f the pro-ect is to sell at si& month and assuming, each pig is &# "gs and each "g sells at :90
naira.
2!
This gi(es 0#"++!"!!! naira per si& months.
,*, Mar;et As$ects
2ith pig production on a large scale, there are se(eral options to mar"et the products.
O )elling piglets at two months old to other farmers either for breeding or
fattening.
O )elling young pigs usually at the age pf si& months for por".
O )elling adult pigs for bacon
O )elling cull pigs after useful producti(e life.
Hnder this pro-ect, the main sale option will be selling off si&$month pigs for por".
,rospecti(e buyers can collect the pigs from the farm gate or arrangements can be made with
farm management to deli(er the pigs to them using the deli(ery (an. The demand for por" in
and around #agos )tate is =uite high.

A*! 8RASS4.TTER 5ROD.4TION15RO5OSED 5RO6E4T
The grass$cutter or cane$ rat, Thryonomys swinderianus T., which is also called cutting
grass, is a rodent from the wild but found to do well in capti(ity. 'rass cutters are hea(ily
built animals with rounded mu??le, small round ears, short tail and bristly fur. They ha(e a
peculiar bristle$tail, which readily fractures near the base when sei?ed which is of
2@
tremendous protecti(e (alue. The colour of the fur is dar" brown, spec"led with yellow or
gray abo(e and butter white bellow. The total body length Phead to end of the tailQ ranged
from !5 to D0 cm and itJs tail length ranges from A to 25 cm.
A* Econo'ic i'$ortance of 8rasscutter
:. The meat has high carcass =uality and protein le(el is comparable to that of poultry.
2. The neat tastes well and highly relished.
!. Their is no "nown religious discrimination against grass$cutter meat and no
competition with man for food.
@. )ource of income to farmers.
5. )ource of employment.
D. 'rass$cutter re=uires minimal capital outlay, thus can ser(e as considerable
income earner for peri$urban or rural li(estoc" farmer.
A*+ Site Selection
<n selecting sites where grass > cutter can be raised, the following points must be put into
consideration+
A*+* 7ousin%
'rass$cuter, li"e reared under shade and could be of (arious types. Gowe(er, for the purpose
of this sur(ey, the :, 2 or ! tier cage type is recommended. <t is usually made up of slab cage
of dimension 55cm & D0cm &55cm per pen with a small opening of 20cm & 20cm made at
bottom of the partitioning between the compartments. The cage can be constructed by
placing slabs and doors made of welded wire gau?e all round. <f wood is used, it must be
reinforced with iron. 0oofing of the house should be made of asbestos sheet on top of thic"
plywood.
A*+*+ Sourcin% for Stoc;s
'rass$cutter for rearing should be obtained from already established farm where the record
of the performance of the parents can be obtained from already established farm where the
record of the performance of the parents can be obtained.
A*+*& Breedin%
'rass > cutter, li"e all animals, breeding is simulated to towards the raining season because
there many lush grasses abound. As such, the young ones will ha(e feed and the mother too
can ha(e enough feed to be able to carry pregnancy to terms. Also, the raining season
signifies low atmospheric temperature and fecundity is high during the period. Gowe(er,
when the animals are in capti(ity, they ha(e unrestricted access to feed all the time and
breeding ta"es place all tear round. The reproduction is always conducted in polygamous
grouping+ four females to a male. )er(icing ta"es place when the female is on heat and the
mating process induces o(ulation in the female.
A*+*0 Feedin%
25
The grass >cutters are herbi(orous -ust li"e rabbits and can therefore feed on (arieties of
grass. )pecifically, elephant grass stems are fa(oured but lea(es and other grasses may be
included in the dry season when grasses are lignified. )ugar cane can also be gi(en but this
should not be must since they will ha(e problems with theirs teeth when ta"en in large
=uantity. /atured green paw$paw, carrot and fruits that are not too soft are also highly
relished. 'liricidia sepium, stylosanthes, 'uinea grass, giant star grass, mai?e stem, mai?e
stem, rice stal"s etc can also be fed to the grass$cutters.
<n general, the grasses should be cut and wilted in the sun for 2@ hours before being fed to
grass$cutters on the second day.
Su$$le'ent ?ith concentrates9
0abbit pellets and growers mash with :5$:FC crude protein as well as agro$industrial by
products such as mai?e discard or processes feed and )oya bean ca"e can also be fed to the
grass > cutter.
Boung grass$cutters consume between :0$50g concentrates with :0$:50g of forage per day
while adult consumes :00$200g concentrates with 250$@00g of forage.
A*+*# 7ealth 4are
Gigh le(el of sanitation must be obser(ed at the farm in order to reduce the incidence of
diseases in feed against coccidiosis. De$worming of grass$cutter e(ery ! months must be
done as at when due. 2indy area should be a(oided to pre(ent pneumonia while coccidiostat
can be administeredE green and dried paw$paw or regular anthelmintic is ad(ised. Gowe(er,
(eterinary personal can be contacted in case of disease such as enteroto&aemia,
staphylococaemia and pneumonia.
A*& De(elo$'ent Breedin% and Re$roduction
'rass > cutters reproduce all year$round and a healthy female is matured for breeding
acti(ity by the age of D months upwards. 3ne male 6F months upward8 can mate with four
females during their heat period and the females show recepti(ity by wagging their tails at
the approach of the male. The gestation period is about :52 days 6fi(e months8.
Gow to "now when they are pregnant+ Bou obser(e that h (ul(a in the (agina is close
6sealed8 with a membrane two months after mating.
A*0 5rocessin% and 'ar;etin%
'rass$cutter meat constitutes an important food or many Africans and is greatly appreciated
in western and central African. At full maturity. 'rass$cutter weights an a(erage of 9"g. <t is
obser(ed to be a good source of lean meat, ha(ing low cholesterols content because it stored
its fat mainly around the intestines, lea(ing relati(ely little in he muscles. The nutritional
(alue of its meat is comparable to that of the best beef, por" and muttonE it is, in fact higher
in some cases, hardly e(er lower. The demand for grass > cutter meat is so large that it is not
being met. /ar"ets for it already e&ist o(er much of Africa. Apart from the money that can
be reali?ed from the sale, it is one of those rose rare animals that e almost wholly edibleE
most of its parts can be eaten 6smo"ed8 the only e&ceptions being the claws and pattlet of
2D
faces and fur 6which are used in traditional medicine8. Their stomach and gut contents are
also used to fla(our food, while the pancreas is belie(e to be rich n insulin, which can be
used to produce a drug used in curing diabetes.
A*# Econo'ics of 8rass14utter 5roduction
The e&pected re(enue abo(e is based on -ust production cycle of the females. Hnder a sound
management practice, a female grass > cutter can reproduce D times in her lifetime before
culling. The a(erage weigh of a mature home > raised grass > cutter is @$A"g. The a(erage
"illing > out 6dressed carcass8 is D@ percent. 4ost of weaners 6pre$breeders8 at 900$:200g
and 2:;2 to 5 months age ranges between *@, 000 and *A, 000. An adult grass > cutter ::;2
to 2 years weighing 5$D"g sells for between *A, 000 and *9, 000.
The scale of operation for this particular pro-ect is considered medium to large scale. The
presentation abo(e highlighted the fi&ed capital re=uirement for the establish'ent of a +!!
breedin% %rass1cutter far' at ratio of @0 doe to :0 buc;s*
Table B 8RASS14.TTER 7O.SE
MATERIALS
DT<
RED.IRED
.NIT4OST
-NAIRA/
TOTAL 4OST
1NAIRA
DJJ (ibrated .loc" @,000 :00 @00,000
4ement :F0bags 200 !D0,000
)harp sand F tipper loads :A,000 :!D,000
'ra(el @ tipper loads :A,000 DF,000
)oft sand @ double load :0,000 @0,000
2indow frame F nos :,500 :2,000
2indow F pcs 2,000 :D,000
0oofing sheets
6asbestos8
:9D nos :,A00 !2D,@00
R inch iron rods A2 length :,200 FD,@00
#abour+
.ric"layer
4arpentry
2elder
#ump
#ump
#ump
#ump
D0,000
!@0,000
:F0,000
F0,000
2ood
2S & 2S
2S & !S
2S & @S
:D0 nos
F0 nos
:D0 nos
220
!50
550
!5,200
!:,200
FF,000
*ails F bags @,500 !D,000
Feeding troughs :2F nos @50 5A,D00
2atering troughs :2F nos @50 5A,D00
8rand Total +"0!,"+!!
2A
Table! ESTIMATED =OR:IN8 4A5ITAL 5ROVISION NAIRA
a8 Stoc;in%
@0 families 6< male 7 ! females8 M*!5,000 ; family :,@00,000
b/ Feedin%
:D tons of compounded feed per annum M *@0;"g :,2F@,000
c8 Dru%s E Medication :20,000
d8 =a%es For A Attendants M*F0,000;/th @F0, 000
e8 Trans$ort of ani'als for stoc;in% :D0, 000
f8 /iscellaneous %&penses !D9,000
TOTAL &"A&"!!!
Table 9 E>$ected annual $rofit
/aturity period N D months
%&pected population at sale is B3!off$ springsN 2@0 families
)ale M *!5,000 per family N2@0&!5,000N F,@00,000naira
TOTAL N A"0!!"!!! NAIRA
EH5E4TED ANN.AL 5ROFITI NA"0!!"!!!1N&"A&"!!!IN0"#A,"!!!
Table +9 In(est'ent Structure Naira
* %stimated 4apital %&penditure > 'rass$4utter Gouse 2,@0A,200
+* %stimated 2or"ing 4apital 6D months8 $ !,F:!,000
TOTAL 3"++!"+!!
B*! SNAIL 5ROD.4TION15RO5OSED 5RO6E4T
)nail farming or horticulture can be described as the rearing of snail. The farmer does not
focus on -ust pic"ing snails from the eating but the actual domestication of snails in order to
snails to eat on a regular basis and for sale. ,ro(iding a pseudo > forest en(ironment that
loo"s li"e the natural habitat that supports the growth of snails.
The snails are shelled animals, which are referred to as in(ertebrates and can be classified
into the a large group phylum > molusca 6shelled8.
2F
The snails are hermaphrodite, though they do not self >fertili?er but reproduce by
simultaneous e&change of sperms. The snails is di(ided into 2 parts 6shell and body8. The
snail body consists of foot, head, eye tentacles and mouth 6which consist of shars teeth li"e
structures called radula8
B* Econo'ic I'$ortance of Snail Rearin%
:. There is no competition with man for food
2. Feeding materials are cheap and easy to come by as snail utili?es "itchen lefto(ers,
crop residues, peels etc.
!. )nail farming can be combined with other farming acti(ities as well as ser(ice of
regular employment.
@. )nail rearing is a source of foreign e&change earning
5. <t brings additional income into the family.
D. All members of the household can handle snail farming women and children
inclusi(e.
A. li=uid from snails and it s meat can be used in treating a (ariety of diseases such as
heart attac", anemia, asthma, poor eyesight, restoration of (irility and fertility,
reduction in labour pains, stoppage of e&cess bleeding during labour in women,
reduction of hemorrhoids and constipation. These =ualities in snail could be
adduced to the fact that it has low sodium, fat and cholesterols as well as high
amount of protein, iron and calcium.
B*+ Ty$es of Snails reared in South =estern Ni%eria
:. Archachatina 'ar%inata or bi% blac; snails -I%bin A$innu/9 <t has se(en whorls
at adult stage with hard ad sharp end. The colour of the shell is dar" grey.
2. Achatina achatina or %iant land snails -Ila;o/9 The strea" on the shell is (ery
distinct and parallel with a pointed end. The colour is dar"er than archachatina
margina.
!. Achatina fulica -Ila;ose/9 <t has A whorls but lighter shell colour than the 2
pre(ious ones 6polymorphism8.
@. #imocolaria spp 6<pere8+ This type is not always recommended for fearing
B*& Site Selection
The selection of sited for snails must be done with the special attention to the
following+
:. =ind s$eed and direction+ The snailery must be sited in areas where there is
(egetation co(er or trees to reduce the impact of wind. )nails would loose moisture
when e&posed to high wind on e&posed land.
2. Soil characteristics+ The soil must be rich loamy soil or rich topsoil with high
calcium content since the snail re=uires calcium for shell formation. The soil must
to be sandy which is loose with low water holding capacity or clayey which may be
29
compact or waterlogged depending on the pre(ailing season. *ote that any soil that
can be used to plant (egetables is ideal for soils.
!. Te'$erature and hu'idity9 the temperature range for rearing snails ranges
between 25$29 degree centigrade and relati(e humidity of A5C. < order to ha(e this
temperature range, snailery should be sited under trees or forest with dense
(egetable co(er.
B*0 7ousin%
The housing system is what is referred to as a snailery+ The housing system can be+
Intensi(e91 2here the snails are housed in hutches or bo&es or trenches and are not
allowed mo(ing out. Feed, water and mineral supplements are gi(en to them inside the
hutches.
Se'i1intensi(e+$ )nails are put in a fenced area outside while small feeds are gi(en
once in a while.
E>tensi(e91 )nails are put in a fenced area outside with no feed gi(en. The farmer
only goes into har(est yearly.
The types of housing system a farmer adopts for rearing depends on the scale of farming
enterprise. The housing 1/H)TJ$ be escape proof since snails always wanted to escape.
$ 5eep predators out
$ Allow easy access to tend the snails.
The types of housing recommended for this pro-ect is a paddoc" pen of :00m & :00m. This
is a rectangular pen built with timber with a wire netting or nylon erected in a large area. The
walls of a paddoc" should be about 50ccm and dug at least :5cm into the ground. Gori?ontal
wooden frames are attached to top of the fence co(ered with mesh. This is to pre(ent the
snails from escaping plants, which pro(ide shelter or are a source of food should be planted
e.g. cocoyam, pawpaw, banana, oil palm, fluted pump"in, sweet potatoes 6wild (ariety8, fig
etc. the floor of the house should be cemented in an area prone to soldier ants attac".

B*# Selection of Foundation Stoc;
)nails can be sourced by gathering wild snails from the bush, buying from those who gather
wild snails from the bush or buying from established heliculturists. The snails to be selected
for starting a snailery must show the following traits+
: %dible portion must fill their shells to the brim.
2 Acti(e and healthy snails.
! )e&ual matured medium si?e of :50$250g and which can produce eggs son after
stoc"ing.
@ /ust not ha(e wounds or cuts or dis$colourations of fleshy parts
5 /ust not ha(e bro"en shell.
D Boung snails must be used for purpose of egg laying
B*3 Breedin% Mana%e'ent
!0
)nails are hermaphrodite they do not self fertili?e 6e&pect for Achatina spp8 but e&change
sperms snails can be stoc"ed but ne(er: or 2 snails.
B*, Stoc;
F$:0 mature snails per s=uare meter especially marginata but more for Achatina spp, which is
between :F$25 snails. )nails can li(e up to A$F years under fa(ourable en(ironment
condition a condition and good feeding. As snail continues to grow old, the production rate
will be decreasing. Initial stoc; of "!!! snails ?ill be $rocured at a cost of ,# naira each
'a;in% ,#"!!! naira in total*
B*A Mulchin%
/ulching of the sailor is (ery important in order to reduce moisture loss from the snails.
/ulching pro(ide a cool and dar" en(ironment for growth. 2ilted plantain and cocoa lea(es
can be used as mulching materials.
B*B E%% Layin% G 7atchin%
The snails start laying at :0 months 6se&ual maturity8. The snails open up the soil to a depth
of 2 $:5 cm and lay in there and close the hole. %ggs laid by adult can be collected and
arranged in a wooden bo& of 50 > D0cm & 50cm & !0cm with a noted lid and soil depth
between :0 and :5cm. the bottom of the bo& is perforated to allow e&cess water to drain out.
The eggs should be sprin"led with water e(eryday. This bo& can hold 500 eggs per for
incubation. /arginata can lay !D eggs in a year while archatina lays between :00$!00 eggs
per year. <ncubations period ranges betweens 2@$!5 days and this depend on housing. The
shell crac"s and the mature snailJs embryo mo(es to free itself, when it crawls out, it then
ingest the shell. The newly hatched snail 6hatchlings8 weights between 2 and !.5g. <n pen
houses, a separate accommodation can be made for the young ones during the growing
period.
B*B* )ome factors that can affect hatchability of eggs are as follows.
Soil9 The must be well loosening for proper e&change of air between de(eloping
embryo and the en(ironment. 4lay soil is too compacted. Gumus or garden soil is the
best soil.
=ettin%9 whether artificial or natural, soil must not be too damped or too dry. Dryness
will "ill de(eloping embryo while too much water in the soil will hinder respiration of
de(eloping embryo.
<f eggs are on the surface of the soil and not well$ buried.
4arelessness+ 4areless mo(ement inside the pens could cause handler to step on eggs.
Tillin%9 care must be ta"en when using e=uipment li"e hand for", hand trowel or hoe
to loose the soil or searching for eggs laid.
B*! Feed and Feedin%
!:
)nails eat little =uantity of feed compared to other con(entional li(estoc" such as poultry
and sheep etc. since a wide (ariety of feeds are gi(en to snail, it is (ery difficult to be
specific on feed consumption. )ummari?ed below are some factors that affect feed
consumption.
En(iron'ental condition9 )nails eat well when the relati(e humidity is high, i.e.
abo(e F5C or when temperature is low 625 > 2F degree centigrace8. )nails will not
eat if the en(ironment is too dry and after rainy day, consumption rate feed inta"e
is high.
A%e of snail9 The young hatchlings prefer lea(es of paw$paw and coco$yam etc to
fruits and tubers.
Moisture content of the feed9 Feed consumption will be high if the feed is in wet
form or ha(ing high moisture content.
Duality of feed9 Fresh feed e.g. mai?e chaff 6eeri8 should be gi(en to snails.
Table &9
Esti'ated 4a$ital E>$enditure for the De(elo$'ent of 3!"!!! J Snail 4a$acity
SGN ITEM DT<
RED.IRED
.NIT 4OST
NAIRA
TOTAL 4OST
NAIRA
: 4ement @0 bags 2,000 F0,000
2 )harps sands ! tipper loads F,500 25,500
! 'ra(el. 2 tipper loads :A,000 !@,000
@ 9JJ .loc" 500 units :20 D0,000
5 !T@S ,lan". 20 pieces 550 ::,000
D 2T@S ,lan". !0 pieces 550 :D,000
A 2T!S ,lan". @0 pieces 550 :D,000
F 2T2S ,lan". @0 pieces @00 F,000
9 Thatched roof :@0 pieces 200 2:,000
:0 *ails 2.ags @,500 9,000
:: 4hic"en wire mesh @ rolls @,500 :F,000
:2 /os=uito not @ rolls 2,A50 ::,000
:! 2heelbarrow : @,000 @,000
:@ 4utlass, ra"es, sho(els
etc
#ump $ @,000
:5 <nitials stoc" :000 A5 A5,000
:D #abour for bric"laying
and carpentry.
#ump $ A5,000
:A 4ontingencies 6:0C8 @D,F00
TOTAL #0"A!!
!2
Table 0
Esti'ated =or;in% ca$ital -+ 'onths/
SGN ITEM DT<
RED.IRED
.NIT 4OST
NAIRA
TOTAL 4OST
NAIRA
: F%%D 6concentrate8 2!@ bags A50 :A5,500
2 eterinary drugs #ump arious 2,500
! #abour re=uirement : 5,000;month D0,000
@ 4ontingencies 6:0C8 2!,F00
5 TOTAL +3"A!!
Table #9
In(est'ent Structure Naira
* %stimated 4apital %&penditure > )nailery 5:@,F00
+* %stimated 2or"ing 4apital 6:2 months8 2D:,F00
TOTAL ,,3"3!!
B* Annual 5ro)ected Re(enue
The initial re(enue from the sailor is always (ery difficult to estimate, being a function of the
number of the hatchlings that grow to maturity. The growth rate of the hatchlings is not also
uniform. Gowe(er, at :: months after hatching, A0C of the snails are matured enough for
consumption and breeding. Thus, culling of all the offspring at a time is (irtually impossible.
<n addition, the snails are always se&ually matured as from F$9 months after hatchling, an
indication that they must ha(e laid eggs before selling them. <n order words, apart from the
re(enue to be made from the sales of the hatched on the farms, they also naturally increase
the number of the stoc" on the farm, which is about D0,000 in this instance. <n essence,
ade=uate pro(ision ha to be made for e&pansion in the de(elopment of the unit in order to
pre(ent o(ercrowding. 3nce the sale of snails commences on the farm, it is a continuous
e&ercise and all year round.
Gighlighted below are the empirical data on the e&pected re(enue from the sailor unit of the
farm.
:. *umber of matured snail to be stoc"ed$$$$$$:000
2. e&pected number of hatchling per snail per annum from the breeding stoc"$$$$$$$$!D
!. e&pected total number of hatchlings in the first year $$$$$$$!D,000
@. mortality of hatchlings at :0C$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!,D00
5. 0ealisable number at sur(i(al N 90C & !D,000 N !2,@00
D. 4ost per snail at :: > :2 months old $$$$$$50 naira
A. %&pected re(enue from !2,@00 snails N50 naira & !2,@00
N "3+!"!!! Naira.
!!
Following from the abo(e, the profit from this unit may not be feasible in terms of cash
inflow in the first year from the rearing of the breeding stoc", but more e(ident in the
number of hatchlings form the subse=uent generation of snails on he farm.
B*+ Mar;etin%
<n *igeria, there is no organi?ed mar"et for the snails yet. They are being sold directly to the
snail sellers and consumers from the farmers who gather them from the bush or from
haw"ers along the highways. 2ith increasing awareness and production, snails could be
mar"ed in the following ways.
The snails could be sold to consumers or snail sellers directly from the farm.
Arrangement could be made to be supplying hotels and restaurants, etc.
%&porting snails to foreign countries li"e H)A and %uropean countries.
*ote that the price of snail is always higher in the dry season than in the rainy season.
B*& Financial 5lan
A total sum of 5:@,F00 naira would be needed for the capital e&penditure while the wor"ing
capital to start off a D0,000$snail unit while estimated cost for running it a year will cost
2D:,F00 naira.
B*0 4onclusion and Reco''endation for the Snailery
The ta"e off capital for the establishment of the sailor unit is mall and rearing re=uirements
6in terms of management and finance8 are simple. .oth local and international mar"ets are
also there for the snail if well e&ploited. Again, restoc"ing is hardly done in snailery as the
e&pected number of offspring from both the initial stoc" and other generations on the farm is
(ery enormous, and that is where the profit margin of the unit is. The pro-ect is therefore
technically, socially and economically feasible and recommended for e&ecution.
!@
!**! RABBIT 5ROD.4TION15RO5OSED 5RO6E4T
The domestic rabbit, oryctolagus cunniculus are prolific breeders, which produce large
=uantities of tasty meat. Their rate of production is faster than that of pigs, goat or sheep.
<f properly raised and cared for, a rabbit 6doe8 can produce more that :5 times her own
weigh in offspring.
Gigh demand for meat in de(eloping countries, as a result of low production can be met
by increasing the rearing of animals with short generation inter(al e.g. rabbit. The rabbit
meat is decidedly delicious and low in cholesterol and sodium. Thus, it is good and
usually recommended for patient with heart condition.
The rabbit ha(e a short generation inter(alE they are induced o(ulators with high
reproduction potentials. Thus, this is a great ad(antage, as the need to monitor the heat
period as with other li(estoc" does not arise. Hnder natural condition, the doe deli(ers a
litter e(ery !: days while in controlled conditionE she produces four to eight litters in a
year. The number of "ittens in each litter is between four and twel(e. 0abbit grow rapidly
be cause they are efficient at con(erting food, which cannot be con(erted by other
economically useful animals.
!5
0abbits are pseudo$ruminants and ha(e feeding habit that does not really complete with
man, which is one reason rabbit is suitable for rearing. A rabbit "ittens that weights 5"g
when "indled doubles its weight within D days and after thirty 6!08 days it would ha(e
increased eight fold or more. .y the end of the second month, the breed such as
4alifornia white or *ew Iealand white if well loo"ed after, will weigh abo(e 2"g. A
young rabbit reaches maturity at fi(e months when it would ha(e a(erage weight of !"g.
!* The Econo'ic I'$ortance of Rabbit Rearin%
:. To increase the re(enue generation of the farmer.
2. To increase the animal protein supply a(ailable to the people.
!. To create employment opportunities to the rural populace around the farm location.
@. To reduce rural > urban migration of youths.
!*+ Mana%e'ent $ractices for rabbit $roduction
!*+* 7ousin%
The rabbit$ rearing pro-ect would re=uire a @m & Dm > land space. The building will be made
with bloc"s, wooden plan"s would be used to raise the building and the walls be totally
co(ered with wire$mesh to "eep predators out. A shallow gutter would be made round the
house to "eep soldier ants while the flour of the house should be cemented.
0abbits are reared in cases called hutches, which can be made with wood, iron, asbestos
sheet and wire$ mesh. A cage dimension of 50cm & @5cm will house : rabbit doe and her
litter until wearing stage. The base of the hutch must be reinforced with chic"en wire netting
if wood or bamboo is used. The cage will be of ! tiers of 9 hutches or cage. Flat plastic trays
or corrugated metal sheet must be placed at the base of the 2
nd
and !
rd
tie to collect manure
and should be cleaned in the morning.
The cage would be placed under the pen house roofed with asbestos sheet. :0 cages of 9
hutches;cage would be made to house the :0 breeding stoc" and weaners reali?ed from the
breeding e&ercise.
!*& Selection for Breedin%
:. )elect animals with no ob(ious deformity
2. animals with s"in diseases or diagnose must a(oided
!. male animal must ha(e 2 bean shaped testes
@. female animal must ha(e eight or more functional teats
5. Animal to be selected must ha(e good body confirmation not this.
D. /ale and female rabbits must be purchases from same location to pre(ent
inbreeding.
!*0 Matin% of Rabbits
!D
Does are ready of mating as from 5$A months while buc"s should be used for breeding at
F$9 months of age. 3ther things to note in rabbit mating include+
0abbits should be mated at Dam > :0am 0r @$Apm
/ating of rabbits should be all year round in capti(ity
/ating fre=uency+ 2 time daily 6morning 7 %(ening8
/ate rabbit of 2.5"g and upward for both se&es
/ale rabbits should be sparingly used to mate 62$! times ;wee"8.
0abbits to be bred should not be more than 2:;2 $!years of age.
!*# Matin% Techni@ues
:. 4olony Matin%+ 0abbits are reared on the floor and as such a buc" can mate any
doe. <n this method, record of production cannot be "ept, no genetic impro(ement
can be made on the rabbit and control of pest and disease is difficult.
2. 7and Matin%9 /ales and female rabbits are "ept separately as from ! months of
age. The doe is ta"en to he buc" and if she is on heat the male will be accepted but
if not, the doe should be ta"en bac" to her cage to be returned to the buc" 2 days
later.
!. Forced Matin%9 The female may refuse to mate due to aggressi(eness or timidness
of the buc" or due to the buc" being too fat which renders it clumsy. A string
should be tied to the tail of the female, which e&poses the rear to the male then
climbs the doe.
/ating techni=ues 2 and ! abo(e are to be adopted for this pro-ect.
!*3 4are of <oun% :ittens
The young rabbit 6"ittens8 are born blind and helpless. The "ittens must not be touched
with hands or the mother world re-ect them. 'ood management suggests that at least 2
does should be mated around the same time in case one dies after childbirthE the "ittens
can be fostered to the other doe. The "ittensJ starts coming out of the bo& by the second
wee" and by the !
rd
wee", the nesting bo& should be remo(ed. The young one should stay
with the doe till D$F wee"s and then weaned. The does can be mated 2 months after
parturition while the "ittens are still with her.
!*, Nutrition
Feed pro(ided for the rabbit must contain the D main nutrients in order for them to
perform well. 0abbit eats a (ariety of foods listed below+
8REEN such as sweet potato (ines, Trido& procumbens, aspillia sp, euphorbia
groups etc.
8RASSES such as %lephant grass, browse plant, guinea grass, laucaena
leucocephala, gliricidia sepium etc.
The %reens must be cut and dipped in salt > water solution for at least 5 hours, then drain
before feeding the rabbits. This will ensure that insects that might be attached to the grass
!A
will drop off. The green can also be cut in the morning and allow to wilt, and then it can be
fed in the e(ening. 8reens should not be cut and immediately fed to rabbits.
!*A 4o'$ounded Ration
The rabbit can be gi(en compounded rationE this (aries for different class of the animal. :!$
:FC crude protein contents are ade=uate for rabbit.
Table 39 Feed re@uire'ent
4lass of Rabbit A%e K 4rude 5rotein Feed Re@uired
-d'/ 7eadG Day
'rower @$:2 wee"s :5 A0$:20g
,regnant doe 5 months :5 :50$:F0
*ursing doe
L"ittens
:F 250$!50g
.uc" 5 months :5 :20g
The feed can be made into pellets to reduce wastage by rabbits and pre(ent in haling of the
feed because of rapid rate of breathing action of rabbits. 4ool clean water must be pro(ided
for the rabbit and lib. 5itchen left o(er li"e yam peels, coo"ed rice, plantain peels etc can be
ser(ed to rabbit. 2hate(er the "itchen waste, it must not be too peppery.
!*B 7ealth 4are
The hutches and en(ironment must be "ept in a saniti?ed condition by washing the manure
tray e(eryday and washing of the floors, as this will reduce disease incidence and
ectoparasitic infestation.
So'e co''on diseases" $arasitic $roble's" and control 'ethods are as follo?s9
$ Man%e9 This is caused by ectoparasite called mites white lesion and appear on the
nose, mouth and head. <f not treated early, it progressi(ely co(ers the appendagesE
inside the ear etc and the hairs begin to fall off. The application of the mi&ture of
shear butter and table salt at the earlier stage of infestation once in two days is
recommended. The use of <(omec in-ections at the ad(anced stage of infestation is,
howe(er, recommended.
$ 4occidiosis9 This tends to affect thee young ones. <t is a proto?oa attac" and blood
can be seen in the faeces depending on the type of proto?oa. 4ritical ages are
between @$:2 wee"s of age. The control and pre(ention of the coccidiosis is a
function of the le(el of the hygiene of the hutch and the en(ironment. <t could
howe(er be treated with coccidiostat at @, F and :5 wee"s of age.
$ =or' infestation9 This is (ery common because greens are consumed. 4ommon
worm in rabbit are the Ascaris group 6round worm8. ,ipera?ine based de$wormer
can be gi(en once in ! months or green nature paw$paw seed.
!*! 5rotection fro' 5redators
!F
Dogs, cats, rats, sna"es etc. attac" rabbits. <n essence, rabbit cages should be fortified with
chic"en wire and wire mesh in order to pre(ent attac" on them.
Table ,9 ESTIMATED 4A5ITAL EH5ENDIT.RE FOR T7E DEVELO5MENT OF RABBITR<
SGN ITEM DT<
RED.IRED
.NIT 4OST
NAIRA
TOTAL 4OST
NAIRA
: <nitial stoc" DD !,000 :9F,000
2 4ement :00 bags 2,000 200,000
! )harps sands F tipper loads :A,000 :!D,000
@ 'ra(el. @ tipper loads :A,000 DF,000
5 9JJ .loc" :000 units :20 :20,000
D Facial board 25 F50 2:,250
A 2T@S,lan" 6Gardwood
rafter8
250 pieces 550 :!A,500
F 2T!S ,lan". :F0 pieces @00 A2,000
9 2T2S ,lan". 90 pieces 200 :F,000
:0 4orrugated roofing sheets :0 bundles F00 F,000
:: *ails @ bags @,500 :F,000
:2 0oofing nails @ bags @,500 :F,000
:! .inding iron sheets 6o-a
ogba8
! do?ens F00 2,@00
:@ 2heelbarrow : @,000 @,000
:5 )ho(el, ra"e, cutlass etc #ump $ !,000
:D Drin"ing and watering troughs F0 200 :D,000
:A #abour for bric"laying and
carpentry.
#ump $ :25,000
:F 4ages, nesting bo& etc #ump $ A5,000
:9 4ontingencies 6:0C8 :2@,0:5
TOTAL "&30"3#
!* Econo'ics of Rabbit 5roduction
The in(estment in rabbit production is comparably low and can be affordable e(en by the
low and middle$income earners. The scale of operation for this particular pro-ect is
considered medium to large scale. The presentation farm at ratio of D0 doe to buc"s.
Assuming a straight$ line depreciation schedule with no sal(age (alue, the cost per annum
for 5 years is as follows+
Table A9 Esti'ated annual cost of $roduction+ Naira
:. annual cost of fi&ed items usage$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 25!,@A!
2. annual (ariable cost+
$ Feed6concentrate8$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:55,000
!9
$ Forage feeding $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$@0,000
$ Drugs 6assumed 200 naira;animal;year8$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:!,200
$ #abour, transportation etc$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:00,000
$ /iscellaneous 6:0C of the abo(e8$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5D,:DA
TOTALLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL**3,"A0!
Table B9 Esti'ated returns on in(est'ent $er year9
:. 20 fryers; doe & D0 6with pro(ision for :0Cmortality8$$$$:,0F0 fatteners
2. cost of fatteners+ :0F0 M2,000 naira per one$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2,:D0,000 naira
!. sal(age (alue of does at :0Cmortality$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5@ spent does
@. cost of spent does+ 5@ M 2,000 naira per one$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:0F,000 naira
TOTAL OF -+/ and -0/ 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111+"+3A"!!! naira
4* 5rofit 'ar%in9
2,2DF,000 naira$D:A,F@0 nairaN"3#!"3! naira
!*+ FINAN4IAL 5LAN
A total sum of :,!D@,:D5 naira would be needed for the capital e&penditure while
estimated cost of running it in a year will be D:A,F@0 naira.
!*&4onclusion and reco''endation for the Rabbitry
The rabbit is highly prolific animal as stated abo(e and profit could be made =uic"est
from its production if compared to other li(estoc". <n addition, the management
principles of rabbit rearing are simple and can be mastered by the attendants within a (ery
short time. .oth local and international mar"ets are also there for the rabbit meat and its
bye products such as fur, claws etc. the profit margin from the rabbit production is also
(ery attracti(e as highlighted abo(e. .ased on these and other factors enumerated abo(e,
the pro-ect is technically, socially and economically feasible and recommended for
e&ecution.
@0
*! 5O.LTR< 5ROD.4TION AND 5RO4ESSIN8
,oultry are mainly reared for egg and meat production in *igeria. The utili?ation of poultry
by products in *igeria is still at (ery low ebb.
3ne of the ma-or considerations the must be gi(en to poultry rearing is the waste
management. This could constitute a ma-or threat to the production if proper waste is
proposal methods are not put in place.
* 5RESENT STAT.S
,resently, the ,oultry farm has three 6!8 established enterprises namely+
:. :0,000 layer birds
2. 5,000 .roiler birds and
!. 5,000 4oc"erel birds
The egg capacity of the laying birds is !50 crates per day.
The ,oultry farm also has a feed mill of :20Sby :00S
The #ayers are reared mainly for egg production while the broilers and coc"erels are reared
for meat production. During the festi(e periods li"e %aster festi(ities, 0amadan festi(ities,
@:
4hristmas festi(ities etc, demand for poultry especially broiler and coc"erel chic"en are
usually high. The combination of broiler and coc"erel birds on the poultry farm gi(es
customers choice of preferences for either broiler bird or coc"erel bird or both.
*+ 5RO5OSED EH5ANSION 5LAN
The farm proposed to de(elop from small scale to medium scale by establishing
:. a new 50,000 capacity layer birds for egg production
2. a new :0,000 broiler farm
!. additional :0,000 4oc"erel farm
@. a Gatchery for day old chic" production and
5. a high$tech feed processing plant.
*+* Ne? #!"!!!1ca$acity layer birds for e%% $roduction
*+* 4a$ital Ite's
*+** Land
<t is estimated that the ,oultry enterprise will be established to a piece of land
measuring ten acres.
*+**+ 5oultry 7ouse
The space re=uired for each bird is 2&2 feetE hence, total space re=uired is 200,000 s=uare
feet. %ach poultry room;pen should measure @0&:00 feet and should hold a ma&imum :,000
birds. The pro-ect needs twenty$fi(e bloc"s each with @ rooms gi(ing a total number of :00
rooms. The distance between each poultry bloc" is at least @0 feet.
The design of the broader bloc" should measure DA&:50 feet and should ha(e 2 pens of
5,000 s=uare feet each, ma"ing a total of :0,000 s=uare feet. There will be one central store
measuring :0&@0 feet with :0 rooms. The first 5 rooms will accommodate feeds while the
second 5 rooms will be partitioned to house store for eggs, drugs and office for the /anager
and other staff.
#abour line will be made of 5 units of four rooms, one room for the /anager, one room for
the Accounts staff, one room for the store staff and one room for general purpose.
The perimeter fence will measure 5 acres and will be made of treated poles and
barbed wire. The pro-ect will construct an under ground tan" to collect and "eep water from
the poultry houses.
The abo(e buildings are all estimated to cost :9D,:A@,A00 naira as per the bills of =uantities.
*+**& 5urchase of day old chic;s
#!"!!! day old chic"s will be procured from a well established supplier. %ach chic" is
estimated to cost :50 naira, hence, a total of A,500,000 naira will be re=uired for this item.
*+**0 =or;force
The farm is labour intensi(e. <t will employ 50 employees to include a 'eneral /anager, one
farm /anager, one Accountant, one Administrati(e /anager, 2 farm )uper(isors, 2 store
@2
3fficers, 5 )tore Assistants, 5 Accounts Assistants, 5 )alesmen, 25 farm Attendants and 2
)ecurity 'uards. Their monthly wage bill is estimated at :,095,000 naira.
*+**# Feed
<nitially, the pro-ect will buy feed from the open mar"et plus mi&ing the feeds locally on the
poultry farm. Gowe(er, later, all the feeds should be mi&ed at the farm as this is cost
effecti(e, hence ma"ing the pro-ect more profitable.
*+**3 5ro)ected Re(enue
The pro-ect analysis has assumed a laying period of :F months. The production rate of eggs
per day is (arying from D5C to 90C depending on the time frame of the laying period. The
total number of eggs, pro-ected to be produced is 20,DD2,500 that ma"es DF,FA5 crates of
eggs. At a mar"et$selling price of D00 naira per crate, the gross income in :F months is
@:!,250,000 naira.
*+**, In(est'ent re@uire'ent
The total capital e&penditure for the layer birds is estimated at 22A,DA@,A00 naira and the
initial wor"ing capital is DA,920,000 naira.
*+**A Viability Indicators
a/ Net 5resent Value -N5V/
The *, of a pro-ect is defined as the (alue obtained by discounting separately for each
year, the cash net flows accruing throughout the life of the pro-ect at a fi&ed predetermined
interest rate .<n this pro-ect, :FC ha(e been used. The *et ,resent alue of the layer pro-ect
is 25!,@FD,00D naira. )ince the *, is positi(e, the pro-ects is (iable and hence worth
underta"ing for in(estment.
b/ Internal Rate of Return -IRR/
The <00 is the discount rate at which the present (alue cash inflows are e=ual to the present
(alue cash outflows and the *, is ?ero. The <00 indicates the actual profit rate of the total
in(estment outlay.
<t also indicates the ma&imum loan interest rate that could be paid without creating any
losses for the pro-ect. The <00 for the ,oultry pro-ect is 2AC. )ince the <00 for the pro-ect
is higher than the discount rate 6which is also the opportunity rate8 pro-ect is (iable.
*+**B Technical analysis of the layer bird $ro)ect
.esides the cost of construction of the poultry houses$#ayers, below are the financial cost
estimates for 5!"!!! layers9
@!
Table +!9 4ost Esti'ates
Ite' Duantity
.nit
cost-Naira/ A'ount-Naira/
6a8 ,urchase of
Day old
chic"s 50,000 :50 A,500,000
Sub total ,"#!!"!!!
6b8 Feeding
:$D0 days 5 "gs & 50,000 N 250,000 "gs 25 D,250,000
Sub total 3"+#!"!!!
6c 8 D0$:F0
days
:00 birds consume F "gs per day,
50,000

birds consume F&50,000; :00 N @000
"gs

For :20 days N @000&:20 N@F0,000
"gs 25 :2,000,000
Sub total +"!!!"!!!
6d8 #aying
period Assuming 5C mortality then we shall
5@0 days remain with+
50,000$65;:00 & 50,0008 N@A,500 birds

%ach :00 birds consume :2 "gs of
feed.
Therefore @A,500 birds will consume
:2 & @A,500N5,A00 "gs of feeds per day
:00

For 5@0days N5,A00&5@0 N!,0AF,000
"gs 2@ A!,FA2,000
Sub total ,&"A,+"!!!
-e/ Dru%s
O 4hic"
formula : sachet per :00 birds
so 50,000;:00N500 sachets 200 :00,000
@@

O Dewormer 50,000;:00 N500 per month !00 900,000

O Anti proto?oa 500 bottles 250 A50,000
Sub total ",#!"!!!
-f/ Vaccination
O *ewcastle F doses & 50,000N@00,000 !0 :2,000,000
O 'umboro ! doses & 50,000 N:50,000 @0 D,000,000
O Fowl typhoid 2 doses & 50,000 N:00,000 A0 A,000,000
O /aree"Us : dose & 50,000 N50,000 D5 !,250,000
Sub total +A"+#!"!!!
...2..% Prodction para4eters 5or t;e poltr= enterprise
Assui$g 5A "rtality rate, the$ 2e shall reai$ 2ith
50,000(>5 4 50,000? B*-+)%% >irds
100
Ta>le 2. 7 Prodction o5 eggs in t;e period o5 ./ 4ont;s
?ont;s - to.* .)8./ .,82% 2.82* Total
<". ". 7ays 240 120 60 120 540
Pr"#ucti"$ &ate 90A 75A 65A 75A
<". ". eggs

10,260,000

4,275,000

1,852,500

4,275,000 20,662,500
+rates ". eggs

342,000
142,50
0
61,75
0
142,50
0
688,75
0
+"st /er +rate ><aira? 600 600 600 600 600
A4ont#!aira&

2%)+2%%+%%%
/)+)%%+%%
%
0-+%)%+%%
%
/)+)%%+%%
% *.0+2)%+%%%
...2..... "n3est4ent Strctre 5or Poltr= Enterprise
@5
Ta>le 227 "n3est4ent Strctre
"te4
A4ont8
!A"RA
)a$# 0
*uil#i$gs 196,174,700
Purchase ". +ages 22,500,000
Fur$iture a$# Far t""ls 2,000,000
Purchase ". /ic,(u/ 6a$s>10? 4,000,000
Prelii$ary a$# /re("/erati6e e4/e$ses 3,000,000
Total Capital expenditre 22-+1-*+-%%
;$itial 5"r,i$g +a/ital 67,920,000
Total "n3est4ent 2,)+),*+-%%
...2....2 Working Capital Pro3ision
Ta>le207 Working Capital
"te4
Co3er
?ont;s
A4ont8
!aira
Purchase ". #ay "l# chic,s 0 7,500,000
Fee#s ."r P"ultry 6 18,250,000
)a'"ur c"sts ."r P"utry 6 6,570,000
7rugs a$# 8acci$ati"$ 6 30,000,000
1ther e4/e$ses 6 5,600,000
Total Working Capital 1-+,2%+%%%
...2....0 "n3est4ent Pro5ita>ilit=
Anal=sis
@D
!otes and Ass4ptions
C 9he assue# "//"rtu$ity c"st is 18A
C A crate ". eggs h"l#s 30 eggs
C 9he ar,et selli$g /rice ". a crate ". eggs is estiate# at 400 $aira
each.
C 9he ar,et selli$g /rice ". a$ "..(layer is estiate# at 250 $aira.
C 9he c"st ". .ee#s ."r the /"ultry e$ter/rise is estiate# at 25 $aira /er ,g. ;t
is assue# that s"e ". the .ee#s 2ill 'e '"ught .r" the "/e$ ar,et 2hile
"thers 2ill 'e i4e# at the .ar.
C 9he #e/reciati"$ rate ."r the 0"t"r 6ehicle is 20A /er a$$u 2hereas that ."r the
.ur$iture a$# equi/e$t is 15A /er a$$u.
C
Dear 0, i$ the /"ultry /r"Eect is a#e ". six 4ont;s 2hich re/rese$ts
the gr"2i$g /eri"# 'e."re the layi$g ". eggs 'egi$s.
C 9he ar,et selli$g /rice ". six 4ont;s "l# /ig is estiate# at 190 $aira /er
,g a$# the 2eight ". carcass is assue# t" 'e 30,gs.
C A "rtality rate ". 5A ". the 'ir#s has als" 'ee$ assue#.
C 9he /r"#ucti"$ rate ". eggs /er #ay 2ill 6ary 'et2ee$ 65A a$# 90A
#e/e$#i$g "$ the tie .rae ". the layi$g /eri"#.
9he a$alysis /eri"# is ten years c"$si#ere# t" ha6e a#equate t"
assess the i$6este$t.
@A
Table +0 -a8
@"LL O< B'A!T"T"ES <OR THE LACER @"R(S
@LOCAS#EST"?ATE( @"LLS&

!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA
A?O'!T !A"RA
1 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 600 17,000 10,200,000
2 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 300 8,500 2,550,000
3 %a$# >s".t? 9ruc,s/ti//ers 600 17,000 10,200,000
4 *l"c,s ( 252,000 120 30,240,000
5 +ee$t *ags
3,5
00 2,000 7,000,000
7 5""# 4:42: Pcs
4,5
00 7,500 33,750,000
8 ;r"$ sheets Pcs
2,6
00 1,700 4,420,000
9 <ails 6: =gs
2,5
00 4,500 11,250,000
.% La>or 8 8
8 ( ( ( ( 21,960,000
S> Total .0.+)-%+%%%
Ta>le 2* #>&
@ROO(ER
@LOCA
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 75 17,000 1,275,000
2 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 150 8,500 1,275,000
3 %a$#>s".t? 9ruc,s/ti//ers 150 17,000 2,550,000
4 5""# 4:42: Pcs 563 7,500 4,222,500
5 ;r"$ sheets Pcs 575 1,700 977,500
@F
6 *l"c,s ( 31500 120 3,780,000
7 +ee$t *ags 438 2,000 876,000
9 <ails 6: =gs 313 4500 1,408,500
10
0iscella$e"us
( ( ( ( ( ( 450,500
S> Total .1+/.)+%%%
Ta>le 2* # c&
CE!TRAL
STORE
#.2.)x0.)4&
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 20 17,000 340,000
2 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 15 8,500 127,500
3 %a$#>s".t? 9ruc,s/ti//ers 50 17,000 850,000
4 5""# Pcs 225 7,500 1,687,500
5 ;r"$ %heets Pcs 100 1,700 170,000
6 *l"c,s ( 40000 120 4,800,000
7 +ee$t *ags 150 2,000 300,000
8 <ails =gs 75 4,500 337,500
9 7""rs >*urgly? ( 10 80,000 800,000
10 5i$#"2s >*urgly? ( 30 40,000 1,200,000
11
&ei$."rcee$t
'ars >40.t? Pcs 40 10,500 420,000
12
%hru' 6
#iaeter Pcs 50 15,000 750,000
13
*i$#i$g 2ire, -"",
/ier$ =g ( ( 12,500
14 0iscella$e"us ( ( ( 1,250,000
15 )a'"ur ( ( ( 2,243,500
@9
S> Total .)+2//+)%%
Ta>le 2* #d&
TO"LET
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 *l"c,s ( 2000 120 240,000
2 shar/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 2 8,500 17,000
3 5""# 4:42: Pcs 7 500 3,500
12:41: Pcs 2 1,000 2,000
4
&ei$."rcee$t
'ars >40.t? Pcs 2 10,500 21,000
5 ;r"$ %heets Pcs 5 1,700 8,500
6 5ire esh >448.t? Pcs 2 1,500 3,000
7 <ails =gs 5 4,500 22,500
8 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 1 17,000 17,000
9 7""rs >5""#e$? ( 3

10,000 30,000
10
8e$tilati"$ /i/e
>4? ( 64 500 32,000
11
)a'"ur/34ca6ati"$
( ( ( ( ( ( 1,000,000
S> Total .+0,1+)%%
Ta>le 2* #e&
LA@O'R
L"!E #.) E
-4&
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 %".t sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 30 12,000 360,000
2 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 30 17,000 510,000
50
3 %har/ sa$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 75 17,000 1,275,000
4 5""# 4:42: Pcs 350 500 175,000
5 ;r"$ %heets Pcs 200 1,700 340,000
6 *l"c,s ( 22,500 120 2,700,000
7 +ee$t *ags 100 2,000 200,000
8 <ails =gs 375 4,500 1,687,500
9 7""rs ( 10 10,000 100,000
10 5i$#"2s ( 10 7,500 75,000
11
&ei$."rcee$t
'ars Pcs 60 10,500 630,000
12
5""# 6
#iaeter Pcs 50 10,000 500,000
13 *i$#i$g 2ire =g 100 2,000 200,000
14 -"", /ier$ =g 50 1,500 75,000
15 8e$ts ( 320 500 160,000
16 0iscella$e"us ( ( ( 1,000,000
17 )a'"ur ( ( ( 2,685,200
S> Total .2+1-2+-%%
Ta>le #2* 5&
<E!CE #)
Acres&
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 9reate# /"les Pcs 1000 5,000 5,000,000
2
Plai$ !al. 5ire
16430,g &"ll 25 4900 122,500
3
*er'e# 2ire !.
14420 ,gs &"ll 200 4050 810,000
4 !ra6el 9ruc,s/ti//ers 40 17,000 680,000
5:
5 %a$# 9ruc,s/ti//ers 50 10,000 500,000
6 +ee$t *ags 390 2,000 780,000
7 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,000,000
S> Total .%+/,2+)%%
Ta>le 2* #g&
'!(ER
9RO'!(
TA!A
#-x0x)4&
!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTC
RATE8
!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA
1 *l"c,s ( 20,000 120 2,400,000
2 !ra6el 9ruc,s 14 17,000 238,000
3 %a$# 9ruc,s 22

17,000 374,000
4 +ee$t *ags 80 2,000 160,000
5 5ire 0esh >448.t? Pcs 5 1,500 7,500
6
&ei$."rcee$t
'ars Pcs 20 10,500 210,000
7 5""# Pcs 20 7,500 150,000
8 0iscella$e"us ( ( ( 500,000
9 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,500,000
52
S> Total -+)0,+)%%
TOTAL
S>8totals #a&
to #g& a>o3e .,1+.-*+-%%

*+*+ BROILER FARM -ADDITIONAL !"!!! BIRDS/
*+*+* INTROD.4TION
The broiler farm is a pro-ect of li(estoc" sector, in which, the day old chic"s 6DocJs8
are raised on high protein feed for a period of ten wee"s. This business can be started
both in rural and semi$urban areas in sheds.
The broiler birds are sold to traders and the whole sellers mar"eters in the urban areas.
)ometimes birds can also sold directly to the shop"eepers in the urban mar"ets.
.roiler farming is a profitable (enture depending on the demand of the meat in the
mar"et.
Annually, si> floc;s of birds will be raised on the same premises of a farm.
*+*+*+ O$$ortunity Rationale
.roiler meat is the cheapest source of animal protein a(ailable in the country. The time
re=uired for raising boiler birds is lesser than that for big animals. The consumption of
white meat is increasing due to growing health consciousness in the masses.
5!
The e&isting daily a(ailability of protein =uantity per capital in *igeria deri(ing from
animal source including beef, mutton, poultry and fish combined amounts to :: grams.
This is far less than the recommended daily dietary protein allowance from animal
sources of 2D gram according to the 2orld Gealth 3rgani?ation standards.
*+*+*& Total 5ro)ect 4ost
A broiler farm with a population of :0,000 birds established on a farm needs a capital
in(estment of about @0,F00,000 naira for purchasing farm machinery and e=uipment.
<n addition to this, a sum of !,59:,900 naira is re=uired as wor"ing capital, which will
be used for purchasing day old chic"s and raw material 6feed and (accines8 etc.
*+*+*0 5ro$osed 4a$acity
All the calculations ha(e been based on a floc" si?e of :0,000 birds raising fi(e floc"s
per year. There will be a lag time of two wee"s for cleaning and fumigation of the
farm.
*+*+*# 5rocure'ent of Initial Stoc;
The day old broiler shall be gotten from the hatchery or breeder farm.
The poultry feed shall be produced from the farm.
*+*+*3 Mar;etin%
The mar"eting of chic"ens follows the traditional channels of distribution. 'enerally,
broilers are distributed in the mar"et through middlemen and wholesalers.
.irds are transported to the Hrban mar"et and are sold to retailer or mar"et street
poultry shops. .irds are sold on line > weight basis. The time spent in getting broilers
from the farm to the retail shop is brief. Although collection and handling of birds has
impro(ed with the use of loader (ehicles, but it is an established fact that greater the
distance between the poultry producer and consumer, more complicated is the
mar"eting system including their collection, handling and transportation to the
consumer or processing plants. The processing plant is to produce dressed chic"en
6slaughtered and cleaned8. Gowe(er, a (ery small amount of dressed chic"en is
a(ailable in the local retail mar"et. The integrated processing units distribute fro?en
and dressed chic"en pac"ed in whole or cut > ups to the consumer through retail shops
under their brand names.
5@
The tric" in mar"eting is =uic" a(ailability of mar"et information of chic"en supply
and demand, which will determine the selling price.
*+*+*, Far' Mana%e'ent
Farm input re=uired for a broiler farm includes farm e=uipment 6drin"ers, feed trays,
brooders and feeders8, electronic fi&tures and other consumer items 6feed, (accines
and medicines, rice > hus" or saw dust, water, electricity etc8.
*+*+*A Day1 Old 4hic;s
The chic"s should be of uniform si?e, acti(e, alert and bright eyed. The shan" or leg
co(ering 6s"in8 of healthy chic"s appears bright and shiny.
*+*+*B Broodin%
,roper brooding temperature is re=uired to "eep the chic"s in comfort. 4oal or
sawdust is burnt for supplying heat at the stage of brooding in the poultry farm.
<n the first wee", 95
0
f is =uite comfortable for the first one wee", it is also essential to
obser(e four to fi(e times daily the condition 6temperature8 of the chic"s. They should
neither buddle nor mo(e away from the brooding howe(er, but should be mo(ing
around e(enly. As chic"s grow, the temperature may be reduced at a rate of 5
0
f per
wee" until appro&imately A0
0
f is reached in the si&th wee".
*+*+*! Feedin%
.roilers are usually fed with the following two pages of ration.
Broiler Starter9 $ <t is fed to the broiler up to fi(e wee"s of age
Broiler finisher+ $ <t is fed to the broiler of more than fi(e wee"s of age and
continued until the age of mar"eting.
Feeding three or four times each day will stimulate feed inta"e and pre(ents wastage.
,ercentage re=uirement of different ingredients in starter and finisher diet is gi(en in
table.
Table +# 9 Broiler starter E finisher diet
In%redients Starter diet
-K re@uired/
Finisher diet
-K re@uired/
/ai?e @@.25 @@.:0
55
0ice polish :0.00 20.00
'roundnut ca"e :5.00 ::.00
)unflower ca"e :5.00 ::.00
Fish meal D.00 5.!0
/eat meal D.00 5.50
.lood meal 0.25 0.2
Animal fat 2.00 :.25
.one meal 0.A5 0.D
#imestone 0.5 0.A
)alt 0.25 0.25
/ineral and itamin mi&ture 0.: 0.:
Total !!*!! !!*!!
*+*+* 7ousin%
The chic"s should be "ept in a clean, dry and well (entilated room. .roiler house
should ha(e proper (entilation as this pro(ides the birds fresh air and carries off
moisture. The entire building including liter and all e=uipment should be fumigated.
*+*+*+ Feeders
<t is essential to pro(ide ade=uate feeder space, ideally, one pan type feeder is
sufficient for 50 birds. Therefore, for A,500 birds 200 feeders would be more than
enough.
*+*+*& Li%htin%
/ost broiler growers pro(ide 2@ hours light during brooding and early growing
period.
0ecent research conducted in windowless, buildings using intermittent lighting of : >
2 hours period, has indicated significantly impro(ed feed efficiently, initially, for the
first fifteen density should be @0$D0 watts per 200s= ft of space and this can be
replaced by :5 watts bulb in beginning of third wee". The feasibility has ta"en
monthly electricity charge of :0,000 naira.
*+*+*0 Dri(ers
Ade=uate drin"ing space should also be pro(ided to the birds. The drin"er should
contain fresh, clean and cold water, it is necessary to pro(ide e&tra water during
summer. 3ne drin"er is sufficient for 50 birds.
5D
*+*+*# Litter
#itter is spread on the floor to pre(ent the direct contact with the floor. )traw, rice
hus" and sawdust are generally used for ma"ing the litter. <t should be dry and free of
moulds. 4a"ed or moldy material should be remo(ed and refilled with fresh materials.
%&tensi(ely wet and dusty litter should also not be used. Hsing new litter for each
floc" is good for raising disease $ free broiler.
*+*+*3 Vaccination
accination can be pro(ided to chic"s through in-ections, can also be mi&ed in the
water and through eye drops.
A(erage (accination price per bird mostly (aries between 20 > 50 naira. The feasibility
has ta"en cost of (accination at @0 naira per bird.
*+*+*, Fu'i%ation and S$rayin%
<t is essential to chec" all re=uirement and walls of the broiler house carefully that they
are clean, washed with disinfectant solution, and dried. The rooms should be white
washed and sprayed before the arri(al of birds.
Disinfectant solution can be prepared with ,henol, ,otassium ,ermanganate, 4arbolic
acid and formati(e. A solution of )odium Gydro&ide; caustic soda with warm water
can also be used to clean the house.
To saniti?e the broiler house from germs and insects, it is fumigated with formalin on
potassium permanganate. The rooms should be (acant and sealed for !0 minutes after
the fumigation so that the gas infiltrates in e(ery corner of the room.
<n the feasibility report, the cost of fumigation has been ta"en as 20,000 naira per
floc".
*+*+*A Man$o?er Re@uire'ents
)emi s"illed wor"ers are needed to loo" after the feeding, (accination and cleaning
operations at the farm. A single person can handle !,000 birds easily. Two people
6)uper(isors8 will be hired to manage the operations of a broiler farm of :0,000 birds.
three attendants will be re=uired. %ach attendant is gi(en a monthly salary of :0,000
naira.
*+*+*B Far' E@ui$'ent
5A
arious type of farm e=uipment are needed for feeding, drin"ing and handling the
birds. #ist of farm e=uipment, which will be needed is as under+
Table +39 Far' E@ui$'ent
Far' E@ui$'ent No* NairaG .nit Naira
4hic" ,lastic feeders @00 ::0 @@,000
4hic" ,lastic drin"ers @00 :D0 D@,000
DS & @S wooden feeders @00 :D0 D@,000
/edium si?e pots :00 :F0 :F,000
sto(e @0 2500 :00,000
/edium si?e plastic bowls @0 :D0 D,@00
)coop si?e plastic bowls
3thers
@0 ::0 @,@00
F!5,200
Total Far' E@ui$'ent
4ost
0+! "+!!"!!!
Table +,9 Other consu'ables
Other consu'ables No* NairaG .nit Naira
charcoal D0 bags 550 !!,000
"erosene 200
litres
F0 :D,000
,olythene sheets F0 rolls @@0 !5,200
Gard cardboard6@S & FS D0 nos. 255 :5,!00
TOTAL BB"#!!
Table +A9 Man$o?er re@uire'ent
Man$o?er re@uired No* SalaryG'th Naira
)uper(isors 2 :00,000 200,000
Attendants ! :0,000 !0,000
TOTAL # +&!"!!!
...2.2.2% Tec;nical anal=sis o5 t;e @roiler >ird project
*esi#es the c"st ". c"$structi"$ ". the 'r"iler h"uses, 'el"2 are the .i$a$cial
c"st estiates ."r 1%+%%% >roilers7
Ta>le 2,7 Cost Esti4ates
"te4 Bantit= 'nit A4ont#!aira&
5F
cost#!aira&
>a? Purchase ". 7ay
"l#
chic,s 10,000 120 1,200,000
S> total .+2%%+%%%
>'? Fee#i$g *r"iler starter ash
1(30 #ays
10,000 71+ 4
0.75'ag4<1,200/'ag 36
25,g ". .ee# 360,000
S> total 01%+%%%
>c ? 31(60 #ays *r"iler starter ash

9,700 71+ 4 1.5'ags 4
<1,200/'ag
25,g ". .ee# 72 698,400


S> total 1,/+*%%
>#? 61(70 #ays *r"iler .i$isher ash

9,500 71+ 4 1.5'ags 4
<1,200/'ag
25,g ". .ee# 72 684,000

(
<eed >'? F>c?F >#? a'"6e .+-*2+*%%
TOTAL 2+,*2+*%%
Ta>le 0%7 Ot;ers8@rooding and 3accination
"te4 Bantit=
'nit
cost#!aira& A4ont#!aira&
*r""#i$g 10,000 15 150,000
8acci$ati"$ 10,000 22 170,000
S> total 02%+%%%
These e=uipments are to be used for at least 20 production cycles.
Therefore" cost $er cycleI"+!!"!!!G+!I3!"!!! naira -de$reciation/
*+*+*+ B.ILDIN8
Table &9 1 S$ace Re@uire'ent
S$ace Re@uire'ent Re@uired Area -S@* ff/
/anagement building :00
)hed space 6:s=. ff; bird8 A,500
)tore rooms :F0
59
0ooms for 'uard and wor"ers :@@
Total pro-ect space re=uirement ,"B+0
0ented cost 6)=. ff; *aira8 :.50
Total building rental cost 6*aira8 per month "AA3
*+*+*++ Infrastructure Re@uire'ent
,oultryJs farming needs to be handled tactically, right from the selection of the site to
the final stage when the birds are sold. The farm should be located at the place where
transportation of birds and feed can be handled easily.
The entrepreneur should ma"e sure that the following things are a(ailable at the farm
site before setting up the farm.
%lectricity connection
Drin"ing =uality water
Table &+9 1 5ro)ect Return
5ro)ect
<00 @!C
,aybac" period 6years8 !.2D
*, 6*aira8 :,2!F,F55
Table &&9 Financin% 5lan
Financin% Naira
#oan :00C @D,0F:,900
*+*+*+& :E< S.44ESS FA4TORS
Far' Su$er(ision
,roper technical super(ision of the enterprise is the "ey to the success of a broiler
farm. Farm %mployees should be aware of the feeding and drin"ing habits of birds.
D0
The farm super(isor should be (igilant and should ensure timely feeding and
(accination, so that the birds stay healthy and disease > free.
Mar;et Infor'ation
The entrepreneur should be well aware of the supply and demand of chic"en in the
city. This will help the entrepreneur to negotiate well the sale price of birds. The price
of chic"en meant fluctuates tremendously during a year.
Mortality losses
/ortality can only be controlled if the farm conditions are hygienic. /ortality
losses should be "ept below FC by timely (accination and medication.
*+*+*+0 T7REATS
The poultry industry has some inherent issues, which cannot be controlled by an
indi(idual entrepreneur following are some threats faced by this industry.
Disease E$ide'ic
Diseases li"e *ew 4astle are e&tremely dangerous. They can eradicate the entire bird
population, so the birds need to be protected against such type of diseases, by proper
(accination and medication.
8o(ern'ent Re%ulations
2hen the go(ernment imposed a loan on marriage dinners, the industry suffers hea(y
losses.
*+*+*+# FINAN4IAL ANAL<SIS
*+*+*+#* 5ro)ect 4ost
"n3est4ent Strctre 5or @roiler 5ar4
Ta>le0*7 "n3est4ent Strctre7
Capital expenditre
"te4 A4ont8!A"RA
)a$# 0
D:
*uil#i$gs 35,000,000
Purchase ". +ages 4,500,000
Fur$iture a$# Far t""ls/3qui/e$t 800,000
Purchase ". /ic,(u/ 6a$s 0
Prelii$ary a$# /re("/erati6e
e4/e$ses>la$# cleari$g etc? 500,000
Total Capital expenditre *%+/%%+%%%
;$itial 5"r,i$g +a/ital 3,591,900
Total "n3est4ent **+0,.+,%%
Working Capital Pro3ision
Ta>le /7 Working Capital
"te4 Co3er ?ont;s A4ont8!aira
Purchase ". #ay "l# chic,s 0 1,200,000
Fee#s ."r *r"ilers 2.5 1,742,400
)a'"ur c"sts ."r *r"ilers
2.5
230,000
*r""#i$g a$# 6acci$ati"$ 3 320,000
c"$sua'les 99,500
Total Working Capital 0+),.+,%%
*+*+*+3 :ey Assu'$tions
1 5roduction Assu'$tions
/a&imum capacity utili?ation :00C
*o. of .irds per floc" A,500
*o. of Floc" per year D
/ortality rate !$5C
Annual ,roduction 6.irds8 @5,000
Time re=uired per floc" 6days8 @2
D2
#ag time between the floc" 6wee"s8 2
A(erage weight; .ird 6"g8 :.D
21 Econo'y Related Assu'$tions
%lectricity growth rate :0C
2age growth rate :0C
!1 Re(enue Assu'$tion
)ales price *aira D50
)ales price growth rate AC
@1 E>$enses Assu'$tion
Day old chic"s in *aira :50
4ost of 'ood )old growth rate 5C
A(erage feed re=uirement; bird; day; "g 0.0F
5$ 4ash flo? Assu'$tions
0aw material in(entory 6months production8 :
Accounts recei(able cycle 6days8 !F
Accounts payable cycle 6days8 !9
D1 Financial Assu'$tions
,ro-ect life 6yrs8 :0
<nterest rate :FC
*+*+*+, 5RO6E4TED 5ROFITABILIT< ANAL<SIS
Assuming 5C mortality and D00 naira per broiler, the pro-ected re(enue is
9,500 & D00 naira N5,A00,000
,roduction times per annumN @ times NAIRA
Annual 0e(enue N 5,A00,000 & @ N 22,F00,000
Annual e&penditure N!,9!D,900 & @ N :5,A@A,D00
,"!#+"0!!
.enefit;cost ratio 6.408 N22,F00,000;:5,A@A,D00 N*0#
*+*& 4O4:EREL FARM -!"!!! BIRDS/
The sa'e data for broiler far' is e>$ected to be used for this enter$rise*
Gence, total capital e&penditureN @0,F00,000
D!
Total wor"ing capital N !,59:,900
TOTAL 00"&B"B!!
*+*0 7AT47ER< FOR DA<1OLD 47I4: 5ROD.4TION
A suitable hatch incubator 64abinet incubator8 with capacity of hatching :,!DF eggs per time
was recommended.
The e=uipment is manufactured by /c/urray Gatchery, a world$renowned rare breed
hatchery manufacturer. The price is .S dollar ,B0*B-B"+&# naira/ $er e@ui$'ent*
=ebsite9 ???*'c'urrayhatchery*co'
4atalo%ue nu'ber9 +M.LT
*+*#FEED 5LANTG MILL
.ecause of the liberal policies, there has been a substantial growth of 4attle; ,oultry Farms
all o(er the country. #oo"ing to the growing mar"et demand, this is a (iable pro-ect be set up
in rural areas. A well$balanced feed depends largely on the a(ailability of carbohydrates,
proteins, (itamins and minerals. Demand of the product is round the year, which generate
substantial income too.
*+*#* Na'e of the 5roduct 4attleG 5oultry Feed Sche'e
Table &39 5ro)ect 4ost
a. 4a$ital E>$enditure9
Land O?n Naira
.uilding )hed :,500 )=.ft 2,250,000
%=uipment !,000,000
6:.8 Feed 'rinder$:5G.,.
62.8 4on(eyer 2G.,.
6!.8 .atch ,rin. 0ibbon blender
: tone capacity
6@.8 Feed /i&er A.5 G.,.
65.8 )ealing /achine8
Total 4a$ital E>$enditure #"+#!"!!!
b. =or;in% 4a$ital 2,250,000
TOTAL 5RO6E4T 4OST ,"#!!"!!!
Table &,9Feed'ill ca$acity utiliCation -in !!!FNaira/
Sr* 5articulars 4a$acity .tiliCation - NAIRAM!!!/
D@
No*
:00C D0C A0C F0C
:. Fi&ed 4ost @0F.00 2@@.F0 2F5.D0 !2D.@0
2. ariable 4ost AD@.00 @5F.@0 5!@.F0 D::.20
!. 4ost of ,roduction :,:A2.00 A0!.00 F20.00 9!A.D0
@. ,ro-ected )ales :,@00.00 F@0.00 9F0.00 :,:20.00
5. 'ross )urplus 22F.00 :!D.F0 :59.D0 :F2.00
D. %&pected *et )urplus :A!.00 F2.00 :05.00 :2A.00
+*! BEE:EE5IN8 -NE= 5RO6E4T/
.ee"eeping or apiculture, from latin apis, a bee is the practice of intentional maintenance of
honey bee colonies, commonly in hi(es, by humans. A bee"eeper or apiarist may "eep bees
in order to collect honey and beeswa&, or for the purpose of pollinating crop, or to produce
bees for sale to other bee"eepers. A location where bees are "ept is called apiary.
.ee"eeping was traditionally practiced for the beesJ honey har(est, although nowadays crop
pollination ser(ices can often pro(ide a greater part of a commercial bee"eeperJs income.
3ther hi(e products are pollen, royal -elly, and propolis, which are also used for nutritional
and medicinal purposes, and beeswa&, which is used in candle ma"ing, cosmetics, wood
polish, and for modeling. The modern use of hi(e
,roducts has changed little since ancient times.
+*Art of Bee ;ee$in%
The control of a colony mainly consists in ta"ing care of the state of the VdemographyS of
the hi(es. Although some call it a VscienceS, the VartS of the bee"eeper is in managing a
colonyJs population so that the ma&imum number of bees is a(ailable for a tas" at a
particular time. /ost bee"eepers are interested in a surplus of honey. /a&imal honey
production occurs when the most wor"er bees 6both foragers and ripeness8 are present at the
e&act some time that nectar$producing flowers 6in both numbers and nectar production8 are
also at an optimum.
A colony of bees is composed of a single =ueen, many wor"ers 6infertile females8, drones
6males8, and a brood 6eggs, lar(ae, and pupae8. A hi(e is the bo& used by bee"eepers to house
a colony.
A colony of bees tries to accumulate a surplus of pro(isions 6nectar and pollen8 during the
more fa(orable seasons 6when there is a lot of forage, such as flowers a(ailable, along with
D5
good weather8 in order to be able to sur(i(e the more unfa(ourable seasons and reproduce.
This period is the dry season.
The population of the colony (aries according to the seasons. <t is important for the colony to
ha(e a large population 6!0,000 to D0,000 L indi(iduals8 when there is a lot forage a(ailable,
in order to achie(e the greatest possible har(est. The population is minimal in the wet season
6D,000 indi(iduals8 in order to reduce the consumption of pro(isions. The colony should not
be too wea", howe(er, because the bees which o(er wet season, another problem may be
encountered+ honey bees need to cluster together in wet season in order to maintain ade=uate
temperature re=uired for their sur(i(al, and with reduced populations this is much more
difficult to achie(e.
+*+ Ty$es of bee;ee$ers
.ee"eepers generally categori?e themsel(es as+
+*+*4o''ercial bee;ee$er > .ee"eeping is the primary source of income
+*+*+ Sideliner$ bee"eeping is a secondary source of income.
+*+*& 7obbist > bee"eeping is not a significant source of income.
+*& Ty$es of Bee;ee$in% e@ui$'ent+ There are considerable regional (ariations in the type
of hi(e in which bees are "ept. A hi(e is a set of wooden bo&es filled with frames that each
holds a sheet of wa& or plastic foundation. The bottom bo&, or brood chamber, contains the
=ueen and most of the beesE the upper bo&es, or supers, contain -ust honey. The bees produce
wa& build honey comb using the wa& sheets as a starting point, after which they may raise
brood or deposit honey and pollen in the calls of the comb. These frames can be freely
manipulated and honey supers with frames full of honey can be ta"en and e&tracted for their
honey crop. <n the H)A, the langstroth hi(e is commonly used. The langstroth was the first
successful top$opened hi(e with mo(able frames, and other designs of hi(e ha(e been based
on it. #angstroth hi(e was howe(er descendants of 9an D?ier?onJs hi(e designs. <n the H5,
the most common types of ha(e is the *ational hi(e but is common to see some other sorts
of hi(e 6smith, commercial and 2.4, rarely #angstroth8.
+*&* 5rotecti(e clothin%+ when interacting with the bees, bee"eepers usually wear
protecti(e clothing 6including glo(e and a hooded suit or hat and (eil8.
Defensi(e bees are attracted to the breath and a sting on the face can lead to much more pain
and swelling than a sting elsewhere while a sting on a bare hand can usually be =uic"ly
remo(ed by fingernail scrape to reduce the amount of (enom in-ected. The protecti(e
clothing is generally light colored and of a smooth material. This pro(ides the ma&imum
differentiation from the colonyJs natural predators 6bears, s"un"s, etc.8 which tend to be
dar"$colored and furry.
+*&*+ S'o;er9 )mo"e is the .ee"eeperJs second a line of defense. /ost .ee"eepers use a
V)mo"erS > a de(ice designed to generate smo"e from the incomplete combustion of (arious
DD
fuels. )mo"e calms beesE it initiates a feeding response in anticipation of possible hi(e
abandonment due to fire. )mo"e also mas"s alarm pheromones released by guard bees or
when beeJs are s=uashed in an inspection. The ensuing confusion creates an opportunity for
the .ee"eeper to open the hi(e and wor" without triggering a defensi(e reaction. <n addition,
when a bee consumes honey the beeJs abdomen distends, supposedly ma"ing it difficult to
ma"e the necessary fle&es to sting, though this has not been tested scientifically. /any types
of fuel can be used in a smo"er as long as it is natural and not contaminated with harmful
substances. These fuels include Gessian, pine needles, corrugated cardboard, and rotten or
pun"y wood. )ome bee"eepers also use pulped paper and compressed cotton, or e(en aerosol
cans of smo"e.
+*04ost i'$lications+ A total of *250,000 is estimated for the de(elopment of bee"eeping
nit of the farm.
&*! RI4E 5ROD.4TION AND 5RO4ESSIN8 -5RO5OSED 5RO6E4T/
A brief description is gi(en here of the agronomic re=uirements for rice production. 0ice can
be grown o(er a wide rage of soil and ecological conditions. 0ice may be grown on many
types of soils from sandy loams and shallow lateritic to soils to hea(y clays, pro(ided there is
ade=uate water either from rain or irrigation. Gea(y allu(ial soils of ri(er (alleys and delta
are usually better suited to rice than light soils, as they permit pudding and reduce loss of
water and nutrients as there is less percolation. The optimum pG for rice is 5.5 > D.5 when
the soil is dry, but it usually becomes A.o $A.2 on flooding.
The (arious types of rice production systems in *igeria include rain fed up landE rain fed low
land and irrigated low land. 3ther less common rice production systems include deep water
and mangro(e. The three types recommended for .ama Farm *igeria #td based on the
terrain of the farm site are rain fed up land, rain fed low land and irrigated low land.
:. Rain J fed .$ Land rice $roduction+ Hnder this system, rice is directly seeded
in non$flooded, well >drained soil on le(el to steeply sloping fields. 0ainfall is the
only source water and ob(iously, parts of the upland section of the farmland that is
not prone to flood and non$floodable as well would be most suited for this system.
2ith this system, the e&pected yield is 2.0 tons; hectare and ma&imum of 250
hectares is to be allocated for production under it.

2. Rain J fed Lo? Land rice $roduction+ <n this system, rice is planted as a sole
crop and it is practiced mainly along flooded ri(er (alleys or floodable area,
which fits well into the pro-ect site the a(erage yield of rice e&pected under this
system is !.0 tons; hectare. 3nly one crop is planted in a year and there is no
water control. Although, it was gathered from the local people that water retained
in the flood plains after the rains is capable of supporting ade=uately a second of
DA
crops rice. /a&imum of 2,250 hectares of land would be allocated for production
under this system.
!. Irri%ated Lo? Land Rice 5roduction+ This system encompasses lowlands with
good water control, enabling two crops per year. The a(erage yield e&pected
under this system is @.0 tons;hectare ./a&imum of :,250 hectares would be all
located for production under this system. 4hoice of <rrigation method+ A good
irrigation method must afford economical and efficient distribution of irrigation
water. An irrigation system is the process of supplying land with water from
artificial channels or canals. A rice farm may ha(e se(eral irrigation systems in
operation at one time.
There are many irrigation systems that could be applicable on rice farm. The one
recommended for this pro-ect is natural or land formed contour system. 4ontour systems are
the main irrigation systems used in the rice growing areas that are floodable. .an"s and
bunds are built along the natural contour or contours. This process is called land forming.
The contour irrigation system used for rice production enables rice bays to be flooded and
the water held at specific depths. The water depths are different depending on the stage of the
rice crop. The system would allow the operators to =uic"ly raise and lower the water depth.
As the weeds do not grow, care must be ta"en to ensure that the depth of water remains
appropriate so that weeds do not growE to protect against cold temperature damageE and to
maintain enough water e(aporation during the relati(ely hot months. The ma-or problem
with this form of irrigation is that a downpour of rain or incorrect irrigation may result in
water >logging, particularly with clay soils and flatter slopes. The impermeable soil becomes
waterlogged and pre(ents rice from growing to maturity.
%&pectedly, 95C of the agronomic practices would be mechanically done with the use of
agrochemicals where applicable. These operations include land preparation, planting,
weeding, fertili?er application, bird scaring and har(esting. Gowe(er, rice seed may be sown
directly in the field or seedling, may be raised in nurseries and transplanted, but as a matter
of policy, direct seeding mechanically would be adopted on the farm.
0ice (ariety+ The (arieties of rice to be culti(ated on the farm would be a function of among
other things, tolerance or resistance to the pests ;diseases of rice and ad(erse weather
conditions peculiar to the area, =uality of grain, mar"et demand etc.
To date, the federal ministry of Agriculture and rural de(elopment ha(e released 52 rice
(arieties for culti(ation by farmers. The preferred (arieties for the pro-ect could be any of the
following+ FA03 @D 6<TA :508, FA03 @! 6<TA :2F8, FA03 5262<TA @8, FA03 @A 6<TA
::A8 and FA03 @F 6<TA !0:8. These (arieties are good for both local and international
mar"ets. /ost of the modern rice milling e=uipment re standardi?ed to meet the re=uirement
of these (arieties.
DF
Ba'a Far's intends to use between F0$:00"g of seeds per hectare. #and preparations will
be mainly by ploghing once and harrowing twice to ma"e good till. .asal application of
fertili?er shall be applied before final harrowing. Direct contact would be made with the
ma-or products or suppliers of fertili?ers to ensure its all year a(ailability.
/echanical direct seeding in row > to row$ distance of 20$25cm apart and plant to plant
continuous by drilling method would be employed on the farm. The weed control would be
done with the use of chemical as a result of the scale of the farm. Agro > chemicals such as
grammo&one preforan at @ liters;ha immediately or a day after seeding and basagram ,#2 5
litres;ha as post emergence, :@$2: days after seeding are recommended.
&*0 Bird control+ birds are problems after seeding and during grain maturity. <n the
implementation of this pro-ect, scaring of birds would be done using modern technology.
An a(erage grain yield of !.0 t;ha is e&pected from the farm as against the national a(erage
yield of 2.2 t;ha. The e&pected a(erage yield on the farm would be the basis for calculating
the returns.
&*# 4onsiderations for Rice 5rocessin% 4entre
0ice processing is the post > har(esting technology applied on paddy rice. This could be
di(ided into pre$milling 6har(esting, threshing, winnowing; cleaning, parboiling and drying8,
milling 6including de$stoning8 and post > milling 6grading, sorting, pac"aging etc8 acti(ities.
<t should be noted that high =uality rice, characteri?ed by purity, uniformity, translucent,
=uic" reco(ery, non$ adhering, les bro"en grains, etc is dependent on the way it is processed
and attract high price in the mar"et.
0ice processing in #agos )tate and *igeria in general is a 1cottage industryJ mainly carried
out by small > scale wor"shops with an a(erage hourly capacity of 200"g of milled rice. The
ma-ority of the processors does not trade produce$ i.e purchase paddy and sell rice > but only
process paddy on a fee basis for others 6producers, traders or consumers8. The limited
number of processors in(ol(ed in paddy rice is due to the high ris"s attached to the
mar"eting of both products, which may result in financial losses. Furthermore, beyond
mar"et instability, processors who purchase paddy also ha(e to bear the high cost of
parboiling operations, which represents more than half of their total processing costs. Thus
the =uality of locally produced and processed rice is poor not only for international mar"ets
but also for the local consumers.
The =uality of local rice is a ma-or concern for the future of the *igerian rice sector. 2hile
part of the issue relates to the biophysical properties of the (arieties locally produced, the
ma-or problem is the appearance and the cleanliness of the rice deli(ered to the mar"et.
2hile the milling technology has a great incidence on the technical performance, it is
recogni?ed that these attributes are greatly affected by the attention gi(en pre$milling
D9
operations. These operations include winnowing paddy, drying, de$stoning, parboiling and
e(entually pac"ing.
'etting =uality rice from processing operations start from har(esting. 0ice should be
har(ested when the panicles ha(e turned yellow <.e. straw yellow. Gar(esting should not be
done early to a(oid, moulding or too late to a(oid losing grains. 'rain hygiene
.egins at har(esting. 2eed$grass of the same family should be a(oided while har(esting rice
or remo(ed and separated before threshing in places where weed grass cannot be a(oided.
2ith the use of impro(ed har(esting technology by .ama Farm *igeria #imited for
har(esting, most of the problems highlighted must been eliminated.
,arboiling paddy is the most important processing operation besides milling. <t consists in
soa"ing paddy in hot or cold water in a drum, followed by a rapid e&posure of the soa"ed
paddy to steam and a gradual drying for at least one day. The purpose of the operation s to
respond to consumer preferences while it also has a positi(e effect on the grain milling
properties 6high reco(ery ratio8 and on its nutritious properties. <t is recogni?ed that the
=uality of the parboiling operation has a great influence on the technical performance of
milling and therefore on the =uality of rice. ,arboiling is a combined operation of soa"ing;
steeping, steaming and drying. <n *igeria, al paddy processed is parboiled. The three
different types of parboilers proposed for installation in the .ama rice processing centre are
impro(e traditional firewood, impro(ed stream firewood;gas and electrical.
The milling capacity is a common criteria used to classify rice processors;millers. For the
purpose of this report. The following categories of processors are identified in *igeria+
a. S'all siCe 'illF$ milling capacity below :50 "g of rice per hour.
b. Mediu' siCe 'illF$ milling capacity between :50 and !00 "g of rice per hour
c. Bi% siCe 'ill J milling capacity between !00 and 599"g of rice per hour
d. Lar%e siCe 'ill > milling capacity between 500 and 5000"g of rice per hour.
<t is proposed that .ama Farms would operate on large$ scale le(el, which is with 5 mills of
capacity of 5000 "g of rice per hour each. The types of the milling machines proposed would
be able to mill and de > stone simultaneously. 2or"ing at the rate of D hours in a day, :5
days in a month and :2 months in a year, a milling machine of the proposed capacity would
process !0 tons per day, @0 tons per month and 5,@00 tons per annum. Thus, at the proposed
ma&imum installed capacity, that is the fifth year, the centre would be processing 22,500
tons of rice per annum. This proposed installed capacity is considered ade=uate to ta"e of
rice from the .ama Farms *igerian #imited and other rice farmers in #agos and other
neighbouring states.
3n the rice mil"ing technology, the ma-or of mill used is called Vhori?ontal dis",S which is
probably close to the basic engleberg types. <t is howe(er proposed the .ama Farms *igeria
#imited would ac=uire 9apanese made machines with rubber rolls.
A0
TABLE &A + STAFFIN8 AND RE4R.ITMENT J DIRE4T RI4E 5ROD.4TION FARM
SG
n
Desi%natio
n
Mini'u' @ualifications No SalaryGannu'
-includin%
allo?ances/ NAIRA
: )uper(isors G*D Agric. 2ith minimum of 2
years post =ualification e&perience
2 :,200,000
2 Foremen 3*D Agric. 2ith cognate
e&perience
! 900,000
! Field
record cler"
3*D Agric. 2ith ! years
e&perience
: :F0,000
@ Dri(ers
includes
tractor
operators
/ust be literate with current
dri(ing license.
@ A20,000
5 4asual $ 5 D00,000
TOTAL &"3!!"!!!
TABLE &B9 Staffin% and Recruit'ent J Rice 5rocessin% 4entre
);
n
Desi%natio
n
Mini'u' @ualifications No SalaryGannu'
-includin%
allo?ances /
: )uper(isors G*D Agric. 2ith minimum of 2
years post =ualification e&perience
:
D00,000
2 )tore
"eeper
3*D Agric. 2ith cognate
e&perience
:
!00,000
! ,ermanent
labour
4ognate e&perience :
:20,000
Total "!+!"!!!
4a$ital 4osts for Direct Rice 5roduction Far'
Table 0!9 Land and de(elo$'ent
sGn
te' .nit of
'easure'ent
Dty
.nit
cost
-NF!!!/
Total
cost
-NF!!!/
Re'ar;s
: #ay out, clearing,
canali?ation,
contour;bund
construction,
felling of trees,
boundary
demarcation etc.
Gectare 500 50 25,000 The cost will
be spread
o(er 5 years.
A:
2 /achinery 7
e=uipment shed
)=uare meter @00 5 2,000 To be
constructed in
the first year.
! )eed, fertili?er 7
chemical store
)=uare meter @00 A.5 !,000 To be
constructed in
the first year.
@ :0C
contingencies
!,000
5 TOTAL &&"!!!
Sub total for land de(elo$'ent under direct rice $roductionI N&&"!!!"!!!
A2
TABLE 0 Land and de(elo$'ent
sGn Ite' .nit of
'easure'ent
Duit .nit
cost
-NF!!!/
Total
cost
-NF!!!/
Re'ar;s
: <mpro(ed A*#
Gar(ester
*o. :0 !00 !,000 To be procured
gradually at @
per annum.
2 Tractors with
accessories
harrows, ploughts,
ridgers, trailers,
planter, fertili?er
spreader, rota(ator
6slasher8, etc.
*o. @ :0,000 @0,000 The cost will be
spread o(er 5
years.
! <rrigation;flood
control
e=uipments such
as V@ in V V!S in
and V2 in V
pumps, pipes,
horse, etc.
arious $ #ump :0,000 The
procurement to
be spread o(er a
period of 5
years.
@ :0C
contingencies
$ $ $ 5,!00
5 TOTAL #A"!!!
Sub1total for $lant and Machinery under direct rice $roductionI N#A"&!!"!!!
TABLE 0+9 e@ui$'ent and tools
sGn Ite' .nit of
'easure'ent
Duit .nit
cost
-NF!!!/
Total
cost
-NF!!!/
Re'ar;s
: 4utlasses *o @0 0.A5 !0 These are
2 0a"es *o !0 0.! 9 needed for bac"
! 2atering cans *o 20 0.5 :0 Hp acti(ities for
@ )ho(els and spades *o !0 : !0 the mechani?ed
5 2heel barrows *o :0 2.5 25 3perations and
D 5napsac" sprayer *o :0 :0 :00 To be procured
A 3thers *o #ump $ 50 <n the first year
F :0C contingencies 25.@
2A9.@
Sub total for e@ui$'ent and tools under direct rice $roduction I N+,B" 0!!
A!
Table 0&+RE4.RRENT 4OSTS -=or;in% ca$ital/ FOR DIRE4T RI4E 5ROD.4TION FARM
BASED ON 4.LTIVATION OF #!! 7E4TARES
sG
n
Ite' .nit of
'easure
'ent
Duit .nit
cost
-NF!!!/
Total
cost
-NF!!!/
Re'ar;s
: )eeds 5g 25,00
0
0.2 5,000 <t is unli"ely for
2 Agro$chemicals >
herbicides
#iters 2,500 :.5 !,A50 any of these
recurrent cost to
! Agrochemicals
insecticides
#iters 2,500 :.0 2,500 .e higher than
the estimates
herein the ne&t
@ 3ther agrochemicals $ $ :.0 :,000 Three years
based on the
5 Fertili?ers 5g 6bags8 :,500
bags
!;bag @,500 4urrent trend of
mar"et prices of
agricultural
inputs.
D Fuel, oil etc #iters $ $ 2,500
A 0epairs and
maintenance of
buildings, plant,
machineries, irrigation
e=uipments etc.
$ $ $ :,000
F Administrati(e and
labour e&penses
$ $ $ :,000
:0 ,rocessing, pac"aging
etc of paddy rice.
$ $ $ F,000 The e&pected
processed rice is
:,500 tons.
:: :0C contingency fees $ $ $ !,F25
Total 0+"!,#
The total sum of *@2, 0A5,000 is estimated for the culti(ation and processing of 500 hectares
of rice per production cycle. This translates to *F@,:50 per hectare with the assumption that
economy of scale will pre(ail.
Antici$ated Returns
The conser(ati(e and e&pected the yield per hectare with ade=uate pro(ision for loss of
grains during har(esting, processing and handling is put at 2 tons of processed rice per
hectare. 2ith this, :,000 tons of processed rice is anticipated from 500 hectares of farmland
to be culti(ated in first year. <t must howe(er be noted that under sound agronomic practice,
the yield of 2.5 tons of processed rice per hectare is achie(able.
A@
Gighlighted in blow are details on the anticipated returns
a %&pected yield $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:,000 tons 6i.e. :,000,000"g or 20,000 bags
of 50 "g each8 of processed rice.
b 4urrent cost of rice in *igerian open mar"et is *:50;"g 6i.e. *A,500 ; 50"g bag8 but
*:00;"g 6i.e *5,000;50"g bag8 is used for this study as farm gate price.
c. %&pected returns using farm gate price $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:,000,000 & :00
N N!!" !!!" !!!
A5
0*! OIL 5ALM 5LANTATION

,resently, the farm has F,000 trees already planted. Gowe(er, the farm proposed to e&pand
by culti(ating additional 20 hectares of plantation.
5ro$osed Oil 5al' 5lantation in a +!7A of land*
A. <*,HT) 43)T) ;GA AMO.NT NNairaO
:. 2:0 seedlings of oil palm M *200;seedlings @2,000
2 D .ags of inorganic fertili?er M * 2,D00;.ag :5,D00
!. :2 .ottles of Agrolyser M *@00;bottle @.F00
@. 2eed control+ Gerbicide, A litres M *:,500;#tr :0,500
5. 2ire mesh, @ .undles M *5,000;bundle 20,000
D. 220 pegs Pa(ailable in the farmQ $$$$$$$$
Sub1Total A N 7AO B+"B!!
Sub1 Total A N+! 7AO "A#A"!!!
B LABO.R 4OSTG7A AMO.NT NNairaO
:. #and clearing and ,reparation $$$$$$$$$
2. ,lanting 3peration+
$ #ining, M *:2,000 :0,000
$ ,egging $$$$$$$$$
$ Digging and ,lanting of seedlings :2,D00
$4utting and #aying of wire net :2D00
!. Fertili?er application 5D00
@. Gerbicide Application D,000
Sub1Total B N7AO 03"+!!
Sub1Total B N+!7AO B+0"!!!
4 4ontin%ency e>$enses9 #KG7a I +"&!
4ontin%ency e>$enses9 #KG+!7a 03"+!!
8rand total - ha/ I A P B P 4 I B+"B!! P 03"+!! P +"&!
I 0"0! Naira
8rand total - ha/ I A P B P 4 I " A#A"!!! P B+0"!!! P 03"+!!
I +"A+A"+!! Naira

#*! 5INE A55LE 5LANTATION -5RO5OSED 5RO6E4T/
Table 0# 94OST IM5LI4ATION FOR T7E ESTABLIS7MENT OF 5INEA55LE ON #7A LAND
AD
A. IN5.TS 4OSTS G7A AMO.NT NNairaO
:. :,000 suc"er of pineapple M *50;suc"er 500,000
2 @ .ags of inorganic fertili?er M * 2,D00;.ag :0,D00
!. 2eed control+ Gerbicide, A litres M *:,500;#tr. :0,500
Sub1Total A N 7AO #+!"!!!
Sub1 Total A N# 7AO +"3!0"#!!
B LABO.R 4OSTG7A AMO.NT NNairaO
:. #and clearing and ,reparation $$$$$$$$$
2. ,lanting 3peration 5,000
!. 2eed control
$ )upplementary weeding 62ce8 20,000
$ Gerbicide Application D,000
@. Fertili?er application 5,000
5. Gar(esting 5,000
Sub1Total B N7AO 0"!!!
Sub1Total B N# 7AO +!#"!!!
4 4ontin%ency e>$enses9 +G#K I
Sub total 4 N7aO 0"!0,* #
Sub total 4 N+! 7aO ,!"+&,*#
8rand total - ha/ I A P B P 4 I #+!"B!! P 0"!!! P 0"!0,*#
I N#,# " B0,*#
8rand total -# ha/ I A P B P 4 I +" 3!0"#!! P +!#"!!! P ,!"+&,*#
I +" A,B",&,*#Naira



AA
AF