Subject : Construction technology 2 Lecturer: Mr. Chiew Seng Khoon Name : WILSON LO WEI KONG (0317382) SASITHARAN RAVI (0310667) CHEW JUN MING (0310173) LEE KAI YANG (0314835)
1.0 INTRODUCTION Scaffolding is a temporary structure that enables individual people access to the place of labor so as to hold out their work. There are some differing kinds of scaffolding, that is supported scaffolding, Suspended scaffolding, Mobile scaffolding (Rolling scaffolding and Aerial Lifts).
The operating of scaffolding is that it permits access to space that is difficult to reach, and to enable the employees to hold out their job at the operating height 1.5m or additional higher than the bottom level.
Besides that, it will act as an operating platform for walking passage and putting materials. It will support individuals and hold materials that are to be used for construction or repair of buildings and alternative structures, and it is to confirm the employees will perform their job easier and safer.
There are 3 main benefits of the staging that the first primary advantage that staging offers is that it provides access to higher places, for work on higher walls or ceilings. As a little platform of wood, fiberglass or light- weight metal on top of a network of support, scaffolding offers any the necessary the mandatory height to get the job done.
The second primal advantage of staging is that the position that it puts an employee in. Height and reach typically will be offered through different ways in which, like a ladder. However, ladders are angled, and it doesn't provide a gentle platform for the employee to work on. whereas staging puts an employee directly before of the surface he has to work on, while not awkward angles.
This may be a major boon, significantly once leverage comes into play. Apart from that, a scaffold offers a wider surface, Therefore multiple employees will work side by side while not having any nice issue. this can be not usually for 2 employees who try to get two ladders side by side.
The last benefits the scaffolding have is safety. One amongst the largest reasons to use scaffolding, and why it remains therefore popular, is that the quantity of safety that it will give. Scaffolding is supportive and has a minimum of four anchor points on the bottom. This suggests that it provides a firm platform for employees to stand, sit and work from.
Additionally, scaffolding will be made from a variety of strong, light-weight materials like aluminum, that permits it to remain even steadier. It's easier for the employees to keep up their balance on a flat platform than on a ladder, therefore accidents are less possible to happen with the utilization of scaffolding.
To boot, scaffolding typically contains a hand rail on the highest platform, that helps to prevent the employees from slump and injuring themselves whereas operating.
2.0 BACKGROUND Scaffolding in the past The sockets in the walls around the paleolithic cave paintings at Lascaux suggested that scaffolding being used as far back as 17,000 years ago in the French caves at Lascaux, where some of the earliest cave paintings have been found. These images depict a range of animals - mostly being hunted and the sockets in the wall suggest that scaffolding was used to reach the ceiling and continue the decoration in an upwardly mobile direction. Given that it's unlikely that scaffolding was developed for this early interior design project it seems that the technology was already established. The Berlin Foundry Cup depicts the statue of a warrior, larger than life-sized, stands within a wooden scaffolding at the center of the exterior cup which was found in ancient Greece (early 5th century BC). Far away to the east in China other great dynasties were leaving their mark on the built environment. The Great Wall of China was constructed using varying techniques and is made up of several smaller walls constructed over a long period. Chinese techniques of scaffolding relied on an abundant natural resource - bamboo. Hollow, lightweight and incredibly strong, bamboo makes the perfect ecologically sound scaffolding material. Modern scaffolding With nerves of steel in mind, modern-day construction projects have long needed employees who have a powerful head for heights. However, staging these days had become more and more stable as a result of the employees had to receive coaching on it specific system.
The coaching involves in a way to properly wear the protection device, a way to examine it before every use, and the way to recognize once the instrumentation should be removed from service. employees are provided a security harness after they are functioning at a height of 3m or higher than the bottom level.
Although there are certain rules and requirement for staging, nonetheless that almost all ancient of techniques of staging was still being deployed once it involves building techniques, "if it's not about to break, do not fix it".
3.0 FRAME SCAFFOLDING This is the foremost normally used form of scaffolding and is the kind that will see being used in construction work and on most alternative forms of work where elevation is required. Additional support may be required if the scaffolding will be long or needs to require lots of weight. Supported scaffolding is built from the base upwards, and can commonly be used wherever possible. It is considered the simplest, most convenient, safest, and most cost effective form of scaffolding construct. Different forms of supported scaffolding are available, and each will offer a very specific purpose and utilized in specific circumstances. Frame scaffolding is typically utilized in construction places where everything is in a fixed position so that there is of no need to dissemble and reassemble it again compared to other buildings where changing of position is needed. There are a few advantages by using framed type of scaffolding. Such as, maintenance and shoring, scaffolding for masonry, safe, huge selection of frame lock types and tube sizes, easily assembled, fast erection and dismantling, high-strength steel tubing, mason, ladder, walkthrough, pedestal and canopy frames, efficient and dependable. There are two different types of scaffolding that will be categorized under frame scaffolding, which is putlog scaffolding and independent scaffolding.
3.0.1 PUTLOG SCAFFOLDING Putlog Scaffold Consists of single row of standards set aloof from wall at 1.30m Standards are joined in conjunction with horizontal ledgers, ledgers are tied to the building with putlogs erected as the building rises, used mostly for brick construction. It is partly supported by the building.
3.0.2 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING Independent Scaffold Consists of two roles of standards set away from wall at 1m. Two roles of standards are tied to the building with transoms which doesnt rely upon building for support.
3.1 SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING Invention of Modern Suspended Scaffolding Nowadays a suspended scaffolding system which includes a connector system adapted to engage a fixture, the fixture in use is in contact with an airfoil of a structure, an arm connects the suspended scaffolding system to the connector system, in order to use the suspended scaffolding system that is suspended beneath the structure. a) Characterized in that, the connector system has connections that let relative motion with respect to the fixture in two orthogonal planes. Therefore, according to this aspect of the invention, the scaffolding system is capable to maneuver laterally, and it is the connection of the connector made this possible. In the most popular embodiment, the connector includes a spherical bearing while some other connector includes a socket device and a ball. It is preferred that the fixture incorporates a path on which the scaffolding system will work. This enables the scaffolding system to maneuver both laterally, forwards and backwards. b) Agreeing to a second view of the invention, a suspended scaffolding system, together with a connector system adapted to engage a fixture. The fixture in use is in contact with a airfoil of a structure, an arm connects the suspended scaffolding system to the connector system so that in use the suspended scaffolding system is suspended beneath the structure, characterized in that at least one moveable counterweight is provided with the suspended scaffolding system, which is adapted to be forced out from the primary location to a second spot so as to alter the center of gravity of the suspended scaffolding system. c) A further aim of the invention is to provide a suspended scaffolding system a support positioned in one or additional of the upper, side and/or lower surface of a construction whereby a counterweight between two positions moves the suspended scaffolding system's center of gravity, thereby creating a pushing force to stabilize the equipment in a working position against the main firm structure. Therefore the motion of the counterweight changes the center of the gravity of the system by creating a force that bears on the suspended scaffolding against the main stable structure to stabilize the scaffolding position. Besides that, a hydraulic jack powered by a motor and a hand crank is provided to move the counterweight as an alternative. d) According to a third aspect of the invention, a suspended scaffolding system which includes a track connector system adapted to engage a track, the track in use is in contact with the surface of a structure, the track connector system have a minimum of at least three fasteners, each of which is in contact with the track and is adapted to be temporarily removed from the track. So that when it encounters an obstacle, the suspended scaffolding system can move around the obstacle and to get into a new position. e) According to the fourth aspect, it is a method of having a scaffolding system which is movable along a rail, the rail being mounted to a surface by at least one fastener has the steps of: Providing an extra fastener to fix the rail to a structure Removing at least one of the fasteners to enable the scaffolding system to continue with its movement Optionally replacing the removed fastener once the scaffolding system has progressed its movement. The fastener can be removed from the rail entirely or pivoted out of the way. This technique enables the scaffolding system to be used on the straight or curved, or complete length of a structure, which for example a bridge, on a rail, runner or section of a rail or runner. Sections of rail or runner can also be removed and placed ahead of another section. f) According to another aspect of the invention, there is a technique of stabilizing a suspended structure which has the following steps: Providing a suspended structure Adjusting the suspended structures center of gravity away from a neutral position and therefore makes it more balanced. Preferably, the adjustment of the suspended structures center of gravity is achieved by one or additional counterweight movement, ballasting and swinging. Example include moving a mass element (sliding, rotating, pumping ballast from tank to tank) or by adding or removing mass to/from the object. The stabilizing force is then transferred to a supporting structure using a bumper in a preferred embodiment. 3.1.1 Multi-point Adjustable Platform(s) suspended by more than two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with a method which allows platform to be raised and lowered. Includes chimney hoists.
3.1.2 Two point suspended scaffold
Platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with a means to allow the platform to be raised and lowered.
3.1.3 Catenary suspended scaffolding Platform supported by two essentially horizontal and parallel ropes attached to structural members of a building. Additional vertical pickups may also provide support.
3.2 MOBILE SCAFFOLDING
A mobile scaffold is a variety of freestanding independent scaffold. It is mounted on a castors and wheels. It permits the scaffolding to be simply moved from places to places.
Thither are a many components to look at once deciding whether or not to use static or mobile scaffolding. Ease access is one such consideration, alongside with the quantity of motion along the scaffolding itself. Wherever possible, you ought to consider the usage of a single scaffolding structure, or a number of structures because mobile units, while perfectly safe when well-manufactured and utilized the correct way, do cause additional of a risk than mobile constructs.
Most scaffolding is taken into account semi-permanent. Once used, it can be taken apart and moved to different location before it is constructed again. Fixed scaffolding can be left in position for extended periods of time, making it particularly helpful in those situations where permanent access could be required to elevated positions.
Advantages of Mobile Scaffolding One of the foremost obvious benefits with this sort of scaffolding is that it is totally moveable. With different kind of scaffolding, you have to decide on a location first and then set up the scaffolding. If you wish to move the scaffolding later, it has to be disassembled, moved and then reassembled once more. With portable scaffolding, there are casters with wheels on every support pole, which means that as long as nobody is on the scaffolding at the time, it can be simply wheeled from place to place to position, then secured into place and used.
Another advantage with mobile scaffolding is that these kinds of scaffolding tend to be considerably additional versatile than standard scaffolding. Portable versions of scaffolding are also a good deal more adjustable than the scaffolding that dont seem to be moveable. They can be adjusted to suit any height that you like for any project, and they can be simply adjusted and moved around as needed to suit a range of various work environments as a result.
Other advantages of using portable types of scaffolding include that they are generally constructed from powder coated blade, that means that they are shielded from the weather and also capable of transport a significant batch of weight at a time. A single scaffolding platform can accommodate every bit much as 500lbs for most manufacturers and brands of portable scaffolding, however the powder coated steel construction means that despite their effectiveness, these scaffolds are light weight and simply moveable
Portable scaffolding: The mobile scaffolds are simply transferable from one position to another. Since, there are wheels attached to the base of the scaffold it is emotional with a easy push or pull. Lightweight scaffolding: Most of the days the scaffold structure is built of durable yet light-weight material like aluminium pipes that facilitate in maintaining the entire scaffold. This helps in reducing the effort given by the workers. They also do not get hurt in any approach whereas making the movement of the scaffold. Spacious: The plank on the top of the scaffold tower is sort if spacious. It helps the workers keep their tools on it. Moreover, they will work additional handily because of the big space they get.
When can you use it? It is being used when it needs you work above the ground and need two free hands, the portable scaffold towers are going to be useful to you. These towers are used for residential yet as business uses. Moreover, with these portable scaffold towers you will be able perform several roles such as painting, plastering, rendering, maintenance, air conditioning, and so on.
Why should you use it? Scaffold tower is straightforward to assemble and erect, you need the portable scaffold towers. They are very light and can be carried to anywhere. If you need to perform some tiny repairs to your home, you can simply utilize the portable scaffold towers. On the opposite hand, if you need to utilize it for heavier functions they are likewise pure.
3.2.1 ROLLING SCAFFOLDING
Rolling scaffolding is a similar type of construct to supported scaffolding, however instead of providing a stable base, it uses castor style wheels that enable the base to be moved freely on the ground. This can be a helpful kind of scaffolding once you need to complete work over a extended distance than one scaffolding construction would allow. The wheels ought to be locked when workers or materials are on the scaffolding, so as to confirm the safety of those using it, and people around it.
3.2.2 AERIAL LIFTS
Aerial lifts ought to be used wherever workers need to be able to access a number of levels so as to be able to complete a construction. For instance, if building work is being finished on the extraneous of a multi-storey property and each workers and materials are required to figure outside two or additional storey, at different times, then an aerial lift can build it more comfortable and safer to carry even heavy quantities of material, and multiple workers to the levels required.
4.0 SAFETY FOR SCAFFOLDING
To control the danger of a scaffold falling or collapsing, employers should assure that scaffolds are engineered at intervals government agency standards concerning strength and structural integrity. 1. Capacity 2. Bracing 3. Pinning 4. Components
Scaffolds and scaffold parts should be capable of supporting, while not failure, their own weight and a minimum of four times their greatest possible amount of load. Scaffolds shall be altered solely underneath the supervising and direction of a competent person.
Employees are not permissible to figure on or from a scaffold throughout storms or wind, unless a competent person has determined that it is safe, and people staff square measure protected by: Personal fall arrest systems Wind screens (when wind screens square measure used the scaffold should be secured against the anticipated wind forces).
What must you check before victimization scaffold? Install, inspect, maintain and repair staging in accordance with standards, rules, and manufacturer\'s directions. Check the subsequent before victimization staging associated examine on an adequate basis: The base is sound, level and adjusted, The legs are plumb and every one braces are in-situ, The lockup devices and ties are secured, The cross members are level, The planks, decks and guardrails are put in and secure
What must you do once victimization scaffold? Use associate access ladder, not the scaffold frame, unless it's specially designed to be climbed up to the opposite level of staging. Build a stairs if the scaffold is used for a length of your time. Build a rest platform for each ten meter (30 ft) tall beside the ladder. Ensure that scaffold is firmly connected to the building structure. Effects of winds increase once scaffolds are coated (hoarded). Adequate ventilation for the work activity within should be provided if the scaffold is totally hoarded. Protect all planked or operating levels with correct guardrails, middle rails and toe boards on all open sides and at the ends of scaffold platforms. Replace any guardrails that were removed, whereas hoisting materials. Wear fall protection till guardrails are reinstalled.
What do you have to not do once using scaffold? Do not load in way over its rated operating load. Do not mount up planks or platforms. Do not force braces to suit. Level the scaffold until a correct level are often made simply. Do not climb or stand on cross braces or guardrails. Do not work on scaffolds throughout storms or high winds. Do not overload scaffold frames or platforms. Do not rest materials or instrumentation on guardrails. Do not try and repair bent or kinked frames. Throw them out. Do not work below a scaffold while not head protection. Do not use scaffolds close to electrical wires.
5.0 ELEMENTS AND FOUNDATION OF SCAFFOLDING
Element of scaffolding The elements of a scaffold are standards, ledgers, transoms, coupler, plank, handrail, toe board, base plate, sole plate, and braces. The standards, additionally referred to as uprights, are the vertical scaffold tube that bears the load of the system wherever they ordinarily rest on a base plate to distribute the load. the bottom plate incorporates a shank in its center to carry the tube.
Ledgers are horizontal scaffold tubes that extend between the standards to support the transoms which forms a tie between the standards
Transoms rest upon the ledgers at right angles. it is supported by a minimum of 2 ledgers or connected on to a minimum of 2 standards. Main transoms are placed next to the standards, they hold the standards in-situ and supply support for plank whereas intermediate transoms are placed between the most transoms to produce further support for plank.
Coupler could be an element or a tool used to connect horizontal and vertical tubes along.
Plank could be a wooden board or made-up element that is a platform unit. It may be created in timber or metal.
Handrail is a barrier consisting of pipes erected to alter the employees to carry themselves in position to stop worsening from their workspace.
Toe board could be a barrier that used to forestall material from falling from work space.
Base plate facilitates to distribute concentrate leg masses over a bigger space. Sole plate could be a wood plate that distributes the load of system over an appropriate ground space.
Bracing is employed to secure the vertical members along laterally and keep the system plumb, level and square. However, it is subjected to wreck simply owing to its weak properties and once it is bent or broken, the frame can out of plumb and square.
Foundation of Scaffolding Base plates are essential great foundation to unfold the load of the system to larger space below. It can avert sinking of ordinary and overturning of scaffold. They connect scaffold standards and SPF planks. Base plates attach to scaffold legs with pins or lockup devices.
Employees erecting scaffolds typically place screw jacks between the scaffold legs and base plates to permit the scaffold to be simply adjusted to desired height to confirm the system is erected, plumb and square. Base plates typically contain trained holes for attaching the plates to the SPF planks.
The SPF planks, that is additionally referred to as sole plates, may be a plate that's accustomed distribute the system load over an acceptable ground space. The dimensions of sole plate are set by the load carried over a selected ground space and also the soil conditions.
The only real plate ought to be a minimum 2x 10 planks and will be continuous beneath a minimum of two consecutive supports. Sole plates could run either on the length of the system or across the breadth provided the soil conditions are satisfactory.
However, system will be used while not base plates on concrete or similar onerous surfaces, though base plates are perpetually recommended. Base plates are recommended for sleek surface like pavements or tarmac. For softer surfaces sole boards should be used, the only real board below, the only common place ought to be a minimum of one, 1000 cm with no dimension less than 220 metric linear unit, the thickness should be a minimum of thirty five metric linear units.
For heavier duty scaffold way more substantial baulks set in concrete will be needed. On uneven ground steps should be cut from the bottom plates, a minimum step size of around 450 metric linear units is suggested. An operating platform needs sure different components to be safe. They have to be close-boarded, have double guard rails and toe and stop boards. Safe and secure access should even be provided.
6.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, staging has several uses and differing kinds of scaffolding have its own distinctive properties and it is utilized in totally different conditions. Frame scaffolding is typically utilized in construction places wherever everything is during a mounted position in order that there is no necessary dissemble and tack it once more compared to different buildings wherever dynamical of position is required.
Suspended scaffolding could be a platform that is suspended by rope or different non-rigid means that, from associate in Nursing overhead structure that tends to use in maintenance and repair work like to put in a replacement window or for painting at a way higher place.
Mobile scaffolding are primarily accustomed gain access to places wherever countless painting and coating are required, it has high skillfulness and adaptability that it will move round the place simply.
Scaffolding allows stable access for the staff, however it needs to use applicable scaffold construction strategies, for instance, to erect, move or alter scaffold properly to stop objects or people from falling.
7.0 REFERENCES 1) Aluminium Mobile Scaffold,. (2013). Advantages of mobile scaffold over normal scaffold.
2) Beeaccess.com,. (2009). Fixeo System Components | Suspended Scaffolding Equipment.
3) Doityourself.com,. (2014). Portable Scaffolding: Pros and Cons | DoItYourself.com
4) Formarkscaffolding.co.uk,. (2013). Types Of Scaffolding And Their Uses
5) Litherland, N. (2014). What Are the Advantages of Using Scaffolding? | eHow. eHow