The 12

th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India

Theoretical Model and Numerical Analysis on Unsaturated
Expansive Soil Slope during Digging and Climate Change Courses
(I)Elasto-plasticity-damage Constitutive Relationship and
Consolidation Model
CHEN Zheng-han
Logistic Engineering UniversityChongqingP R ChinaKey Lab. for the Exploitation of Southwest Resources
& the Environment Disaster Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 1, P R China

LU Zai-hua
Navy University of EngineeringWuhanP R China

GUO J ianfeng, FANG Xiang-wei, ZHOU Hai-qing
Logistic Engineering UniversityChongqingP R China
Keywords: unsaturated soil, expansive soil,suction, crack, elasto-plasticity, damage, consolidation,
slope
ABSTRACT: Focused on the sensitivity to climate change and the special mechanical characteristics of
undisturbed expansive soil, an elasto-plastic damage constitutive model for the soil were proposed based on the
mechanics of unsaturated soil and the mechanics of damage. Undisturbed expansive soil was considered as a
compound of non-damage part and damaged part. The behavior of the non-damaged part was described using
non-linear constitutive model of unsaturated soil. The property of the damaged part was described using a
damage evolution equation and two yield surfaces, i.e., loading yield (LY) and shear yield (SY). The proposed
constitutive model is of an ability to reflect not only the effect of load and suction but also the effect of crack
developing, swelling in wet state and shrinkage in dry state, over consolidation, shear soften and shear dilation on
the behavior of undisturbed expansive soil. Further more, combining the proposed constitutive model with the
consolidation theory of unsaturated soil, a corresponding consolidation model for unsaturated undisturbed
expansive soil was established. The research results of the paper provide a theoretical foundation for
moisture-damage-stress-strain-strength-stability analysis of unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil slope.
1 Introduction
Expansive soil is distributed widely in China, involving more than 10 provinces. Expansive soil having over
consolidation, swelling-shrinkage and crack characteristic, is a kind of typical unsaturated soil. It is very harmful to
civil engineering since its deformation and strength is sensitivity to climatic conditions. In expansive soil area, a
large number of industry and civil buildings were destroyed, a lot of highway surface fractured, many water
conservancy facilities lose efficiency and even a few airports relocated. Along some railway lines such as
Chengdu-Kunming line, J iao-Zhi line, Yang-An line and Nanning-Kunming line, etc., the subgrade disease and
landslide often take place because the trunk railway pass longer expansive soil area. Hundreds of million yuan of
RMB were spent on treating the engineering problems with expansive soil. The hazard due to expansive soil is too
difficulty to deal with and is known as cancer in the geotechnical engineering
[1]
. The middle route of the
South-North Water transfer project will pass the expansive soil area of 170km in Henan and Hebei Provinces, the
deformation and stability problems of the slope for the transporting water trunk channel of the project are greatly
concerned
[2]
. These problems can be solved only through the development theory and technology of expansive
soil.
The existing research results indicate that a expansive soil slope is stable in initial stage after the slope being
excavated and will lose steadily gradually under climate change repeatedly [3]. The soil mass of slope has
experienced a series of complicated change process, i.e., evaporation induces soil shrinkage and crack
generatingrainfall infiltrating produces soil swelling and partial crack closing then evaporation-shrinkage
occurs again, crack develops and soil property degrades further, etc. In the process of infiltrating and evaporating,
the three phases of solid, liquid and air in the soil body are all moving, the water content, degree of saturation,
2222

suction, stress, strength at any point change. Therefore, in order to simulate dynamically the whole course from
steady to lose steady and to clarify the change law of each phase and every state variable as well as to reveal the
failure mechanism of the soil slope, it is necessary to carry out three-phase and multi-field coupling analyses for
expansive soil slope under climatic change.
The constitutive model and the consolidation model of unsaturated expansive soil must be set up at first to carry
out scientific rational numerical analysis and calculation. Gens and Alonso have put forward a elasto-plasticity
conceptual model of expansive soil (i.e., G-A model of expansive soil)[4], based on the elasto-plasticity model of
unsaturated soil proposed by Alonso. Soil deformation is divided into microcosmic and macroscopic structure
levels in the model. The model can only describe repeatedly swelling-shrinkage characteristics of remolded
expansive soil (such as filling soil) in the process of dry-wet circulation. There are many excavation slopes which is
higher than 70 meter in the middle route project South-North Water transfer. The expansive soil in the slops is an
over consolidation and undisturbed soil with remarkable crack structure and demonstrating some shear soften and
shear shrink characteristics. The G-A model is powerless to describe these characteristics of undisturbed
expansive soil. The constitutive model, which can simultaneously reflect crack developing, wet-swelling,
dry-shrinkage, shear soften and shear dilation, has not been reported yet.
To a structural harden clay, Shen ZhuJ iang proposed an elasto-plasticity damage model and a non-linear damage
mechanics model [5,6], which can reflect shear dilation and shear soften characteristic of saturated structural soil
body under low cell pressure. Desai put forward a perturbation state conceptual model [7] of structural soil too.
The basic thought of above models is compound-body damage theory, i.e., the soil unit is regarded as two parts,
relatively intact soil and relatively broken soil; the mechanics properties of the two soils are different significantly
and should be described with different constitutive model; in a loading process, the relatively intact soil would
gradually turn into the relatively broken soil.
According to CT scan result in the course of triaxial shear test to undisturbed expansive soil [8,9], the soil sample
is relatively intact before shearing; the structure damages such as crack , cavity and weak plane in the sample,
etc. increase gradually during shear process; broken and structure damage are relatively obvious at the residual
state of shear. Therefore, an elasto-plasticity damage constitutive model for undisturbed expansive soil, which is
of an ability to reflect the complex deformation characteristics of undisturbed expansive soil, such as crack
developing, swelling and shrinkage repeatedly, shear soften and shear dilation, etc, could be established using
unsaturated soil mechanics and damage theory.
The paper has two tasks. One is to develop an elasto-plasticity damage constitutive model for unsaturated
expansive soil, and another is to set up an elastic-plasticity damage consolidation model of unsaturated expansive
soil by combining the elasto-plasticity damage constitutive model with the consolidation theory of unsaturated soil.
The research results of the paper may provide a theoretical foundation for three-phase multi-field coupling
analyses in the climatic change process of expansive soil slope.

2 Elasto-plasticity damage constituti ve model for skeleton of unsaturated expansi ve soil
The compound body damage theory is used to describe soil skeleton by regarding it as a kind of compound
material. The theory includes three aspects content: the stress-strain relationship of the relatively broken soil
body, the stress-strain relationship of the relatively intact soil body, and the change law of intact soil body turning
into broken soil body. The third aspect content is namely the structure damage evolution equation. The
above-mentioned three aspects of the compound body damage model will be analyzed as follows for unsaturated
undisturbed expansive soil.
2.1 Stress-strain relationship of the relatively broken soil body
The relatively broken expansive soil has large plasticity deformation after loading and may be described using the
elasto-plasticity model. The G-A model of expansive soil can describe swelling-shrinkage characteristic. The
model is quite complicated, because the soil body deformation is divided into two levels of the microcosmic and
macroscopic structure deformation which should be calculated separately. The G-A model of expansive was
improved by the authors of this paper
[10]
by introducing the parabola yield surface suggested by Yin ZongZe
[11]
.
The model can reflect shear dilation, swelling and shrinkage repeatedly characteristic and can be used to describe
the stress-strain relationship of the relatively broken soil body. The basic content of this model is as follows:
2.1.1 Elastic deformation

e
vs
e
vp
e
v
d d d + =
1

dq
G
d
e
s
3
1
=
2
2223

p
dp
v
k
d
e
vp
=
3

atm
s e
vs
p s
ds
v
k
d
+
=
4

where p, q and s are referred to as net mean stress, deviator stress and suction, respectively.
e
v
d and
e
s
d
are elastic volumetric increment and elastic deviator strain increment, respectively.
e
vp
d and
e
vs
d are elastic
volumetric increments associated with a change in net mean stress and a change in suction, respectively. G is
shear modulus. k is elastic rigidity coefficient associated with a change in net mean stress increment. v is
specific votume of soil,
s
k is elastic rigidity coefficient associated with a change in suction increment.
atm
p is
the atmospheric pressure.
The swelling deformation in wet state of expansive soil is relatively large, and the deformation will reduce when
cell pressure is increased. Thus, a function,
d
f , named as expansive function which can reflect the effect of cell
pressure on wetting deformation, is introduced to calculate elastic volumetric increment when suction reduce.

0 <
+
= ds
p s
ds
v
k f
d
atm
s d e
vs

5
n
d d
p
p
t f ) 1 (
0
=
6
where
d
t is the expansive coefficient reflecting expansive power of expansive soil.
0
p is yield net mean stress
for a certain suction. n is an expansive factor reflecting wane degree of expansive deformation with cell
pressure.
2.1.2 Plastic deformation
The yield surface of the improved G-A model for expansive soil shows in Fig.1 after introducing the shear yield
surface (SY). The equations of SY is as follows:
There is a yield surface, LC, in the G-A model, is known as loading-collapse yield. Expansive soil can not collapse
ever, so the yield surface is renamed as loading yield surface (LY) , and is denoted by
1
f :
0 ) )( ( ) (
0
2 2 *
0 1
= + = p p p p M q p s q p f
s

7
s p
s
= 8
] ) ( [
] ) 0 ( [
*
0 0
) (
k s
k
c c
p
p
p
p

9
] ) exp( ) 1 )[( 0 ( ) ( r s r s + = (10)
Shear yield surface denoted by SY:
0
) (
) , , , (
2
2
=
+
=
p
s
s
p
s
q p p M
q
G
aq
s q p f
(11)
where

0
p is the yield net mean stress of saturated soil,
M
is the slope of the critical state line (CSL ),
s
p is
the intercept of the critical state line at
p
axle, is a parameter reflecting cohesion increases with suction,
c
p is a reference stress, ) (s is the compression index after loading-yield related to net mean stress under
certain suction. When soil is saturated, ) (s is equal to ) 0 ( . r is a constant associated with greatest rigidity
of soil ) 0 ( / ) ( = s r , is a parameter that controls the soil rigidity increasing with suction, a is a
parameter that reflects power of shear dilation, M
2
is a parameter which is slightly greater than
M
,
p
s
is
plastic deviator strain.
2224

Associated flow rule is adopted in the paper. The hardening parameter of shear yield surface LY is plastic deviator
strain
p
s
. The hardening law of yield surface LY is expressed as the following equation:
p
v
d
k
v
p
dp

=
) 0 (
*
0
*
0
(12)
Figure 1. Yield surface of improved G-A model of expansive soil
2.2 Stress-strain relation of the relatively intact soil body
The constitutive relation of the relatively intact soil when loading is described by the incremental non-linear elastic
model of unsaturated soil
[12]
, and the expansive function
d
f mentioned above is adopted to describe swelling
deformation in wet state, too.
Tangent Youngs modulus
t
E of expansive soil is expressed as follows:
m
atm
a
a
b
f
atm t
p
u
s m k
u s c
R
p E ) )( (
sin ) ( 2 cos ) tan ( 2
) )( sin 1 (
1
3
1
0
2
3
3 1
+

+ +

=



(13)
where
f
R
is the failure ratio. c ,
and
b
are the effective cohesion, effective angle of internal friction and
angle of suction internal friction, respectively.
0
k , m and
1
m are the parameters of soil property, and they
have definite physics meanings. According to the result of triaxial shear test to expansive soil, the relation of
normalization initial youngs modulus ) / log(
atm i
p E and normalization net mean stress
atm a
p u / ) log(
3
is
linear and can be written as:
m
atm
a
atm i
p
u
p k E ) (
3

=

(14)
Where k is dependent linearly on normalization suction
atm
p
s
,
) (
1
0
atm
p
s
m k k + =
15
In addition, the tangent poisson's ratio of Nanyang expansive soil changes slightly in different suction and different
net cell pressure, and can be regarded as a constant approximately.
2.3 The structure damage evolution equation
According to CT scan result of undisturbed expansive soil in Nangyang
[14]
during triaxial shear test, the damage
evolution equation of the soil structure is:
1 ] exp[
) (
0
0
+ = atm
p
s
s
p
p
D D (
1 D
) (16)
where D0 is the initial damage value,
0
p is the pre-consolidation pressure,
s
is deviator strain. Thus, the
curve described by equation (16) is still an exponential function form at low suction. if suction is smaller than
2225

atmospheric pressure, then let s be equal to atmospheric pressure.
Besides shear causing damage evolution, swelling in wet state and shrinkage in dry state repeatedly can cause
damage evolution of crack, too. According to CT test result of crack evolution in drying-wetting cycle of expansive
soil, a crack damage evolution equation is proposed in reference [15] as follows:
) exp(
Z
v
A D =
(17)
where
A
is the coefficient reflecting expansive power of expansive soil, Z is a parameter governing the form of
curve described by equation(17),
v
is the total volumetric strain of shrinkage in dry state.
Total damage evolution equation is:
) exp( 1 ] exp[
) ( 0
0
Z
v p
s
s
A
p
p
D D
atm
+ + =
(18)
The incremental form of D is:
{ } ds L d L dD
T
2 1
} { + =
(19)

=

xz
yz
xy
y x z
z x y
z y x
tm
a
p
s
s
atm
p
s
s
atm
p
p
p p
p s
L

3
3
3
2 2 4
2 2 4
2 2 4
] exp[
9
} {
) (
0
) 2 (
0
1
(20)
) (
) exp(
) 1 (
2
atm
s Z
v
Z
v
p s v
k
A Z A L
+
=


(21)
2.4 Total stress-strain relation of expansive soil
According to the compound body damage theory:
r d i a
dD d D d D d } { } { } ){ 1 ( } { + + = (22)
Where
i d r
} { } { } { =
(23)
In equation(22), the left side is the total stress increment for soil ; Item 1 on the right is the stress increment of the
relatively intact soil; Item 2 on the right is the stress increment of the relatively broken soil; Item 3 on the right is the
stress difference induced by the relatively intact soil turning into the relatively broken soil.
The elasto-plastic theory is adopted to describe the relatively broken soil. The deformation of soil is divided into
elastic part and plastic part; both the net mean stress and suction make contributions to the two parts for
unsaturated soil. The basic equation is given by:
ds F d D d
sep ep
d
} { } ]{ [ } { + =
(24)
[ ] [ ]
[ ] { } [ ]
[ ] { } )
3
1
)( (
)
3
1
(
s
f
m
f
D
f H
F
D
f
s
f
m
f
D
D D
e
T T
p
e
T
e
e ep

(25)
{ } [ ]{ }
[ ] { } [ ]{ }
[ ] { } )
3
1
)( (
) )(
3
1
(
1
1
s
f
m
f
D
f H
F
D D
f
s
f
s
f
m
f
D
D D F
e
T
p
es e
T
e
es e sep

(26)
where f is yield criterion
dH
df
F = H is the hardening parameter
T
m } 0 0 0 1 1 1 { } { = . If the
2226

yield takes place on the LY yield surface, then f is the yield function
1
f and H is plastic volumetric strain
p
v
. If the yield takes place on the SY yield surface, then f is the yield function
2
f and H is plastic
deviator strain
p
s
. If LY and SY take place yield at the same time, then
Sy p Ly p p
d d d } { } { } { + =
(27)
accordingly
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
21 12 22 11
21 1 11 2
2
21 12 22 11
12 2 22 1
1
} { } {
} {
} { } {
} {
a a a a
a b a b
d D
a a a a
a b a b
d D D D
T T
e
T T
e e ep

=
(28)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
21 12 22 11
21 1 11 2
2
21 12 22 11
12 2 22 1
1
1
} { } { } { } {
a a a a
a c a c
d D
a a a a
a c a c
d D D D F
e e es e sep

=

(29)
Where
] [ } {
1
1 e
T
T
D
f
b

] [ } {
2
2 e
T
T
D
f
b

[ ][ ]
1
1 1
1

=
es e
T
D D
f
s
f
c

[ ][ ]
1
2 2
2

=
es e
T
D D
f
s
f
c

+ =
s
f
m
f
b A a
T 1 1
1 1 11
} {
3
1
} {

+ =
s
f
m
f
b A a
T 2 2
2 2 22
} {
3
1
} {

=
s
f
m
f
b a
T 2 2
1 12
} {
3
1
} {

=
s
f
m
f
b a
T 1 1
2 21
} {
3
1
} {

=
s
f
m
f H
H
f
A
T
p
1 1 1
1
1
1
} {
3
1

=
s
f
m
f H
H
f
A
T
p
2 2 2
2
2
2
} {
3
1


where
1
H and
2
H are
p
v
and
p
s
, respectively.
The relatively intact soil is described by non-linear elastic increment theory,
ds F d D d
se e
i
} { } ]{ [ } { + =
(30)
where
[ ]
1
} { } {

=
es e se
D D F
(31)
Substituting equations of the relatively broken soil stress increment, the relatively intact soil stress increment and
damage stress increment into equation (18), the total stress increment equation is obtained.
( ) ( )
( )
i i T r
d d
s
d d i i
s
i i a
ds L d L
ds F d D D ds F d D D d
1 2
} { } { } {
} { } { ] [ } { } { ] [ ) 1 ( } {
+
+ + + + =


(32)
In order to distinguishing the elastic rigidity matrix [D] with damage variable D, the latter is rewritten as D . Where
the indexes of a, i and d are the total soil element, the relatively intact soil part and the relatively broken soil part,
respectively. Suppose strain and suction change consistently during loading for the relatively intact part and the
relatively broken part in a soil element, then the equation for total stress increment is obtained:
2227

( ) ( )
ds F d D
ds L F D F D d L D D D D d
dmg
s
dmg
r d
s
i
s
T r d i
} { } { ] [
} { } { } ){ 1 ( } { } { } { ] [ ] )[ 1 ( } {
1 2
+ =
+ + + + + =

(33)
where
dmg
D] [ is the elasto-plasticity damage rigid matrix associated with strain,
dmg
s
F } { is the
elasto-plasticity damage rigidity matrix associated with suction.
3 Constituti ve models for air and water of unsaturated
Using the compound body damage theory can only establish constitutive model of soil skeleton. The constitutive
model of air and water must be established for unsaturated soil. Usually, suppose the movement of water and air
obey the Darcys law, the air obeys ideal air state equation. Water content is calculated according to the non-linear
model proposed by reference [12] as follows:
wt wt
w
H
ds
K
dp
d + =
(34)
s s
wt
G
e
K

+
=
0
1
(35)
p s
atm
wt
G
e p s
H

+ +
=
) 1 ( ) (
) 10 (ln
0
(36)
where
wt
K and
wt
H are the tangent water volumetric modulus associated with a change in net mean stress
and a change in suction, respectively;
0
e and
s
G
are the initial void ratio and specific gravity, respectively.
s

and
p

are the change index of water content associated with net mean stress and suction, respectively.
4 The parameters of constituti ve model and their measurement
The parameters of the model are summed up as follows:
For the relatively broken expansive soil:
The parameters related to LC yield surface: k , ) 0 ( , r , ,
c
p , M , and G.
The parameters associated with shear yield surface SY: a and
2
M .
The parameters corresponding to suction change:
s
k ,
d
t and n
For the relatively intact expansive soil: c , ,
b
,
0
k , m ,
1
m ,
t
,
f
R ,
s
k ,
d
t and n .
The damage evolution parameters: A and Z .
Total 23 parameters are involved in the model. If structure damage does not be considered, then the model
degrades to the unsaturated elasto-plastic model (13 parameters) or to the unsaturated non-linear elastic
incremental model (11 parameters) of expansive soil. If both structure damage and expansibility of soil do not be
considered, then the model is the general elasto-plastic model (11 parameters) of unsaturated soil or the
non-linear elastic incremental model (9 parameters) of unsaturated soil.
Only four types of unsaturated triaxial tests are required to determine all parameters of the model. .Isotropic
compression test with controlled suction: the parameters of k ,
) 0 (
, r , and
c
p can be obtained
according to the slope of p v lg curve and yield net mean stress ) (
0
s p at different suction. .Triaxial
shrinkage test with controlled net mean stress: the parameter
s
k is obtained according to ) lg(
atm
p s v +
curve of shrinkage test at different net mean stress. .Swelling test with controlled net mean stress:
d
t and n are
obtained according to the result of volume change. .Triaxial drained shear test with controlled suction and net
cell pressure: three parameters M , and G relating to the yield surface in s q p space are obtained.
The parameter M
2
associated with shear yield surface is slightly bigger than M. a is determined by shear dilation
of expansive soil. The damage evolution parameters
A
and Z are determined by CT test result of expansive
soil. The parameters c , ,
b
,
0
k , m,
1
m ,
t
and
f
R are obtained according to the triaxial shrinkage
test and the triaxial drained shear test of the relatively intact expansive soil.
2228

5 Elasto-plastic damage consolidation model of unsaturated expansi ve soil
The consolidation theory of unsaturated soil involves four types of basic equations: the balance equations of
mass, the balance equations of linear momentum, geometric equation and constitutive equations. The concrete
forms for various equations are as follows [16-20]:
The balance equations of mass for each phase
Solid
0 ] ) 1 [(
) 1 (
,
= +

i si
X n
t
n
&
(37)
Water
0 ] [
) (
,
= +

i wi r
r
X nS
t
nS
&
(38)
Air
0 ] ) )( 1 ( [
)] )( 1 ( [
,
= + +

+
i ai atm a r
atm a r
X P u S n
t
P u S n
&
(39)
The balance equations of linear momentum for soil, water and air
Soil
0 ) (
, ,
= + +
i ij j a j ij a ij
B u u
(40)
Water
i
w
w
w si wi r
y
u
k X X nS
,
) ( ) ( + =

& &
(41)
Air
i
w
a
a si ai r
u
k X X S n
,
) ( ) )( 1 (

=
& &
(42)
Geometric equation
) (
2
1
, , i sj j si ij
X X + =
(43)
Constitutive equations (Supposing air obeys ideal gas state equation, the constitutive equations of solid and water
are needed only).
Solid
ij i kl ijkl ij
s F D + =
(44)
Water
wt
w a
wt
a m
w
H
u u
K
u ) ( ) (
+

=

(45)
wheren and
r
s are porosity and degree of saturation, respectively;
si
X
si
X and
ai
X the displacement
components of soil skeleton, water and air, respectively,
i
B
ij

ij

w
u
a
u
w

w
k and
a
k are
the component of body force, stress tensor, strain tensor, pore-water pressure, pore-air pressure, unit weight of
water, seepage coefficients of water and air, respectively.
Substituting the elasto-plastic damage constitutive model (equation 29) of unsaturated expansive soil into the
constitutive equation (44) of soil skeleton, the basic equations of the elasto-plasticity damage consolidation model
of unsaturated expansive soil can be obtained. According to the references[17-20], let u and v denote the
increments of horizontal and vertical displacements of soil,
1
P and
2
P denote the increments of pore-water
pressure and pore-air pressure, the two-dimension governing equations for the elasto-plasticity damage
consolidation model of unsaturated expansive soil are expressed as follows:
0 ) ) 1 (( ) (
) ( ) (
2 4 1 1 4 1
2
2
2
44
2
2
42
2
41
2
2 2
14
2
12
2
2
11
=

x
b P
y
F
x
F P
y
F
x
F
y x
v
y
u
D
y
v
D
y x
u
D
x
v
y x
u
D
y x
v
D
x
u
D
(46)
0 ] ) 1 ( [ ) (
) ( ) (
2 2 4 1 2 4
2
2
2
24
2
2
22
2
21
2
2 2
44
2
42
2
2
41
=

+ +

y
b P
y
F
x
F P
y
F
x
F
y x
v
y
u
D
y
v
D
y x
u
D
x
v
y x
u
D
y x
v
D
x
u
D
(47)
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0 )] ( [ ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
1
1
2
5
1
4 3 2 1
= +

y P
y
k
y x
P
k
x
t
P
a
t
P
a
x
v
y
u
t
a
y
v
t
a
x
u
t
a
w

(48)
0 ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2
5
1
4 3 2 1
=

y
P
k
y x
P
k
x
t
P
b
t
P
b
x
v
y
u
t
b
y
v
t
b
x
u
t
b
(49)
where
ij
D are the elements of
dmg
D] [ ,
i
F are the elements of { }
dmg
s
F ,
r
wt
ns D D D
K
a a + + + = = ) (
3
1
31 21 11 2 1

) (
3
1
34 24 14 3
D D D
K
a
wt
+ + =

) (
3
1 1
3 2 1 5 4
F F F
K H
a a
wt wt
+ + + = =

1 1
1 a b =

2 2
1 a b =

3 3
a b =

4 4
a b =

) (
) 1 (
4 5
atm a
r
P u
s n
a b
+

+ =
50
where
x
b and
y
b are the component of body force in direction of x and y , respectively.
6 Conclusions
(1) An elasto-plastic damage constitutive model for the unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil is proposed based
on the mechanics of unsaturated soil and the mechanics of damage. The proposed constitutive model is of an
ability to reflect the effects of crack developing, swelling in wet state and shrinkage in dry state, shear soften and
shear dilation on the behavior of undisturbed expansive soil.
(2) Combining the proposed constitutive model with the consolidation theory of unsaturated soil, an
elasto-plasticity damage consolidation model for unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil is established. The
research results of the paper provide a theoretical foundation for moisture-damage-stress-strain-strength-stability
analysis of unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil slope.
It is should point out that the deformation of shrinkage during drying is of plastic volumetric strain when increasing
in suction, which is described by introducing the suction increase yield surface
[4]
.
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