Circulatory System

It is a fluid-filled network of tubes (or vessels) through which materials move between the
environment and the cells of a multicellular animal.
It connects all parts of an organism in a way that allows individual cells to thrive as well as for
organisms to function as a unit
It is an entirely closed system
Function
Transport materials needed by cells
Oxygen
Glucose
Remove waste materials from cells
Carbon dioxide
urea
Major Components
Pump (heart)
Continuously circulates blood
Network of tubes
Arteries- blood away from heart
Veins- blood back to the heart
Blood
Fluid that fills the circulatory system
Specific parts
Pulmonary arteries- transport blood to lungs
Pulmonary veins- transport oxygenated blood to hear
Aortic arch and trunk- main arteries from heart
Common carotid artery- carries blood to brain
Renal vein and artery- connects to kidneys
Mesenteric veins- connects to intestine
Accessory Organs
Lungs- organ where oxygen is taken up and CO
2
is released
Kidneys- organ where wastes are removed from blood; critical in regulating fluids in the body
Small intestine- digestion
Large intestine- water absorption










Digestive System

Digestion
Phases Include
1. Ingestion
2. Movement
3. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination
Structure
Green: Esophagus
Red: Stomach
Pink: Small Intestine
Brown: Large Intestine
Purple: Liver
Green: Gall Bladder
Yellow: Pancreas


Mouth

Teeth mechanically break down food into small
pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva (contains
amylase, which helps break down starch).
Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing
food from entering it.
Esophagus
Approximately 10 long
Functions include:
1. Secrete mucus
2. Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis
If acid from the stomach gets in here thats heartburn.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
Mixes food with digestive juices that contain enzymes to break down proteins and lipids.
Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
Food found in the stomach is called chyme.
Small Intestine
Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area.
The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption.
Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
Absorbs:
80% ingested water
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Secretes digestive enzymes
Large Intestine
About 5 feet long
Accepts what small intestines dont absorb
Rectum (short term storage which holds feces before it is expelled).
Functions
Bacterial digestion
Ferment carbohydrates
Protein breakdown
Absorbs more water
Concentrate wastes
Liver
Directly affects digestion by producing bile
Bile helps digest fat
filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol
Gall Bladder
Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine.
Fatty diets can cause gallstones

Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins
Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

















Respiratory system
The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Organs
nose / nasal cavity-warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat)- passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx-the voice box, where vocal chords are located
trachea (windpipe)- keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which
filter air before it reaches the lungs
bronchi-two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung
bronchioles-a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs
alveoli-the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice
Lower Respiratory Tract
Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound
production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Four Respiration Processes
Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste