CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION

ANSWERS
1
1. (a) Label A to F
A-mouth, B-oesophagus, C-stomach, D-pancreas, E-small intestine,
F-large intestine
(b)
Part Enzyme Digestive process
A
mouth
Salivary amylase Starch + water maltose
C
stomach
Pepsin
Rennin
Protein + water polypeptides
Rennin coagulates mil !y con"erting the
solu!le mil protein, caseinogens, into
the insolu!le casein#
E
Small
intestine
Pancreatic juice:
Pancreatic
amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Intestinal juice:
Erepsin
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Starch + water maltose
Polypeptides + water peptides
$ipid droplets + water glycerol +%atty
acids
Peptides + water amino acids
&altose + waterglucose
Sucrose + waterglucose + %ructose
$actose + waterglucose + galactose
2. Figure belo s!os t!e "igestion o# cellulose by a ruminant suc! as a co.
1
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
2


(a) Label t!e #olloing parts
$umen $eticulum %masum Abomasum
(b) Complete t!e table belo&
Part Processes involve"
$umen
Cellulose is !roen down !y the cellulose produced !y !acteria#
Part o% the !readown products are a!sor!ed !y the !acteria, the
rest !y the cow#
$eticulum
Cellulose undergoes %urther hydrolysis# 'he cud is regurgitated
into the mouth to !e chewed maing the cellulose so%ter and easier
to !e !roen down#
%masum
Food is !roen down into smaller pieces !y peristalsis# (ater is
remo"ed %rom the cud#
Abomasum
)astric *uice containing digesti"e en+ymes completes the digestion
o% proteins and other %ood su!stances#
'. (!at is meant by assimilation)
A process where!y nutrients are used to %orm comple, compounds or
structural components in the cells#
2
Rumen
Reticulum
Abomasum
Omasum
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
3
*. +sing t!e above #igure, "escribe !o bo"y cells use glucose, amino aci"s an"
lipi"s.
&ost o% the glucose is con"erted into glycogen and stored in the li"er#
(hen the !lood sugar le"el %alls and the !ody needs energy, the stored
glycogen is con"erted !ac to glucose# (hen the glucose molecules reach
the cells, they are o,idi+ed to release energy during cellular respiration#
(hen the glycogen stored in the li"er is %ull, e,cess glucose is con"erted
into lipids !y the li"er#
Amino acids which enter the cells are used %or the synthesis o% new
protoplasm and the repair o% damaged tissues# 'hey are also important
!uilding !locs in the synthesis o% en+ymes and hormones# E,cess amino
acids cannot !e stored in the !ody and are !roen down in the li"er !y a
process called deamination#
$ipids such as %ats represent the ma*or energy store o% the !ody# E,cess
lipids are stored in the adipose tissue# Phospholipids and cholesterol are
ma*or components o% plasma mem!ranes#
3
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
4
-. ."enti#ying t!e macronutrients, t!e #unctions an" e##ects o# "e#iciency.
/acronutrient Functions E##ects o# "e#iciency
P!osp!orus 0ynt!esis o# nucleic aci"s,
a"enosine trip!osp!ates (A1P) an"
p!osp!olipi"s o# plasma
membranes.
Poor root growth and
%ormation o% dull, dar green
lea"es# Red or purple spots
on old lea"es#
Potassium Protein synthesis, car!ohydrate
meta!olism and as a co%actor %or
many en+ymes# &aintains
turgidity in plants#
$e"uce" protein synt!esis,
yello2e"ge" leaves an"
premature "eat! o# plants.
Calcium A ma3or constituent o# t!e mi""le
lamella o# cell alls. Formation o#
spin"le #ibres "uring cell "ivision.
Stunted growth, lea"es
!ecome distorted and
cupped, areas !etween lea%
"eins !ecome yellow#
/agnesium 1!e main structural component o#
c!lorop!yll. Activates many plant
enzymes. .nvolve" in carbo!y"rate
metabolism.
-ellowing in the regions
!etween the "eins o% mature
lea"es# Red spots on lea%
sur%aces, lea"es !ecome
cupped#
0ulp!ur A component o% certain amino
acids, a constituent o% "itamin B
and some coen+ymes#
4eneral yelloing o# t!e
a##ecte" leaves or t!e entire
plants.
4
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
5
5. Complete t!e table belo&
0tructure Functions6A"aptations #or p!otosynt!esis
Epi"ermis Epidermal cells are transparent# 'his allows light to
penetrate the lea% and reach the light-trapping
chloroplasts inside#
7ylem 'ransports water a!sor!ed !y the roots to the lea%#
P!loem 'ransports organic products o% photosynthesis away
%rom the lea%#
4uar" cells Regulate the si+e o% the pore#
Palisa"e mesop!yll Paced tightly together in an upright arrangement near
the upper sur%ace o% the lea% so they recei"e ma,imum
amount o% light# 'hese cells ha"e a high density o%
chloroplasts#
0pongy mesop!yll Cells are loosely arranged and !etween each o% them are
air spaces that connect the mesophyll with the stomata#
'hese large spaces allow easy di%%usion o% water and
car!on dio,ide through the lea% to the palisade cells#
'he irregular shapes o% these cells increase the internal
sur%ace area %or the gaseous e,change#
5
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
6
8. Comparing an" contrasting t!e lig!t reaction an" "ar9 reaction.
Lig!t reaction Di##erences Dar9 reaction
-es Lig!t energy re:uire" .o
)rana 0ite o# reaction Stroma
(ater, Car!on dio,ide,
chlorophyll, light energy
0ubstances re:uire" #or
reaction
/idrogen atoms
/ydrogen ions, hydro,yl
ions#
Pro"ucts o# reaction )lucose, o,ygen
8 (a) A balanced diet is the consumption of foods containing all the seven
classes of food in appopiate popotion as e!uied b" the individual#
(b) (i) Ahmad $ 6%& ' (eela $ 44#6&
(ii) Ai )ei $ 34#3& ' (eela $ 3%#*&
(iii) Ahmad $ 2%& ' Ai )ei $ 16#3&
+ A male teenage e!uies moe eneg" (calo") fo go,th and
development of bod" featues compaed to a female teenage#
(d) (eela e!uies geate amount of eneg" compaed to Ai )ei fo the
go,th and development of the foetus in he ,omb#
(e) -he inta.e of caboh"dates and poteins b" Ahmad and Ai )ei is in
appopiate popotions# On the othe hand/ (eela consumes e0cessive
poteins and this ma" lead to health poblems#
* (a) (i) A (ii) 1
(b) (abels $ 2pithelium/ 3lood capilla"/ lacteal
+ (i) Absoption of digested food
(ii) (ong and folded stuctue to povide a lage suface aea of
absoption
4illus ,all is semipemeable to allo, cetain substances to diffuse
into the blood capillaies o the lacteal
)ovement of villi bac. and foth to ma.e absoption faste
6
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
5
(d) (i) Ogan 6 is a panceas# 7t emoval causes the en8"mes lipase/
am"lase and t"psin to be no longe poduced# -his disupts the
digestion of stach/ peptones and peptides and also the h"dol"sis
of fats#
(ii) 9atient has to educe the inta.e of foods containing stach because
of the absence of panceatic am"lase ,hich ma.es stach cannot be
digested in the small intestine#
(e) 1ellulose in the vegetables cannot be digested in the bod"/ hence/ a
vegetaian has a lage potion of his food e0iting the bod" as ,aste instead
of being absobed b" the blood fo cell metabolism# -he bod" ,ill suffe
fom malnutition#
1% (a) 9hotos"nthesis is the pocess of poduction of caboh"dates in plants
fom inoganic mateials in the pesence of light#
(b) -o suppl" o incease the concentation of cabon dio0ide
+ :ighe intensit" of light inceases the ate of photos"nthesis because thee
is moe eneg" fo ,ate photol"sis and A-9 poduction#
(d) 1 1oncentation of cabon dio0ide and tempeatue ae fi0ed duing
the e0peiment#
2# (ight is bought closes to the plant#
3# O0"gen bubbles eleased is used to measue the ate of
photos"nthesis
(e)
11 (a) (i) 9 $ ;,ashio.o
< $ Obesit"
(ii) 6eficienc" of potein in diet
Rate of
9hoto=
s"nthesis
1oncentation of cabon dio0ide
5
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
8
(b) 1hilden e!uie moe poteins fo go,th and labous e!uie moe
caboh"ates to povide sufficient eneg" fo ,o.#
+ (i) 20cessive consumption of foods especiall" fats and caboh"ates
(ii) -he e0cess food ,ill be stoed in the fom of fat (adipose tissue)
unde the s.in and aound the intestine# Ove the time/ this ,ill
esult in obesit"#
(d) 1 -he poblem in individual < is caused b" the habit of ove=eating/
,heeas anoe0ia nevosa is ooted to a ps"chological poblem/
that is/ the obsession to maintain the bod" shape ,ithout assuming
pope diet#
2 -he poblem in individual < bings about the effect of gaining
2%& moe ,eight than the nomal ,eight/ ,heeas anoe0ia
nevosa esults in loss of ,eight and malnutition#
12 (a) :uman stomach has one compatment/ ,hile the co,>s stomach has 4
compatments#
1ellulose digestion stats at the co,>s stomach/ but fo human/ it stats in
the colon#
(b) i# Reticulum/ umen omasum/ abomasums
ii -he abomasums is the uminant>s tue stomach# 7n the
abomasums/ all the pocesses that ta.e place in the human stomach
ta.e place hee# :ee also the gastic ?uice that contains en8"mes
,hich assist in food digestion#
+ 7n the lagest compatment/ the umen/ thee ae millions of bacteia and
poto8oans# -hese micooganisms poduce cellulase en8"me that bea.
do,n cellulose into stach# -he micobes get food and the co,s get the
food digested#
(d) -he stomach is a muscula bag ,hose pincipal function is acidification
fo the action of the pepsin and maceation of the food to the li!uid state/
and tempoa" stoage until passes to the intestines# -he stomach is a
highl" acidic envionment/ ,hich is necessa" fo the action of en8"mes#
6igestive en8"me such as pepsin bea.s do,n potein to peptides# Rennin
solidifies mil. potein fo pepsin to act upon them#
13 (a) Absob digested food
8
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
*
(b) (acteal# 7t absobs fatt" acids and gl"ceol and ?oins the l"mphatic
s"stem#
+ <@lacteal A consist of fat doplets/ vitamin A/ 6/ 2/ ;
3lood capillaies A simple sugas/ amino acids/ mineals/ vitamin 3 and 1
(d) -he intenal suface of the ileum is coveed b" finge=li.e po?ection
called villi/ folded into mico=villi ,hich gives the ileum a fa geate
intenal suface aea fo food absoption#
7nside each villus/ thee is a dense net,o. of blood capillaies fo food
absoption#
-hin ,all to help in food absoption#
14 (a)
(b) Btep 1 $ 3oil the leaf to .ill the cells and ma.e its cells moe
pemeable to iodine#
Btep 2 $ 3oil the leaf in alcohol to emove the chlooph"ll
Btep 3 $ 6ip the leaf into boiling ,ate again to soften the leaf
Btep 4 $ Bpead the leaf on a ,hite tile and add iodine on it and
obseve changes#
+ i A blue blac. colou indicates that stach is pesent
ii 3oil the leaf in alcohol b" using a hot ,ate bath to avoid the is.
of fie#
(d) =palisade cells have moe chlooplasts than spong" mesoph"ll cells
=0"lem vessels ae close to palisade cells than phloem sieve tubes
*
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
1%
=the pesence of stomata in the lo,e athe than uppe epidemis
=the pesence of ai spaces bet,een the cells of the leaf
(e)
15 (a) (i) chlooplast
(ii)
(b) i# C $ -he light eaction in the gana
D $ -he da. eaction in the stoma
ii# 9hotol"sis of ,ate/ ,hee ,ate molecules ae split to fom
o0"gen and h"dogen ions
iii# -he eduction of cabon dio0ide b" the h"dogen ion to fom
glucose and ,ate
+ 24 :2O E 6 1O2 16:12O6 E 18:2O E6O2
(d)
-he light eaction -he da. eaction
Occus in the membane of gana Occus in the stoma
-empeatue sensitive -empeatue insensitive
Re!uies light eneg" Reaction catal"sed b" an en8"me
1%
chlooph"ll
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
11
Essay question
. 1.(a)(i);utrition o# organism P
F1 & Autotrop!ic 6 by p!otosynt!esis
P1 & 0ynt!esis its on #oo" 6 glucose

;utrition o# organism <
F2 & =eterotrop!ic 6 =olozoic
P2 & %btain its #oo" source 6 organic
substances #rom surroun"ing or
pro"ucer
1.(a)(ii) %ne 0imilarity
F1 & Alimentary canal o# bot! < an" $
contains bacteria 6 protozoa
P1 & 1o "igest cellulose into glucose

F2 & Large sur#ace area
P2 & 1o increase t!e rate o# "i##usion 6
absorption
F' & 0ecretes e>tracellular enzymes
P' & 1o !y"rolyse large #oo" molecules
1.(a)(ii) & Four Di##erences
Fact E>planation
$ & * stomac! c!ambers
< & 1 stomac! c!amber
Part o# t!e stomac! are
+se" #or cellulose "igestion
$ & =as small caecum
< & =as large caecum
Place !ere t!e bacteria "igest
cellulose
$ & 1!e bacteria in rumen
6reticulum
< & 1!e bacteria in caecum
1!e bacteria secretes cellulase
enzyme
Fact E>planation
11
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
12
$ & 1!e #oo" t!at !ave
been salloe" #or t!e
1st time are returne"
to t!e mout! an" t!en
re2salloe" #or 2n"
time
< & 1!e 1st #aeces are re2
eaten #or absorption
1o complete t!e "igestion 6
Absorption o# glucose
1.(b) Cause an" 0uggestion &
1. Constipation &
2 .nsu##icient amount o# #ibrous #oo"
2 Eat more vegetables 6 #ruit
2. ;ig!t blin"ness &
2 .nsu##icient o# vitamin A
2 Eat more carrots 6 tomatoes
'. Anemia
2 .nsu##icient iron 6 #erum nutrient
2 Eat more spinac! 6 c!ic9en liver
(a) P!otosynt!esis & A process !ereby a
green plant
2.(a) F1 2 Pro"uces glucose6 starc! #rom carbon
"io>i"e an" ater
P2 2 in t!e presence o# c!lorop!yll an"
sunlig!t
2(b) 1!e #ormation o# starc! in green plants
P1 2 C!lorop!yll absorbs lig!t energy to
pro"uce A1P6electrons
P2 2 P!otolysis o# ater pro"uce =? ions
an" %=2 ions
P' @ =? ion combines it! electron to #orm
!y"rogen atom
P* 2 =y"rogen an" A1P ill be use" in t!e
"ar9 reaction
P- 2 occurs in grana
P5 2 1!e process ta9e place in t!e absence
o# lig!t
P8 2 C%2 combines it! !y"rogen to #orm
glucose
PA 2 4lucose molecules un"ergo con"ensation 6
converte" 6 store as starc!
PB 2 Formation o# glucose an" starc! is
12
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
13
t!roug! a series o# c!emical reaction
P1C 2 occurs in stroma
2(c) 1!e importance o# p!otosynt!esis #or t!e balance o# nature &
P1 2 Absorbs C%2 #rom atmosp!ere
P2 2 $eplaces o>ygen in t!e atmosp!ere
P' 2 !elps maintaining t!e percentage o#
C%2 6%2 in t!e atmosp!ere
=o air pollution may !ave an e##ect on p!otosynt!esis an" t!e balance nature
P12incomplete combustion o# #ossil #uels pro"uces tiny carbon particles !ic!
#orm smo9e,!aze an" smog
P220mo9e particles can also "eposit on leaves an" prevent gases e>c!ange.
P'2Dot! can loer t!e rate # p!otosynt!esis
'. (a) E A saprop!yte is an organism t!at obtains its energy #rom t!e "ea"
"ecaying organic matter. F1G
E /any bacteria an" #ungi are saprotrop!s F1G
E E>amples are Rhizopus, Mucor an" mus!room F1G
E 1!e importance lies in t!eir role as "ecomposers F1G
E 1!ey brea9 "on comple> organic substances into simple substances
an" !elp to release an" recycle o# certain elements suc! as carbon,
nitrogen, sulp!ur an" p!osp!orus F1G
E 1!eir saprop!ytic activities prevent accumulation o# "ea" bo"ies o#
plants an" animals F1G
E 1!ey are important in t!e "ecomposition o# seage F1G
E Heast is important in ba9ing an" breing F1G
E 0ome saprop!ytes, #or e>ample Penicillium are use" in t!e manu#acture
o# antibiotics F1G
E 1!ey are use" in t!e pro"ucttion o# yog!urt an" c!eese F1G
E As a #oo" source, #or e>ample, e"ible mus!rooms F1G
E Heast is use" in t!e pro"uction o# vitamin D F1G
(b) E A parasite is an organism t!at obtains its #oo" #rom its living !ost
E Ectoparasites live on t!e outer sur#ace o# a !ost F1G
E En"oparasites live it!in a !ost F1G
E 1!e parasites may !arm t!e !osts. E>amples are&
@ t!e tapeorm Taenia obtains its nouris!ment #rom "igeste" #oo" in t!e
!uman (!ost) intestine F1G
@ !air louse suc9s bloo" #rom t!e animal !ost F1G
(c) Similarities
E Dot! saprop!ytes an" parasites are !eterotrop!s F1G
E Dot! absorb soluble #oo" materials F1G
13
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
14
Di%%erences
E .n parasites, t!e energy #rom #oo" is "erive" #rom living organisms.
0aprop!ytes obtain
energy #rom #oo" "erive" #rom "ea", "ecaying organic matter. F1G
E Parasites are more speci#ic to t!eir !osts. 0aprop!ytes can gro on a variety o#
"ea"
organisms. F1G
Paper'
1.
2. Objective:
-o detemine the vitamin 1 content in diffeent fuit ?uice
Problem statement:
6o diffeent t"pes of fuit ?uices contain simila amounts of vitamin 1F
Hypothesis:
(ime ?uice contains a highe concentation of vitamin 1 compaed to pineapple ?uice and
oange ?uice
Variables:
Manipulated variable$ -"pes of fuit ?uice
Responding variable$ 4olume of fuit ?uice needed to decoloi8e the 1 ml 61799
solution@ & of
vitamin 1
Fixed variable$ 4olume of 61799 solution
Materials:
61799 solution/ o#1 & ascobic acid solution/ feshl" pepaed lime ?uice/ pineapple ?uice
and oange ?uice
Apparatus:
Bpecimen tubes/ a s"inge ( 1 ml )/ s"inges ( 5 ml ) ,ith needles/ bea.es ( 5% ml )/
gau8e cloth and a .nife
-echni!ue$
-o ecod the volume of fuit ?uice needed to decoloi8e the 1 ml 61799 using a scaled
s"inge
Procedure:
1# Gou specimen tubes ae labelled as ascobic acid/ lime ?uice / oange ?uice and
pineapple ?uice
2# 1 ml of 61799 solution is placed in each specimen tube
14
CHAPTER 5 : NUTRITION
ANSWERS
15
3# A s"inge is filled ,ith 5 ml of ascobic acid solution
4# -he needle of the s"inge is immesed in the 61799 solution
5# -he ascobic solution is added dop b" dop to the 61799 solution and the tube is
sha.en slo,l"
6# -he amount of ascobic acid solution use to decoloi8e the 61799 solution is
ecoded
5# Bteps 2 to 6 ae epeated using lime ?uice/ oange ?uice and pineapple ?uice
8# -he pecentage and concentation of vitamin 1 in the fuit ?uices ae calculated
*# -he data collected is ecoded in a table
Results:
Bolution 7nitial
volume (ml)
Ginal
volume (ml)
4olume
used (ml)
9ecentage
of vitamin 1
(&)
1oncentation
of vitamin 1
(mg@ml)
Ascobic
acid
5#% 4#% 1#% = =
(ime ?uice 5#% 2#5 2#5 1@1#25 0 %#1
H %#%4
%#4
9ineapple
?uice
5#% 1#4 3#6 1@3#60 %#1 H
%#%3
%#3
Oange ?uice 5#%
alculation:
9ecentage of vitamin 1 H 4olume of %#1 & ascobic acid solution 0 %#1
4olume of fuit ?uice
1oncentation of vitamin 1 H 4olume of %#1 & ascobic acid solution
4olume of fuit ?uice
a) 9ecentage of vitamin 1 in lime ?uice H 1@2#5 0 o#1 H %#o4
1oncentation of vitamin 1 in lime ?uice H 1@ 2#5 H %#4 mg @ ml
onclusion:
-he lime ?uice contain moe vitamin 1 than pineapple ?uice and oange ?uice
15