Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
|
Summer 2012
F
iber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composite materi-
als have been used as construction materials over
the past two decades. FRP composites can replace
traditional steel reinforcement in new construction. Ex-
ternally bonded composite plates or sheets are being used
for the repair, strengthening, and rehabilitation of aging
and deteriorated structures. It is the latter application that
has shown the greatest promise as a cost-effective solution
to the growing problem of structurally defcient concrete
structures in the United States and worldwide.
Composite alternatives have advantages over traditional
strengthening methods in terms of strength-to-weight ratio,
corrosion resistance in the case of carbon and aramid f-
bers, speed and simplicity of application, and versatility in
conforming to various cross-sectional shapes. Many exper-
imental investigations have shown externally bonded FRP
composites to be effective in increasing the load-carrying
capacity of concrete members such as columns and gird-
ers. Most of these studies have focused on axial (confne-
ment) or fexural strengthening. While fexure is typically
the limiting mode of failure in bridge girder design, shear
failure may dominate in cases where the original trans-
verse reinforcement has severely corroded or the fexural
strength has been increased. In such cases, increasing the
shear capacity can prevent catastrophic shear failure.
This paper reports an investigation of the failure modes and
ultimate bearing capacity of 16 full-scale prestressed concrete
girders strengthened in shear with externally bonded carbon-
fber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets.
Test parameters include the cross-sectional shape, effects of
preexisting damage, CFRP strengthening scheme, different
anchorage systems, and transverse steel reinforcement ratio.
The test results show that the failure modes are complex and
can vary considerably with respect to the test parameters.
The test results also show that the application of externally
bonded CFRP shear reinforcement might not increase the load-
carrying capacity of a prestressed concrete girder.
Behavior of prestressed
concrete I-girders
strengthened in shear
with externally bonded
fiber-reinforced-polymer sheets
Michael Murphy, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, and Sang-Wook Bae
Summer 2012
|
PCI Journal 64
Experimental studies on shear strengthening with FRP
are limited and have mostly considered only small-scale
reinforced concrete beams.
1
However, analytical models
proposed in the literature for shear strengthening with FRP
are numerous and in most cases contradictory in their pre-
dictions of the FRP shear contribution.
2
Even in traditional
reinforced concrete members without externally bonded
FRP reinforcement, shear design presents a complex
challenge that relies more on semiempirical methods in
contrast to design for axial load or fexure.
Accounting for externally bonded FRP shear reinforcement
with its specifc characteristics adds to the complexity of
shear design. The diffculty in defning the shear contribu-
tion of FRP arises from its anisotropy combined with a
wide variety of possible reinforcement confgurations. FRP
reinforcement confgurations in shear include the selection
of surfaces to be bonded (side bonding, U wrap, complete
wrap), continuous reinforcement or a series of discrete
strips, and orientation of the primary direction of fbers.
The bond characteristics between the FRP and concrete
substrate are an additional complexity in understanding the
contribution of FRP to shear strength. The effectiveness of
the strengthening method has also been found to depend
on the mode of failure that has been experimentally shown
to vary between tensile rupture of the FRP and sequential
debonding of the FRP, depending on the anchorage condi-
tions.
Although design standards for FRP shear strengthening are
still under development, FRPs have already been used as
external strengthening in a number of feld applications.
3,4
Current guidelines for FRP shear strengthening have been
based on modifcations to existing shear provisions. The
applicability and accuracy of such design methods have
been validated through experimental testing, mostly on
small-scale reinforced concrete beams. This study was
designed to extend current knowledge by investigating the
effectiveness of using externally bonded FRPs for increas-
ing the shear strength of full-scale prestressed concrete
girders.
Research significance
Most of the present research has investigated the behavior
of traditional mild steel-reinforced concrete structures
strengthened in shear with FRP, with only limited studies
on prestressed concrete structures. In the present study, the
behavior of full-scale American Association of State High-
way and Transportation Offcials (AASHTO)-type gird-
ers, particularly the failure modes, was investigated in a
comprehensive experimental program. The study revealed
that FRP strengthening for shear was not as effective for
prestressed concrete structures as for reinforced concrete
structures and the effectiveness varied with the shape of the
cross section.
Experimental program
A total of 8 full-scale MoDOT (Missouri Department of
Transportation) LRFD Bridge Design Guidelines
5
Type 3
and Type 4 precast, prestressed concrete girders were con-
structed, with each girder designed to provide two distinct
test regions for a total of 16 test specimens. The depths of
the Type 3 and Type 4 girders are 39in. (990mm) and 45in.
(1140mm), respectively. The test girders were designed
such that shear would be the governing failure mode with
consideration for both the American Concrete Institutes
(ACIs) Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-
crete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08)
6
and
AASHTOs Standard Specifcations for Highway Bridges
or AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifcations.
7
Table1
summarizes the test parameters, material properties, and test
results. The nomenclature of the specimen indicates the test
parameters considered in this experimental study:
size of girders (T4 = Type4; T3 = Type3)
stirrup spacing (12in. or 18in. [300mm or 460mm])
carbon-fber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening
confguration (S90 = strips at 90 degrees, S45 = strips at
45 degrees)
presence and type of mechanical anchorage
presence of preexisting damage/cracks (PC)
Four different cross-section types were used for the test
girders (Fig.1). The differences in the cross-section types
investigated include the size of the girder according to the
MoDOT LRFD guidelines (Type3 and Type4), the pres-
ence or absence of a deck slab, the shape of the deck slab,
and the fexural reinforcement scheme.
The test girders were constructed in a local precast con-
crete plant and delivered to the testing laboratory. Deck
slabs were constructed for all girders except for TypeI
girders (Fig.1). CFRP sheets were used for strengthen-
ing. Twelve-inch-wide (300mm), single-ply CFRP strips
were applied using the wet lay-up technique in a U-wrap
confguration. The fbers were oriented at either 90 or
45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the girders
(Table1). The CFRP strips were spaced to provide a 6in.
(150mm) gap.
Table1 summarizes the concrete compressive strengths
measured for each specimen at the time of testing. Me-
chanical properties for the transverse and fexural steel
reinforcement were also evaluated (Table2). The CFRP
used for strengthening consisted of unidirectional carbon-
fber sheets. Table2 also provides the mechanical proper-
ties for the CFRP as provided by the manufacturer and
validated by coupon testing.
65 PCI Journal
|
Summer 2012
Four different anchorage systems were investigated for
their abilities to prevent or delay the debonding associated
with FRP shear strengthening (Fig.2):
continuous mechanical anchorage system (CMA)
discontinuous mechanical anchorage system (DMA)
Table 1. Summary of test parameters and test results
Specimen
*
Cross-
section
type
v f
Fiber
direction,
degrees
Anchorage
types
a /d f
'
c g
, psi f
'
c s
, psi
V
cr
,
kip
V
u
,
kip
Failure mode
T4-12-Control I 0.0031 0 None None 2.9 9970 n/a 139 202 Top fange
T4-18-Control I 0.0020 0 None None 2.9 9930 n/a 140 206 Top fange
T4-18-S90-NA I 0.0020 0.0014 90 None 2.9 10,020 n/a 149 193 Top fange
T4-18-S90-CMA II 0.0020 0.0014 90 CMA 2.9 10,120 5240 136 229 Top fange
T4-18-S90-DMA II 0.0020 0.0014 90 DMA 2.9 10,160 7370 161 244 Top fange
T4-18-S45-DMA II 0.0020 0.0010 45 DMA 2.9 10,190 7840 161 255 Top fange
T4-12-Control-Deck II 0.0031 0 None None 2.9 10,660 10,730 141 245 Top fange
T4-12-S90-SDMA II 0.0031 0.0014 90 SDMA 2.9 10,330 10,810 108 258 Top fange
T3-12-Control III 0.0031 0 None None 3.4 8890 8520 126 253
Stress
concentration
T3-12-S90-NA III 0.0031 0.0014 90 None 3.4 8910 8760 130 271 Web crushing
||
T3-12-S90-NA-PC
#
III 0.0031 0.0014 90 None 3.4 9470 8670 n/a 239 Web crushing
||
T3-12-S90-DMA III 0.0031 0.0014 90 DMA 3.4 10,380 9700 115 249
Stress
concentration