Over the time, an engineer may only consider a clear line of sight during site survey or LOS survey to determine a reliable digital microwave transmission. However a question may arise, is it sufficiently enough to rely much on it?
This article, which meant for engineers who do the LOS survey and it provides another consideration apart from a clear line of sight.
Fresnel Zone and their effect
Direct wave, which obviously travel in straight line from say, Site A to Site B, is unaffected of any obstruction if the LOS survey was successfully done. However, it is a rule of thumb to know that the transmission is not just travel in a virtually straight line, it is also travel via a bended or deflected curve which due to the obstruction in between the sites. This factor is caused by multipath propagations and usually the phenomenon of this propagation is regarded as diffractions, reflections etc
In Fresnel zone theory, there is a series of virtual elliptical shape zone exist between one transmission end to another. These zones provide a reference for the surveyor to predict the potential kind of losses for further consideration.
In addition to the zone, these series of zone are regarded with connotations which will be used further in this article; the smallest zone which converges along the direct wave is called Fresnel Zone 1 (F1). As the zone increases its radius to a certain extend, it is regarded as F2, F3, F4 and so on. The Receive Signal Level (RSL) on the other hand, will decrease as the Fresnel Zone number is increased. Due to its phase differences, the odd number of Fresnel Zone is associated with the amplification the signal while the even number of it will attenuate it.
At the far end side, it will receive the signals coming from all of these zones via vector sum. In other words, the final signal is a vector composition of direct wanted signal and reflected unwanted signals from various layers of the Fresnel Zones. Consequently, one could experience a fluctuating RSL over a period of time. Therefore, the focus during the LOS survey is to reduce this significant level of fluctuation which occasionally may lead to drop in transmission.
1/6 Case Study How to determine Fresnel Zone?
As the understanding of the Fresnel zone blooming, one would understanding that the zone is actually an invisible curvatures, where the only way to detect the curvature in by the mean of clearance. Clearance is the different in length between an obstruction to the Fresnel zones curve. It is suggested that an obstruction must not be closer to 60% of the curve radius. In the other word, at any point of the path between Site A and Site B, an obstruction would only be acceptable during LOS survey if it would stand clear 60% off the direct wave between the transmission sites. (see Figure 1)
Figure 1: Clearance (c1) relationship with the Fresnel Zone Radius (r1), 1 * 6 . 0 1 r c
Furthermore, this article provides an excel sheet which act as a calculator to determine the clearance at any point of the transmission path and at any Fresnel Zone number. Please refer to the Appendix A for the calculator. (Appendix A - Fresnel Radius calculator.xls)
In this excel spreadsheet, one could enter the Fresnel Zone number, the operating frequency, the path length between the Site A and Site B, and the obstruction location with respect to the left-most position (referred as d1 in Figure 1).
Notice that the clearance off the direct wave is rather small on any case of the microwave transmission parameters such as frequency, path length and obstruction location from TX (or RX). Therefore, a clear line of sight, without any slight obstruction is expected during the line of sight findings. Otherwise, another type of loss would come into the equation which is Knife-Edge diffraction loss, which unfortunately is not covered in this article.
2/6 Case Study Fresnel Zone realization using Pathloss 4.0
One should complete a link between Site A to Site B by using Pathloss 4.0 software. The essential information that need to be included prior of the Fresnel calculation are, a high resolution digital map (SRTM or UTM) to define the terrain plain between the two points and a defined antenna heights which provide a clear line of sight.
After the information has been keyed into Pathloss 4.0, press Ctrl+R or Module>>Diffraction to go to Diffraction page. This page contains the terrain profile between the transmission sites (refer to Figure 2)
Figure 2: Diffraction page in Pathloss 4.0
Next, to realize the Fresnel zone, press F2 or Operation>>Fresnel Zone. Fresnel Zone option box will prompt as shown below (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: Fresnel Zone Reference
From the Fresnel Zone box, one can select the Fresnel Number of one, two and four only. Finally press Draw to realize the selected Fresnel Number zone. The result is shown in Figure 3/6 Case Study 4. Please be noted that only the lower boundary of the Fresnel Zone is shown due to the fact only the lower boundary will intercept with the potential obstruction.
Figure 4: Result of the realization of the Fresnel Zone number 1,2 and 4
As shown in the Figure 4, to calculate the clearance percentage over the terrain is by placing the red arrow at the peak of it. As shown in the figure above, Fresnel Zone number one, two and four has been drawn for the sake of reference.
Finally by pressing F9, one can see its clearance percentage value as shown as in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Result of the clearance percentage
The clearance percentage is stated in the figure above. Please be noted that the algorithm of the calculation method shown above is the Knife Edge algorithm. One can change the algorithm by pressing F4 or Operation>>Set Algorithm. The options that Pathloss 4.0 provides are: 4/6 Case Study Knife-Edge Average Isolated Obstacle Height Gain Longley-Rice IRRT Two Ray Optics Pathloss TIREM NSMA
Each of the algorithms listed above having its own situation for it to be applied. However, to calculate the clearance percentage, each of the algorithms is giving the same result. In the other word, Fresnel Zone definition is independent to any of the algorithm listed above.
The drawback of using Pathloss 4.0 is that, the digital map which is SRTM or UTM only consider the terrain information. But how about the constructed buildings, landscaping, vegetations etc? In this case, we might have to consider other method, which is the conventional method of a good site survey especially a good LOS survey.
Suggestions
Suggestion 1
By using High Performance antenna, the side lobes and the back lobes are reduced in the way that it would contribute to block the unwanted signal coming from the side and back lobes. These signals which come from the mentioned lobes will cause interferences and also underlie it into the destructive zone especially on the higher order even number of Fresnel Zone.
Suggestion 2
The most economical method to eliminate the destructive signal is by lowering the antenna height. By doing so, as mentioned in Suggestion 1, consequently it will reduce the higher order even number of Fresnel Zone since it has been blocked by obstructions in between the transmission ends.
Suggestion 3
At times, LOS survey shouldnt have to focus too much on the Fresnel Zone effect since there are obstructions (buildings, hills, trees etc) which block the presence and the effect of destructive Fresnel Zone. However, this phenomenon would probably change its behavior as the weather change, especially for transmission operating in frequency band higher than 10GHz
5/6 Case Study Conclusion
Despite of the proposals suggested throughout this article, the only practical way so far is having a rather successful LOS survey. A surveyor must be sensitive enough to notice any of the potential development such as construction as well as vegetation growth along the path towards the far end. Otherwise, the link would solely rely merely on the cushioned of Fade Margin and its Annual Availability. Though it is considered a reliable solution, yet it is still not good enough to cater the effect the Fresnel Zone as explained in this article.
References
1. http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm, contains ideas and effects of Fresnel Zone 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone, contains ideas, effects of Fresnel Zone and Clearance 3. www.pathloss.com/forums, contains methods to reduce Fresnel Zone effect 4. Digital Microwave Communication Principle Slideshow, Huawei Support Website 5. The elliptical Fresnel-zone Plate antenna, van Houten, J.M.; Herben, M.H.A.J, IEEE journal 6/6