NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 1

Module 4
GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSIS
(Lectures 17 to 22)

Lecture 20

Topics
4.4 OTHER APPROACH TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL
DYNAMIC RESPONSE PROBLEMS
4.4.1 Shear Beam Approach
4.4.2 Other Approaches
4.4.3 Comparison of Two-Dimensional Response Analyses



4.4 OTHER APPROACH TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL
DYNAMIC RESPONSE PROBLEMS
In an attempt to capture the most significant aspects of various two-dimensional
dynamic response problems without the computational cost and complexity of
dynamic finite-element analyses, a number of investigators have developed
alternative approaches to specific problems. These approaches typically involve
simplifying assumptions that allow two-dimensional problems to be solved by one-
dimensional analyses.

4.4.1 Shear Beam Approach
One of the earliest approaches to the dynamic analysis of two-dimensional
geotechnical systems was the shear beam analysis applied to earth dams by
Mononobe et al., (1936). The shear beam approach is based on the assumption that a
dam deforms in simple shear, thereby producing only horizontal displacements.The
shear beam approach also assumes that either shear stresses or shear strains are
uniform across horizontal planes. These assumptions have also been verified
(Chopra, 1966; Dakoulas, 1985); stresses and strain are nearly constant across the
dam except in small zones near the upstream and downstream faces where they
decrease to zero (Gazetas, 1987).

Considering the homogeneous, infinitely long dam as shown in (figure 4.24) and
assuming horizontal displacements to be constant at a given depth, the horizontal
NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
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displacement relative to the base, is independent of . The resultant shearing
force on the upper surface of a slice of thickness, , is




Figure 4.24 Earth dam, showing stresses acting on an element of thickness,

The corresponding resultant shearing force on the bottom of the slice is

The resultant inertial force acting on the slice depends on the total acceleration, that
is,

For equilibrium in the x-direction,

(4.60)

Or

+ [

Substituting , the shear beam
equation can be written as

+ (4.61)

Where the average shear modulus,

is given by

Gazetas (1982) developed solutions to the shear beam wave equation for the case
where the shear modulus increases as a power function of depth according to

where

is the average shear modulus at the base of the dam.

For such conditions, the natural circular frequency (assuming ) is given
NPTEL- GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
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by

(4.62)

Where

is the average shear wave velocity of the sol in the dam and

is the
root of a period relation (Dakoulas and Gazetas, 1985) tabulated in (Table 4.2) for
the first five modes of vibration.

Table 4.2 Values of

for First Five Modes of Vibration of an Earth Dam

1 2 3 4 5
0 2.404 5.520 8.654 11.792 14.931

2.903 6.033 9.171 12.310 15.451

2.999 6.133 9.273 12.413 15.544

3.142 6.283 9.525 12.566 15.708
1 3.382 7.106 10.174 13.324 16.471

(Equations 4.62) produces a fundamental period of

(4.63)

Example 6
The earth dam shown in (figure 4.25) is constructed of compacted clay with a shear
wave velocity of 1200 ft/sec. compute the first three natural frequencies of the dam.





figure 4.25


Solution

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The mode shape at the natural frequency is given by

] (4.64)

Where

is a Bessel function of the first kind of order, , which can

be evaluated from

(4.65)

Where is the gamma function (table 4.3).

Table 4.3 Recursion Relationship and Values of Gamma Function

1.00 1.00000 1.25 0.90640 1.50 0.88623 1.75 0.91906
1.01 0.99433 1.26 0.90440 1.51 0.88659 1.76 0.92137
1.02 0.98884 1.27 0.90250 1.52 0.88704 1.77 0.92376
1.03 0.98335 1.28 0.90072 1.53 0.88757 1.78 0.92877
1.04 0.97884 1.29 0.89904 1.54 0.88818 1.79 0.92877
1.05 0.97350 1.30 0.89747 1.55 0.88887 1.80 0.93138
1.06 0.96874 1.31 0.89600 1.56 0.88964 1.81 0.93408
1.07 0.96415 1.32 0.89464 1.57 0.89049 1.82 0.93685
1.08 0.95973 1.33 0.89338 1.58 0.89142 1.83 0.93969
1.09 0.95546 1.34 0.89222 1.59 0.89243 1.84 0.94261
1.10 0.95135 1.35 0.89115 1.60 0.89352 1.85 0.94561
1.11 0.94739 1.36 0.89018 1.61 0.89468 1.86 0.94869
1.12 0.94359 1.37 0.88931 1.62 0.89592 1.87 0.95184
1.13 0.93993 1.38 0.88854 1.63 0.89724 1.88 0.95507
1.14 0.93642 1.39 0.88785 1.64 0.89864 1.89 0.95838
1.15 0.93304 1.40 0.88726 1.65 0.90012 1.90 0.96177
1.16 0.92980 1.41 0.88676 1.66 0.90167 1.91 0.96523
1.17 0.92670 1.42 0.88636 1.67 0.90330 1.92 0.96878
1.18 0.92373 1.43 0.88604 1.68 0.90500 1.93 0.97240
1.19 0.92088 1.44 0.88580 1.69 0.90678 1.94 0.97610
1.20 0.91817 1.45 0.88565 1.70 0.90864 1.95 0.97988
1.21 0.91558 1.46 0.88560 1.71 0.91057 1.96 0.98374
1.22 0.91311 1.47 0.88563 1.72 0.91258 1.97 0.98768
1.23 0.91075 1.48 0.88575 1.73 0.91466 1.98 0.99171
1.24 0.90852 1.49 0.88595 1.74 0.91683 1.99 0.99581
2.00 1.00000

The first and second mode shapes are shown in (figure 4.26) for various values of
the stiffness parameter, . As increases, the shear beam analysis produces a
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whiplash effect characterized by large shear strain and high acceleration near the
crest of the dam in the second and higher modes. Under strong shaking, nonlinear
behavior of the materials in an actual earth dam may prevent the development of the
high acceleration predicted by the shear beam analysis.




Figure 4.26: Mode shapes for (a) first mode and (b) second mode of earth dam
response. Note rapid change of U with depth near crest of dam for second mode at
m = 1 (whiplash effect). (After Dakoulas and Gazetas, 1985)

The midcrest and base accelerations are related by the transfer function

(4.66)

Where

, and

is the impedance ratio at the soil-rock

interface.

In the preceding derivation, the soil was assumed to be linear and undamped. The
effects of soil damping can easily be included by repeating the derivation with the
soil characterized by a complex stiffness. The results expressed in (equation 4.62)
through (4.66) would be identical except for the replacement of

by the complex
shear wave velocity,

.

The shear beam approach is an excellent example of a procedure that through the
judicious use of appropriate assumptions, greatly simplifies an important class of
ground response problems. It allows rapid estimation of many important response
parameters, and can be used to check the reasonableness of the results of more
sophisticated analyses. The shear beam transfer function can be used in an
equivalent linear analysis, or nonlinear inelastic stress-strain behavior can be
assumed in an incremental nonlinear analysis.

4.4.2 Other Approaches
The layered inelastic shear beam (Stara-Gazetas, 1986) combines the shear beam
approach with a one-dimensional nonlinear ground response analysis. In this
approach, a series of static nonlinear finite-element analyses are performed with
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incrementally increasing horizontal pseudoinertial forces to determine the nonlinear
backbone curve for an entire horizontal layer, superelement, The backbone curves
for each layer are then used with the extended Masing criteria in a nonlinear shear
beam analysis of the dam. Other approaches include the simplified nonlinear method
of Dakoulas (1985) and the nonlinear hysteretic method of Elgamel et al., (1985).


4.4.3 Comparison of Two-Dimensional Response Analyses
Differences in the underlying assumption and formulations of two-dimensional
dynamic response analyses lead to differences in their results. The proper use of
these analyses requires understanding of these differences. The two-dimensional
equivalent linear method can suffer from the spurious resonances and difficulties
associated with effective strain determination described for the one-dimensional
equivalent linear method.Two-dimensional nonlinear methods have the enormously
beneficial capability of computing pore pressures (hence effective stresses) and
permanent deformations. The accuracy with which they can be computed depends on
the accuracy of the constitutive models on which they are based.

The shear beam models are fundamentally different from the equivalent linear and
nonlinear finite-element models in that they restrict particle movement to the
horizontal plane. Finite-element analyses are capable of modeling an actual dams
tendency to respond vertically as well as horizontally, but the shear beam model
forces all of the elastic wave energy to produce horizontal deformations. As a
results, shear beam models generally overestimates the fundamental frequency of
most dams by about 5%, and higher natural frequencies by increasingly greater
amounts. Shear beam displacements compare well (within about 10%) with those
computed by finite-element analyses, but shear beam crest accelerations for flexible
dams can be up to 50% greater than those from finite-element analyses.