Curriculum vitae

Curriculum vitae
AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006
Email Id:-amitkumar11679@gmail.com Mobile:-9311454720

Career Objectives
To join a professionally managed hospital where there will be a chance to learn,
grow and excel and to be an integral part of your esteemed hospital and help
hospital through personal development and put in the best of my efforts and
knowledge acquired till date.

Role of Editor in New Media
Arpit Agarwal
Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management IIT Bombay April
2009 ii
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Role of Editor in New Media is the bona-fide work of
Mr. Arpit Agarwal (Roll No. 07927804) of Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, and has been completed in the partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Management to him. Project Supervisor Prof.
Shishir. K. Jha .... Internal Examiner and Chairperson Prof. (Ms.)
Sharmila .... Date: iii
Table of Contents
Certificate............................................................................................................................................ ii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iii
1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1
2. Role of Editor in media ...................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Functions of media .................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 How does mass media work? .................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Public Sphere .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Universal Intake ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Need for filtering ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Filtering for potential political relevance ...................................................................................... 7
2.5.2 Filtering for Accreditation ........................................................................................... .................. 8
2.6 Synthesis of public opinion ..................................................................................................... 8
3. Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media .............................................. 10
3.1.1 The traditional mass media model ............................................................................................... 10
3.2 Changing nature of media ..................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Response of political institutions ....................................................................................... ......... 13
3.3 The role of journalism in a democracy .................................................................................. 13
3.4 Advantages of the mass media model ................................................................................... 15
3.5 Opportunity for New Media .................................................................................................. 16
3.6 Definition of New Media ...................................................................................................... 17
3.7 Characteristics of new media ................................................................................................ 19
3.8 How do new media work? ..................................................................................................... 21
3.9 Will new media replace traditional media? ........................................................................... 22
4. Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting in the New Media Era ................................................. 24
4.1 Gatekeeping ........................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.1 History and Orientation ............................................................................................... ................ 24
4.1.2 Core Assumptions and Statements .............................................................................................. 25
4.1.3 Scope and Application ................................................................................................. ............... 25
4.1.4 Example ...................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Agenda-Setting Theory ......................................................................................................... 26
4.2.1 History and Orientation ............................................................................................... ................ 26
4.2.2 Core Assumptions and Statements ........................................................................ ...................... 26
4.2.3 Scope and Application ................................................................................................. ............... 26
4.2.4 Conceptual Model ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.5 Example ............................................................................................................... ....................... 27
4.3 Need of Gatekeeping in a democratic society ....................................................................... 27
4.4 The breakdown of gatekeeping in changing media environment .......................................... 29
4.5 Gatekeeping in the new media .............................................................................................. 31 iv
4.6 Agenda setting for the mass media........................................................................................ 33
4.6.1 Two-Step Flow ............................................................................................................................ 33
4.7 Agenda setting in media ........................................................................................................ 34
4.7.1 Two step flow in old media ......................................................................................................... 34
4.7.2 Two step flow in new media ............................................................................................ ........... 35
5. Digital Divide, Attention Scarcity and Media policy ....................................................... 37
5.1 Digital Divide ........................................................................................................................ 37
5.2 Digital Inequality................................................................................................................... 37
5.3 Digital Divide and Democracy .............................................................................................. 40
5.4 Attention Economy ............................................................................................................... 41
5.5 Attention in new media: Scarce or abundant? ....................................................................... 43
5.5.1 Policy implications of attention scarcity ............................................................................. ........ 46
5.6 The business of new media ................................................................................................... 46
5.7 Public policy in new media world ......................................................................................... 48
5.8 Public policy and digital divide ............................................................................................. 49
5.9 New media industry and public policy .................................................................................. 50
6. The New Media Paradigm ................................................................................................ 51
6.1 Response of traditional media ............................................................................................... 51
6.1.1 Convergence ................................................................................................................................ 51
6.1.2 The question of credibility ........................................................................................... ............... 53
6.1.3 Community Involvement ................................................................................................. ............ 54
6.2 Opportunity for businesses based on new media .................................................................. 55
6.2.1 New business models ................................................................................................... ............... 55
6.2.2 Death of advertising ............................................................................. ....................................... 56
6.2.3 Online PR ............................................................................................................. ....................... 56
6.3 Opportunity for other businesses to use new media .............................................................. 56
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 58
8. References ........................................................................................................................ 60
8.1 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 60 1
Abstract
1. Abstract
The motivation of this work came from Wisdom of Crowds (Suroweicki, 2004), which challenged
traditional wisdom by arguing that it is possible for averaged aggregates of fairly diverse people to
better the estimates of an expert consistently. This led to a curiosity as to what happens to an
expert in a sphere where it will be possible for technology to aggregate thousands of diverse
opinions? Mass media presents one sphere where such aggregates have been seen to be very
common in the form of new media. As a field, good amount of literature and commentary is
available on the topic as well. This work seeks to examine the role of an expert in this field where
aggregates are easily formed and an entirely new form of media has emerged with the advent of
internet. This work explains the role of editor as an expert in a new media scenario. Mass media
synthesizes opinions within a public sphere through filtering of multiple sources under the condition
of universal intake. There are multiple reasons within traditional media why new media founds itself
to be widely preferred. Some of these are commercial nature of traditional media and inherent
concentration of media businesses. New media make an option of dialogue available to the users
in multiple forms of media (multimedia) linked together by a new language called Hypertext.
This coupled with the fact that it is now possible to produce media at almost zero marginal cost by
anyone with basic language skills, has led to a widespread proliferation of new media. The work
examines the paradigm shift in the role of gatekeeping and agenda setting functions of mass media
under the new media paradigm and illustrates how new media is appearing to be a stronger
alternative to traditional media, despite lack of a clear authority of an editor (expert). It then
examines two of the biggest issues ahead of new media adoption, namely digital divide and attention
scarcity and suggests how public policy should tackle these to enable society to take the maximum
advantage of the power of new media. In the end, the work summarizes various possible paradigms
that new media has built, not just for media businesses, but also for other forms of new and old
businesses. 2 Role of Editor in media
2. Role of Editor in media
2.1 Functions of media
Sociologist Charles Wright directly applied functionalism to mass communication in his 1959 book
Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective. He noted the following "classic four functions of
the media" as the activities of communications specialists:
1. Surveillance of the environment
2. Correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment, and
3. Transmission of the social heritage from one generation to the next
4. Entertainment.

For most communication scholars, these functions became synonymous with the aims or goals of the
media industries themselves. Surveillance of the environment refers to the collection and distribution
of information by the media. People know the fate of the government appropriations bill because
they saw it on the news. Correlation of parts of society refers to the interpretive or analytical
activities of the media. People know from the newspaper that the bills failure to pass means no
raises for teachers this year. Transmission of the social heritage refers to the ability of the media to
communicate values, norms, and styles across time and between groups. Finally, entertainment
refers to the ability of the media to amuse or entertain. These are obvious aims of the media, but they
may not necessarily be the functions served for the people who consume those media. For example,
a television network might air a violent police drama with the aim of entertaining, but the actual
function served for the audience might be learning how to solve conflicts. In other words, the aim is
not always the ultimate or only function.
In their intention to survey the environment, the mass media devote significant resources to the
coverage and reporting of political campaigns. But if citizens ignore this coverage, the intended
function fails to occurthe environment has not been surveyed despite the efforts of the media. But
if citizens do consume the reports, then the intended functionsurveillance of the environment
does take place. For surveillance to occur, the transmission of news about important events must be
accompanied by audience activity that results in learning about and 3 Role of Editor in media
understanding those events. Hence it becomes important to inform all citizens in some way about the
available source of information. This need for informing citizens about the availability of a
particular channel of media implies that certain citizens choice of channel would not just be based
on its own merit but also on the amount of visibility it carries in the public sphere. This fact, as we
will see below has ramifications on the quality of public sphere that gets created, gravitating towards
the mass media, against the basic tenets of media being an easily accessible medium. This is one of
the reasons why new media is preferred by some people. More on this discussion is in later part of
this chapter.
2.2 How does mass media work?
The news media can be broadly represented in the form of a system of collecting and transmitting
information with the functions as elicited above. Within the boundary conditions of these functions,
media in present day world behaves as:
1. A business
2. A system for public information, and
3. A way for people (businesses, political parties and individuals) to reach to their audience

Broadly, the system of media can be represented by a three stage system of input, processing and
output of information in a broad public sphere:
Figure 1: A schematic representation of media business
Mass Media, as a business, is not always involved in creation (production) of all information. It is
also not involved in the transmitting all the information. The key role of a media is to 4 Role of
Editor in media
provide the filtering function for the society so that the society knows what it truly needs and what it
should, but in a way it can consume. There are a number of issues in the above paragraph that need
to be taken care of:
1. Media (business), usually, is involved in creation of this information, thus acting as a source. For
example, most TV new channels have their own production team and an array of journalists on
permanent role who are constantly scouting for information worth being noticed by the society. In
many cases, however, media is not involved in directly creating this information and gets a feed
from another entity, like a news agency.
2. Media is usually involved, to some extent, in transmitting and distributing the information. Even
print newspapers exert control on the distribution channel. TV channels, on the other hand, are even
responsible for managing the entire distribution of the content to a consumer. They do so by
managing relationships with the cable networks which take their content to the consumers.
3. If the above two functions are purely optional, the core role of any media authority turns out then
to be the filtering it provides. It is in this function that most value of media is created and media
(business) is made or broken. Examining the editing/filtering function of the media is the key
objective of this work. More details on the need for filtering are discussed in the section below.
4. The role of information is such that unless someone knows the nature of it, she cannot determine
the value and use of this piece of information. It is here that the power of media is truly felt. It is the
media that determines and, to some extent, pre-empts what a society truly needs.
5. Media is also responsible for determining what a society should get to hear about or not. For
example, it is within the power of media that a minor philanthropic act by a common man gets
noticed and disturbing pictures of heinous crime scenes never reach mass audience. If media gives
society elements to food for thought, this control over what media chooses to pass or reject becomes
a big power in the hands of media.
6. The society is often unable to deal with the amount of information. With the advent of knowledge
economy and competition in the news business, users are constantly being bombarded with nearly
infinite sources of information. Users are often at loss of the choice of the sources information they
should follow or reject. A discussion on Attention Economy follows in Chapter 5.
5 Role of Editor in media

7. As the technology advances, a number of new methods of consumption of information have
emerged which have changed the relation of many users to the sources of information. For example,
RSS feed is a technology that allows user to collect information from millions of sources on to her
desktop. Other services exist that enable user to receive the information directly on her
handheld/mobile. This has further complicated the role of media in the present day world. New
media has been significantly comprehended thanks to these tools. A discussion on this is in Chapter
4.

2.3 Public Sphere
Public Sphere is used in reference to the set of practices that members of a society uses to
communicate about matters they understand to be of public concern and that potentially require
collective action or recognition. It defines a particular set of social practices that are necessary for
the functioning of any complex social system that includes elements of governing human beings.
Media, as a system, is one of the many ways in which a public sphere functions. In this perspective,
media can be held responsible for creation of a public sphere which is in interest with the long term
benefits of the society (Benkler, 2004). All discussions in this work are assumed to be held within
the above definition of public sphere. He continues further to say that the issue with the present form
of public sphere is that customers at the ends of these systems would treat the communications that
filled the public sphere as finished goods. These were treated not as moves in a conversation but as a
completed statements, whose addressees were understood to be passive, readers, listeners and
viewers.
The formation the entire new media movement is in the direction of making a participative public
sphere. Benkler says that the internet allows individuals to abandon the ideas of the public sphere as
primarily constructer of finished statements uttered by a small set of actors socially understood to be
the media (whether state owned or commercial) and separated from society, and to move
towards a set of social practices that individuals as participating in a debate. Statements in a public
sphere can now be seen as invitations for a conversation, not as finished goods (Benkler, 2004). 6
Role of Editor in media
2.4 Universal Intake
A public sphere which stands for universal intake is a system of government committed to the idea
that, in principle, the concerns of all those governed by that system are equally respected as potential
proper subject for political action and that all those governed have a say in what government should
require a public sphere that can capture the observations of all constituents. These include at least
their observations of all constituents, about the state of the world as they perceive and understand it,
and their opinions of the relative desirability of alternative courses of action with regard to their
perceptions or those of theirs (Benkler, 2004).
It is important not to confuse Universal Intake with more comprehensive ideas, such as every
idea should be heard. If everyone speaks, no one would listen and the purpose of forming a public
sphere would be defeated. Hence, there is a need for a limited number of sources of information. It
is, indeed, the role of filtering and accreditation to whittle down what the universal intake function
drags in and make it into a manageable set of political discussion topics and interventions (Benkler,
2004).
2.5 Need for filtering
Benkler has taken a strongly political view of the role of public sphere. He believes that there is only
one objective of filtering to create a political view of the information from across the society
(Benkler, 2004). In a broad context, the major reason why we have an organized media is because
this lends a way to filter all the available information in the world in a form that can be read and
consumed in wholesome manner, in a context of creation of public sphere. The filtering function, in
a broad sense, is the raison dtre of the media. It gains its significance in all the dimensions of
filtering:
1. Reduction in magnitude of sources information by compiling from different sources
2. Consciously putting a context around the information which is in general benefit of the society in
the long term
3. Create trust in the society by doing necessary journalistic research and establishing of facts
through its own sources

According to Benkler, there are two major objectives of filtering (Benkler, 2004): 7 Role of Editor in
media

1. Filtering for potential political relevance
2. Filtering for accreditation.

Below is a detailed description of these needs of filtering.
2.5.1 Filtering for potential political relevance
Benkler takes a markedly political view of the filtering. According to him Not everything that
someone considers to be proper concern for collective action, is perceived as such by most other
participants in the political debate. An overly restrictive filtering system is likely to impoverish a
public sphere and rob it of its capability to develop legitimate public opinion1 (Benkler, 2004). In a
broader, non-political sense, filtering provides for the reduction in size of the content that the
readers/users assimilate. It, therefore, performs two functions:
1 The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler (2004). Page 183
1. It reduces the choice of the news that a user has in one particular channel. Since the number of
channels is also finite, there is a limit to the how much information is used for creation of a public
sphere.
2. It assures consumers that all the important bits of information have been covered in the fixed
size of the channel, thereby giving value to the attention of the user.

These two functions make traditional media a non-objective method of collection and dissemination
of information. Since the traditional media sees high concentration of audience, this power of
deciding what is relevant and what is not, plays a major role in deciding what the society thinks and
talks about (Benkler, 2004). Given that most of these businesses are drive by commercial intentions,
there is a tendency to represent the lowest common denominator of news. This is not necessarily a
useful phenomenon as many issues and opinions are completely unheard, just because only a small
minority supports them. The greatest advantage of new media is the capacity to represent all issues
of worth for the formation of a public sphere. 8 Role of Editor in media
2.5.2 Filtering for Accreditation
Much of the function of journalistic professional norms is to create and preserve the credibility of
the professional press as a source of accreditation for the public at large. Parties give credibility to
persons, academia provides it to researchers; civil servants can be a source of accreditation and so
can be some large corporations and NGOs. NGOs, very often intended precisely to pre-organize
opinion that does not easily pass the relevant public spheres filters of relevance and accreditation
and provide it with a voice that will. Political discourse is very different from academic discourse,
because the objective of each system is different. In academic discourse, the fact that a large number
of people hold a particular opinion (The universe was created in seven days) does not render that
opinion credible enough to warrant serious academic discussion. While accreditation is important for
formation of a public sphere based on valid facts, in traditional media it finds itself highly correlated
with the channel having biggest financial strength or readership/viewership. What this does is that
the public sphere gets loaded in favour of financial muscle. Media businesses addressing the largest
audience are often capable of overriding otherwise strong journalistic evidence coming from a
smaller player. Filters, both for relevance and accreditation, provide a critical point of control over
debate, and hence are extremely important design elements. They are often the most important
control points and power centres of the media. We will see in the next chapter how they affect the
formation of public sphere.
2.6 Synthesis of public opinion
Benkler defined synthesis as the communications system that offers the platform for the public
sphere must also enable the synthesis of clusters of individual opinion that are sufficiently close and
articulated to form something more than private opinions held by some number of individuals2
(Benkler, 2004).
Synthesis function of media is the capability of media to present their arguments in a way that it
becomes easier for the consumer to assimilate them. It is the synthesis function that takes care of
presentation of the content in a way that user finds it most convenient to access it. It 9 Role of Editor
in media
could be in a print form, a blog form, form of an e-book or simply snippets suitable for consumption
through mobile phones. Synthesis function is involved also in advancing the arguments presented by
other sources such that a debate ensues on the topic under consideration. Synthesis function goes a
step ahead from filtering and builds a series of arguments-counter arguments that enrich the
discussion in the public sphere.
Benkler clarifies what counts as public opinion seeks to peaceably clear competing positions
as to how we ought to act as a polity. The core role of the political public sphere is to provide a
platform for converting privately developed observations, intuitions, and opinions into public
opinions that can be brought to bear in the political system toward determining collective action3
(Benkler, 2004).
3 The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler (2004). Page 185 10 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
3. Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new
media
3.1.1 The traditional mass media model
The mass media model described in Chapter 1 has several issues which emanate mostly from the
commercial imperatives of the media as a business. The most successful form of commercial media
is an ad-supported media where the broadcaster inserts ads in the stream and monetizes that.
However, the trouble with this kind of a model is that there is a more-than-necessary focus on
creating numbers and the success of a media channel is measured from the number of users/viewers
it can command. This leads the broadcasters to move away from producing content that is genuinely
useful for the creation of a public sphere, giving in to the lowest common denominator. As
Benkler says, the advertising supported media needs to attract large audiences, leading
programming away from the genuinely politically important, challenging, and engaging, and toward
the titillating or the soothing an emphasis on entertainment over news and analysis4 (Benkler,
2004). Having large numbers in a media channel is not a very big problem, per se. But since
numbers become crucial for commercial success of all media channels, very few of them are able to
sustain. This means that there is only a limited amount of diversity possible. Even with these, their
intake is seen to be is too limited. This puts a significant limit on the viewpoints explored by mass
media, leaving many significant perspectives unexplored and underrepresented because they are so
far away from the cadres of professional journalists or cannot afford to get significant attention.
Commercial nature of mass media implies that it is heavily dependent on providing attention to the
highest bidder, without any great regard to the whether it is of primary concern for the public sphere
or not. Because they represent a huge audience, mass media channels are able to sway the public
opinion in any arbitrary direction they choose to take. These directions could be motivated by
strictly commercial or political interests. In a democracy, media power is therefore considered to be
significant for success or failure of a particular political party.
4 The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler (2004). Page 197 11 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
Above is the traditional critique of the mass media model. Over past few years, several other trends
have appeared in mass media model, particularly since 1980s.
3.2 Changing nature of media
Over the period of last two decades there is seen to be a very significant shift in the choices mass
media has made. There is a significant decline seen in the importance of political coverage, and a
significant reduction in the number of correspondents covering the different world regions in US
Media. There is seen to be clear choice made by traditional media houses to save cost by reducing
the number of foreign editions.
What is even more intriguing is that the difference between broadsheet and tabloid papers has been
narrowed. As competition intensifies, the quality broadsheets co-opt a more sensationalist veneer to
the news product. The crisis is due to the competition for advertising and more expensive
newsprint, leading to a lack of interest in both foreign and investigative journalism5 (Tumber,
1993). With the advent of 24-hour news channels, there is an increasing trend towards making
journalism more of a process than a product. There is a stress on the creation of interesting content
sustainably, at a cheaper cost. Expose of Watergate scandal in US, and Bofors scandal in India, is
seen to the height of investigative journalism. These incidents brought a significant attention to the
power of media that resulted in changing the governments in both countries.
5, 6 Democracy in the information age: Role of the fourth estate in cyberspace. Howard Tumber. Information
Communication and Society (2001). Page 96 and 98.
Tumber says that over a period of time, there has been a clear shift towards the journalism of
assertion from journalism of verification, also called gossip journalism. Initially the start of is the
allegation, and them a speculation until the counter-allegation is then issues. The demand to keep
up with this, to and fro, leaves journalists with less time to sort out what is true and significant6
(Tumber, 1993). There is a growing proliferation of media scandals across the global landscape.
The problem is not with media alone, several structural and macropolitical trends have weakened
political systems making them more vulnerable to turmoil. There is a breakdown of 12 Issues with
traditional media: Opportunity for new media
ideology in political parties, leaving the public more attuned to the reliability of parties and
personalities of candidates than to their professed positions on issues. With the advent of
personalities in politics, as is seen by clear projection of Prime ministerial candidates in general
elections, a culture of promotionalism has taken over many areas of public life. With this, scandals
have become big for tabloid newspapers. Almost daily in tabloids of Mumbai, one can see expose of
one or the other local scandal. Overall, the trend is to move ahead of purely debate-investigative
mode to a more promotional and sensationalized version of news coverage by mass media. Most of
the journalists feel their careers can be made or break by exposing one or other scandal as that would
bring readership/viewership to the mass media. What could be even more disturbing is the trend
presently being seen in the India television media that of blurring boundaries between media and
entertainment. Several Hindi news channels, like India TV, focus on getting flimsy stories as news.
They even go to an extent of creation of news items that have no connection with reality, just to
sensationalize the coverage as that brings them more TRPs. Most other Hindi news channels have
followed suit to follow the India TV model. Their news coverage can be seen as far from truth and in
most cases, frivolous. What is even more disturbing is that even media houses whose English
channels (like NDTV 24x7 and CNN-IBN) are seen to be flag-bearers of serious news content,
indulge in the similar kind of news content on their Hindi channels. Another major disadvantage of
the concentrated mass media model is what is called as the Berlusconi effect. The Italian Prime
Minister was seen as using his control over the media channels to virtually storm his way to power
as no concrete resistance could be mounted by his opposition, in absence of support of mass media
channels. This incident points to a threat of mass media overriding the public debate by setting the
public agenda as per its own wishes.
Benkler says that this alone does not outline the whole problem with mass media model. It is
actually broader and more subtle. The concern is about the degree of concentration in mass-media
markets, which manifests itself in two particular ways. The first is a lack of competition in a
market, to a degree sufficient to allow a firm to exercise power over its pricing. This is the antitrust
sense. The second, very different concern might be called mindshare. That is, media is
concentrated when a small number of media firms play a 13 Issues with traditional media:
Opportunity for new media
large role as the channel from and to a substantial majority of readers, viewers, and listeners in a
given politically relevant social unit7 (Benkler, 2004).
3.2.1 Response of political institutions
It is now possible for institutions and agencies to reach out to their viewers/target audience directly
through non-traditional media like internet and mobile. Also, there has been a clear recognition of
manipulative tendencies in mass media towards a public message of importance. With increasing
recognition of the fact that traditional media may not be able to carry the information from
government to public in the manner the government wants, there is a clear trend towards usage of
alternate news channels in the US and the UK. The trend is to bypass the news organization filters.
Tony Blair attempted to spread his messages through regular internet broadcasts since early 2000.
There was even an online consultation paper on British Governments Freedom to Information white
paper which laid the foundation of a mechanism by which government can use the internet for
delivery of information messages. The elections 2008 in US were seen as the first with full-fledged
exploitation of usage of internet and other non-traditional media. Both, Obama and McCain had their
own internet strategies with focus on releasing key information online and putting all their
discussion details up there. What this enabled was a direct dissemination of information from the
candidates directly to the public, something which was heavily dependent on TV channels earlier.
The power of online media is so strong, that it is believed that the election debate videos were
viewed by more people online than on TV.
3.3 The role of journalism in a democracy
As listed above, the traditional media is facing a crisis on two fronts: the first is an increasing
trend of concentration and its consequent increased commercial pressures and the second is the
development of new electronic communications. There is a growing disillusionment existing not
only among the general public, but also within the journalistic professionals, about the economic
structures that support journalism. There is a decline in 14 Issues with traditional media:
Opportunity for new media
journalism that maps the decline in public life. It is seen that journalism is a major contributor to the
malaise in the public life. The failure of the profession is leading to calls for new forms of reporting
requiring a change in the profession necessary for journalism once again to be a primary force in the
revitalization of public life. The public journalism movement believe that journalism is suffering a
fundamental loss of authority and regaining the authority must be journalisms first step towards
revitalizing itself. There is an increasing threat the professional idea of objectivity in journalism a
view that there has to be a balance that provides an element of conflict.
The public discourse is not meant to be consumed only by journalists and other professionals, but for
the general public. There is a growing need to be focussed on involving citizens in the formation of
the public discourse. For example, the electorate needs to be invited to expand the scope of political
coverage beyond politicians. Such public journalism would invite community at large, reporters and
readers alike. The idea of good/public journalism is theorized to enhance a newspapers standing in
the marketplace by attracting more and better readers. Although controversial as most commentators
do not believe that such a platform would be able to keep its objectivity, this does provide a
motivation for working towards a healthy public sphere (Glasser, 1998).
There is a lack of understanding of the relationship of journalism to the news technologies that are
emerging in the information society. There is a lot of speculation on the role of journalists in the
unmediated landscape. The position of journalism as a unified profession is no longer seen as
tenable (Bardoel, 1996). The new media formats would lead to two types of journalism. First,
orientating journalism where background commentary and explanation are given to the general
public and, second, instrumental journalism that provides functional and specialized information to
interested customers. There is an increasing realization of the fact that the days of a journalists role
of a gatekeeper in a society is over. The new role that journalism will don is that of a trusted
guide. The journalists need to broaden their definition of public service to include other areas
alongside investigative journalism and the coverage of breaking news. Being a servant on the
internet means engaging in what were beginning to be called as service journalism. 15 Issues
with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
There is a talk of a revolution in journalism in which the public are telling their own stories on the
Internet (Yelvington, 2009). This Peoples Journalism, as Yelvington coins it, communicates
through email, Usenet discussion forums and personal web pages. He cites an example of Slashdot
where all the contents come from participants who discuss and criticize references to news
elsewhere on the web. The Sun Herald, a weekly in Florida, has built Sunline as a place where all its
readers can engage with one another providing a community resource. In essence, they become
participants and not just consumers. Contrary to popular fears, Yelvington also believes that such
individual empowerment does not imply end of organization of the state.
In this light it is interesting to observe how the profession of journalism has undergone sea change.
Journalists now need to see themselves as the facilitators of responsible public discussion not the
guardians of public knowledge. Journalists are seen as the people who help us make the connections
between pieces of information that we are too busy to make for ourselves (Aufderheide, 1998).
Whether they do so by hyperlink or snail mail doesnt matter as long as the basic task is sustained.
According to the journalistic theory of democracy, the journalist has three roles: one, to inform
citizens. The more informed the citizens are, the more actively they will participate in political
process. Three, the more they participate, the more democratic the country is apt to be. Gans argues
that the basic assumption of this theory is that if journalists do their regular job, the citizens will be
informed or will inform themselves. It is still not clear if informed citizens will be obliged to
participate any better in the process of democracy. There is a case of several people being very
politically active, but still not at all informed at the level one would expect. Another assumption is
that all participation in a political process necessarily enriches the process of democracy. Gans
argues that it in these assumptions that originates the need for journalism even in the presence of
widespread new media. Or, in other words, it is here that new media will play the most important
role.
3.4 Advantages of the mass media model
According to Benkler, there are three primary defences or advantages have also been seen in these
media (Benkler, 2004): 16 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media

1. Their independence from government, party, or upper-class largesse, particularly against the
background of the state-owned media in authoritarian
2. The professionalism and large newsrooms that commercial mass media can afford to support to
perform the watchdog function in complex societies.
3. Their near-universal visibility and independence enable them to identify important issues
percolating in society

3.5 Opportunity for New Media
The greatest shift with the advent of internet and a connected world, is the emergence of computer
becoming a device to simulate new forums for social activities. This has given rise to much of the
phenomenal expansion on the Internet of so-called Communities of Interest. As a result of
phenomenal increase in the capabilities of both, computers and telecom networks, there is a threat to
the mass dominant model of the media: one-to-many model. The Internet has increasingly been
defined by what the users themselves put on it, do with it and express to each other through it. The
Internet is arguably the first mass media form in history to become the product of its audience. This
is a new paradigm. There is a great transition from evolution of a reader from passive consumer to
an active collaborator. This appears to be a revolutionary concept with consumers sharing their
experiences through their own creative imaginations in a collaborative manner. This is almost a re-
discovery of primary form of entertainment of children where each would assume the role of a first
person acting-out of dramatic stories. Although the social inhibitions force us to keep our latent
dramatic potential under wraps, the desire to explore our creative side is fundamental to human
nature. The key to unlocking this dramatic participation tendency is referred to as the anonymity
factor. This release people of their inhibitions which normally keep them constrained, and allows
them to rediscover their innate ability to share in the creation of dramatic situations. What is even
more enriching is that the nature of entertainment experience itself as it evolved from a locked-off,
fully authored and predetermined experience, to one that is generated in real-time, through the
collaboration of the participating individuals. Such an experience is dynamic, real-time and
supremely engaging. 17 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
According to Benkler, the structure of mass media as a mode of communications imposes a certain
set of basic characteristics on the kind of public conversation it makes possible (Benkler, 2004):
1. It is always communication from a small number of people, organized into an even smaller
number of distinct outlets, to an audience several orders of magnitude larger, unlimited in principle
in its membership except by the production capacity of the media itself
2. The vast difference between the number of speakers and the number of listeners, and the finished-
goods style of mass-media products, imposes significant constraints on the extent to which these
media can be open to feedback
3. The immense and very loosely defined audience of mass media affects the filtering and synthesis
functions of the mass media as a platform for the public sphere.

With the new media, it is possible for alleviate all the three of these limitations. Let us first define
new media.
3.6 Definition of New Media
The new digital age arrive with a set of big communication challenges for traditional mainstream
media: new relations with audience (Interactivity), new languages (Multimedia) and a new grammar
(Hypertext). But this media revolution not only changes the communication landscape for the usual
players, most importantly, it opens up the mass communication system for a wide range of new
players, including individuals.
Benkler believe that new media represents a basic shift in the way media functions in our society:
The first element is the shift from a hub-and-spoke architecture with unidirectional links to the
end points in the mass media, to distributed architecture with multidirectional connections among all
nodes in the networked information environment8 (Benkler, 2004)
This implies that what we are now stepping into is a time where network is the media. There is not
just a unidirectional flow of information from certain experts to others who are not considered to
be such experts, but rather giving a chance for everyone in the society a role in creation,
dissemination and consumption of information. What changes fundamentally is to 18 Issues with
traditional media: Opportunity for new media
give the power of certain experts (media businesses, news editors or journalists) to everyone who
can connect to the network of resources, creating a rich, interactive and interconnected structure of a
giant information processing engine that never existed in past. This results in a fundamental change
about the roles of speakers and listeners and the whole act of speaking/writing about a certain issue.
For one, the cost of creating your own content on a blog is nearly zero. This means that anyone with
access to internet can become a publisher and, by virtue, an editor. Journalists and columnists have
to now give space to their readers for contribution in a discussion. They also have the power to use
hypertext to link to several other resources where the reader can refer directly in search for more
information. The biggest change is experienced by the listeners/readers. With the advent of new
media technologies, it is possible for them to be participating in the process of creation and not just
act as passive receivers of content. Newspapers are increasingly seeing competition from blogs.
Anyone with an online free account on a popular blogging website can now publish his views. These
views could range from plain reporting or reproduction of news to deeply analytical topics with
authentic and ahead-of-the-curve content. Practically anyone can become a publisher and will
have a space to interact with others on the topics they way. Not just this, increasingly, more citizens
are involved in creation of news content that is near real-time, wider in reach and covers a bigger
variety of issues than mainstream media can carry. For example, the first pictures of Mumbai Terror
attack on 26th November 2008 were broken by a hobby photographer Vinukumar Ranganathan on
micro-blogging website Twitter. For next 60 hours, he and his friends on Twitter were the fastest
and the most reliable source of information on the incident that shook entire world. Several
mainstream journalists also followed their updates and, later, gave them due credit too. Never before
in Indian history have citizen groups been so empowered that they create news ahead of the
mainstream media, so much that mainstream media find them as the most reliable source of
information. The best part of their coverage was that having realized the value of information they
were churning, they were not only sourcing content from their own sources, but also worked very
effectively towards quelling rumours and avoiding misinformation, in a truly responsible manner.
Another example around the same incident was about a blogger whose single post on the state of
affairs elicited a huge viral movement and thousands of people came around Taj Mahal 19 Issues
with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
Hotel on 29th November 2008 to peacefully protest against the terror attack and security crisis in
India.
3.7 Characteristics of new media
The blurring limits between journalism and blogging, between data and knowledge, between news
agencies and semantic search engines, between readers and writers and between old and new media,
reveals the need for a set of intellectual tools that contribute to understand by rethinking the
changing nature of media and communication in the digital age (Orihuela, 2003). He then goes on to
explain 10 paradigms of new communication platforms that he thinks would change the media as we
know it:
1. From audience to User: This is the biggest and most visible shift in the new communication
scenario - the unidirectional way of media consumption is replaced by the concept of active user
seeking for content, exploring and navigating info-spaces. Users also become content producers. He
devises a new name Thin Media for users who wish to engage in a more active by low profile
media activity.
2. From media to content: The focus shifts from industrial production constraints to content
authority. Brands which represent more value and authority are followed by more people. There is
an essential de-coupling of the process of communication from its underlying technical process,
enabling people who are well-versed with media and its process to create content too.
3. From Monomedia to Multimedia: With the advent of interconnected networks and processing
power, the distinctions of language (audio, visual, text) are blurring. Increasingly we see all the three
media being used at the same time to effectively communicate with the listener. But these are
normally skills intensive issues, hence there is a huge market for video templates and blog designs.
4. From Periodicity to Real-time: When participants of media creation increase by two to three
order of magnitudes, there is a possibility of creation of content on all the possible topics, from all
possible places in the world, at all points in time. To add to the blogging revolution, there is the
micro-blogging revolution which has swept the whole world off its feet. Millions of people around
the world, including 13,000 from India. Some of the most respected people like Obama, Oprah and
Bill Gates are also regulars on Twitter.
20 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
Because they are real-time, it is possible to draw a story from blogs which are written about a topic
(or tag, as they are called in the language of new media). A number of recent issues of common
interest, like Mumbai terror strike were closely followed by bloggers, thereby creating a well-
documented chronicle of the story. Such a flexibility was absent in old media scenario
5. From Scarcity to Abundance: As one of the side-effects of all readers becoming writers, there is
an increasing proliferation of online information without clear attribution of source authority and
heterogeneity of content quality. There is often so much content on the subject that time becomes the
only limited resource.
6. From editor-mediated to non-mediated: The media editors are not the only gatekeepers in
deciding what should be the agenda of the public sphere. Worldwide publishing without editors, but
with a close peer group review daily process and in most cases open to comments from readers. This
builds the credibility and trust among the readers.
7. From Distribution to access: The broadcasting paradigm of new media means that the
communication now becomes a many-to-many mode. The only issue then is to increase access to
more people.
8. From one-way to interactivity: Interactive nature of new media implies that the audience could
now be engaged in a conversation and the readers can contribute to the process of news creation
itself. There are three levels of interactivity: First, where the user chooses the format of information
display, second, where the user produces input for a system, and third, where the user communicates
with other users of the system, creating a community of users.
9. From linear to hypertext: Hypertext linkages provide backward and forward linkages to the
content being displayed on a website. It almost provides a temporal dimension to media content. By
hyperlinks, blogs allow their users to look up to other sources of the same information. Also they are
useful to give a way ahead of user to look for more information or go deeper in a thought.
10. From Data to Knowledge: The crucial role of human knowledge is to identify, comment, link
and discuss the data available online, turning it into valuable and usable knowledge. In this sense,
the emergence of a semantic web looks very promising as it would now be able to model to debate
in a much more organized manner.
21 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for new media
3.8 How do new media work?
One special form of new media that is widely understood is blogging. Blogging has existed ever
since the first emergence of public internet. Hence, it has often been seen as the most mature form of
new media. There are several different forms of blogs that exist on the internet today practically
covering all interest areas and running under different business models, ranging from a pure hobby
to an ad supported full-time business.
Benkler describes the network of blogs as a collection of millions of news sources. He says the
networked public sphere allows hundreds of millions of people to publish whatever and whenever
they please without disintegrating into an unusable cacophony, as the first-generation critics argued,
and it filters and focuses attention without re-creating the highly concentrated model of the mass
media that concerned the second-generation critique9 (Benkler, 2004).
Figure 2: A schematic representation of media business.
Source: The Wealth of Networks (Benkler, 2004) 22 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for
new media
The network of blogs is highly regarded by him as the one offering some semblance of
understanding the new media. In the figure above, there is:
1. A strongly connected core: This forms the basis of most information processing needs of a
blogging network. It forms the core of the blogging world which essentially does the mainstream
editors job. All information is usually passed regulations that they can simply get a computer and
that would open up multiple things with you.
2. An In Function: This the group of bloggers with feet on ground experience. These people
make sure that enough information is channelled into the system each day.
3. An Out Function: The outwards looking function represents the people who absorb
information.
4. A lot of Tendrils: Some blogs work their way out of the blogging circle by not belonging to any
one platform. These are irregular visitors/writers who get sold on idea of a particular blog but do not
care much about continuing to express their opinions.
5. A lot of tubes: They open up alternate channels of information to flow from input to output.
6. Disconnected Components: These are the participants of the blogging world who are not a part
of the network

Benkler goes ahead to say that each issue and school of thought has a similar system of
interconnected blogs. The above model is thus replicated into thousands of such model to represent
the new media on the internet (Benkler, 2004).
3.9 Will new media replace traditional media?
If new media offers such revolutionary advantages, is it possible for new media to completely
replace traditional form of media? Perhaps, not in near future. Success of a media is driven by
society. With respect to the world of traditional media, new media offers many non-linear
characteristics. Whether useful or not, these intricacies are not completely understood by the society.
Despite having the potential of being capable of being the primary mode of formation of the public
sphere, until it is fully understood, it would be difficult to say if new media is sufficient to carry the
primary function of creation of a public sphere. 23 Issues with traditional media: Opportunity for
new media
The beauty of new media is in being a network of ideas ideas which cater to all tastes. It allows
communities to produce participatory journalism, grassroots reporting, annotative reporting,
commentary and fact-checking, which the mainstream media feed upon, developing them as s pool
of tips, sources and story ideas. What people often fail to understand the idea of new media is much
different from the traditional media, as here the internet itself acts as an editing mechanism. Another
reason why traditional media cannot be completely replaced is because bloggers do not have to
adhere to the established principles of fairness, accuracy and truth. While its strength is
definitely in bringing out a breadth of topics of the world, it is definitely not a replacement of the
depth of analysis provided by a professional journalist. The best perspective is to view them as
complementary to each other. Widespread blogging has made the news media to be more accessible
and interactive. At the same time, blogging itself has taken a serious note with many people earning
their livelihood through this media alone. 24 Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting in the New Media Era
4. Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting in the New Media
Era
Continuing with the discussion at the end of chapter 2 on the possibility of new media replacing the
traditional media, we examine some critical function of mass media in this chapter and evaluate the
critical roles played by the mass media in formation of a public sphere. Some of the most important
roles played by the mass media are:
1. Gatekeeping: Controlling the flow of information in and out of the public sphere
2. Agenda Setting: Setting the tone of the discussion that takes place between individuals in a
society

The following two sections build these concepts. The sections following them explain how the new
media has changed the way society applies gatekeeping and agenda setting.
4.1 Gatekeeping
Gatekeeping refers to the control over the flow of information in and out of a public sphere.
Traditionally, mass media is responsible of regulation of information in and out of the public sphere,
that is, collective consciousness of the society.
4.1.1 History and Orientation
Kurt Lewin was apparently the first one to use the term "gatekeeping," which he used to describe a
wife or mother as the person who decides which foods end up on the familys dinner table (Lewin,
1947). The gatekeeper is the person who decides what shall pass through each gate section, of
which, in any process, there are several. Although he applied it originally to the food chain, he then
added that the gating process can include a news item winding through communication channels in a
group. This is the point from which most gatekeeper studies in communication are launched.
Lewins comments were then picked up and turned it solidly toward journalism in 1950 (White,
1964). Then the role of gatekeepers was seen as taking a a different direction. They found the
audience learns how much importance to attach to a news item from the emphasis the media place
on it. McCombs and Shaw pointed out that the gatekeeping concept is related to the newer concept,
agenda-setting (McCombs M. , 1997). The gatekeeper concept is now 50 years old and has slipped
into the language of many disciplines, including gatekeeping in organizations. 25 Gatekeeping and
Agenda Setting in the New Media Era
4.1.2 Core Assumptions and Statements
The gatekeeper decides which information will go forward, and which will not. In other words a
gatekeeper in a social system decides which of a certain commodity materials, goods, and
information may enter the system. Important to realize is that gatekeepers are able to control the
publics knowledge of the actual events by letting some stories pass through the system but keeping
others out. Gatekeepers can also be seen as institutions or organizations. In a political system there
are gatekeepers, individuals or institutions which control access to positions of power and regulate
the flow of information and political influence. Gatekeepers exist in many jobs, and their choices
hold the potential to colour mental pictures that are subsequently created in peoples understanding
of what is happening in the world around them. Media gatekeeping showed that decision making is
based on principles of news values, organizational routines, input structure and common sense.
Gatekeeping is vital in communication planning and almost al communication planning roles
include some aspect of gatekeeping. The gatekeepers choices are a complex web of influences,
preferences, motives and common values. Gatekeeping is inevitable and in some circumstances it
can be useful. Gatekeeping can also be dangerous, since it can lead to an abuse of power by deciding
what information to discard and what to let pass. Nevertheless, gatekeeping is often a routine, guided
by some set of standard questions.
Figure 3: Schematic representation of a gatekeeping function.
Source: The Gatekeeper: A case study in the selection of news (White, 1964)
4.1.3 Scope and Application
This theory is related to the mass media and organizations. In the mass media the focus is on the
organizational structure of newsrooms and events. Gatekeeping is also an important in organizations,
since employees and management are using ways of influence. 26 Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting
in the New Media Era
4.1.4 Example
A wire service editor decides alone what
news audiences will receive from another
continent. The idea is that if the
gatekeepers selections are biased, the
readers understanding will therefore be a
little biased.
4.2 Agenda-Setting
Theory

Education Qualification
10
th
Passed from CBSE Board
12
th
Passed from CBSE Board.

Professional Qualification
Senior Cardiac Cath Lab Technician.

Technical Qualification
Basic Knowledge of Computer Applications.

Working Experience
12 year worked as a Senior Cardiac Cath Lab Technician from 2002 to till date
2002 to 2011 in Kukreja heart Institute Rajouri Garden.
2011 to till date in B.L. Kapoor Hospital Pusa Road.

Procedural Experience
CAG/PTCA/PTRA (Pacemaker-Single Chamber, Dual Chamber, AICD, CRTD,
CRTP/EPRFA,PTMC and all of Cath Procedure).

Neurology Experience
Cerebral DSA, Anyurosym Coiling, Cerebral Embolisation.

Intervantional Radiology Experience
Bronchil Artery Embloisation, GI Embloisation and others.

Paediatric Intervantional Experience
Cath study, ASD, VSD and Coartation of Arota and other.

Rs.

ASSAM LEAF
Rs.

Rs.

[GREEN PACK]
Rs.

Strengths
Discipline & Punctual
Hardworking & Responsible.

Personal Detail
Fathers Name : Mr. Vishnu Kumar
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Marital Status : Married
Nationality : Indian
Religion : Hindu
Language Known : Hindi, English

I hereby declare that all the information given above is correct and to the best of my knowledge.

Date:-
Place:- ( AMIT KUMAR )
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
Curriculum vitae

AMIT KUMAR
403, Mata Gali
Azad Market
Delhi-110006

Career Objectives

10
th
12
th



Working Experience





Strengths

Personal Detail
Date of Birth : 11
th
-06-1979
Sex : Male
Religion : Hindu


Date:-
EXPORTER& MANUFACTURER: Invoice No. Dated: EXPORTER REF
Packing Machine Wala
1199/10, Rehman Market
Bahadur Garh Road, Delhi-110006
India
Ph: +91 9810477487
Email:- packingmachinewala@gmail.com

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
M/s Al Muharraq Pickle Factory
Building No.35, Road No: 2702
Block No.227, Busaitten, Bahrain.
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA
Country of Destination

BAHRAIN

Contact Person-Mr. Asharaf
Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier
TERM OF DELIVERY & PAYMENT

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
EXPORT UNDER DRAWBACK SCHEME
Vessel Flight No. Port of Loading
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No

Description of Goods

Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

SHRINK WRAPING MACHINE
PASTE FILLING MACHINE
FFS FORM FILLING MACHINE
SHRINK MACHINE BIG SIZE
HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
POWDER OR SPICES MXTURE
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

Declaration : We Declare that this Invoice Show The Actual
Price of the Goods Handed and that all particular are true
And correct and certified that above mentioned Goods Are
Of the India Origin.
SIGNATURE & DATE

FOR PACKING MACHINE WALA

India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


India
Ph: +91 9810477487

123 26/08/2014 3012615

Consignee:
Mob:00973 3657776
Country of Origin

INDIA

BAHRAIN

Cont No: 0097336416564

COMMERCIAL INVOICE

Pre Carriage By
SEA
Place of Receipt By
Pre Carrier

CIF & 100% ADVANCE
DELHI

Port of Discharge
BAHRAIN
Final Destination
BAHRAIN

Sr. No


Quantity

Price

Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

HS CODE 84221900

MIXTURE FOR PASTE
FOOT SLR
TRAY DRAIR
PACKING MATERIAL
HS CODE 73239900

ROSTER, MACHINE
HS CODE 84198900

1
1
1
1

1
3
1
1
200 KG

1
US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 100.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 4.50

US $ 1250.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 800.00
US $ 1800.00
US $ 700.00

US $ 500.00
US $ 300.00
US $ 1400.00
US $ 750.00
US $ 900.00

US $ 1250.00

TOTAL

SIGNATURE & DATE


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