LTE PHY Fundamentals

8oger lqueras !
over
hLLp://www.ee.columbla.edu/~roger/
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234.5 %67).5,1 839.5

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- DL-SCn: 1he uownLlnk Shared CPannel ls a channel used Lo LransporL down-llnk user daLa or
8adlo 8esource ConLrol (88C) messages, as well as sysLem lnformaLlon whlch are noL
LransporLed vla Lhe 8roadcasL CPannel (8CP).

- 8Cn: 1he hyslcal 8roadcasL CPannel carrles Lhe MasLer lnformaLlon 8lock (Ml8). lL conslsLs of
a llmlLed number of Lhe mosL frequenLly LransmlLLed parameLers essenLlal for lnlLlal access Lo
Lhe cell. 1he 8CP ls deslgned for early deLecLlon by Lhe uL, and cell-wlde coverage.

- DSCn: 1he hyslcal uownllnk Shared CPannel ls Lhe maln downllnk daLa-bearlng channel ln
L1L, used for all user daLa, as well as for broadcasL sysLem lnformaLlon whlch ls noL carrled on
Lhe hyslcal 8roadcasL CPannel (8CP). lL ls also used for paglng messages.

- DCCn: 1he hyslcal uownllnk ConLrol CPannel ls a downllnk conLrol channel used Lo supporL
efflclenL daLa Lransmlsslon ln L1L. A uCCP carrles a message known as uownllnk ConLrol
lnformaLlon (uCl), whlch lncludes Lransmlsslon resource asslgnmenLs and oLher conLrol
lnformaLlon for a uL or group of uLs. Many uCCPs can be LransmlLLed ln a subframe.

- CIICn: 1he hyslcal ConLrol lormaL lndlcaLor CPannel ls a downllnk physlcal channel LhaL
carrles a ConLrol lormaL lndlcaLor (Cll) whlch lndlcaLes Lhe number of CluM symbols (l.e.
normally 1, 2 or 3) used for Lransmlsslon of downllnk conLrol channel lnformaLlon ln each
subframe.

- nICn: 1he hyslcal Pybrld A8C lndlcaLor CPannel ls a downllnk physlcal channel LhaL carrles
Lhe Pybrld A8C (PA8C) ACk/nACk lnformaLlon lndlcaLlng wheLher Lhe enode8 has correcLly
recelved a Lransmlsslon on Lhe hyslcal upllnk Shared CPannel (uSCP). MulLlple PlCPs (for
dlfferenL uLs) are mapped Lo Lhe same seL of downllnk resource elemenLs. 1hese consLlLuLe a
PlCP group, where dlfferenL PlCPs wlLhln Lhe same PlCP group are separaLed Lhrough
dlfferenL complex orLhogonal Walsh sequences.

!.'(/- )0-'12*(-1'

1he Lwo baslc prlnclpal physlcal parameLers are Lhe cycllc preflx lengLh (1g) and Lhe sub-carrler spaclng
(Af). 1here are several deslgn consLralnLs Lo selecL Lhese Lwo parameLers, and Lhe sLandard Lrles Lo flnd a
Lrade-off wlLh Lhe opLlmal values holdlng Lhe consLralnLs.

8oger lqueras !over

llrsL of all, 1u should be as larger Lhan 1g as posslble so Lhe sysLem has low overhead (1u >> 1g). lL ls
lmporLanL Lo keep ln mlnd LhaL 1u has Lo be sufflclenLly small Lo ensure LhaL Lhe channel does noL vary
wlLhln one CluM symbol.

1g has Lo be large enough Lo avold lnLer Symbol lnLerference (lSl). 1hls ls, 1g should be larger Lhan Lhe
delay spread (1d) of Lhe channel. L1L has dlfferenL conflguraLlons dependlng on Lhe Lype of channel
Lhrough whlch Lhe sysLem ls LransmlLLlng (1g > 1d).

llnally, conslderlng a moblle uL, Lhere ls golng Lo be a devlaLlon ln frequency from Lhe expecLed carrler
frequency. 1hls ls due Lo Lhe uoppler LffecL. 1hls devlaLlon ln frequency wlll have a maxlmum value of
f
dmax
=v/\
0
, belng \
0
Lhe wavelengLh assoclaLed Lo Lhe sysLems carrler frequency. noLe LhaL Lhe uoppler
LffecL wlll be more noLlceable aL Lhe furLher subcarrlers from Lhe uC componenL of Lhe CluM base-
band sysLem.

ln order Lo aLLenuaLe Lhe effecLs of lnLer Carrler lnLerference (lCl), lL ls requlred LhaL f
dmax
/Af << 1. 1hls
lmplles LhaL Af has Lo be large enough Lo overcome lCl (f >> f
dmax
).

8ecall LhaL 1u=1/Af, so one has Lo flnd a Lrade-off beLween 1u/1g and Af.

!.+*& '32.*4
- !"#$% '%()"*%+'%, -+$.)+/+ 0'1$2 34"'$0 *5 67839: Among Lhe 3 posslble conflguraLlons llsLed
ln Lhe L1L sLandard, ln Lhls klnd of envlronmenL Lhe chosen parameLers would be f=1Sknz and
C=17s (Lxtended C mode). 1hls value of Af ls Lhe mosL common one and ls deLermlned ln
order Lo be able Lo serve users movlng aL a veloclLy of up Lo 300km/h. 1he chosen lengLh of Lhe
cycllc preflx ls enough Lo avold lSl.

8oger lqueras !over
- ;%0**" '%()"*%+'%, -+$.)+/+ 0'1$2 34"'$0 *5 6839: ln Lhls case, Lhe chosen parameLers would
be f=1Sknz and C=Ss (Norma| parametr|zat|on). Agaln, Lhe chosen value of Af would be
enough Lo cover speeds of up Lo 300km/h and a shorLer C s enough Lo avold lSl wlLh a delay
spread of 1s.

5*33(-/ 06 2.6.2.-). '(/-*+'
1he cell-speclflc reference slgnals are plloL slgnals lnserLed lnLo Lhe downllnk slgnal LhaL are used by Lhe
uL Lo perform downllnk channel esLlmaLlon ln order Lo perform coherenL demodulaLlon of Lhe
lnformaLlon-bearlng parLs of Lhe downllnk slgnal. 1hese slgnals are modulaLed uslng CSk Lo make Lhem
reslllenL Lo nolse and errors and Lhey carry one of Lhe 304 dlfferenL cell ldenLlLles. 1hey are also
LransmlLLed ln a power boosLed way (6d8 more Lhan surroundlng daLa symbols) so Lhey are easlly
deLecLed, recelved and demodulaLed.

lL can be shown LhaL ln an CluM-based sysLem an equldlsLanL arrangemenL of reference symbols ln Lhe
laLLlce sLrucLure achleves Lhe mlnlmum mean squared error esLlmaLe of Lhe channel. Moreover, ln Lhe
case of a unlform reference symbol grld, a 'dlamond shape' ln Lhe Llme-frequency plane can be shown Lo
be opLlmal.

1he placlng of Lhese reference slgnals ln Lhe Llme-frequency laLLlce ls consLralned boLh ln Llme and
frequency.

<)+' 0*+$)% "'=/)"'+'%,3:

1he requlred spaclng ln Lhe Llme domaln beLween reference slgnals ls forced by Lhe Dopp|er Lffect. 1he
maxlmum uoppler frequency deLermlnes how fasL Lhe channel changes ln Llme (coherence t|me
r
c
~1]f
dmax
). 1he L1L sLandard conslders speeds of up Lo 300km/h. AL a carrler frequency of 2CPz, Lhls
speed represenLs a maxlmum uoppler shlfL of f
dmax
~ 9S0nz. Clven nyqulsL's sampllng Lheorem, Lhe
mlnlmum sampllng perlod requlred Lo reconsLrucL a channel wlLh a uoppler shlfL of 930Pz ls
1
m|n
=1](2f
dmax
)=0.Sms under Lhe above assumpLlons. 1h|s |mp||es that two reference symbo|s per s|ot
are needed |n the t|me doma|n |n order to est|mate the channe| correct|y.

>"'=/'%?2 0*+$)% "'=/)"'+'%,3

1he requlred spaclng ln Lhe frequency domaln beLween reference slgnals s forced by Lhe Coherence
8andw|dth of Lhe channel. 1hls bandwldLh can be deflned ln dlfferenL ways dependlng on Lhe degree of
decorrelaLlon ln percenLage. lor example, a 30 coherence bandwldLh ls deflned as Lhe separaLlon ln
frequency such LhaL Lhe cross correlaLlon beLween Lwo frequency samples of Lhe channel ls 0.3.

1he coherence bandwldLh of Lhe wlreless channel sl dlrecLly relaLed Lo Lhe De|ay Spread (
) of Lhe
channel. 1he coherence bandwlLh (30 and 90) can be approxlmaLed as 8
c,90
=1](S0
r
) and
8
c,S0
=1](S
r
). 1he maxlmum r.m.s channel delay spread consldered ln Lhe sLandard ls 991 ns,
correspondlng Lo 8
c,90
=20knz and 8
c,S0
=200knz.

In L1L the spac|ng between two reference symbo|s |n frequency, |n one k8, |s 4S knz, thus a||ow|ng
the expected frequency doma|n var|at|ons of the channe| to be reso|ved. 1herefore, ln Lhe frequency
dlrecLlon Lhere ls one reference symbol every slx subcarrlers on each CluM symbols whlch lncludes
8oger lqueras !over
reference symbol, buL Lhese are sLaggered so LhaL wlLhln each 8esource 8lock (88) Lhere ls one
reference symbol every 3 subcarrlers.

"78 9!! !" 2*4(0 62*:.
a) 8adlo frame sLrucLure (1.4MPz 8W, 1 anLenna porL, Cll=2)

b) Cverhead and peak raLe LhroughpuL (64-CAM, 3.3347 blLs per symbol)

!"#$%

Clven Lhe 8W of 1.4MPz, Lhere are only 6 88s avallable. lor Cll=2 Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe frame ls Lhe same
as Lhe one deplcLed ln secLlon (6.a). As can be seen above, Lhere are 6x10=60 blocks of (188 x 1
subframe), organlzed ln 10 columns wlLh 6 88 each one.

8 of Lhe columns wlll be of Lhe Lype a (shown above), 1 column of Lype a and 1 column of Lype c. LeL's
compuLe Lhe number of resource elemenLs used for daLa and Lhe ones used for conLrol lnformaLlon per
each Llme of column:

8oger lqueras !over
- Co|umn (a): Cll + 8CP + reference + SS/SSS= 2x12+6x12+4=100 conLrol resource elemenLs
12x14-100= 68 daLa resource elemenLs

- Co|umn (b): Cll + reference + SS/SSS= 2x12+2x12+6= 34 conLrol resource elemenLs

- Co|umn (c): Cll + reference= 2x12+6=30 conLrol resource elemenLs

1he overhead can be calculaLed as:

1oLal conLrol=(1 column a)x(6x100)+(1 column b)x(6x34)+(8 columns c)x(6x30)=2364 resource elemenLs
1oLal resource elemenLs=(6x12)x(10x14)=10080

Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (2364]10080)=23.4S

Cne lnformaLlon symbol can be allocaLed ln each daLa resource elemenL. 1he Lransmlsslon ls done by
means of 64-CAM wlLh an average of 3.3347 blLs per symbol. 1he peak rate thorughput ls:

1oLal daLa=(1 column a)x(6x68)+(1 column b)x(6x114)+(8 columns c)x(6x138)=7716 resource elemenLs

eak rate= (7716 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 4.28Mbps

!"#$%

WlLh Cll=3, Lhe number of daLa and conLrol resource elemenLs ln each column changes as follows:




1oLal conLrol=1x(6x112)+1x(6x66)+8x(6x42)=3084 resource elemenLs

Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (3084]10080)=30.S9


eak rate= (6996 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 3.89 Mbps

8oger lqueras !over

!"#$'

WlLh Cll=4, Lhe number of daLa and conLrol resource elemenLs ln each column changes as follows:




1oLal conLrol=1x(6x124)+1x(6x78)+8x(6x34)=3804 resource elemenLs

Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (3804]10080)=37.74


eak rate= (6276 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 3.48 Mbps

So, Lhe flnal resulLs are as shown ln Lhe Lable:

Scenar|o CII Cverhead [] eak rate [Mbps]
1 2 23.4S 4.28
2 3 30.S9 3.89
3 4 37.74 3.48

8oger lqueras !over
"78 9!! !" 2*4(0 62*:. ;<=>?@5ABC
a) 8adlo frame sLrucLure (20MPz 8W, 4 anLenna porLs, Cll=2)

b) Cverhead and peak raLe LhroughpuL (64-CAM, 3.3347 blLs per symbol)

Clven 20MPz of avallable specLrum, Lhere are 100 8esource 8locks avallable. noLe LhaL Lhe 6 cenLral
ones conLaln 8CP, SS/SSS, Cll and Lhe reference slgnals (for a 4 anLenna porL conflguraLlon) whlle 1he
remalnlng 94 88s conLaln only Cll and Lhe reference slgnals.

8oger lqueras !over
!"#$(

LeL's recalculaLe Lhe amounL of daLa and conLrol block per each klnd of subframe:





1oLal conLrol=(1 column a)x(6x96)+(1 column b)x(6x36)+(8 columns c)x(6x32) +
+ (94x10 columns c)x32=32328 resource elemenLs

Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (32S28]168000)=19.36


1oLal daLa=(1 column a)x(6x72)+(1 column b)x(6x112)+(8 columns c)x(6x136) +

eak rate= 4 x (13S472 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 301 Mbps
!"#$)






8oger lqueras !over

Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (40S28]168000)=24.12



eak rate= 4 x (127472 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 283.23 Mbps
!"#$%







Cverhead (CII=2)= 100 x (S2S28]168000)=31.27



eak rate= 4 x (11S472 symbo|s x S.SS47 b|ts]symbo|)]10ms= 2S6.S6 Mbps

So, Lhe flnal resulLs are as shown ln Lhe Lable:

Scenar|o CII Cverhead [] eak rate [Mbps]
1 1 19.36 301
2 2 24.12 283.23
3 3 31.27 2S6.S6

We observe that, as stated |n the standard, the peak b|t-rate of L1L |s about 300 Mbps.

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