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Eggs should be surface disinfected by dipping in 2% formalin solution for 20 minutes before starting incubation. Incubation should be carried out at 25degC, 80% relative humidity, 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. Eggs should be spread uniformly in a thin single layer with the help of feather and are exposed to bright light.
Eggs should be surface disinfected by dipping in 2% formalin solution for 20 minutes before starting incubation. Incubation should be carried out at 25degC, 80% relative humidity, 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. Eggs should be spread uniformly in a thin single layer with the help of feather and are exposed to bright light.
Eggs should be surface disinfected by dipping in 2% formalin solution for 20 minutes before starting incubation. Incubation should be carried out at 25degC, 80% relative humidity, 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. Eggs should be spread uniformly in a thin single layer with the help of feather and are exposed to bright light.
52 What are the care to be taken during incubation and chawki rearing Following care should be taken during incubation and chawki rearings : 1. Eggs should be surface disinfected by dipping in 2% formalin solution for 20 minutes before starting incubation, washed in slow running water and dried in shade. 2. Egg incubation should be carried out at 25C, 80% relative humidity, 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. 3. Care should be taken to black box the eggs at head pigmentation stage. 4 4. On the day of brushing, eggs should be spread uniformly in a thin single layer with the help of feather and are exposed to bright light. 5. When the larvae hatch completely, two layers of light cotton nylon nets (mesh size 2-4 mm in diameter) are spread over the newly hatched larvae and fed with chopped mulberry leaf. 6. Care should be taken to apply only certified lime powder during moult and apply Vijetha powder 30 min. before resumption. 7. Optimum rearing temperature and humidity should be maintained and three feeding schedule (6.AM, 2.PM and lO.PM) should be followed. 8. Hygienic conditions should be maintained inside and the surroundings of the chawki rearing center.
53 How to assess the quality of the eggs.?
1. Eggs should be free from pathogens. 2. Number of eggs should be more than 400 per dfl 3. Should give uniform hatching of above 95% 4. There should not be unfertilized and dead eggs
54 When to expose the layings to light?
After 48 hours of black boxing ie., 48 hours after the head pigmentation stage, the layings should be exposed to light at around 6AM.
55 When the eggs are to be transported, preserved and incubated?
Eggs should be transported during cooler hours of the day using egg carrying bag. In case of postponement of brushing, 1). Eggs can be preserved at 5 C for two days after incubation and hatching can be postponed for ten to fifteen days. 2). At blue egg stage, eggs can be preserved for a period of three to five days at 10C 3) Acid treated eggs are incubated at 25oC and 80% relative humidity till hatching. 4) Hibernated eggs are first kept at lOoC, 15C, 20C for one day each and finally at 25C with 80% relative humidity till hatching. 56 What is the ideal percentage of hatching to determine the quality of eggs?
95% hatching is ideal to determine the quality of the eggs.
57 When black boxing should be made? Black boxing should be made when the eggs show head pigmentation (48hrs before hatching), 58 What is the duration of light and darkness to be provided during incubation? During egg incubation, 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness is ideal up to head pigmentation stage to prevent the occurrence of non-diapause eggs and to maintain voltinism. 59 What are the advantages of loose eggs? 1. Loose eggs can be supplied in a standard unit maintaining uniform egg number. 2. Due to uniformity in egg number, evaluation of silkworm hybrid is more accurate and scientific. 3. Easy to eliminate defective eggs and ensure good hatchability 4. Less space is required to handle moths during egg preparation. 5.Easy for acid treatment, egg preservation, incubation an transportation. 60 What are the reasons for occurrence of newly hatched larval head inside the hatched egg shell and how to avoid this?
When loose eggs are incubated and brushed in crowded conditions, the larvae hatched from the lower side of the eggs enter the empty egg shells by crawling and later they can not come out of the shells due to the presence of bristles on the larval body. This can be avoided by spreading the eggs in a single layer during incubation, black boxing and during exposure to light for brushing. 61 What are the reasons for occurrence of trimoulters?
Trimoulters occur when, 1. Duration of light (16hrs ) and temperature (2S0C) is more than optimum during egg incubation. 2. There is low temperature and longer darkness during incubation. 3. Eggs are preserved for more than five days at SOC during head pigmentation stage. 4: Genetic.
62 What are the reasons for occurrence of non-diapause eggs? Non-diapause eggs occur under following conditions: 1. Bivoltine eggs are incubated at 2ae. 2. Eggs are incubated in darkness. 3. Low temperature (2aoC/ or below) during incubation results in non-diapause eggs. 63 What are the reasons for non-uniform hatching ?
1.Early exposure of eggs to light. 2.High temperature and low humidity. 3.Thick layer of eggs during light exposure. 4.Insufficient light during exposure. 5.Improper transportation of eggs. 6.Improper acid treatment. 64 How to brush loose eggs? 1. On the day of brushing, at 6AM, inner incubation frame and black sheet I cloth are removed and eggs are exposed to bright light. 2. After 2-3 hours, remove tissue papers and two layers of light cotton nylon nets (2-4 mm diameter mesh size) are spread over the newly hatched larvae. 3. Chopped nutritious mulberry leaves are sprinkled uniformly over the net. 4. The frame is covered with paraffin paper. 5. After 2-3 hours, the worms along with the upper net is lifted from the incubation frame and brushed in a chawki tray. 6. The lower net helps in holding back the egg shell. 7. During brushing, use a feather or brush. 8. Rearing bed is made with the help of feathers and little mulberry leaf is fed. 9. The bed is covered with another sheet of paraffin paper. 10. 28C room temperature and 85-90% relative humidity maintained. 65 What are the reasons for poor hatching of eggs? The main reasons for poor hatching of loose eggs 1. Uneven spreading of eggs during light exposure. 2. Early / late black-boxing. 3. Early exposure of eggs. 4. Low intensity of light during exposure. 5. High temperature and low humidity during exposure. 6. Over consigned eggs. 7. Improper acid treatment. 8. Improper egg incubation. 66 What is the reason for occurrence of unequal larvae during chawki rearing?
1. Non maintenance of optimum temperature (27-28C) and relative humidity (85-90%). /_ 2. If the rearing temperature is maintained lower than optimum and if the larvae become physiologically inactive, feeding period prolongs and growth becomes retarded. 3. In extreme cases when the pebrinised eggs are used for rearing the larval appetite reduces and feeds irregularly which results in unequal larvae. 67 Explain the method of chawki rearing without using foam rubber? 1. By following wrap-up method chawki rearing can be conducted without using foam rubber. 2. By using humidifier in the chawki rearing room. 68 Whether shootlet feeding is possible during rearing? 1. Shootlet feeding is possible for chawki rearing. 2. Before proper bed drying, if shootlets are fed it leads to unequal larvae. 69 What are the advantages of wrap up method of rearing? 1. Wrap up method of chawki rearing maintains optimum If humidity and keeps the mulberry leaf fresh for longer duration. 2.It avoids secondary contamination. 3.Avoids use of foam pads. 4.Improves the larval growth. 70 Is it possible to shift layings before black boxing? 1. It is not advisable to shift the layings before black boxing. 2. During pin head stage, embryo is more sensitive to change in environment. 3. Embryo is not formed completely and affects its growth. 4. It affects the uniform hatching. 71 When the worms are under moult can they be shifted? 1. It is possible to shift the larvae during moult. 2. When the larvae are ready to settle for moult, the appetite will be reduced. 3. After settling 90% of the worms for moult apply the lime and distribute the larvae after 2-3 hours during cool hours without much disturbance. 72 Why chawki mulberry leaf should have more mol ture content? 1. The newly hatched silkworm larvae have low water content the body. 2. Providing nutritionally rich succulent mulberry leaves with high moisture content, protein and carbohydrates ensure vigorous growth of chawki worms. 3. Larvae show rapid uniform growth and compensate water loss. 73 Why chawki worms require high temperature (26 - 28OC) and high humidity (85-90%) ? Growth rate of silkworm larvae during 1st and instar is very fast as a result of high metabolism. High temperature, high humidity and nutritious leaves are required to accelerate metabolism. 74 What are the advantages of transporting During moult all metabolic activities are reduced and is ideal chawki worms during moult? for transporting the larvae. During moult since rearing bed is kept dry, fermentation of leaves is avoided and also it is possible to change the leaves after moult at farmers place. 75 How to get uniform growth of larvae after moult? At the time of larvae settling for moult, the last feeding should be given till most of the larvae settle for moult, followed by application of thin layer of lime on the bed. Moulting takes 20- 36 hrs. Resumption of feeding the rearing bed is done only after all the larvae come out of moult. Starving the larvae-for few hours for this purpose will not affect the health of silkworms. 76 Why germ free environment is required for chawki rearing? Major problem of tropical sericulture is aggravated disease incidence and presence of pathogen load in the rearing environment. 1. The young silkworm larvae are having lower resistance against pathogens and are susceptible to various diseases. 2. Germ free environment ensure healthy silkworm crop. 77 What are the advantages of lime dusting during rearing? 1. Lime is hygroscopic, absorbs bed antimicrobial. 2. Sprinkling of slaked lime and bleaching powder mixture surrounding the rearing house reduces the pathogen load. 3. Dusting slaked lime when the worms are fully settled for moult reduces the moisture content in the bed and it dries the properly. 4. Lime dusting avoids feeding of un dried mulberry leaf by moulted larvae. 78 What care should be taken when larvae settled for moult during chawki rearing? l.When the larvae are preparing for moult, their appetite will reduce and the body becomes shining. 2. Moulting larvae are identified by the feature of head raising with mouth protrusion. 3. When 90% of worms settled for moult, paraffin paper should be removed and stop feeding. 4. Slaked lime should be dusted 4-5 grams / sq.ft to dry the bed. 79 What are the advantages of shoot rearing? The advantages of shoot rearing are 1.50% labour saving 2.20% leaf saving 3.Minimum handling of silkworm larvae 4.Better keeping quality of leaf during storing and in the rearing bed 5.More quantity of organic manure 6.Cost of production is reduced, 7. Labour dependency is reduced 80 What is the optimum temperature and humidity during chawki rearing? 26-28C temperature and 80-90% relative humidity are required during chawki rearing. 81 How to clean the beds in shoot rearing method? It can be done by two methods. 1. Using cleaning nets : spread 2x2 inched mesh size nets of 5 X 6 ft size over the rearing bed. Give two feeds over the net, the nets are lifted and the old bed is cleaned. The bed is spread as per the required area. 2. Rope method: Two ropes of 6ft length are spread parallel to one another for a length of 5 ft on the rearing bed leaving a margin of 1.50 ft on either sides. After giving two feeds the ends of the rope are to be pulled to the center so as to make a bundle. This helps in cleaning the old bed easily without causing damage to the larvae. After removing the old bed, the bundles are open and spread leaving the ropes below the bed, which will be helpful for removing the bed at the end of the rearing. 82 Whether moist leaf can be fed to just out of Moist leaf can be fed provided good ventilation in the rearing ma worms? house is available. 83 How to reduce the temperature inside the rearil house when the outside temperature is 30-32 0 C ? The room temperature can be reduced by adopting the following methods: 1.Cover the rearing house roof with coconut leaves / straw / gr 2.False ceiling using wooden planks / bamboo strips 3.Hanging wet gunny cloth to doors and windows 4.Free circulation of air inside the rearing house 5.Sprinkling clean water on the floor 6. Planting shade trees surrounding rearing house. 84 How to arrange for feeding of worms during monsoon season? During monsoon season the following methods are to be adopted: 1. Frequent feeding with less feed 2. Good ventilation / use of exhaust fan in the rearing house. 3. Rearing bed should be thin. 4.Dusting of lime on the rearing bed. 5.Avoid over crowding of larvae in the rearing bed. 85 What are the precautions to be taken during rearing rainy season? The following precautions are to be taken during rain' season: 1. Frequent feeding with less feed 2. Good ventilation / use of exhaust fan in the rearing house 3. Rearing bed should be thin 4. Dusting of lime on the rearing bed 5. Avoid over crowding of larvae in the rearing bed 6. Wet leaves should not be fed to larvae. 7. Wet shoots can be hanged to drain off water drop lets and after sometime. 86 Does tobacco has any adverse effect on silkworm rearing? Tobacco has adverse effect on silkworm rearing, only during flowering season of tobacco. 87 Whether bivoltine can. be reared in bamboo trays? Bivoltine can be reared in bamboo trays provided the trays are not smeared with cow dung and are properly disinfected. 88 What is the minimum gap required between rearings ? Minimum of 10 days gap is required between rearings for thorough cleaning and disinfection. 89 What is the effect of feeding water sprayed leaves, the silkworm? 1. There is no bad effect on silkworm by feeding water sprayed leaf particularly when atmospheric humidity is less in SUI and winter season. 2. However, over spraying of water should be avoided. 88 Give information about low cost rearing houses? The low cost rearing houses should have the following facilities: 1. Cross ventilation 2. Height of the roof should be at least 10 ft at wall level 3. All round open veranda 4. Fly proof doors and windows 5. Rat trap wall with filler slab roof for medium farmers, thick mud wall with thatched roof for hotter regions and marginal farmers. 89 Mention about quantity of shoot to be fed for late age rearing? For fourth instar 460 kg and for fifth instar 2880 kg shoots are required for 50,000 larvae of CSR hybrids. 90 What are the reasons for non-uniform settling moult and what care should be taken to avoid such situation? The main reasons for non uniform settling for m are:
1. Un even / in sufficient feeding 2. Over crowding 3. Irregular hatching 4. Selfing during egg preparation. 5. To avoid this, sufficient and uniform feeding, provide optimum spacing for each instar, proper incubation and avoid selfing during egg production. 91 How many feeds are required during late a rearing? How to preserve the shoots? During late age rearing two feeds are required during rainy season and three feeds during winter and summer season Mulberry shoot should be preserved straight upright and cover w. wet gunny cloth. 92 Whether CB and BV rearing can be taken up simultaneously? CB and BV rearing should not be done simultaneously. 93 What is the ideal rearing house for Indian condition? Recommending single rearing house model for entire Indian conditions is difficult. However, the following models are recommended. They are : 1. Brick walled with Mangalore tiled roof. 2. Rat trap wall with filler slab roof. 3. Mud wall with thatched roof. 94 How to manage to get for uniform moulting? To settle for uniform moulting the following cares are to be taken up. 1. When worm shows moulting symptoms, reduce the leaf size and quantity, spread the rearing bed. 2. Good ventilation in the rearing house. 3. When 90% worms settle for moult, dust lime. 95 What are the reasons for melting cocoons in hilly areas and how to improve the reliability? The main reasons for melting of cocoons are. 1. Late age infection, use of non disinfected mountages, improper cocoon transportation and early harvest of cocoons. 2. To improve the reliability, use of good mountage for mounting hall are important. 96 During rearing, if the feeding leaf from rainfed garden is changed over to irrigated garden leaf, will it have any effect on the silk worm cocoon crop? The changing of leaf from rainfed garden to irrigated condition is advantageous for silkworm. It does not have any bad effect. 97 What is the reason for long larval duration in winter season? Because of prevailing low temperature, low humidity and fast driage of mulberry leaves, the growth rate of silkworm larvae will be slow and reduced. 99 What should be the moisture content of mulberry leaves for feeding to the silk worm larvae? For fourth instar 78% and for fifth instar 75% moisture content mulberry leaves are required. 99 Whether top clipping is required in shoot rearing
Top clipping is not required in shoot rearing. 100 From which stage onwards shoot rearing has to be followed? From third instar onwards till spinning, shoot rearing can be followed. 101 What are the cares to be taken during rearing in summer season? The following care has to be taken during summer season: 1. Cover the rearing house roof with hay / straw / grass 2. False ceiling using waste wooden plank / bamboo strips 3. Hanging wet gunny cloth to doors and windows. 4. Free circulation of air inside the rearing house 5. Sprinkling clean water on the floor 6. Proper preservation of leaf/shoot 7. Number of feeds should be increased from 2-3. 8. Covering of rearing bed with paraffin paper/old newspaper after each feed and remove after two hours till next feed. 9. A void over feeding & give sufficient spacing.
102 What are the precautions to be taken during rearing in winter season? Following precautions have to be taken during winter season. 1. Increase the room temperature by using room heater / charcoal stove. 2. Sprinkling of water to the shoots and proper preservation of shoots. 3. Covering of rearing bed with old newspaper / paraffin paper after each feed and remove after two hours till next feed. 4. Frequent bed cleaning. 5. Precautions to prevent muscardine. 103 Whether shoot rearing can be followed for seed crop rearing? Yes, shoot rearing can be followed for seed crop rearing also. 104 What should be the ideal size for the shoot rearing racks? The shoot rearing rack width should be 5 ft, gap between two tiers should be 2 ft and from the ground level the first tier should be at a height of 1 ft. The length of the rack can be according to the length of the rearing house. 105 To rear 100 dfls of CSR hybrids what should be the size of the shoot rearing rack? 47 ft x 5 ft x 3 tier rack is required to rear 100 dfls of CSR hybrids. 106 What should be the age of the mulberry garden during fifth instar? 60-65 days old mulberry garden is ideal for fifth instar. 107 Is there any effect on rearing, if you change the mulberry variety? As long as the inputs and package of practices are same the changing of mulberry variety will not have any adverse effect. 108 In shoot rearing without bed cleaning how to manage rearing ? If the be cleaning is not done in the fifth instar, good ventilation, dusting of lime daily and keeping the bed thin are required. 109 How to preserve the shoots? Immediately after transportation of shoots, the bundle should be opened, shoots should be kept vertically upward direction. Preserve in a cool place covered with wet gunny cloth. Key Words: shoot preservation, gunny cloth 110 How much quantity of bed disinfectant is required for 100 dfls and when to apply? Five to six kg of Vijetha is required for late age rearing. 30 minutes before resumption after third and fourth moults and 4th day of fifth instar Vijetha should be dusted. 111 Whether cow dung smeared bamboo trays can be ml for Bivoltine silkworm rearing? No, cow dung smeared bamboo trays should not used for Bivoltine silkworm rearing. For late age silkworm rearing mulberry shoot feeding is recommended. 112 Whether cross ventilation is required in rearing house? Yes, cross ventilation is very much essential during late age rearing. 113 Is there any effect of starvation on larvae? Starvation of larvae in fifth instar leads to poor larval growth, small sized cocoons and in turn low cocoon yield. 114 What should be the minimum height for lower most tier in shoot rearing rack from the floor? Lower most shoot rack should be minimum l above the floor. 115 Whether high voltage bulb can be used to raise the temperature in the rearing house? No, as such silkworms prefer dim light during rearing. For raising the temperature inside the rearing house better use electrical heater or charcoal stove (After removing smoke). 116 What type of rearing house is required for CSR hybrid rearing? 1. CSR hybrid rearing requires separate rearing house where proper disinfection can be done and there is good cross- ventilation facility. 2. Cement plastered floor and walls. 3. Separate facility for leaf storage and mounting. 117 How many rotary mountages are required for 100 dfls? A total 40 sets (each set consists of 10 card boards) rotary mountages are required to mount 100 dfls (50,000 larvae) matured larvae,
118 How to disinfect rotary mountages? What is the durability of rotary mountages? 1. After harvesting the cocoons from rotary mountages, floss should be cleaned from the card board. After cleaning the floss, arrange the card board randomly and pile up on vinyl sheet (200 card board on one sheet). Spray 10% formalin solution on card board (2 It. Solution for 200 card board) and cover it. Keep the covered mountages for 3-4 hours under bright sunlight for full disinfection. 2.By adopting fumigation method also mountages can be disinfected. 3. Rotary mountages can be used repeatedly for 5-6 years. 119 Whether use of plastic mountages Increases reliability of cocoons? No, use of plastic mountages does not increase the reel ability of cocoons. 120 What is the reason for delayed spinning? Delayed spinning is due to following reasons: 1. Spinning in Bivoltine worms is late compared to cross breeds 2. Low temperature delays the spinning. 3. Less feed quantity delays the spinning. 4. Due to occurrence of diseases also spinning is delayed. Key Words: temperature, feeding 121 Is there any hormone for uniform mounting and ripening? Yes, there is a hormone phytoecdysone (Plant extract) which can be sprayed on the larvae for uniform ripening and mounting. 122 How to distribute larvae equally on rotary mountages? 1. A set of rotary mountage consists of 10 card boards. A total of 1560 ripened worms can be mounted in each set. However, only 1250 to 1300 worms are mounted per set to leave some chambers empty. These 1250-1300 worms can be weighed once and note the volume. Every time same volume of worms may be measured or weighed. These weighed worms can be distributed uniformly in boat shaped long tray and mount the worms in the mountages. By this method larvae can be distributed equally.
123 How to find out the ripened worms at the time of mounting? Following are the symptoms of ripened worms: 1.Worms reduce the appetite. 2.Worms raise their heads in search of support for spinning. 3.Body colour changes from greenish to yellowish. 4.Mature worms release softer faecal matter. 124 How to use rotary mountages?
Rotary mountages can be used by following two way 1. Mountages can be placed horizontally on floor over old newspaper. A wooden comb is inserted in between the card boar, and 1250 - 1300 worms can be mounted with the help of boat shaped tray. After mounting the worms, mountages are keep upright vertically and comb is taken out. After 1-2 hours mountages are hung from ceiling parallel to the floor and ensure free rotation of the mountages. 2. The farmers who do not have comb can keep the mountage upright vertically. 125 - 130 worms are placed on a small hare sheet and hard sheet along with worms is inserted in each care board. Same process can be repeated every time. After 1-2 hours, mountages are hung from ceiling parallel to the floor and ensure free rotation of the mountages. 125 Can we mix cocoons harvested from chandrike with the cocoons harvested from rotary mountages ?
No, cocoons harvested from bamboo chandrike should not be mixed with cocoons harvested from rotary mountages. Because, cocoons harvested from Rotary mountages fetch Rs. 15 to 20 more per kg compared to the cocoons harvested from chandrike. If farmer mixes both the cocoons, he will loose the benefit of rotary mountages. 126 Whether rotary mountage is available in Yes, rotary mountage is available in market with prior order. market? 127 What will happen if some un-ripened worms are mounted? It is always advisable to mount the matured worms only. If immature worms are mounted, the cocoon quantity and quality are deteriorated. 128 After hanging the rotary mountages some worms 1 falling. Why these worms are falling? What to do with the worms? Generally after hanging the mountages some worms are falling. It is natural. However, if batches are affected by \ age infection or immature worms are mounted or more worms are mounted in such cases more number of worms are falling Except in contaminated batch in other cases fallen worms should be remounted. Care should be taken that fallen worms are m injured. For this purpose a urinary bag should be placed under mountages or old uzi net may be tied under the mountages. 129 While harvesting the cocoons from rotary mountages by harvester few cocoons are damaged, how to avoid it? Early harvesting of cocoons may lead to damage 01 cocoons. Therefore harvesting should be done after completion 01 pupation. Sometimes flimsy or melted cocoons get damaged during harvesting and spoils the good cocoons also. Therefore, before harvesting the cocoons .we should remove flimsy or half I spun cocoons manually. 130 Rotary mountage supplied recently are not of good quality, why? Earlier supplied mountages were imported from Japan. Later on Indian made card board's quality was not as good as that of Japanese materials. However, efforts are being made to improve the card board quality. 131 When the rotary mountages are fixed to the wooden frame properly disorientation was noticed. Why this disorientation and does it have any bad impact on cocoon? Care should be taken to fix the card board in wooden frame properly. Otherwise disorientation will occur. While fixing the card board the iron pin of card board should be arranged in criss-cross. position. The disorientation of card board create hindrances in rotation of the mountages and the shape of card board chamber also becomes diamond shaped which leads to deterioration of cocoons shape. 132 After hanging the rotary mountages sometimes it does not rotate, why In such case what will happen? Is it advisable to rotate the mountages manually? The matured worms always tend to move upward. Due to imbalance in the weight rotary mountages rotate itself without any extra force. However, if hanging is not proper or hanging rod touches the end of mountages or any other mechanical hindrances rotary mountages does not rotate. If the mountages does not rotate all the worms move upward and make cocoons in upper portion of the mountages. These cocoons are of bad quality and defective cocoons are more. Therefore, after hanging the mountages one should ensure about free rotation of the mountages. It is not advisable to rotate the mountages manually. 133 How to remove card board frame from wooden frame? At the time of removal of card board, the frame I be placed vertically in such a way that all the iron hooks I down ward. Open the plastic stoppers. Press the card board one one gently to detach from hooks and remove without damaging. 134 How many days after spinning cocoons should I harvested? Cocoons should be harvested after completion, pupation. It varies from season to season. Generally it takes 6 dm to complete the pupation. 135 If spinning larvae are suddenly disturbed or expos_ to sudden change in environment what will happen? Normally spinning continues without pause. If silkworms are disturbed or exposed to sudden environmental1 changes, they sometimes stop spinning, which lead to low cocoon reliability.
136 Whether material and structure of cocooning frame affect the quality of cocoons? Yes, the material and structure of cocooning frames significantly affect the quality of cocoon and fiber. 137 How the quality of cocoons are different in rotary mountages compared to chandrike ? Cocoons harvested from rotary mountages are uniform in shape and size. Almost there are no double cocoons in rotary mountages. No occurrence of stained cocoons in rotary mountages and floss formation is also less compared to bamboo chandrike. These are the reasons, farmers are getting Rs. 15-20 more / kg rate compared to chandrike. 138 What are the different methods of mounting and which one is most suitable? Picking of mature larvae by hand, shaking I mulberry shoots and natural mounting are the three methods mounting. All above methods are having advantages a disadvantages. However, if manpower is available pick up method is the best method. Otherwise, shaking of mulberry shoots either by machine or by hand may be adopted for mounting of silkworm Keywords: mounting, matured worms 139 What are the precautions to be taken for harvesting the cocoons? Cocoons should be- harvested after completion pupation. Flimsy and thin shelled cocoons and diseased larvae any on mountages should be removed manually before harvesting the cocoons. 140 What are the precautions to be taken after harvesting the cocoons? After harvesting the cocoons, all the cocoons should be spread in thin layer in well aerated places. All dead, flimsy and other defective cocoons should be sorted out. Care should be taken to avoid the ants and other predators. 141 How cocoons should be transported after harvesting? Cocoons should be transported during the cooler hours. Cocoons should be packed loosely 12-15 kg per pack. It is advisable that all the farmers of same village or near by villages can hire a van for cocoon transportation. 142 Whether cocoon sorting is a must before marketin, How the cocoons should be transported? Yes, it is advisable that before marketing of cacao all the cocoon should be deflossed properly, After deflossing cocoons should be sorted out. Different types of cocoons should be marketed separately so that better price can be obtained for cocoons. 143 What are the reasons for occurrence of melted cocoons? Melting of cocoons is mainly due to three factors: 1. Early harvesting of cocoons leads to damage to pupal body. 2. Improper cocoon transportation. 3. Infection in late instar larvae. 144 How to remove floss from rotary card board? After harvesting the cocoons, floss attached to the card board should be removed by using hard plastic brush or flame gun. Floss can also be removed by using rotary mountages cleaner. 145 What are defective cocoons? How these cocoons are formed? The defective cocoons include melted cocoons stained cocoons, thin shelled, thin end, deformed and double cocoons. The reasons for occurrence of defective cocoons are: 1. Early or late mounting of larvae and use of bad quality of mountages. 2. Improper or no disinfection of mountages. 3. When density of mounting is more. 146 Whether deflossing and sorting of cocoons are required before marketing? Before marketing the cocoons, farmers are advised to defloss the cocoons and all types of defective cocoons should be sorted out from good cocoons. 147 Is it advisable to transport the cocoons on the top of the bus? Cocoons may be transported in bamboo baskets 01 plastic crates. It is not good to transport the cocoons on the top 01 the bus in bundles as it generates heat and damage the cocoon. All the farmers of nearby area can hire a van to transport the cocoons to the cocoon market. 148 How many bivoltine layings can be brushed per acre per year? For K2 plantation under irrigated condition 1000 Dfls can be reared per year in five crop schedule / year @ 200 Dfls per crop. In VI plantation 1250 Dfls can be reared @ 250 Dfls/ crop. 149 What are the important requirement for successful silkworm rearing? Successful rearing of bivoltine silkworm requires: 1. Good quality mulberry leaves 2. Good hygienic conditions. 3. Optimum environmental conditions