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Silk Worm Rearing

S.No Question Answer


52 What are the care to be taken during
incubation and chawki rearing
Following care should be taken during incubation and chawki
rearings :
1. Eggs should be surface disinfected by dipping in 2%
formalin solution for 20 minutes before starting
incubation, washed in slow running water and dried in
shade.
2. Egg incubation should be carried out at 25C, 80%
relative humidity, 16 hours light and 8 hours dark.
3. Care should be taken to black box the eggs at head
pigmentation stage. 4
4. On the day of brushing, eggs should be spread
uniformly in a thin single layer with the help of feather
and are exposed to bright light.
5. When the larvae hatch completely, two layers of light
cotton nylon nets (mesh size 2-4 mm in diameter) are
spread over the newly hatched larvae and fed with
chopped mulberry leaf.
6. Care should be taken to apply only certified lime
powder during moult and apply Vijetha powder 30
min. before resumption.
7. Optimum rearing temperature and humidity should be
maintained and three feeding schedule (6.AM, 2.PM
and lO.PM) should be followed.
8. Hygienic conditions should be maintained inside and
the surroundings of the chawki rearing center.

53
How to assess the quality of the eggs.?

1. Eggs should be free from pathogens.
2. Number of eggs should be more than 400 per dfl
3. Should give uniform hatching of above 95%
4. There should not be unfertilized and dead eggs

54
When to expose the layings to light?

After 48 hours of black boxing ie., 48 hours after the head
pigmentation stage, the layings should be exposed to light at
around 6AM.

55
When the eggs are to be transported,
preserved and incubated?

Eggs should be transported during cooler hours of the day
using egg carrying bag.
In case of postponement of brushing,
1). Eggs can be preserved at 5 C for two days after incubation
and hatching can be postponed for ten to fifteen days.
2). At blue egg stage, eggs can be preserved for a period of
three to five days at 10C
3) Acid treated eggs are incubated at 25oC and 80% relative
humidity till hatching.
4) Hibernated eggs are first kept at lOoC, 15C, 20C for one
day each and finally at 25C with 80% relative humidity till
hatching.
56
What is the ideal percentage of hatching to
determine the quality of eggs?

95% hatching is ideal to determine the quality of the eggs.

57
When black boxing should be made?
Black boxing should be made when the eggs show head
pigmentation (48hrs before hatching),
58
What is the duration of light and darkness to
be provided during incubation?
During egg incubation, 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness is
ideal up to head pigmentation stage to prevent the occurrence
of non-diapause eggs and to maintain voltinism.
59
What are the advantages of loose eggs?
1. Loose eggs can be supplied in a standard unit maintaining
uniform egg number.
2. Due to uniformity in egg number, evaluation of silkworm
hybrid is more accurate and scientific.
3. Easy to eliminate defective eggs and ensure good
hatchability
4. Less space is required to handle moths during egg
preparation.
5.Easy for acid treatment, egg preservation, incubation an
transportation.
60
What are the reasons for occurrence of
newly hatched larval head inside the
hatched egg shell and how to avoid this?

When loose eggs are incubated and brushed in crowded
conditions, the larvae hatched from the lower side of the eggs
enter the empty egg shells by crawling and later they can not
come out of the shells due to the presence of bristles on the
larval body. This can be avoided by spreading the eggs in a
single layer during incubation, black boxing and during
exposure to light for brushing.
61 What are the reasons for occurrence of
trimoulters?

Trimoulters occur when,
1. Duration of light (16hrs ) and temperature (2S0C) is more
than optimum during egg incubation.
2. There is low temperature and longer darkness during
incubation.
3. Eggs are preserved for more than five days at SOC during
head pigmentation stage.
4: Genetic.

62 What are the reasons for occurrence of
non-diapause eggs?
Non-diapause eggs occur under following conditions:
1. Bivoltine eggs are incubated at 2ae.
2. Eggs are incubated in darkness.
3. Low temperature (2aoC/ or below) during incubation results
in non-diapause eggs.
63 What are the reasons for non-uniform
hatching ?

1.Early exposure of eggs to light.
2.High temperature and low humidity.
3.Thick layer of eggs during light exposure.
4.Insufficient light during exposure.
5.Improper transportation of eggs.
6.Improper acid treatment.
64
How to brush loose eggs? 1. On the day of brushing, at 6AM, inner incubation frame and
black sheet I cloth are removed and eggs are exposed to
bright light.
2. After 2-3 hours, remove tissue papers and two layers of
light cotton nylon nets (2-4 mm diameter mesh size) are
spread over the newly hatched larvae.
3. Chopped nutritious mulberry leaves are sprinkled uniformly
over the net.
4. The frame is covered with paraffin paper.
5. After 2-3 hours, the worms along with the upper net is lifted
from the incubation frame and brushed in a chawki tray.
6. The lower net helps in holding back the egg shell.
7. During brushing, use a feather or brush.
8. Rearing bed is made with the help of feathers and little
mulberry leaf is fed.
9. The bed is covered with another sheet of paraffin paper.
10. 28C room temperature and 85-90% relative humidity
maintained.
65 What are the reasons for poor hatching of
eggs?
The main reasons for poor hatching of loose eggs
1. Uneven spreading of eggs during light exposure.
2. Early / late black-boxing.
3. Early exposure of eggs.
4. Low intensity of light during exposure.
5. High temperature and low humidity during exposure.
6. Over consigned eggs.
7. Improper acid treatment.
8. Improper egg incubation.
66 What is the reason for occurrence of
unequal larvae during chawki rearing?

1. Non maintenance of optimum temperature (27-28C) and
relative humidity (85-90%). /_
2. If the rearing temperature is maintained lower than optimum
and if the larvae become physiologically inactive, feeding
period prolongs and growth becomes retarded.
3. In extreme cases when the pebrinised eggs are used for
rearing the larval appetite reduces and feeds irregularly which
results in unequal larvae.
67
Explain the method of chawki rearing
without using foam rubber?
1. By following wrap-up method chawki rearing can be
conducted without using foam rubber.
2. By using humidifier in the chawki rearing room.
68
Whether shootlet feeding is possible during
rearing?
1. Shootlet feeding is possible for chawki rearing.
2. Before proper bed drying, if shootlets are fed it leads to
unequal larvae.
69 What are the advantages of wrap up
method of rearing?
1. Wrap up method of chawki rearing maintains optimum If
humidity and keeps the mulberry leaf fresh for longer duration.
2.It avoids secondary contamination.
3.Avoids use of foam pads.
4.Improves the larval growth.
70 Is it possible to shift layings before black
boxing?
1. It is not advisable to shift the layings before black boxing.
2. During pin head stage, embryo is more sensitive to change
in environment.
3. Embryo is not formed completely and affects its growth.
4. It affects the uniform hatching.
71 When the worms are under moult can they
be shifted?
1. It is possible to shift the larvae during moult.
2. When the larvae are ready to settle for moult, the appetite
will
be reduced.
3. After settling 90% of the worms for moult apply the lime and
distribute the larvae after 2-3 hours during cool hours without
much disturbance.
72 Why chawki mulberry leaf should have
more mol ture content?
1. The newly hatched silkworm larvae have low water content
the body.
2. Providing nutritionally rich succulent mulberry leaves with
high moisture content, protein and carbohydrates ensure
vigorous growth of chawki worms.
3. Larvae show rapid uniform growth and compensate water
loss.
73 Why chawki worms require high
temperature (26 - 28OC) and high humidity
(85-90%) ?
Growth rate of silkworm larvae during 1st and instar is very
fast as a result of high metabolism. High temperature, high
humidity and nutritious leaves are required to accelerate
metabolism.
74 What are the advantages of transporting During moult all metabolic activities are reduced and is ideal
chawki worms during moult? for transporting the larvae. During moult since rearing bed is
kept dry, fermentation of leaves is avoided and also it is
possible to change the leaves after moult at farmers place.
75 How to get uniform growth of larvae after
moult?
At the time of larvae settling for moult, the last feeding should
be given till most of the larvae settle for moult, followed by
application of thin layer of lime on the bed. Moulting takes 20-
36 hrs. Resumption of feeding the rearing bed is done only
after all the larvae come out of moult. Starving the larvae-for
few hours for this purpose will not affect the health of
silkworms.
76 Why germ free environment is required for
chawki rearing?
Major problem of tropical sericulture is aggravated disease
incidence and presence of pathogen load in the rearing
environment.
1. The young silkworm larvae are having lower resistance
against pathogens and are susceptible to various diseases.
2. Germ free environment ensure healthy silkworm crop.
77 What are the advantages of lime dusting
during rearing?
1. Lime is hygroscopic, absorbs bed antimicrobial.
2. Sprinkling of slaked lime and bleaching powder mixture
surrounding the rearing house reduces the pathogen load.
3. Dusting slaked lime when the worms are fully settled for
moult reduces the moisture content in the bed and it dries the
properly.
4. Lime dusting avoids feeding of un dried mulberry leaf by
moulted larvae.
78 What care should be taken when larvae
settled for moult during chawki rearing?
l.When the larvae are preparing for moult, their appetite will
reduce and the body becomes shining.
2. Moulting larvae are identified by the feature of head raising
with mouth protrusion.
3. When 90% of worms settled for moult, paraffin paper
should be removed and stop feeding.
4. Slaked lime should be dusted 4-5 grams / sq.ft to dry the
bed.
79 What are the advantages of shoot rearing? The advantages of shoot rearing are
1.50% labour saving
2.20% leaf saving
3.Minimum handling of silkworm larvae
4.Better keeping quality of leaf during storing and in the
rearing bed
5.More quantity of organic manure
6.Cost of production is reduced,
7. Labour dependency is reduced
80 What is the optimum temperature and
humidity during chawki rearing?
26-28C temperature and 80-90% relative humidity are
required during chawki rearing.
81 How to clean the beds in shoot rearing
method?
It can be done by two methods.
1. Using cleaning nets : spread 2x2 inched mesh size nets of
5 X 6 ft size over the rearing bed. Give two feeds over the
net, the nets are lifted and the old bed is cleaned. The bed is
spread as per the required area.
2. Rope method: Two ropes of 6ft length are spread parallel to
one another for a length of 5 ft on the rearing bed leaving a
margin of 1.50 ft on either sides. After giving two feeds the
ends of the rope are to be pulled to the center so as to make
a bundle. This helps in cleaning the old bed easily without
causing damage to the larvae. After removing the old bed,
the bundles are open and spread leaving the ropes below the
bed, which will be helpful for removing the bed at the end of
the rearing.
82 Whether moist leaf can be fed to just out of Moist leaf can be fed provided good ventilation in the rearing
ma worms? house is available.
83
How to reduce the temperature inside the
rearil house when the outside temperature
is 30-32 0 C ?
The room temperature can be reduced by adopting the
following methods:
1.Cover the rearing house roof with coconut leaves / straw / gr
2.False ceiling using wooden planks / bamboo strips
3.Hanging wet gunny cloth to doors and windows
4.Free circulation of air inside the rearing house
5.Sprinkling clean water on the floor
6. Planting shade trees surrounding rearing house.
84 How to arrange for feeding of worms during
monsoon season?
During monsoon season the following methods are to be
adopted:
1. Frequent feeding with less feed
2. Good ventilation / use of exhaust fan in the rearing house.
3. Rearing bed should be thin.
4.Dusting of lime on the rearing bed. 5.Avoid over crowding of
larvae in the rearing bed.
85 What are the precautions to be taken during
rearing rainy season?
The following precautions are to be taken during rain'
season:
1. Frequent feeding with less feed
2. Good ventilation / use of exhaust fan in the rearing house
3. Rearing bed should be thin
4. Dusting of lime on the rearing bed
5. Avoid over crowding of larvae in the rearing bed
6. Wet leaves should not be fed to larvae.
7. Wet shoots can be hanged to drain off water drop lets and
after sometime.
86 Does tobacco has any adverse effect on
silkworm rearing?
Tobacco has adverse effect on silkworm rearing, only during
flowering season of tobacco.
87 Whether bivoltine can. be reared in bamboo
trays?
Bivoltine can be reared in bamboo trays provided the trays
are not smeared with cow dung and are properly disinfected.
88 What is the minimum gap required between
rearings ?
Minimum of 10 days gap is required between rearings for
thorough cleaning and disinfection.
89 What is the effect of feeding water sprayed
leaves, the silkworm?
1. There is no bad effect on silkworm by feeding water
sprayed leaf particularly when atmospheric humidity is less in
SUI and winter season.
2. However, over spraying of water should be avoided.
88 Give information about low cost rearing
houses?
The low cost rearing houses should have the following
facilities:
1. Cross ventilation
2. Height of the roof should be at least 10 ft at wall level
3. All round open veranda
4. Fly proof doors and windows
5. Rat trap wall with filler slab roof for medium farmers, thick
mud wall with thatched roof for hotter regions and marginal
farmers.
89 Mention about quantity of shoot to be fed
for late age rearing?
For fourth instar 460 kg and for fifth instar 2880 kg shoots are
required for 50,000 larvae of CSR hybrids.
90 What are the reasons for non-uniform
settling moult and what care should be
taken to avoid such situation?
The main reasons for non uniform settling for m are:

1. Un even / in sufficient feeding
2. Over crowding
3. Irregular hatching
4. Selfing during egg preparation.
5. To avoid this, sufficient and uniform feeding, provide
optimum spacing for each instar, proper incubation and avoid
selfing during egg production.
91 How many feeds are required during late a
rearing? How to preserve the shoots?
During late age rearing two feeds are required during rainy
season and three feeds during winter and summer season
Mulberry shoot should be preserved straight upright and cover
w. wet gunny cloth.
92 Whether CB and BV rearing can be taken
up simultaneously?
CB and BV rearing should not be done simultaneously.
93 What is the ideal rearing house for Indian
condition?
Recommending single rearing house model for entire Indian
conditions is difficult. However, the following models are
recommended. They are :
1. Brick walled with Mangalore tiled roof.
2. Rat trap wall with filler slab roof.
3. Mud wall with thatched roof.
94 How to manage to get for uniform moulting? To settle for uniform moulting the following cares are to be
taken up.
1. When worm shows moulting symptoms, reduce the leaf
size and quantity, spread the rearing bed.
2. Good ventilation in the rearing house.
3. When 90% worms settle for moult, dust lime.
95 What are the reasons for melting cocoons
in hilly areas and how to improve the
reliability?
The main reasons for melting of cocoons are.
1. Late age infection, use of non disinfected mountages,
improper cocoon transportation and early harvest of cocoons.
2. To improve the reliability, use of good mountage for
mounting hall are important.
96 During rearing, if the feeding leaf from
rainfed garden is changed over to irrigated
garden leaf, will it have any effect on the
silk worm cocoon crop?
The changing of leaf from rainfed garden to irrigated condition
is advantageous for silkworm. It does not have any bad
effect.
97 What is the reason for long larval duration
in winter season?
Because of prevailing low temperature, low humidity and fast
driage of mulberry leaves, the growth rate of silkworm larvae
will be slow and reduced.
99 What should be the moisture content of
mulberry leaves for feeding to the silk worm
larvae?
For fourth instar 78% and for fifth instar 75% moisture content
mulberry leaves are required.
99 Whether top clipping is required in shoot
rearing

Top clipping is not required in shoot rearing.
100
From which stage onwards shoot rearing
has to be followed?
From third instar onwards till spinning, shoot rearing can be
followed.
101 What are the cares to be taken during
rearing in summer season?
The following care has to be taken during summer season:
1. Cover the rearing house roof with hay / straw / grass
2. False ceiling using waste wooden plank / bamboo strips
3. Hanging wet gunny cloth to doors and windows.
4. Free circulation of air inside the rearing house
5. Sprinkling clean water on the floor
6. Proper preservation of leaf/shoot
7. Number of feeds should be increased from 2-3.
8. Covering of rearing bed with paraffin paper/old newspaper
after each feed and remove after two hours till next feed.
9. A void over feeding & give sufficient spacing.

102 What are the precautions to be taken during
rearing in winter season?
Following precautions have to be taken during winter season.
1. Increase the room temperature by using room heater /
charcoal stove.
2. Sprinkling of water to the shoots and proper preservation of
shoots.
3. Covering of rearing bed with old newspaper / paraffin paper
after each feed and remove after two hours till next feed.
4. Frequent bed cleaning.
5. Precautions to prevent muscardine.
103 Whether shoot rearing can be followed for
seed crop rearing?
Yes, shoot rearing can be followed for seed crop rearing also.
104 What should be the ideal size for the shoot
rearing racks?
The shoot rearing rack width should be 5 ft, gap between two
tiers should be 2 ft and from the ground level the first tier
should be at a height of 1 ft. The length of the rack can be
according to the length of the rearing house.
105 To rear 100 dfls of CSR hybrids what
should be the size of the shoot rearing
rack?
47 ft x 5 ft x 3 tier rack is required to rear 100 dfls of CSR
hybrids.
106 What should be the age of the mulberry
garden during fifth instar?
60-65 days old mulberry garden is ideal for fifth instar.
107 Is there any effect on rearing, if you change
the mulberry variety?
As long as the inputs and package of practices are same the
changing of mulberry variety will not have any adverse effect.
108 In shoot rearing without bed cleaning how
to manage rearing ?
If the be cleaning is not done in the fifth instar, good
ventilation, dusting of lime daily and keeping the bed thin are
required.
109 How to preserve the shoots?
Immediately after transportation of shoots, the bundle should
be opened, shoots should be kept vertically upward direction.
Preserve in a cool place covered with wet gunny cloth. Key
Words: shoot preservation, gunny cloth
110 How much quantity of bed disinfectant is
required for 100 dfls and when to apply?
Five to six kg of Vijetha is required for late age rearing. 30
minutes before resumption after third and fourth moults and
4th day of fifth instar Vijetha should be dusted.
111 Whether cow dung smeared bamboo trays
can be ml for Bivoltine silkworm rearing?
No, cow dung smeared bamboo trays should not used for
Bivoltine silkworm rearing. For late age silkworm rearing
mulberry shoot feeding is recommended.
112 Whether cross ventilation is required in
rearing house?
Yes, cross ventilation is very much essential during late age
rearing.
113 Is there any effect of starvation on larvae?
Starvation of larvae in fifth instar leads to poor larval growth,
small sized cocoons and in turn low cocoon yield.
114 What should be the minimum height for
lower most tier in shoot rearing rack from
the floor?
Lower most shoot rack should be minimum l above the floor.
115 Whether high voltage bulb can be used to
raise the temperature in the rearing house?
No, as such silkworms prefer dim light during rearing. For
raising the temperature inside the rearing house better use
electrical heater or charcoal stove (After removing smoke).
116 What type of rearing house is required for
CSR
hybrid rearing?
1. CSR hybrid rearing requires separate rearing house where
proper disinfection can be done and there is good cross-
ventilation facility.
2. Cement plastered floor and walls.
3. Separate facility for leaf storage and mounting.
117 How many rotary mountages are required
for 100 dfls?
A total 40 sets (each set consists of 10 card boards) rotary
mountages are required to mount 100 dfls (50,000 larvae)
matured larvae,

118 How to disinfect rotary mountages? What is
the durability of rotary mountages?
1. After harvesting the cocoons from rotary mountages, floss
should be cleaned from the card board. After cleaning the
floss, arrange the card board randomly and pile up on vinyl
sheet (200 card board on one sheet). Spray 10% formalin
solution on card board (2 It. Solution for 200 card board) and
cover it. Keep the covered mountages for 3-4 hours under
bright sunlight for full disinfection.
2.By adopting fumigation method also mountages can be
disinfected.
3. Rotary mountages can be used repeatedly for 5-6 years.
119 Whether use of plastic mountages
Increases reliability of cocoons?
No, use of plastic mountages does not increase the reel ability
of cocoons.
120 What is the reason for delayed spinning? Delayed spinning is due to following reasons: 1. Spinning in
Bivoltine worms is late compared to cross breeds
2. Low temperature delays the spinning.
3. Less feed quantity delays the spinning.
4. Due to occurrence of diseases also spinning is delayed.
Key Words: temperature, feeding
121 Is there any hormone for uniform mounting
and ripening?
Yes, there is a hormone phytoecdysone (Plant extract) which
can be sprayed on the larvae for uniform ripening and
mounting.
122 How to distribute larvae equally on rotary
mountages?
1. A set of rotary mountage consists of 10 card boards. A total
of
1560 ripened worms can be mounted in each set. However,
only
1250 to 1300 worms are mounted per set to leave some
chambers
empty. These 1250-1300 worms can be weighed once and
note
the volume. Every time same volume of worms may be
measured
or weighed. These weighed worms can be distributed
uniformly
in boat shaped long tray and mount the worms in the
mountages.
By this method larvae can be distributed equally.

123 How to find out the ripened worms at the
time of mounting?
Following are the symptoms of ripened worms: 1.Worms
reduce the appetite.
2.Worms raise their heads in search of support for spinning.
3.Body colour changes from greenish to yellowish.
4.Mature worms release softer faecal matter.
124 How to use rotary mountages?

Rotary mountages can be used by following two way
1. Mountages can be placed horizontally on floor over old
newspaper. A wooden comb is inserted in between the card
boar, and 1250 - 1300 worms can be mounted with the help of
boat shaped tray. After mounting the worms, mountages are
keep upright vertically and comb is taken out. After 1-2 hours
mountages are hung from ceiling parallel to the floor and
ensure free rotation of the mountages.
2. The farmers who do not have comb can keep the
mountage upright vertically. 125 - 130 worms are placed on a
small hare sheet and hard sheet along with worms is inserted
in each care board. Same process can be repeated every
time. After 1-2 hours, mountages are hung from ceiling
parallel to the floor and ensure free rotation of the mountages.
125 Can we mix cocoons harvested from
chandrike with the cocoons harvested from
rotary mountages ?


No, cocoons harvested from bamboo chandrike should not be
mixed with cocoons harvested from rotary mountages.
Because, cocoons harvested from Rotary mountages fetch
Rs. 15 to 20 more per kg compared to the cocoons harvested
from chandrike. If farmer mixes both the cocoons, he will
loose the benefit of rotary mountages.
126 Whether rotary mountage is available in Yes, rotary mountage is available in market with prior order.
market?
127 What will happen if some un-ripened worms
are mounted?
It is always advisable to mount the matured worms only. If
immature worms are mounted, the cocoon quantity and
quality are deteriorated.
128 After hanging the rotary mountages some
worms 1 falling. Why these worms are
falling? What to do with the worms?
Generally after hanging the mountages some worms are
falling. It is natural. However, if batches are affected by \ age
infection or immature worms are mounted or more worms are
mounted in such cases more number of worms are falling
Except in contaminated batch in other cases fallen worms
should be remounted. Care should be taken that fallen worms
are m injured. For this purpose a urinary bag should be
placed under mountages or old uzi net may be tied under the
mountages.
129 While harvesting the cocoons from rotary
mountages by harvester few cocoons are
damaged, how to avoid it?
Early harvesting of cocoons may lead to damage 01 cocoons.
Therefore harvesting should be done after completion 01
pupation. Sometimes flimsy or melted cocoons get damaged
during harvesting and spoils the good cocoons also.
Therefore, before harvesting the cocoons .we should remove
flimsy or half I spun cocoons manually.
130 Rotary mountage supplied recently are not
of good quality, why?
Earlier supplied mountages were imported from Japan. Later
on Indian made card board's quality was not as good as that
of Japanese materials. However, efforts are being made to
improve the card board quality.
131 When the rotary mountages are fixed to the
wooden frame properly disorientation was
noticed. Why this disorientation and does it
have any bad impact on cocoon?
Care should be taken to fix the card board in wooden frame
properly. Otherwise disorientation will occur. While fixing the
card board the iron pin of card board should be arranged in
criss-cross. position. The disorientation of card board create
hindrances in rotation of the mountages and the shape of card
board chamber also becomes diamond shaped which leads to
deterioration of cocoons shape.
132 After hanging the rotary mountages
sometimes it does not rotate, why In such
case what will happen? Is it advisable to
rotate the mountages manually?
The matured worms always tend to move upward. Due to
imbalance in the weight rotary mountages rotate itself without
any extra force. However, if hanging is not proper or hanging
rod touches the end of mountages or any other mechanical
hindrances rotary mountages does not rotate. If the
mountages does not rotate all the worms move upward and
make cocoons in upper portion of the mountages. These
cocoons are of bad quality and defective cocoons are more.
Therefore, after hanging the mountages one should ensure
about free rotation of the mountages. It is not advisable to
rotate the mountages manually.
133
How to remove card board frame from
wooden frame?
At the time of removal of card board, the frame I be placed
vertically in such a way that all the iron hooks I down ward.
Open the plastic stoppers. Press the card board one one
gently to detach from hooks and remove without damaging.
134
How many days after spinning cocoons
should I harvested?
Cocoons should be harvested after completion, pupation. It
varies from season to season. Generally it takes 6 dm to
complete the pupation.
135 If spinning larvae are suddenly disturbed or
expos_ to sudden change in environment
what will happen?
Normally spinning continues without pause. If silkworms are
disturbed or exposed to sudden environmental1 changes,
they sometimes stop spinning, which lead to low cocoon
reliability.

136
Whether material and structure of
cocooning frame affect the quality of
cocoons?
Yes, the material and structure of cocooning frames
significantly affect the quality of cocoon and fiber.
137
How the quality of cocoons are different in
rotary mountages compared to chandrike ?
Cocoons harvested from rotary mountages are uniform in
shape and size. Almost there are no double cocoons in rotary
mountages. No occurrence of stained cocoons in rotary
mountages and floss formation is also less compared to
bamboo chandrike. These are the reasons, farmers are
getting Rs. 15-20 more / kg rate compared to chandrike.
138
What are the different methods of mounting
and which one is most suitable?
Picking of mature larvae by hand, shaking I mulberry shoots
and natural mounting are the three methods mounting. All
above methods are having advantages a disadvantages.
However, if manpower is available pick up method is the best
method. Otherwise, shaking of mulberry shoots either by
machine or by hand may be adopted for mounting of silkworm
Keywords: mounting, matured worms
139
What are the precautions to be taken for
harvesting the cocoons?
Cocoons should be- harvested after completion pupation.
Flimsy and thin shelled cocoons and diseased larvae any on
mountages should be removed manually before harvesting
the cocoons.
140 What are the precautions to be taken after
harvesting the cocoons?
After harvesting the cocoons, all the cocoons should be
spread in thin layer in well aerated places. All dead, flimsy
and other defective cocoons should be sorted out. Care
should be taken to avoid the ants and other predators.
141
How cocoons should be transported after
harvesting?
Cocoons should be transported during the cooler hours.
Cocoons should be packed loosely 12-15 kg per pack. It is
advisable that all the farmers of same village or near by
villages can hire a van for cocoon transportation.
142
Whether cocoon sorting is a must before
marketin, How the cocoons should be
transported?
Yes, it is advisable that before marketing of cacao all the
cocoon should be deflossed properly, After deflossing
cocoons should be sorted out. Different types of cocoons
should be marketed separately so that better price can be
obtained for cocoons.
143
What are the reasons for occurrence of
melted cocoons?
Melting of cocoons is mainly due to three factors:
1. Early harvesting of cocoons leads to damage to pupal
body.
2. Improper cocoon transportation.
3. Infection in late instar larvae.
144
How to remove floss from rotary card
board?
After harvesting the cocoons, floss attached to the card board
should be removed by using hard plastic brush or flame gun.
Floss can also be removed by using rotary mountages
cleaner.
145 What are defective cocoons? How these
cocoons are formed?
The defective cocoons include melted cocoons stained
cocoons, thin shelled, thin end, deformed and double
cocoons. The reasons for occurrence of defective cocoons
are:
1. Early or late mounting of larvae and use of bad quality of
mountages.
2. Improper or no disinfection of mountages.
3. When density of mounting is more.
146 Whether deflossing and sorting of cocoons
are required before marketing?
Before marketing the cocoons, farmers are advised to defloss
the cocoons and all types of defective cocoons should be
sorted out from good cocoons.
147 Is it advisable to transport the cocoons on
the top of the bus?
Cocoons may be transported in bamboo baskets 01 plastic
crates. It is not good to transport the cocoons on the top 01
the bus in bundles as it generates heat and damage the
cocoon. All the farmers of nearby area can hire a van to
transport the cocoons to the cocoon market.
148 How many bivoltine layings can be brushed
per acre per year?
For K2 plantation under irrigated condition 1000 Dfls can be
reared per year in five crop schedule / year @ 200 Dfls per
crop. In VI plantation 1250 Dfls can be reared @ 250 Dfls/
crop.
149 What are the important requirement for
successful silkworm rearing?
Successful rearing of bivoltine silkworm requires:
1. Good quality mulberry leaves
2. Good hygienic conditions.
3. Optimum environmental conditions

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