1

THE ZEITGEIST MOVEMENT

DEFI NED
REALIZING A NEW TRAIN OF THOUGHT
Work in Progress, Last U!ate" Set# $%t& '%$(
Target )o*+etion Date" O,t $
st
'%$(
-.T&e/ tre*en!o0s an! sti++ a,,e+erating !e1e+o*ent o2 s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3
&as not 4een a,,o*anie! 43 an e50a+ !e1e+o*ent in so,ia+, e,ono*i,, an!
o+iti,a+ atterns###We are no6###on+3 4eginning to e7+ore t&e otentia+ities 6&i,& it
o22ers 2or !e1e+o*ents in o0r ,0+t0re o0tsi!e te,&no+og3, arti,0+ar+3 in t&e so,ia+,
o+iti,a+ an! e,ono*i, 2ie+!s# It is sa2e to re!i,t t&at###s0,& so,ia+ in1entions as
*o!ern8t3e )aita+is*, Fas,is*, an! )o**0nis* 6i++ 4e regar!e! as ri*iti1e
e7eri*ents !ire,te! to6ar! t&e a!90st*ent o2 *o!ern so,iet3 to *o!ern te,&no+og3-
: Dr# Ra+& Linton
666#t&e;eitgeist*o1e*ent#,o*
)reati1e )o**ons Attri40tion8Non,o**er,ia+8S&are A+ike (#%
2
CONTENTS
Pre2a,e .#(/
Part I : An Intro!0,tion
$< O1er1ie6 .#=/
'< T&e S,ienti2i, Wor+!1ie6 .#$'/
(< So0r,ing So+0tions .#$>/
?< Logi, 1s Ps3,&o+og3 .#'%/
@< T&e )ase 2or H0*an Unit3 .#'@/
=< T&e Fina+ Arg0*ent" H0*an Nat0re .#'A/
Part II : So,ia+ Pat&o+og3 B T&e Anti8E,ono*3
>< De2ining P04+i, Hea+t& .#(?/
C< Histor3 o2 E,ono*3 .#?@/
A< Market E22i,ien,3 1s Te,&ni,a+ E22i,ien,3 .#=>/
$%< Va+0e S3ste* Disor!er .#C$/
$$< Str0,t0ra+ )+assis*, T&e State an! War .#A>/
Part III : A Ne6 Train o2 T&o0g&t
$'< Intro!0,tion to S0staina4+e T&o0g&t .#$$(/
$(< Tr0e E,ono*i, Fa,tors .#$$>/
$?< Post8S,ar,it3 Tren!s, )aa,it3 an! E22i,ien,3
$@< T&e In!0stria+ Go1ern*ent
$=< Li2est3+e, Free!o* an! T&e H0*anit3 Fa,tor
Part IV : T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent
$>< T&e Age o2 Desta4i+i;ation
$C< Transition B T&e H34ri! E,ono*3
$A< De,o*ing T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent
Aen!i,es
a< Vo,a40+ar3 List
4< Intro!0,tion to T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o!
,< Rea!ing List
!< )o**on O49e,tions
e< TZM E0i,k Start
3
PREFACE
FT&e o0t,o*e o2 an3 serio0s resear,& ,an on+3 4e to *ake t6o
50estions gro6 6&ere on+3 one gre6 4e2ore#-
8T&orstein Ve4+en
Origin of the name
FT&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent- GTZM< is t&e e7isting i!enti2ier 2or t&e So,ia+ Mo1e*ent !es,ri4e! in t&e
2o++o6ing essa3s# T&e na*e &as no re+e1ant &istori,a+ re2eren,e to an3t&ing ,0+t0ra++3 se,i2i, an!
is not to 4e ,on20se!Hasso,iate! 6it& an3t&ing e+se kno6n 4e2ore 6it& a si*i+ar tit+e# Rat&er, t&e
tit+e is 4ase! 0on t&e se*anti, *eaning o2 t&e 1er3 ter*s, e7+i,it+3#
T&e ter* FZeitgeist- is !e2ine! as t&e Fgenera+ inte++e,t0a+, *ora+ an! ,0+t0ra+ ,+i*ate o2 an era#-
T&e Ter* FMo1e*ent- si*+3 i*+ies F*otion- or ,&ange# T&ere2ore T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent
GTZM< is an organi;ation 6&i,& 0rges ,&ange in t&e !o*inant inte++e,t0a+, *ora+ an! ,0+t0ra+
,+i*ate o2 t&e ti*e#
Document Structure
T&e 2o++o6ing te7t &as 4een reare! to 4e as ,on,ise an! 3et ,o*re&ensi1e as ossi4+e# In
2or*, it is a series o2 essa3s, or!ere! 43 s049e,t in a *anner 6&i,& 6orks to s0ort a 4roa!er
context# W&i+e ea,& essa3 is !esigne! to 4e taken on its o6n *erit in e1a+0ation, t&e tr0e ,onte7t
resi!es in &o6 ea,& iss0e 6orks to s0ort a +arger Train of Thought 6it& rese,t to t&e *ost
e22i,ient organi;ation o2 &0*an so,iet3#
It 6i++ 4e noti,e! 43 t&ose 6&o rea! t&ro0g& t&ese essa3s in a +inear 2as&ion t&at a 2air a*o0nt o2
o1er+a e7ists 6it& ,ertain i!eas# T&is is !e+i4erate as s0,& reetition an! e*&asis is ,onsi!ere!
&e+20+ gi1en &o6 2oreign so*e o2 t&e ,on,ets *ig&t see* to t&ose 6it& no rior e7os0re to
s0,& *ateria+#
A+so, sin,e on+3 so *0,& !etai+ ,an 4e a22or!e! to *aintain ,o*re&ension gi1en t&e gra1it3 o2
ea,& s049e,t an! &o6 t&e3 interre+ate, great e22ort &as 4een *a!e to so0r,e re+e1ant (
r!
art3
resear,& t&ro0g&o0t ea,& essa3, 1ia 2ootnotes an! aen!i,es, a++o6ing t&e rea!er to 2o++o6
t&ro0g& 6it& 20rt&er st0!3 as t&e interest arises#
The Organism of Knowledge
As 6it& an3 2or* o2 resente! resear,& 6e are !ea+ing 6it& serially generated data composites#
O4ser1ation, its assess*ent, !o,0*entation an! integration 6it& ot&er kno6+e!ge, e7isting or
en!ing, is t&e *anner 43 6&i,& a++ !isting0is&a4+e i!eas ,o*e to e1o+1e#
T&is ,ontin00* is i*ortant to 0n!erstan! 6it& rese,t to t&e 6a3 6e t&ink a4o0t 6&at 6e
4e+ie1e an! 6&3, 2or in2or*ation is a+6a3s searate in its *erit 2ro* t&e erson or instit0tion
,o**0ni,ating or reresenting# In2or*ation ,an on+3 4e e1a+0ate! ,orre,t+3 t&ro0g& a s3ste*ati,
ro,ess o2 ,o*arison to ot&er physically 1eri2ia4+e e1i!en,e as to its roo2 or +a,k t&ereo2#
Like6ise, t&is ,ontin00* a+so i*+ies t&at t&ere ,an 4e no e*iri,a+ FOrigin- o2 i!eas# Fro* an
eiste*o+ogi,a+ erse,ti1e, kno6+e!ge is *ost+3 ,0+*inate!, ro,esse! an! e7an!e! t&ro0g&
,o**0ni,ation a*ongst o0r se,ies# T&e in!i1i!0a+, 6it& &is or &er in&erent+3 !i22erent +i2e
e7erien,e an! roensities, ser1es as a ,0sto* processing filter 43 6&i,& a gi1en i!ea ,an 4e
*or&e!# )o++e,ti1e+3, 6e in!i1i!0a+s ,o*rise 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! a FGro0 Min!- 6&i,& is t&e
+arger or!er so,ia+ ro,essor 43 6&i,& t&e e22ort o2 in!i1i!0a+s i!ea++3 ,oa+es,e# T&e tra!itiona+
*et&o! o2 !ata trans2er t&ro0g& +iterat0re, s&aring 4ooks 2ro* generation to generation, &as 4een
a nota4+e at& o2 t&is Gro0 Min! intera,tion, 2or e7a*+e#
$
$ In )ar+ SaganIs 6ork F)os*os-, &e state! 6it& rese,t to t&e !estr0,tion o2 t&e Li4rar3 o2 A+e7an!ria, note! as t&e
+argest an! *ost signi2i,ant +i4rar3 o2 t&e an,ient 6or+!" FIt 6as as i2 t&e entire ,i1i+i;ation &a! 0n!ergone so*e se+28
4
Issa, Ne6ton er&as 0t t&is rea+it3 4est 6it& t&e state*ent" FI2 I &a1e seen 20rt&er t&an ot&ers,
it is 43 stan!ing 0on t&e s&o0+!ers o2 giants#-
'
T&is is 4ro0g&t 0 &ere in or!er to 2o,0s t&e
rea!er on t&e ,riti,a+ ,onsi!eration o2 !ata : not a s0ose! FSo0r,e- 8 as t&ere a,t0a++3 is no
s0,& t&ing in an e*iri,a+ sense# On+3 in t&e te*ora+, tra!itiona+ atterns o2 ,0+t0re, s0,& as 6it&
+iterar3 ,re!its in a te7t4ook 2or 20t0re resear,& re2eren,e, is s0,& a re,ognition te,&ni,a++3
re+e1ant#
T&ere is no state*ent *ore erroneo0s t&an t&e !e,+aration t&at" FT&is is my idea#- S0,& notions
are 43ro!0,ts o2 a *ateria+ ,0+t0re t&at &as 4een rein2or,e! in seeking &3si,a+ re6ar!s, 0s0a++3
1ia *one3, in e7,&ange 2or t&e i++0sion o2 t&eir Frorietar3- ,reations# Ver3 o2ten an ego
asso,iation is ,0+*inate! as 6e++ 6&ere an in!i1i!0a+ ,+ai*s restige a4o0t t&eir F,re!it- 2or an
i!ea or in1ention#
Jet, t&at is not to e7,+0!e gratit0!e an! rese,t 2or t&ose 2ig0res or instit0tions 6&i,& &a1e s&o6n
!e!i,ation an! erse1eran,e to6ar!s t&e e7ansion o2 kno6+e!ge itse+2, nor to !i*inis& t&e
ne,essit3 o2 i*ortan,e o2 t&ose 6&o &a1e a,&ie1e! a ski++e!, se,ia+i;e! Fe7ert- stat0s in a
arti,0+ar 2ie+!# T&e ,ontri40tions o2 4ri++iant t&inkers an! engineers s0,& as R# D0,k*inster F0++er,
Ka,50e Fres,o, Kere*3 Ri2kin, Ra3 L0r;6ei+, Ro4ert Sao+sk3, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson,
Ka*es Gi++igan, )ar+ Sagan, Ni,o+a Tes+a, Ste1en Ha6king an! *an3, *an3 *ore resear,&ers, ast
an! resent, are 50ote! an! so0r,e! in t&is te7t an! ser1e as art o2 t&e +arger data composite
3o0 are a4o0t to rea!# Great gratit0!e is e7resse! &ere to6ar!s a++ !e!i,ate! *in!s 6&o are
6orking to ,ontri40te to an i*ro1ing 6or+!#
Jet, on,e again, 6&en it ,o*es to t&e +e1e+ o2 0n!erstan!ing, in2or*ation itse+2 &as no origin, no
+o3a+t3, no ri,e tag, no ego an! no 4ias# It si*+3 *ani2ests, se+28,orre,ts an! e1o+1es as an
organis* in an! o2 itse+2 t&ro0g& o0r ,o++e,ti1e FGro0 Min!- to 6&i,& 6e are a++ in1aria4+3 a
,o*onent 1e&i,+e#
T&at 0n!erstoo!, FT&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent- ,+ai*s no origination o2 an3 i!ea it ro*otes an! is
4est ,ategori;e! as an a,ti1istHe!0,ationa+ instit0tion 6&i,& 6orks to a*+i23 a context 0on
6&i,& e7istingHe*erging s,ienti2i, 2in!ings *a3 2in! a ,on,erte! so,ia+ i*erati1e#
Wesites and Resources
T&e Fo++o6ing $% We4sites are o22i,ia++3 re+ate! to T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*entIs g+o4a+ oerations"
8Main G+o4a+ H04"
&tt"HH666#t&e;eitgeist*o1e*ent#,o*
T&is is t&e *ain 6e4site an! &04 2or TZM re+ate! a,tionsHe1entsH0!ates#
!G+o4a+ )&aters H04"
&tt"HH666#t;*,&aters#netH
T&is is t&e *ain g+o4a+ &04 2or )&ater in2or*ation an! *ateria+s# It in,+0!es *as, a )&aters
too+ kit an! *ore#
8G+o4a+ D+og"
&tt"HH4+og#t&e;eitgeist*o1e*ent#,o*H
T&is is t&e o22i,ia+ 4+og 6&i,& a++o6s s04*issions o2 e!itoria+ st3+e essa3s#
in2+i,te! 4rain s0rger3, an! *ost o2 its *e*ories, !is,o1eries, i!eas an! assions 6ere e7ting0is&e! irre1o,a4+3#F
Cosmos, )ar+ Sagan, Da++antine Dooks, Ne6 Jork, $AC%, )&ater MIII, '>A
' The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vo+0*e $, e!ite! 43 HW T0rn40++, $A@A, ?$=
5
8G+o4a+ For0*"
&tt"HH666#t&e;eitgeist*o1e*ent2or0*#orgH
T&is is o0r o22i,ia+ 2or0* 2or *e*4ers to !is,0ss ro9e,ts an! s&are i!eas 2ro* a,ross t&e 6or+!
an! s&are i!eas#
8Zeitgeist Me!ia Pro9e,t"
&tt"HH;eitgeist*e!iaro9e,t#,o*H
T&e Me!ia Pro9e,t Site &osts an! +inks to 1ario0s a0!ioH1is0a+H+iterar3 e7ressions o2 TZM
Me*4ers# Users !onate t&eir 6ork 2or osting an! it is o2ten 0se! as a reso0r,e Toolkit 2or 2+3er
gra&i,s, 1i!eo resentations, +ogo ani*ations an! t&e +ike#
8ZeitNe6s"
&tt"HH666#;eitne6s#orgH
ZeitNe6s is a ne6s st3+e ser1i,e 6&i,& ,ontains arti,+es re+ating to so,ia++3 re+e1ant a!1an,e*ents
in S,ien,e an! Te,&no+og3#
8Zeitgeist Da3 GFZ!a3-< G+o4a+"
&tt"HH;!a3g+o4a+#orgH
T&is site 4e,o*es a,ti1e ann0a++3 to 2a,i+itate o0r FZ!a3- G+o4a+ E1ent, 6&i,& o,,0rs in Mar,& o2
ea,& 3ear#
8Zeitgeist Me!ia Festi1a+"
&tt"HH;eitgeist*e!ia2esti1a+#orgH
T&is site 4e,o*es a,ti1e ann0a++3 to 2a,i+itate o0r FZeitgeist Me!ia Festi1a+-, 6&i,& o,,0rs in
A0g0st o2 ea,& 3ear#
8G+o4a+ Re!esign Instit0te"
&tt"HH666#g+o4a+re!esigninstit0te#orgH
T&e G+o4a+ Re!esign Instit0te is a 1irt0a+ gra&i, inter2a,e FT&ink Tank- ro9e,t 6&i,& 0ses
*aH!ata *o!e+s to e7ress !ire,t te,&ni,a+ ,&anges in +ine 6it& TZMIs train o2 t&o0g&t in 1ario0s
regions#
"eneral Social Networ#s
TZM G+o4a+ on T6itter"
&tt"HHt6itter#,o*HNOHt;*g+o4a+
TZM G+o4a+ on Fa,e4ook"
&tt"HH666#2a,e4ook#,o*Ht;*g+o4a+
TZM G+o4a+ Jo0t04e"
&tt"HH666#3o0t04e#,o*H0serHTZMO22i,ia+)&anne+
6
PART I" AN INTRODU)TION
O$ER$%EW
FNeit&er t&e great o+iti,a+ an! 2inan,ia+ o6er str0,t0res o2 t&e 6or+!, nor t&e se,ia+i;ation84+in!e!
ro2essiona+s, nor t&e o0+ation in genera+ rea+i;e t&at###it is no6 &ig&+3 2easi4+e to take ,are o2 e1er34o!3
on eart& at a F&ig&er stan!ar! o2 +i1ing t&an an3 &a1e e1er kno6n-# It no +onger &as to 4e 3o0 or *e#
Se+2is&ness is 0nne,essar3 an! &en,e2ort& 0nrationa+i;a4+e as *an!ate! 43 s0r1i1a+# War is o4so+ete#-
(
8R# D0,k*inster F0++er
Aout
Fo0n!e! in '%%C, T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent GTZM< is a S0staina4i+it3 A!1o,a,3 Gro0 6&i,&
oerates t&ro0g& a net6ork o2 Regiona+ )&aters, Pro9e,t Tea*s, P04+i, E1ents, Me!ia
E7ressions an! )&arit3 Oerations#
TZMIs a,ti1is* is e7+i,it+3 4ase! on non-violent *et&o!s o2 ,o**0ni,ation 6it& t&e ,ore 2o,0s on
educating t&e 04+i, a4o0t t&e tr0e root sources o2 *an3 ,o**on ersona+, so,ia+ an! e,o+ogi,a+
ro4+e*s to!a3, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e 1ast problem solving an! humanity improving potential s,ien,e
an! te,&no+og3 &as no6 ena4+e! 8 40t 3et goes 0na+ie! !0e to 4arriers in&erent in t&e ,0rrent,
esta4+is&e! so,ia+ s3ste*#
W&i+e t&e ter* FA,ti1is*- is ,orre,t 43 its e7a,t *eaning, TZMIs a6areness 6ork s&o0+! not 4e
*is,onstr0e! as re+ating to ,0+t0ra++3 ,o**on, tra!itiona+ Fa,ti1ist rotest- a,tions s0,& as 6e
&a1e seen &istori,a++3# Rat&er, TZM e7resses itse+2 t&ro0g& targete!, rationa+ e!0,ationa+ ro9e,ts
t&at 6ork not to i*ose, !i,tate or 4+in!+3 ers0a!e : 40t to set in *otion a train of thought t&at
is logically self-realizing 6&en t&e ,a0sa+ ,onsi!erations o2 Fs0staina4i+it3-
?
an! F04+i, &ea+t&-
@
are
re2eren,e! 2ro* a s,ienti2i, erse,ti1e#
Ho6e1er, TZMIs 0rs0it is sti++ 1er3 si*i+ar to tra!itiona+ )i1i+ Rig&ts Mo1e*ents o2 t&e ast in t&at
t&e o4ser1ations re1ea+ t&e tr0+3 0nne,essar3 oppression in&erent in o0r ,0rrent so,ia+ or!er,
6&i,& str0,t0ra++3 an! so,io+ogi,a++3 restri,ts &0*an 6e++84eing an! otentia+ 2or t&e 1ast *a9orit3
o2 t&e 6or+!Is o0+ation, not to *ention sti2+es 4roa! i*ro1e*ent in genera+ !0e to its
esta4+is&e! *et&o!s#
For instan,e, t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ *o!e+, 6&i+e eret0ating enor*o0s +e1e+s o2 ,orrosi1e e,ono*i,
ine22i,ien,3 in genera+, as 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! in 20rt&er essa3s, a+so intrinsically supports one
economic group or class! of people over another, eret0ating te,&ni,a++3 0nne,essar3 i*4a+an,e
an! re+ati1e !eri1ation# T&is ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! Fe,ono*i, 4igotr3- in its e22e,t an! it is no +ess
insi!io0s t&an !is,ri*ination roote! in gen!er, et&ni,it3, re+igion or ,ree!#
Ho6e1er, t&is in&erent F4igotr3- is rea++3 on+3 a art o2 a +arger ,on!ition 6&i,& ,o0+! 4e ter*e!
FStr0,t0ra+ Vio+en,e-
=
, i++0*inating a 4roa! se,tr0* o2 F40i+t in- s022ering, in&0*anit3 an!
( Critical "ath, R# D0,k*inster F0++er, St# MartinIs Press, $AC$, Intro!0,tion, 771
? T&e ter* FS0staina4i+it3-, genera++3 !e2ine! Fas t&e a4i+it3 to 4e s0staine!, s0orte!, 0&e+!, or ,on2ir*e!-
G&tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seHs0staina4i+it3< is o2ten to!a3 ,o**on+3 re2eren,e!H0n!erstoo! 6it&in an
En1iron*enta+ S,ien,e ,onte7t# TZMIs ,onte7t e7ten!s 2art&er, &o6e1er, in,+0!ing t&e notion o2 )0+t0ra+ or De&a1iora+
S0staina4i+it3 6&i,& ,onsi!ers t&e *erit o2 4e+ie2 s3ste*s in genera+ an! t&eir +ess o41io0s ,a0sa+ ,onse50en,es#
@ T&e ter* FP04+i, Hea+t&-, genera++3 !e2ine! as FT&e s,ien,e an! ra,ti,e o2 rote,ting an! i*ro1ing t&e &ea+t& o2 a
,o**0nit3, as 43 re1enti1e *e!i,ine, &ea+t& e!0,ation, ,ontro+ o2 ,o**0ni,a4+e !iseases, a+i,ation o2 sanitar3
*eas0res, an! *onitoring o2 en1iron*enta+ &a;ar!s- G&tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seH04+i,P&ea+t&QsRt< is
0se! in t&is te7t as a 4asis o2 *eas0re 2or ,onsi!ering t&e &3si,a+, s3,&o+ogi,a+ an! &en,e so,io+ogi,a+ 6e++84eing o2 a
so,ietiesI eo+e o1er ti*e# T&is is to 4e ,onsi!ere! t&e 0+ti*ate 4aro*eter o2 t&e s0,,ess or 2ai+0re o2 an a+ie! so,ia+
s3ste*#
6 T&e ter* FStr0,t0ra+ Vio+en,e- is ,o**on+3 as,ri4e! to Ko&an Ga+t0ng, 6&i,& &e intro!0,e! in t&e arti,+e SVio+en,e,
Pea,e, an! Pea,e Resear,&S G#ournal of "eace $esearch, Vo+# =, No# (, $A=A, # $=>8$A$< It re2ers to a 2or* o2
1io+en,e 6&ere so*e so,ia+ str0,t0re or so,ia+ instit0tion &ar*s eo+e 43 re1enting t&e* 2ro* *eeting t&eir 4asi,
7
!eri1ation t&at is si*+3 a,,ete! as Fnor*a+it3- to!a3 43 an 0nin2or*e! *a9orit3# T&is ,onte7t
o2 FVio+en,e- stret,&es *0,& 2art&er an! !eeer t&an *an3 ,onsi!er# T&e s,oe o2 &o6 o0r so,io8
e,ono*i, s3ste* 0nne,essari+3 !i*inis&es o0r 04+i, &ea+t& an! in&i4its o0r rogress to!a3 ,an
on+3 4e re,ogni;e! ,+ear+3 6&en 6e take a *ore !eta,&e! Fte,&ni,a+- or Fs,ienti2i,- erse,ti1e o2
so,ia+ a22airs, 43assing o0r tra!itiona+, o2ten 4+in!ing 2a*i+iarities#
T&e re+ati1e nat0re o2 o0r a6areness o2ten 2a++s 1i,ti* to ass0*tions o2 er,ei1e! Fnor*a+it3-
6&ere, sa3, t&e ongoing !eri1ation an! o1ert3 o2 o1er ( 4i++ion eo+e
>
*ig&t 4e seen as a
Fnat0ra+-, ina+tera4+e so,ia+ state to t&ose 6&o are not a6are o2 t&e a*o0nt o2 2oo! a,t0a++3
ro!0,e! in t&e 6or+!, 6&ere it goes, &o6 it is 6aste! or t&e te,&ni,a+ nat0re o2 e22i,ient B
a40n!ant 2oo! ro!0,tion ossi4i+ities in t&e *o!ern !a3#
T&is 0nseen FVio+en,e- ,an 4e e7ten!e! to ,0+t0ra+ Me*es
C
as 6e++ 6&ere so,ia+ tra!itions an!
t&eir s3,&o+og3 ,an, 6it&o0t !ire,t *a+i,io0s intent, ,reate res0+ting ,onse50en,es t&at are
!a*aging to a &0*an 4eing# For instan,e, t&ere are re+igio0s ,0+t0res in t&e 6or+! t&at ot o0t o2
an3 2or* o2 ,o**on *e!i,a+ treat*ent#
A
W&i+e *an3 *ig&t arg0e t&e *ora+ or et&i,a+ ara*eters
o2 6&at it *eans 2or a ,&i+! in s0,& a ,0+t0re to !ie o2 a ,o**on i++ness t&at ,o0+! &a1e 4een
reso+1e! i2 *o!ern s,ienti2i, a+i,ations 6ere a++o6e!, 6e ,an at +east agree t&at t&e !eat& o2
s0,& a ,&i+! is rea++3 4eing ,a0se! not 43 t&e !isease at t&at oint, 40t 43 t&e so,io+ogi,a+
,on!ition t&at !isa++o6e! t&e a+i,ation o2 t&e so+0tion#
As a 4roa!er e7a*+e, a great !ea+ o2 so,ia+ st0!3 &as no6 4een !one on t&e s049e,t o2 FSo,ia+
Ine50a+it3- an! its e22e,ts on 04+i, &ea+t&# As 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! *ore so in 20rt&er essa3s, t&ere is
a 1ast arra3 o2 &3si,a+ an! *enta+ &ea+t& ro4+e*s t&at aear to 4e 4orn o0t o2 t&is ,on!ition,
in,+0!ing roensities to6ar!s &3si,a+ 1io+en,e, &eart !isease, !eression, e!0,ationa+ !e2i,ien,3
an! *an3, *an3 ot&er !etri*ents : !etri*ents t&at &a1e a tr0+3 social conse%uence 6&i,& a22e,t
0s a++#
$%
T&e 4otto* +ine &ere is t&at 6&en 6e ste 4a,k an! ,onsi!er ne6+3 rea+i;e! 0n!erstan!ings o2
,a0sa+it3 t&at are ,+ear+3 &a1ing !etri*enta+ e22e,ts on t&e &0*an ,on!ition, 40t go 0na4ate!
0nne,essari+3 !0e t&e re8e7isting tra!itions esta4+is&e! 43 ,0+t0re, 6e ine1ita4+3 en! 0 in t&e
,onte7t o2 F)i1i+ Rig&ts- an! &en,e social sustainability#
T&is ne6 )i1i+ Rig&ts Mo1e*ent is a4o0t t&e s&aring o2 &0*an kno6+e!ge an! o0r te,&ni,a+ a4i+it3
to not on+3 reso+1e ro4+e*s, 40t to a+so 2a,i+itate a s,ienti2i,a++3 !eri1e! &ocial &ystem t&at
a,t0a++3 oti*i;es o0r otentia+ an! 6e++84eing# An3t&ing +ess 6i++ ,reate i*4a+an,e an! so,ia+
!esta4i+i;ation as t&e neg+e,t o2 s0,& iss0es are si*+3 a hidden form of oppression'
So, ret0rning to t&e 4roa! oint, TZM 6orks not on+3 to ,reate a6areness o2 s0,& ro4+e*s an!
t&eir tr0e s3ste*i, rootsT &en,e +ogi, 2or reso+0tion, it a+so 6orks to e7ress t&e otentia+ 6e
&a1e, 4e3on! s0,& !ire,t ro4+e* so+1ing, to great+3 i*ro1e t&e &0*an ,on!ition in genera+,
so+1ing ro4+e*s 6&i,&, in 2a,t, &a1e not 3et e1en 4een rea+i;e!#
$$
T&is is initiate! 43 e*4ra,ing t&e 1er3 nat0re o2 scientific reasoning 6&ere t&e esta4+is&*ent o2 a
near e*iri,a+ train of thought takes re,e!en,e o1er e1er3t&ing e+se in i*ortan,e# A train o2
nee!s# It 6as e7an!e! 0on 43 ot&er resear,&ers, s0,& as ,ri*ina+ s3,&iatrist Dr# Ka*es Gi++igan, 6&o *akes t&e
2o++o6ing !istin,tion 4et6een FDe&a1iora+- an! FStr0,t0ra+- Vio+en,e" FT&e +et&a+ e22e,ts o2 str0,t0ra+ 1io+en,e oerate
,ontin0o0s+3, rat&er t&an sora!i,a++3, 6&ereas *0r!ers, s0i,i!es###6ars an! ot&er 2or*s o2 4e&a1iora+ 1io+en,e o,,0r
one at a ti*e#- GKa*es Gi++igan, (iolence, G#P# P0tna*, $AA=, $A'<
> &tt"HH666#g+o4a+iss0es#orgHarti,+eH'=Ho1ert382a,ts8an!8stats GSo0r,ing '%%C Wor+! Dank De1e+o*ent In!i,ators<
C Me*e" an i!ea, 4e&a1ior, st3+e, or 0sage t&at srea!s 2ro* erson to erson 6it&in a ,0+t0re G&tt"HH666#*erria*8
6e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3H*e*e<
A &tt"HH0k#+i2est3+e#3a&oo#,o*Hre+igio0s8arents8,a0sing8s022ering8si,k8ki!s8sa3s8reort8$$@%'$=$'#&t*+
$% Re,o**en!e! Rea!ing" The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A
$$ More on t&is iss0e 6i++ 4e resente! in a 2o++o6ing essa3 entit+e! FSo0r,ing So+0tions-
8
t&o0g&t 43 6&i,& so,ieta+ organi;ation as a 6&o+e ,an 2in! a *ore a,,0rate ,onte7t 2or
sustainability on a s,a+e ne1er 4e2ore seen, t&ro0g& an a,ti1e re,ognition Gan! a+i,ation< o2 T&e
S,ienti2i, Met&o!#
Focus
TZMIs 4roa! a,tions ,o0+! 4e s0**ari;e! as to *iagnose, +ducate and Create#
Diagnose"
Diagnosis is Ft&e i!enti2i,ation o2 t&e nat0re an! ,a0se o2 an3t&ing#- To roer+3 !iagnose t&e
,a0sa+ ,on!ition o2 t&e 1ast so,ia+ an! e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s 6e &a1e to!a3 is not *ere+3 to
,o*+ain a4o0t t&e* or ,riti,i;e t&e a,tions o2 eo+e or arti,0+ar instit0tions# A tr0e Diagnosis
must seek out the lowest causal denominator possible and work to source at that level for
resolution'
T&e ,entra+ ro4+e* to!a3 is t&at t&ere is o2ten 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! a truncated frame of
reference! 6&ere a s&ortsig&te!, *is!iagnosis o2 a gi1en ,onse50en,e ersists# For instan,e, t&e
tra!itiona+, esta4+is&e! so+0tion to t&e re2or*ation o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior 2or *an3 so8,a++e! F,ri*ina+
a,ts- is o2ten 0niti1e in,ar,eration# Jet, t&is sa3s not&ing a4o0t t&e !eeer *oti1ation o2 t&e
F,ri*ina+- an! 6&3 t&eir s3,&o+og3 +e! to s0,& a,ts to 4egin 6it&#
At t&at +e1e+, s0,& a reso+0tion 4e,o*es *ore ,o*+e7 an! re+iant 0on t&e s3*4ioti, re+ations&i
o2 t&eir &3si,a+ an! ,0+t0ra+ ,0+*ination o1er ti*e#
$'
T&is is no !i22erent t&an 6&en a erson !ies
o2 ,an,er, as it isnIt rea++3 t&e ,an,er t&at ki++s t&e* in a +itera+ sense, as t&e ,an,er itse+2 is t&e
ro!0,t o2 ot&er 2or,es#
E!0,ate"
As an e!0,ationa+ *o1e*ent t&at oerates 0n!er t&e ass0*tion t&at knowledge is t&e *ost
o6er20+ too+H6eaon 6e &a1e to ,reate +asting, re+e1ant so,ia+ ,&ange in t&e g+o4a+ ,o**0nit3,
t&ere is not&ing *ore ,riti,a+ t&an t&e 50a+it3 o2 oneIs ersona+ e!0,ation an! t&eir a4i+it3 to
communicate s0,& i!eas e22e,ti1e+3 an! ,onstr0,ti1e+3 to ot&ers#
TZM is not a4o0t 2o++o6ing a rigi! te7t o2 stati, i!eas# S0,& ,on2ine!, narro6 asso,iations are
t3i,a+ o2 Re+igio0s an! Po+iti,a+ )0+ts, not t&e re,ognition o2 emergence that underscores the
anti-establishment!
,-
nat0re o2 TZM# TZM !oes not i*ose in t&is sense# Rat&er it 6orks to *ake
an oen en!e! train of thought 4e,o*e rea+i;e! 43 t&e in!i1i!0a+, &oe20++3 e*o6ering t&eir
in!een!ent a4i+it3 to 0n!erstan! its re+e1an,e on t&eir o6n ter*s, at t&eir o6n a,e#
F0rt&er*ore, e!0,ation is not on+3 an i*erati1e 2or t&ose 0n2a*i+iar 6it& t&e Train of Thought
an! .pplication &et
,/
re+ate! to TZM, 40t a+so 2or t&ose 6&o a+rea!3 s04s,ri4e to it# K0st as t&ere
is no F0toia-, t&ere is no 2ina+ state o2 0n!erstan!ing#
)reate"
W&i+e ,ertain+3 re+ate! to t&e nee! to a!90st human values t&ro0g& e!0,ation so t&e 6or+!Is
eo+e 0n!erstan! an! see t&e nee! 2or s0,& so,ia+ ,&anges, TZM a+so 6orks to ,onsi!er &o6 a
ne6 so,ia+ s3ste*, 4ase! on 0ptimum +conomic +fficiency
,1
, 6o0+! aear an! oerate in !etai+,
$' T&e ,orre+ation 4et6een &0*an 4e&a1ior Gin t&is ,onte7t 4e&a1ior o2 a so,ia++3 o22ensi1e nat0re as !eter*ine! 43 t&e
+a6s o2 so,iet3< an! t&e en1iron*enta+ in2+0en,e o2 a ersonIs 04ringingH+i2e e7erien,e is no6 6it&o0t !e4ate# A
re+ate! ter* to note is t&e FDio8Ps3,&o8So,ia+- nat0re o2 t&e &0*an organis*#
$( T&e ter* FAnti8Esta4+is&*ent- is 0s0a++3 0se! in a ,onte7t i*+3ing oosition to an e7isting, esta4+is&e! gro0# Use!
&ere, t&e ,onte7t is *ore +itera+ in t&at TZM itse+2 6orks to not Finstit0tiona+i;e- itse+2 as a rigi! entit3 40t rat&er 4e
0n!erstoo! as *ore o2 a gest0reT a s3*4o+ o2 a ne6 *anner o2 t&o0g&t or 6or+!1ie6 t&at si*+3 &as no 4o0n!aries#
$? T&e ter*s FTrain o2 T&o0g&t- an! FA+i,ation Set- 6i++ 4e 0se! 2re50ent+3 in t&is te7t as t&e3 are interre+ate!# P+ease
see t&e Vo,a40+ar3 List Aen!i7 A 2or ,+ari2i,ation#
$@ P+ease see t&e Vo,a40+ar3 List 8 Aen!i7 A 2or ,+ari2i,ation o2 t&is ter*# More 6i++ a+so !is,0sse! in Part III#
9
gi1en o0r ,0rrent state o2 te,&ni,a+ a4i+it3#
Progra*s s0,& as t&e G+o4a+ Re!esign Instit0te
$=
, 6&i,& is a !igita+ t&ink tank t&at 6orks to
e7ress &o6 t&e ,ore so,ieta+ in2rastr0,t0re ,o0+! 0n2o+! 4ase! on o0r ,0rrent state o2 te,&no+og3,
6orking to ,o*4ine t&at technical capacity 6it& t&e scientific train of thought so as to ,a+,0+ate
t&e *ost e22i,ient te,&ni,a+ in2rastr0,t0re ossi4+e 2or an3 gi1en region o2 t&e 6or+!, is one
e7a*+e#
It is 6ort& 4rie2+3 noting t&at TZMIs a!1o,ate! Fgo1ernan,e- aroa,&, 6&i,& &as +itt+e se*4+an,e
to t&e ,0rrent *anner o2 go1ernan,e kno6n to!a3 or &istori,a++3, originates o0t o2 a *0+ti8
!is,i+inar3 4ri!ging o2 1ario0s ro1en *et&o!s 2or *a7i*0* oti*i;ation, 0ni2ie! t&ro0g& a
,o0nter84a+an,ing FS3ste*s- aroa,& t&at is !esigne! to 4e as Fa!ati1e- as ossi4+e to ne6,
e*erging i*ro1e*ents o1er ti*e#
$>

As 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! +ater, t&e on+3 ossi4+e re2eren,e t&at ,o0+! 4e ,onsi!ere! F*ost ,o*+ete- at
a gi1en ti*e is one t&at takes into a,,o0nt t&e +argest intera,ting o4ser1ation GS3ste*< tangi4+3
re+e1ant# T&is is t&e nat0re o2 t&e ,a0se an! e22e,t s3nerg3 t&at 0n!ers,ores t&e technical basis
2or a tr0+3 s0staina4+e e,ono*3#
Natural &aw'Resource!(ased Econom)
To!a3, 1ario0s ter*s e7ists to e7ress t&e genera+ +ogi,a+ 4asis 2or a *ore s,ienti2i,a++3 oriente!
&ocial &ystem in !i22erent ,ir,+es, in,+0!ing t&e tit+es FReso0r,e8Dase! E,ono*3- or FNat0ra+ La6
E,ono*3#- W&i+e t&ese tit+es are &istori,a++3 re2erentia+ an! so*e6&at ar4itrar3 o1era++, t&e tit+e
FNat0ra+ La6HReso0r,e8Dase! E,ono*3- GNLRDE< 6i++ 4e 0ti+i;e! &ere as t&e ,on,et !es,ritor
sin,e it &as t&e *ost ,on,rete se*anti, 4asis#
$C
A Natural )aw2$esource-3ased +conomy is to 4e !e2ine! as" FAn a!ati1e so,io8e,ono*i, s3ste*
a,ti1e+3 !eri1e! 2ro* !ire,t &3si,a+ re2eren,e to t&e go1erning s,ienti2i, +a6s o2 nat0re#-
O1era++, t&e o4ser1ation is t&at t&ro0g& t&e 0se o2 so,ia++3 targete! resear,& an! teste!
0n!erstan!ings in S,ien,e an! Te,&no+og3, 6e are no6 a4+e to logically arrive at so,ieta+
aroa,&es 6&i,& ,o0+! 4e ro2o0n!+3 *ore e22e,ti1e in *eeting t&e nee!s o2 t&e &0*an
o0+ation# We are no6 a4+e to !ra*ati,a++3 in,rease 04+i, &ea+t&, 4etter reser1e t&e &a4itat,
6&i+e a+so strategi,a++3 re!0,e or e+i*inate *an3 ,o**on so,ia+ ro4+e*s resent to!a3 6&i,&
are sa!+3 ,onsi!ere! ina+tera4+e 43 *an3 !0e to t&eir ,0+t0ra+ ersisten,e#
Sin,e t&e !a6n o2 s,ienti2i, re,ognition, t&is genera+ reasoning is not&ing ne6 in gest0re an!
1ario0s nota4+e in!i1i!0a+s an! organi;ations, ast an! resent, &a1e a++0!e! to s0,& a s,ienti2i,
re8orientation o2 so,iet3 on one +e1e+ or anot&er# Nota4+e e7a*+es are Te,&no,ra,3 In,#, R#
D0,k*inster F0++er, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ka,50e Fres,o, )ar+ Sagan, H#G We++s, T&e Sing0+arit3
Instit0te an! *an3 ot&ers#
Train of Thought
Like6ise, *an3 s0,& 2ig0res or gro0s &a1e a+so 6orke! to ,reate te*ora++3 a!1an,e!
te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ations, 6orking to a+3 ,0rrent ossi4i+ities to t&is train of thought in or!er to
$= &tt"HH666#g+o4a+re!esigninstit0te#org
$> See Part III 2or *ore on t&e s049e,t o2 FGo1ern*ent-
$C T&e ter* FReso0r,e8Dase! E,ono*3- ,an 4e +itera++3 interrete! as Ian e,ono*3 4ase! on reso0r,esI# T&is &as
&istori,a++3 !ra6n ,on20sion in t&at one ,o0+! arg0e t&at a++ Fe,ono*ies-, 43 !e2inition, are F4ase!- on Freso0r,es-# T&e
ter* itse+2 a+so &as a strong asso,iation to an organi;ation ,a++e! T&e Ven0s Pro9e,t 6&i,& ,+ai*s to &a1e originate! t&e
ter* B i!ea, seeking at one ti*e to tra!e*ark t&e na*e G&tt"HHt!r#0sto#go1Hsear,&#a,tionQsnR>>C'A$A(<# T&e Ter*
FNat0ra+ La6HReso0r,e8Dase! E,ono*3- is ,onsi!ere! *ore ,o*+ete &ere not on+3 to a1oi! s0,& ossi4+e asso,iati1e
,on20sion 40t a+so 4e,a0se o2 t&e *ore se*anti, a,,0ra,3 o2 t&e NLRDE ter* itse+2, sin,e it *ore ,+ear+3 re2eren,es
Nat0reIs P&3si,a+ La6 S3ste* an! Pro,esses rat&er t&an 90st P+anetar3 Reso0r,es#
10
ena4+e ne6 e22i,ien,ies an! ro4+e* so+1ing, s0,& as Ka,50e Fres,oIs F)it3 S3ste*s-
$A
or R#
D0,k*inster F0++erIs D3*a7ion Ho0se#
'%
Jet, as o41io0s+3 i*ortant as t&is a+ie! engineering is, it is sti++ ,riti,a+ to re*e*4er t&at a++
se,i2i, te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ations ,an only be transient 6&en t&e e1o+0tion o2 s,ienti2i, kno6+e!ge
an! its e*erging te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ations are taken into a,,o0nt# T&is *akes a++ ,0rrent
a+i,ations o2 te,&no+og3 o4so+ete o1er ti*e#
T&ere2ore, 6&at is +e2t ,an on+3 4e a train of thought 6it& rese,t to t&e 0n!er+3ing ,a0sa+
s,ienti2i, rin,i+es#
TZM is &en,e +o3a+ to t&is train of thought, not 2ig0res, instit0tions or te*ora+ te,&no+ogi,a+
a!1an,e*ents# Rat&er t&an 2o++o6 a erson or !esign, TZM 2o++o6s t&is self-generating premise of
understanding an! it &en,e oerates in a non8,entra+i;e!, &o+ogra&i, *anner, 6it& t&is train of
thought as t&e origin o2 in2+0en,e 2or a,tion#
Su*erstition to Science
A nota4+e attern 6ort& *entioning is &o6 t&e e1o+0tion o2 *ankin!Is 0n!erstan!ing o2 itse+2 an!
its &a4itat a+so ,ontin0es to e7an! a6a3 2ro* o+!er i!eas an! erse,ti1es 6&i,& are no +onger
s0orte! !0e to t&e ,onstant intro!0,tion o2 ne6, s,&e*a a+tering in2or*ation#
A 6ort&3 ke36or! to !enote &ere is superstition, 6&i,&, in *an3 ,ir,0*stan,es, ,an 4e 1ie6e! as
a ,ategor3 o2 4e+ie2 t&at on,e aeare! to 4e a!e50ate+3 s0orte! 43 e7erien,eHer,etion 40t
,an no +onger 4e &e+! as 1ia4+e !0e to ne6, ,on2+i,ting !ata#
For e7a*+e, 6&i+e tra!itiona+ re+igio0s t&o0g&t *ig&t see* in,reasing+3 i*+a0si4+e to *ore
eo+e to!a3 t&an e1er in t&e West, !0e to t&e rai! gro6t& in in2or*ation an! genera+ +itera,3
'$
,
t&e roots o2 re+igio0s t&o0g&t ,an 4e tra,e! to erio!s 6&ere &0*ans ,o0+! 90sti23 t&e 1a+i!it3 an!
a,,0ra,3 o2 s0,& 4e+ie2s gi1en t&e +i*ite! 0n!erstan!ing t&e3 &a! o2 t&eir en1iron*ent in t&ose
ear+3 ti*es#
T&is attern is aarent in a++ areas o2 0n!erstan!ing, in,+0!ing *o!ern Fa,a!e*ia-# E1en so8
,a++e! Fs,ienti2i,- ,on,+0sions 6&i,&, again, 6it& t&e a!1ent o2 ne6 in2or*ation an! 0!ate! tests,
o2ten ,annot 4e &e+! as 1a+i! an3*ore
''
, are sti++ ,o**on+3 !e2en!e! !0e to t&eir *ere in,+0sion
in t&e ,0rrent cultural tradition'
S0,& FEsta4+is&e! Instit0tions-, as t&e3 ,o0+! 4e ,a++e!, o2ten 6is& to *aintain er*anen,e !0e to
reasons o2 ego, o6er, *arket in,o*e or genera+ s3,&o+ogi,a+ ,o*2ort# T&is ro4+e* is, in *an3
6a3s, at t&e ,ore o2 o0r so,ia+ ara+3sis#
'(
So, it is i*ortant to re,ogni;e t&is attern o2 transition
$A Ka,50e Fres,o, The 3est That 4oney Can5t 3uy, G+o4a+ )34er1isions, '%%', )&ater $@
'% &tt"HHen#6ikie!ia#orgH6ikiHD3*a7ionU&o0se
'$ T&e in1erse re+ations&i o2 +itera,3Hkno6+e!ge a,,0*0+ation to s0erstitio0s 4e+ie2 is ,+ear# A,,or!ing to t&e Unite!
NationsV Ara4 H0*an De1e+o*ent Reorts, +ess t&an 'W o2 Ara4s &a1e a,,ess to t&e Internet# Ara4s reresent @W o2
t&e 6or+!Vs o0+ation an! 3et ro!0,e on+3 $W o2 t&e 6or+!Vs 4ooks, *ost o2 t&e* re+igio0s# A,,or!ing to resear,&er
Sa* Harris" FSain trans+ates *ore 4ooks into Sanis& ea,& 3ear t&an t&e entire Ara4 6or+! &as trans+ate! into Ara4i,
sin,e t&e nint& ,ent0r3#- It is a7io*ati, to ass0*e t&at t&e gro6t& o2 t&e Is+a*i, Re+igion in Ara4 Nations is se,0re! 43
a re+ati1e +a,k o2 o0tsi!e in2or*ation in t&ose so,ieties#
'' A No4e+ Pri;e 2or 6&at is kno6n as FLo4oto*3- 6as a6ar!e! to Port0g0ese ne0ro+ogist Egas Moni; in $A?A# To!a3, it is
,onsi!ere! a 4ar4ari, an! ine22e,ti1e ro,e!0re# G&tt"HH666#nr#orgHte*+atesHstor3Hstor3#&Qstor3I!R?>A?%%><
'( T&e 2inan,ia+ s0ort in&erent+3 nee!e! in t&e eret0ation o2 a gi1en 40siness, F2or ro2it- or e1en so8,a++e! Fnot 2or
ro2it-, sets 0 a !issonan,e 4et6een t&e 40sinessIs so+! ro!0,t or ser1i,e an! t&e a,t0a+ ne,essit3 or 1ia4i+it3 o2 t&at
ro!0,t or ser1i,e o1er ti*e# In 2a,t, t&e o4so+es,en,e o2 an3 gi1en ro!0,tHser1i,e, 6&i,& i*+ies o2ten t&e
o4so+es,en,e o2 t&e ro!0,ing 40siness or ,ororation, aears ine1ita4+e as ne6 te,&ni,a+ a!1an,e*ents e*erge# T&e
,onse50en,e is a eret0a+ sti2+ing o2 ne6 i!easHin1ention t&at 6i++ !ist0r4 or o1erri!e t&ose re8e7isting, or
FEsta4+is&e! Instit0tions-, res0+ting in a +oss o2 in,o*e# A ,0rsor3 g+an,e at t&e state o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ ossi4i+it3 to!a3,
6&i+st a+so ,onsi!ering t&e 50estion as to 6&3 t&ose i*ro1e*ents are not i**e!iate+3 *a!e, i++0*inates t&e
ara+3;ing nat0re o2 in,o*e re50iring instit0tions#
11
an! rea+i;e &o6 ,riti,a+ 4eing 10+nera4+e rea++3 is 6&en it ,o*es to 4e+ie2 s3ste*s, not to *ention
,o*ing to ter*s 6it& t&e 1er3 !angero0s &eno*enon o2 FEsta4+is&e! Instit0tions- 6&i,& are
,0+t0ra++3 rogra**e! to seek self-preservation rat&er t&an e1o+1e an! ,&ange#
Tradition to Emergence
T&e er,et0a+ ,+as& 4et6een o0r cultural traditions an! o0r e1er gro6ing !ata4ase o2 emergent
knowledge is at t&e ,ore o2 6&at !e2ines t&e F;eitgeist- as 6e kno6 it an! a +ongter* re1ie6 o2
&istor3 s&o6s a s+o6 grin! o0t o2 s0erstitio0s ,0+t0ra+ tra!itions an! ass0*tions o2 rea+it3 as
t&e3 &ee! to o0r ne6+3 rea+i;e! 4en,&*ark o2 e*ergent, scientific causality'
T&is is 6&at T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent reresents in its 4roa!est &i+oso&i,a+ ,onte7t" A *o1e*ent
o2 t&e ,0+t0ra+ ;eitgeist itse+2 into ne6, 1eri2ia4+e an! *ore oti*i;e! 0n!erstan!ings an!
a+i,ations#
Hen,e, 6&i+e 6e ,ertain+3 &a1e 6itnesse! 1ast an! a,,e+erating ,&anges in !i22erent areas o2
&0*an a6areness an! ra,ti,e, s0,& as 6it& o0r 1ast *ateria+ te,&no+og3, it aears o0r Social
&ystem is sti++ +ong 4e&in!# Po+iti,a+ Pers0asion, Market E,ono*i,s, La4or 2or In,o*e, Peret0a+
Ine50a+it3, Nation States, Lega+ Ass0*tions an! *an3 ot&er sta+es o2 o0r ,0rrent so,ia+ or!er
,ontin0e to 4e +arge+3 a,,ete! as nor*a+it3 43 t&e ,0rrent ,0+t0re, 6it& +itt+e *ore t&an t&eir
ersisten,e t&ro0g& ti*e as e1i!en,e o2 t&eir 1a+0e an! e*iri,a+ er*anen,e#
It is in t&is ,onte7t t&at TZM 2in!s its *ost 4roa! i*erati1e" )&anging t&e So,ia+ S3ste*# Again,
t&ere are *an3 ro4+e* so+1ing te,&ni,a+ ossi4i+ities 2or ersona+ an! so,ia+ rogress to!a3 t&at
,ontin0e to go 0nnoti,e! or *is0n!erstoo!#
'?
T&e en!ing o2 6ar, t&e reso+0tion o2 o1ert3, t&e
,reation o2 a *ateria+ a40n!an,e 0nseen in &istor3 to *eet &0*an nee!s, t&e re*o1a+ o2 *ost
,ri*e as 6e kno6 it, t&e e*o6er*ent o2 true personal freedom t&ro0g& t&e re*o1a+ o2
oint+ess8*onotono0s +a4or, an! t&e reso+0tion o2 *an3 en1iron*enta+ t&reats, in,+0!ing !iseases,
are a 2e6 o2 t&e ,a+,0+ate! ossi4i+ities 6e &a1e 6&en 6e take o0r technical reality into a,,o0nt#
Ho6e1er, again, t&ese ossi4i+ities are not on+3 +arge+3 0nre,ogni;e!, t&e3 are a+so +itera++3
restricted 43 t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ or!er 2or t&e i*+e*entation o2 s0,& ro4+e*8so+1ing e22i,ien,3
an! roserit3 stan!s in !ire,t oosition to t&e 1er3 *e,&ani,s o2 &o6 o0r so,ia+ s3ste* is
oerating at t&e ,ore +e1e+#
61
T&ere2ore, 0nti+ t&e so,ia+ s3ste* tra!ition an! its res0+ting social values are ,&a++enge! an!
0!ate! to resent !a3 0n!erstan!ingsT 0nti+ t&e *a9orit3 o2 t&e &0*an o0+ation 0n!erstan!s
t&e 4asi,, 0n!er+3ing train of thought te,&ni,a++3 nee!e! to s0ort &0*an s0staina4i+it3 an! goo!
04+i, &ea+t&, as !eri1e! 2ro* t&e rigor o2 o49e,ti1e s,ienti2i, in1estigation an! 1a+i!ationT 0nti+
*0,& o2 t&e 4aggage o2 rior 2a+se ass0*tions, s0erstition, !i1isi1e +o3a+ties an! ot&er so,ia++3
0ns0staina4+e, ,on2+i,t generating, ,0+t0ra+ &in!ran,es are o1er,o*e 8 a++ t&e +i2e i*ro1ing an!
ro4+e* reso+1ing ossi4i+ities 6e no6 &a1e at &an! 6i++ re*ain +arge+3 !or*ant#
T&e rea+ re1o+0tion is t&e revolution of values# H0*an so,iet3 aears ,ent0ries 4e&in! in t&e 6a3
it oerates an! &en,e 6&at it 1a+0es# I2 6e 6is& to rogress an! so+1e t&e *o0nting ro4+e*s at
&an! an!, in e22e,t, re1erse 6&at is an a,,e+erating !e,+ine o2 o0r ,i1i+i;ation in *an3 6a3s, 6e
nee! to ,&ange t&e 6a3 6e t&ink a4o0t o0rse+1es an! &en,e t&e 6or+! 6e in&a4it#
T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*entVs ,entra+ task is to 6ork to 4ring t&is 1a+0e s&i2t to +ig&t, 0ni23ing t&e
&0*an 2a*i+3 6it& t&e 4asi, erse,ti1e t&at 6e a++ s&are t&is s*a++ +anet an! 6e are a++ 4o0n!
43 t&e sa*e nat0ra+ or!er +a6s, as rea+i;e! 43 t&e *et&o! o2 s,ien,e#
T&is ,ommon ground 0n!erstan!ing e7ten!s *0,& 2art&er t&an *an3 &a1e 0n!erstoo! in t&e
ast# T&e s3*4iosis o2 t&e &0*an se,ies an! t&e s3nergisti, re+ations&i o2 o0r +a,e in t&e
'? FZeitne6s-, a s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3 6e4site re+ate! to TZM is re,o**en!e! G&tt"HH666#;eitne6s#orgH<
'@ See Part II 2or s0orting !etai+s regar!ing t&is state*ent#
12
&3si,a+ 6or+! ,on2ir*s t&at 6e are not searate entities in an3 rese,t an! t&at t&e ne6 so,ieta+
a6akening *0st s&o6 a 6orking so,ia+ *o!e+ t&at is arrived at 2ro* t&is in&erent +ogi, i2 6e
e7e,t to s0r1i1e an! roser in t&e +ong ter*# We ,an a+ign or 6e ,an s022er# It is 0 to 0s#
T+E SC%ENT%F%C WOR&D$%EW
FA+*ost e1er3 *a9or s3ste*ati, error 6&i,& &as !e+0!e! *en 2or t&o0san!s o2 3ears re+ie! on ra,ti,a+
e7erien,e# Horos,oes, in,antations, ora,+es, *agi,, 6it,&,ra2t, t&e ,0res o2 6it,& !o,tors an! o2 *e!i,a+
ra,titioners 4e2ore t&e a!1ent o2 *o!ern *e!i,ine, 6ere a++ 2ir*+3 esta4+is&e! t&ro0g& t&e ,ent0ries in t&e
e3es o2 t&e 04+i, 43 t&eir s0ose! ra,ti,a+ s0,,esses# T&e s,ienti2i, *et&o! 6as !e1ise! re,ise+3 2or t&e
0rose o2 e+0,i!ating t&e nat0re o2 t&ings 0n!er *ore ,are20++3 ,ontro++e! ,on!itions an! 43 *ore rigoro0s
,riteria t&an are resent in t&e sit0ations ,reate! 43 ra,ti,a+ ro4+e*s#-
'=
8Mi,&ae+ Po+an3i
Genera++3 seaking, t&e e1o+0tion o2 &0*an 0n!erstan!ing ,an 4e seen as a *o1e 2ro* surface
observations, ro,esse! 43 o0r +i*ite! 2i1e &3si,a+ senses, Fint0iti1e+3- 2i+tere! t&ro0g& t&e
e!0,ationa+ 2ra*e6ork B 1a+0e ,&ara,teristi,s o2 t&at erio! o2 ti*e 8 to a *et&o! o2 o49e,ti1e
*eas0ring an! se+28a!1an,ing *et&o!s o2 ana+3sis 6&i,& 6ork to arrive at Gor ,a+,0+ate<
,on,+0sions t&ro0g& testing an! retesting roo2s, seeking 1a+i!ation t&ro0g& t&e benchmark o2
scientific causality 7 a ,a0sa+it3 t&at aears to ,o*rise t&e &3si,a+ ,&ara,teristi,s o2 6&at 6e
,a++ FNat0re- itse+2#
T&e FNat0ra+ La6s- o2 o0r 6or+! e7ist 6&et&er 6e ,&oose to re,ogni;e t&e* or not# T&ese in&erent
r0+es o2 o0r 0ni1erse 6ere aro0n! +ong 4e2ore &0*an 4eings e1o+1e! a ,o*re&ension to
re,ogni;e t&e* an! 6&i+e 6e ,an !e4ate as to e7a,t+3 &o6 a,,0rate o0r interretation o2 t&ese
+a6s rea++3 is at t&is stage o2 o0r inte++e,t0a+ e1o+0tion, t&ere is eno0g& rein2or,ing e1i!en,e to
s&o6 t&at 6e are, in!ee!, 4o0n! 43 stati, 2or,es t&at &a1e an in&erent, *eas0ra4+e, !eter*ining
+ogi,#
T&e 1ast !e1e+o*ents an! re!i,ti1e integrit3 2o0n! in *at&e*ati,s, &3si,s, 4io+og3 an! ot&er
s,ienti2i, !is,i+ines ro1es t&at 6e as a se,ies are s+o6+3 0n!erstan!ing t&e ro,esses o2 nature
an! o0r gro6ing in1enti1e ,aa,it3 to e*0+ate, a,,ent0ate or reress s0,& nat0ra+ ro,esses
,on2ir*s o0r rogress in 0n!erstan!ing it# T&e 6or+! aro0n! 0s to!a3, o1er2+o6ing 6it& *ateria+
te,&no+og3 an! +i2e8a+tering in1entions, is a testa*ent as to t&e integrit3 o2 t&e S,ienti2i, Pro,ess
an! 6&at it is ,aa4+e o2#
Un+ike &istori,a+ tra!itions, 6&ere a ,ertain stasis e7ists 6it& 6&at eo+e 4e+ie1e, as is sti++
,o**on in re+igio0s t3e !og*a to!a3, t&is re,ognition o2 FNat0ra+ La6- in,+0!es ,&ara,teristi,s
6&i,& !ee+3 ,&a++enge t&e ass0*e! sta4i+it3 o2 4e+ie2s 6&i,& *an3 &o+! sa,re!# As 6i++ 4e
e7an!e! 0on +ater in t&is essa3 in t&e ,onte7t o2 FE*ergen,e-, t&e 2a,t is, t&ere si*+3 ,annot
e7ist a sing0+ar or stati, inte++e,t0a+ ,on,+0sion 6it& rese,t to o0r er,etion an! kno6+e!ge
e7,et, ara!o7i,a++3, 6it& regar! to t&at 1er3 0n!er+3ing attern o2 0n,ertaint3 regar!ing s0,&
,&ange an! a!atation itse+2#
T&is is art o2 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! a scientific worldview# It is one t&ing to iso+ate t&e te,&ni50es
o2 s,ienti2i, e1a+0ation 2or se+e,t interests, s0,& as t&e +ogi, 6e *ig&t 0se in assessing an! testing
t&e str0,t0ra+ integrit3 o2 a &o0se !esign 6e *ig&t 40i+!, an! anot&er 6&en t&e 0ni1ersa+ integrit3
o2 s0,& &3si,a++3 roote!, ,a0sa+ reasoning an! 1a+i!ation *et&o!s are a+ie! to a++ ase,ts o2
o0r +i1es#
A+4ert Einstein on,e sai! FT&e 20rt&er t&e sirit0a+ e1o+0tion o2 *ankin! a!1an,es, t&e *ore
'= &tt"HH666#to!a3ins,i#,o*HE0otations)ategoriesHSU)atHS,ienti2i,Met&o!8E0otations#&t*
13
,ertain it see*s to *e t&at t&e at& to gen0ine re+igiosit3 !oes not +ie t&ro0g& t&e 2ear o2 +i2e, an!
t&e 2ear o2 !eat&, an! 4+in! 2ait&, 40t t&ro0g& stri1ing a2ter rationa+ kno6+e!ge-
'>
#
W&i+e ,3ni,s o2 S,ien,e o2ten 6ork to re!0,e its integrit3 to 3et anot&er 2or* o2 Fre+igio0s 2ait&-,
!e*ean its a,,0ra,3 as F,o+!- or F6it&o0t sirit0a+it3- or e1en &ig&+ig&t ,onse50en,es o2 a+ie!
te,&no+og3 2or t&e 6orst, s0,& as 6it& t&e ,reation o2 t&e Ato*i, Do*4 G6&i,&, in a,t0a+it3, is an
in!i,ation o2 a !istortion o2 human values rat&er t&an engineering<, t&ere is no ignoring t&e
in,re!i4+e o6er t&is aroa,& to 0n!erstan!ing an! &arnessing rea+it3 &as a22or!e! t&e &0*an
ra,e# No ot&er Fi!eo+og3- ,an ,o*e ,+ose in *at,&ing t&e re!i,ti1e an! 0ti+itarian 4ene2its t&is
*et&o! o2 reasoning &as ro1i!e!#
Ho6e1er, t&at is not to sa3 a,ti1e ,0+t0ra+ !enia+ o2 t&is re+e1an,e is not sti++ 6i!esrea! in t&e
6or+! to!a3# For e7a*+e, 6&en it ,o*es to T&eisti, De+ie2, t&ere is o2ten a !i1isi1e ten!en,3 t&at
6is&es to e+e1ate t&e &0*an 4eing a4o1e s0,& F*ere *e,&ani,s- o2 t&e &3si,a+ rea+it3# T&e
i*+ie! ass0*tion &ere is 0s0a++3 t&at 6e &0*ans are *ore Fse,ia+- 2or so*e reason an!
er&as t&ere are 2or,es, s0,& as an inter1ening FGo!-, t&at ,an o1erri!e s0,& Nat0ra+ La6s at
6i++, *aking t&e* +ess i*ortant t&an, sa3, ongoing o4e!ien,e to Go!Is 6is&es, et,#
Sa!+3, t&ere sti++ e7ists a great &0*an ,on,eit in t&e ,0+t0re 6&i,& ass0*es, 6it& no 1eri2ia4+e
e1i!en,e, t&at &0*ans are searate 2ro* a++ ot&er &eno*ena an! to ,onsi!er o0rse+1es
,onne,te! or e1en a ro!0,t o2 nat0ra+, s,ienti2i, 2or,es is to !e*ean &0*an +i2e#
)on,0rrent+3, t&ere is a+so a ten!en,3 2or 6&at so*e ,a++ FMeta*agi,a+-
'C
t&inking 6&i,& ,o0+! 4e
,onsi!ere! a s,&i;ot3a+ kin! o2 ersona+it3 !isor!er 6&ere 2antas3 an! *i+! !e+0sion &e+s
rein2or,e 2a+se ass0*tions o2 ,a0sa+it3 on t&e 6or+!, ne1er &arnessing t&e 20++ rigor o2 T&e
S,ienti2i, Met&o!
'A
# S,ien,e re50ires testing an! reeat re+i,ation o2 a res0+t 2or it to 4e 1a+i!ate!
an! *an3 4e+ie2s o2 see*ing+3 Fnor*a+- eo+e to!a3 e7ist 2ar o0tsi!e t&is re50ire*ent# Aart
2ro* tra!itiona+ re+igions, t&e ,on,et o2 FNe6 Age-
(%
is a+so ,o**on+3 asso,iate! 6it& t&is t3e o2
s0erstitio0s t&o0g&t# W&i+e it is e7tre*e+3 i*ortant t&at 6e as a so,iet3 are a6are o2 t&e
0n,ertaint3 o2 o0r ,on,+0sions in genera+ an! &en,e *0st kee a ,reati1e, oen *in! to a++
ost0+ations, t&e 1a+i!ation o2 t&ose ost0+ations ,an on+3 ,o*e t&ro0g& *eas0ra4+e ,onsisten,3,
not 6is&20+ t&inking or esoteri, 2as,ination#
S0,& 0n1a+i!ate! i!eas an! ass0*tions ose a 2ra*e o2 re2eren,e t&at is o2ten se,0re! 43
FFait&-
($
not Reason, an! it is !i22i,0+t to arg0e t&e *erit o2 Fait& 6it& an3one sin,e t&e r0+es o2
Fait& in&erent+3 re20se arg0*ent itse+2# T&is is art o2 t&e 50an!ar3 6it&in 6&i,& &0*an so,iet3
e7ists in to!a3" Do 6e si*+3 4e+ie1e 6&at 6e &a1e 4een tra!itiona++3 ta0g&t 43 o0r ,0+t0re or !o
6e 50estion an! test t&ose 4e+ie2s against t&e &3si,a+ rea+it3 aro0n! 0s to see i2 t&e3 &o+! tr0eQ
S,ien,e is ,+ear+3 ,on,erne! 6it& t&e +atter an! &o+!s not&ing sa,re!, a+6a3s rea!3 to ,orre,t rior
2a+se ,on,+0sions 6&en ne6 in2or*ation arises# To take s0,& an in&erent+3 0n,ertain 8 3et sti++
e7tre*e+3 1ia4+e an! ro!0,ti1e aroa,& to oneIs !a3 to !a3 1ie6 o2 t&e 6or+! 8 re50ires a 1er3
!i22erent sensiti1it3 : one t&at e*4o!ies vulnerability, not ,ertaint3#
In t&e 6or!s o2 Pro2# Frank L# H# Wo+2s GDeart*ent o2 P&3si,s an! Astrono*3, Uni1ersit3 o2
'> E0ote! in" .ll the 8uestions 9ou +ver :anted to .sk .merican .theists, 43 Ma!a+3n M0rra3 OIHair, A*er At&eist Press,
$AC=
'C Stan2or! Uni1ersit3 De&a1iora+ Dio+og3 Pro2essor, Dr# Ro4ert Sao+sk3 is +ike+3 *ost nota4+e 6it& &is 0se o2 t&e ter*
FMetaMagi,a+-# His 6ork is re,o**en!e!" &tt"HH4enat+as#,o*H'%%AH$'Hro4ert8sao+sk38on8*eta*agi,a+8s,&i;ot3a+8
t&inkingH
'A See Aen!i7 D 2or an Introduction to The &cientific 4ethod
(% T&e ter* Ne6 Age is genera++3 !e2ine! as FA 4roa! *o1e*ent ,&ara,teri;e! 43 a+ternati1e aroa,&es to tra!itiona+
Western ,0+t0re, 6it& an interest in sirit0a+it3, *3sti,is*###-
($ )ar+ Sagan 6as *ost 2a*o0s 2or ,on2ir*ing t&e !e2inition o2 Fait& as FDe+ie2 6it&o0t E1i!en,e- #
14
Ro,&ester, NJ< 6&ose FIntro!0,tion to T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o!- is rero!0,e! in Aen!i7 D o2 t&is
te7t 2or re2eren,e" FIt is o2ten sai! in s,ien,e t&at t&eories ,an ne1er 4e ro1e!, on+3 !isro1e!#
T&ere is a+6a3s t&e ossi4i+it3 t&at a ne6 o4ser1ation or a ne6 e7eri*ent 6i++ ,on2+i,t 6it& a
+ong8stan!ing t&eor3#-
('

Emergence
At t&e &eart o2 T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o! is sketi,is* an! 10+nera4i+it3# S,ien,e is intereste! in t&e
closest approximation to the truth it ,an 2in! an! i2 t&ere is an3t&ing S,ien,e re,ogni;es e7+i,it+3,
it is t&at 1irt0a++3 e1er3t&ing 6e kno6 6i++ 4e re1ise! o1er ti*e as ne6 in2or*ation arises#
Like6ise, 6&at *ig&t see* 2ar82et,&e!, i*ossi4+e or e1en Fs0erstitio0s- 0on its 2irst
,0+*ination, *ig&t ro1e to 4e a 0se20+, 1ia4+e 0n!erstan!ing in t&e 20t0re on,e 1a+i!ate! 2or
integrit3# T&e i*+i,ation o2 t&is ,onstit0tes an +mergence of Thought : an E*ergen,e o2 FTr0t&-,
i2 3o0 6i++# A ,0rsor3 e7a*ination o2 Histor3 s&o6s an e1er8,&anging range o2 4e&a1iors an!
ra,ti,es 4ase! 0on e1er 0!ating kno6+e!ge an! t&is &0*4+ing re,ognition is ,riti,a+ 2or &0*an
rogress#
S)miosis
A '
n!
oint !ee+3 ,&ara,teristi, o2 t&e S,ienti2i, Wor+!1ie6 6ort& 4ringing 0 in t&is regar! &as to
!o 6it& t&e &ymbiotic nat0re o2 t&ings as 6e kno6 t&e*# Large+3 !is*isse! as F,o**on sense-
to!a3 43 *an3, t&is 0n!erstan!ing &o+!s ro2o0n! re1e+ations 2or t&e 6a3 6e t&ink a4o0t
o0rse+1es, o0r 4e+ie2s an! o0r ,on!0,t#
T&e ter* FS3*4ioti,- is t3i,a++3 0se! in t&e ,onte7t o2 inter!een!ent re+ations&is 4et6een
4io+ogi,a+ se,ies#
((
Ho6e1er o0r ,onte7t o2 t&e 6or! is *ore 4roa!, re+ating to t&e
interdependent relationship of everything# W&i+e ear+3, int0iti1e 1ie6s o2 nat0ra+ &eno*ena *ig&t
&a1e +ooke! 0on, sa3, t&e *ani2estation o2 a Tree as an in!een!ent entit3, see*ing+3 se+28
,ontaine! in its i++0sion o2 searation, t&e tr0t& o2 t&e *atter is t&at t&e TreeIs +i2e is entire+3
!een!ent on see*ing+3 Fe7terna+- Fin0t- 2or,es 2or its 1er3 ,0+*ination an! e7isten,e#
(?
T&e 6ater, s0n+ig&t, n0trients an! ot&er nee!e! intera,ti1e Fe7terna+- attri40tes to 2a,i+itate t&e
!e1e+o*ent o2 a FTree- is an e7a*+e o2 a symbiotic re+ations&i# Ho6e1er, t&e s,oe o2 t&is
s3*4iosis &as 4e,o*e *0,& *ore re1ea+ing t&an 6e &a1e e1er kno6n in t&e ast an! it aears
t&e *ore 6e +earn a4o0t t&e !3na*i,s o2 o0r 0ni1erse, t&e *ore i**0ta4+e its inter!een!en,e#
T&e 4est ,on,et to e*4o!3 t&is notion is t&at o2 a FS3ste*-
(@
# T&e ter* FTree- is rea++3 a
re2eren,e to a perceived S3ste*# T&e FRoot-, FTr0nk-, FDran,&es-, FLea1es- an! ot&er s0,&
attri40tes o2 t&at Tree ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! FS048S3ste*s-# Jet, t&e FTree- itse+2 is also a s048s3ste*, it
,o0+! 4e sai!, o2, er&as, a FForest-, 6&i,& itse+2 is a s048s3ste* o2 ot&er +arger, en,o*assing
&eno*ena s0,& as an FE,os3ste*-# S0,& a !istin,tion *ig&t see* tri1ia+ to *an3 40t t&e 2a,t is,
a great 2ai+0re o2 &0*an ,0+t0re &as 4een not to 20++3 rese,t t&e s,oe o2 t&e FEart& S3ste*- an!
&o6 ea,& s048s3ste* +a3s a re+e1ant ro+e#
T&e ter* F)ategori,a+ S3ste*s!
-;
,o0+! 4e 0se! &ere to !es,ri4e all systems, see*ing+3 s*a++ or
+arge, 4e,a0se s0,& +ang0age !istin,tions are 0+ti*ate+3 ar4itrar3# T&ese er,ei1e! s3ste*s an!
(' &tt"HHtea,&er#nsr+#ro,&ester#e!0"C%C%H&3U+a4sHAen!i7EHAen!i7E#&t*+
(( &tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seHs3*4ioti,
(? T&e Ter* FE7terna+- in t&is ,onte7t is 2ra*e! as re+ati1e to a er,ei1e! o49e,t# T&e 4roa!er oint &ere is t&at t&ere is
no s0,& t&ing as Fe7terna+- or Finterna+- in t&e ,onte7t o2 +arger or!er s3ste*s#
(@ A FS3ste*- is !e2ine! as" Fa set o2 t&ings 6orking toget&er as arts o2 a *e,&anis* or an inter,onne,ting net6ork#- It
is 6ort& noting 0 2ront t&e i*ortan,e o2 t&is ,on,et as t&e re+e1an,e o2 t&e FS3ste*- or FS3ste*s T&eor3- 6i++ 4e a
ret0rning t&e*e 6it& rese,t to 6&at 2ra*e o2 re2eren,e a,t0a++3 s0orts tr0e &0*an s0staina4i+it3 in o0r &a4itat#
(= T&is Ter* is a 1ariation on t&e *ore ,o**on notion o2 F)ategori,a+ T&inking- 6&i,& is t&inking 43 assigning eo+e or
t&ings to ,ategories an! t&en 0sing t&e ,ategories as t&o0g& t&e3 reresente! so*et&ing in t&e rea+ 6or+!#
15
t&e 6or!s 0se! to re2eren,e t&e* are si*+3 &0*an ,on1enien,es 2or ,o**0ni,ation# T&e 2a,t is,
t&ere aears to 4e on+3 one ossi4+e s3ste*, as organi;e! 43 Nat0ra+ La6, 6&i,& ,an 4e
+egiti*ate+3 re2eren,e! sin,e all t&e s3ste*s 6e er,ei1e an! ,ategori;e to!a3 ,an on+3 4e s048
s3ste*s# We si*+3 ,annot 2in! a tr0+3 ,+ose! s3ste* an36&ere# E1en t&e FEart& S3ste*-, 6&i,&
int0iti1e+3 aears a0tono*o0s, 6it& t&e Eart& 2+oating a4o0t t&e 1oi! o2 sa,e, is entire+3 re+iant
on t&e S0n, t&e Moon an! +ike+3 *an3, *an3 ot&er s3*4ioti, 2a,tors 6e &a1e 3et to e1en
0n!erstan! 2or its !e2ining ,&ara,teristi,s#
In ot&er 6or!s, 6&en 6e ,onsi!er t&e intera,tions t&at +ink t&ese er,ei1e! F)ategori,a+ S3ste*s!
toget&er, 6e 2in! a connection of everything an!, on a so,ieta+ +e1e+, t&is s3ste* intera,tion
0n!erstan!ing is at t&e 2o0n!ation o2 +ike+3 t&e *ost 1ia4+e erse,ti1e 2or tr0e &0*an
s0staina4i+it3
(>
# T&e &0*an 4eing, +ike t&e tree or t&e eart&, again int0iti1e+3 appears se+28
,ontaine!# Jet, 6it&o0t, 2or e7a*+e, o73gen to 4reat&e, 6e 6i++ not s0r1i1e# T&is *eans t&e
human system re50ires intera,tion 6it& an atmospheric system an! &en,e a s3ste* o2 o73gen
ro!0,tion an! sin,e t&e ro,ess o2 &otos3nt&esis a,,o0nts 2or t&e *a9orit3 o2 t&e at*os&eri,
o73gen 6e 4reat&e, it is to o0r a!1antage to 4e a6are o2 6&at a22e,ts t&is arti,0+ar s3ste*, an!
6ork to &ar*oni;e o0r so,ia+ ra,ti,es 6it& it#
W&en 6e 6itness, sa3, o++0tion o2 t&e o,eans or t&e rai! !e2orestation o2 t&e Eart&, 6e o2ten
2orget &o6 i*ortant s0,& &eno*ena rea++3 are to t&e integrit3 o2 t&e human system# In 2a,t,
t&ere are so *an3 e7a*+es o2 en1iron*enta+ !ist0r4an,es eret0ate! 43 o0r se,ies to!a3 !0e
to a tr0n,ate! a6areness o2 t&is s3*4ioti, ,a0se an! e22e,t t&at +inks a++ kno6n ,ategori,a+
s3ste*s, 1o+0*es ,o0+! 4e !e!i,ate! to t&e ,risis# T&e 2ai+0re to re,ogni;e t&is FS3*4iosis- is a
20n!a*enta+ ro4+e* an! on,e t&is "rinciple of Interacting &ystems
-<
is 20++3 0n!erstoo!, *an3 o2
o0r *ost ,o**on ra,ti,es to!a3 6i++ +ike+3 aear gross+3 ignorant an! !angero0s in 20t0re
&in!sig&t#
Sustainale (eliefs
T&is 4rings 0s to t&e +e1e+ o2 T&o0g&t an! Un!erstan!ing itse+2# As note! rior, t&e 1er3 +ang0age
s3ste* 6e 0se iso+ates an! organi;es e+e*ents o2 o0r 6or+! 2or genera+ ,o*re&ension# Lang0age
itse+2 is a s3ste* 4ase! 0on ,ategoria+ !istin,tions 6&i,& 6e asso,iate to o0r er,ei1e! rea+it3#
Ho6e1er, as nee!e! as s0,& a *o!e o2 i!enti2i,ation an! organi;ation is to t&e &0*an *in!, it
a+so in&erent+3 i*+ies a 2a+se !i1ision#
Gi1en t&at 2o0n!ation, it is eas3 to se,0+ate as to &o6 6e &a1e gro6n so a,,0sto*e! to t&inking
an! a,ting in in&erent+3 !i1isi1e 6a3s an! 6&3 t&e &istor3 o2 &0*an so,iet3 &as 4een a &istor3 o2
i*4a+an,e an! ,on2+i,t#
(A
It is on t&is +e1e+ t&at s0,& P&3si,a+ S3ste*s 6e &a1e !is,0sse! ,o*e
into re+e1an,e 6it& De+ie2HT&o0g&t S3ste*s#
?%
W&i+e t&e notion o2 Fs0staina4i+it3- *ig&t 4e t3i,a++3 asso,iate! 6it& te,&ni,a+ ro,esses, e,o8
t&eor3 an! engineering to!a3, 6e o2ten 2orget t&at o0r values and beliefs re,e!e a++ s0,&
te,&ni,a+ a+i,ations# T&ere2ore, 6e nee! o0r ,0+t0ra+ orientation to 4e s0staina4+e to 4egin 6it&
an! &en,e 6e nee! s0staina4+e 1a+0es an! 4e+ie2s an! t&at a6areness ,an on+3 ,o*e 2ro* a 1a+i!
re,ognition o2 t&e +a6s o2 nat0re to 6&i,& 6e are 4o0n!#
(> To 4e e7an!e! 0on in greater !etai+ in Part ( o2 t&is te7t#
(C See Aen!i7 A, Vo,a40+ar3 List
(A T&e Neo+it&i, Re1o+0tion is a nota4+e *arker 2or a !ra*ati, ,&ange in so,ia+ oeration an! &0*an re+ations&is as
,i1i+i;ation 6ent 2ro* 2oraging an! &0nting : +i1ing in s04ser1ien,e to nat0ra+ ro,esses : to a ro2o0n! a4i+it3 to
,ontro+ agri,0+t0re 2or 2oo! an! ,reate too+sH*a,&ines to ease &0*an +a4or# It ,o0+! 4e arg0e! t&at &0*an so,iet3 &as
not 4een *at0re eno0g& to &an!+e t&is a4i+it3 an! t&e eret0ation o2 2ear an! s,ar,it3 +e! to &oar!ing, ri1ati;ation,
nation Fgangs- an! ot&er !i1isi1e ten!en,ies 2or gro0 se+28reser1ation on 1ario0s +e1e+s#
?% For &i+oso&i,a+ ,+arit3, it ,o0+! 4e arg0e! t&at a++ o0t,o*es o2 &0*an er,etions are ro9e,te! : e1en t&e +a6s o2
nat0re t&e*se+1es# Ho6e1er, t&is !oesnVt ,&ange t&e e22i,a,3 t&at &as 4een seen 6it& rese,t to t&e i**ense ,ontro+
an! 0n!erstan!ing 6e &a1e t&ro0g& t&e *et&o! o2 s,ien,e#
16
)an 6e *eas0re t&e integrit3 o2 a De+ie2 S3ste*Q Jes# We ,an *eas0re it 43 &o6 6e++ its
rin,i+es a+ign 6it& S,ienti2i, )a0sa+it3, 4ase! 0on t&e feedback res0+ting# I2 6e 6ere to
,o*are o0t,o*es o2 !i22ering 4e+ie2 s3ste*s seeking a ,o**on en!,
?$
&o6 6e++ t&ose
erse,ti1es a,,o*+is& t&is en! ,an 4e *eas0re! an! &en,e t&ese s3ste*s ,an t&en 4e 50a+i2ie!
an! ranke! against ea,& ot&er#
As 6i++ 4e e7+ore! in !etai+ +ater in t&is 6ork, t&e ,entra+ 4e+ie2 s3ste* ,o*arison &ere is
4et6een t&e FMonetar38Market E,ono*3- an! t&e a2ore*entione! FNat0ra+ La6HReso0r,e8Dase!
E,ono*3#- At t&e ,ore o2 t&ese s3ste*s is essentia++3 a ,on2+i,ting 4e+ie2 a4o0t ,a0sa+it3 an!
ossi4i+it3 an! t&e rea!er is ,&a++enge! &ere to *ake o49e,ti1e 90!g*ents a4o0t &o6 6e++ ea,&
erse,ti1e a,t0a++3 a,,o*+is&es ,o**on en! &0*an goa+s#
T&at note! an! in t&e ,onte7t o2 t&is essa3, se,i2i,a++3 t&e oints a4o0t E*ergen,e B S3*4iosis,
it ,o0+! 4e genera+i;e! t&at an3 De+ie2 S3ste* t&at Ga< !oes not &a1e 40i+t into it t&e a++o6an,e 2or
t&at entire 4e+ie2 s3ste* itse+2 to 4e a+tere! or e1en *a!e ,o*+ete+3 o4so+ete !0e to ne6
in2or*ation, is an 0ns0staina4+e 4e+ie2 s3ste*T an! G4< an3 4e+ie2 s3ste* t&at s0orts iso+ation
an! !i1ision, s0orting t&e integrit3 o2 one seg*ent or gro0 o1er anot&er is an 0ns0staina4+e
4e+ie2 s3ste*#
So,io+ogi,a++3, &a1ing a S,ienti2i, Wor+! Vie6 *eans 4eing 6i++ing an! a4+e to a!at 4ot& as an
in!i1i!0a+ an! a ,i1i+i;ation 6&en ne6 a6arenesses an! aroa,&es e*erge t&at ,an 4etter so+1e
ro4+e*s an! 20rt&er roserit3# T&is 6or+!1ie6 +ike+3 *arks t&e greatest s&i2t in &0*an
,o*re&ension in &istor3# E1er3 *o!ern ,on1enien,e 6e take 2or grante! is a res0+t o2 t&is
*et&o! 6&et&er re,ogni;e! or not as t&e in&erent, se+28generating, *e,&anisti, +ogi, is 2o0n! to
4e 0ni1ersa++3 a+i,a4+e to a++ kno6n &eno*ena#
W&i+e *an3 in t&e 6or+! sti++ attri40te ,a0sa+it3 to go!s, !e*ons, sirits an! ot&er non8
*eas0ra4+e F2ait&- 4ase! 1ie6s, a ne6 erio! o2 reason aears to 4e on t&e &ori;on 6&ere t&e
e*erging s,ienti2i, 0n!erstan!ing o2 o0rse+1es an! o0r &a4itat is ,&a++enging t&e tra!itiona+,
esta4+is&e! 2ra*e6ork 6e &a1e in&erite! 2ro* o0r +ess in2or*e! an,estors#
No +onger is t&e Fte,&ni,a+-
?'
orientation o2 s,ien,e !e*eane! to *ere ga!gets an! too+s : t&e
tr0e *essage o2 t&is Wor+!1ie6 is a4o0t t&e 1er3 &i+oso&3 43 6&i,& 6e are to orient o0r +i1es,
1a+0es an! so,ia+ instit0tions#
As 6i++ 4e arg0e! in ot&er essa3s, t&e So,ia+ S3ste*, its E,ono*i, Pre*ise a+ong 6it& its Lega+ B
Po+iti,a+ str0,t0re &as 4e,o*e +arge+3 a ,on!ition o2 F2ait&- in t&e *anner it is no6 eret0ate!#
T&e Monetar3 S3ste* o2 e,ono*3, 2or e7a*+e, is arg0e! to 4e 4ase! on +itt+e *ore t&an a set o2
no6 o0t!ate!, in,reasing+3 ine22i,ient ass0*tions, no !i22erent t&an &o6 ear+3 &0*ans 2a+se+3
ass0*e! t&e 6or+! 6as 2+at, !e*ons ,a0se! si,kness, or t&at t&e ,onste++ations in t&e sk3 6ere
2i7e!, stati,, t6o8!i*ensiona+, taestr38+ike ,onstr0,ts# T&ere are enor*o0s ara++e+s to 4e 2o0n!
6it& tra!itiona+ re+igio0s 2ait& an! t&e esta4+is&e!, ,0+t0ra+ instit0tions 6e ass0*e to 4e 1a+i! an!
Fnor*a+- to!a3#
?$ T&e notion o2 t&e F,o**on en!- or F,o**on gro0n!- 6i++ 4e reeate! in t&is te7t an! it is a ,riti,a+ a6areness to
a1erage t&e nee!s, intents an! ,onse50en,es o2 t&e &0*an 4eing# A ,entra+ re*ise o2 TZMIs a!1o,ation is t&at &0*an
4eings are *ore a+ike t&an t&e3 are !i22erent as 6e s&are t&e sa*e 4asi, 50anti2ia4+e nee!s an! rea,tions# In *an3
6a3s t&is is t&e 0ni23ing attri40te t&at ,o0+! ,o*rise 6&at is ,a++e! FH0*an Nat0re- an!, as 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! *ore so
in +ater essa3s, &0*an 4eings in!ee! &a1e s&are!, re!i,ta4+e, ,o**on rea,tions to ositi1e an! negati1e in2+0en,es
4ot& s3,&o+ogi,a+ an! &3sio+ogi,a+# T&ere2ore, t&e inte++igent, &0*ane organi;ation o2 a so,iet3 is re50ire! to take
t&is into a,,o0nt !ire,t+3 2or t&e sake o2 04+i, &ea+t& : so*et&ing t&e ,0rrent *onetar38*arket s3ste* !oes not !o#
?' As 6i++ 4e ro+i2i, in t&is te7t, t&e ter* FTe,&ni,a+-, 6&i+e 1irt0a++3 s3non3*o0s 6it& FS,ienti2i,-, is e*+o3e! to 4etter
e7ress t&e causal nature o2 a++ e7isting &eno*ena : e1en in,+0!ing &0*an 4e&a1ior an! s3,&o+og3Hso,io+og3 itse+2#
A ,entra+ re*ise o2 TZMIs a!1o,ation is t&at ro4+e* reso+0tion an! t&e *ani2estation o2 otentia+ is a Fte,&ni,a+-
e1a+0ation an! t&is aroa,&, 4eing a+ie! to a++ so,ieta+ attri40tes, is at t&e ,ore o2 t&e ne6 so,ia+ *o!e+ a!1o,ate!#
17
K0st as T&e )&0r,& in t&e Mi!!+e Ages &e+! a4so+0te o6er in E0roe, ro*oting +o3a+ties an!
rit0a+s 6&i,& *ost 6o0+! 2in! a4s0r! or e1en insane to!a3, t&ose a n0*4er o2 generations 2ro*
no6 6i++ +ike+3 +ook 4a,k at t&e esta4+is&e! ra,ti,es o2 o0r ,0rrent ti*e an! t&ink t&e e7a,t sa*e
t&ing#
XSee Aen!i7 D 6&i,& 20rt&er e7+ains t&e T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o!"
SO,RC%N" SO&,T%ONS
FA ne6 t3e o2 t&inking is essentia+ i2 *ankin! is to s0r1i1e an! *o1e to6ar! &ig&er +e1e+s#-
?(

: A+4ert Einstein
A ,entra+ ,onsi!eration in&erent to TZMIs erse,ti1e on so,ieta+ ,&ange 2or t&e 4etter regar!s
0n!erstan!ing FProgress- itse+2# T&ere aear to 4e t6o 4asi, ang+es to ,onsi!er 6&en it ,o*es to
ersona+ or so,ia+ rogress" 4anifesting "otential an! "roblem $esolution#
Potential - Resolution
4anifesting "otential is si*+3 t&e i*ro1e*ent o2 a ,on!ition 6&i,& 6as not ,onsi!ere! rior to
4e in a ro4+e*ati, state# An e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e a4i+it3 to i*ro1e &0*an at&+eti, er2or*an,e
in a arti,0+ar 2ie+! t&ro0g& targete! strengt&ening, !iet an! re2ining te,&ni50es an! ot&er *eans
6&i,& 6ere si*+3 not kno6n 4e2ore#
"roblem $esolution, on t&e ot&er &an!, is t&e o1er,o*ing o2 an iss0e t&at &as ,0rrent+3
re,ogni;e! !etri*enta+ ,onse50en,es an!Hor +i*itations to a gi1en a22air# A genera+ e7a*+e 6o0+!
4e t&e !is,o1er3 o2 a *e!i,a+ ,0re 2or an e7isting, !e4i+itating !isease so t&at sai! !isease no
+onger oses &ar*#
Ho6e1er, taken in t&e 4roa! 1ie6, t&ere is a !istin,t o1er+a 6it& t&ese t6o notions 6&en t&e
nat0re o2 kno6+e!ge !e1e+o*ent is taken into a,,o0nt# For e7a*+e, an Fi*ro1e*ent- to a
gi1en ,on!ition, a ra,ti,e t&at t&en 4e,o*es nor*a+i;e! an! ,o**on in t&e ,0+t0re, ,an a+so
otentia++3 4e art o2 a Fro4+e*- in t&e sa*e ,onte7t, 6&i,& re50ires reso+0tion in t&e e1ent t&at
ne6 in2or*ation as to its ine22i,ien,3 is 2o0n! or ne6 a!1an,e*ents *ake it o4so+ete in
,o*arison#
For e7a*+e, &0*an air transortation, 6&i,& is 2air+3 ne6 in so,iet3, e7an!e! transort
e22i,ien,3 great+3 0on its a+i,ation# Ho6e1er, at 6&at oint 6i++ *o!ern air transort 4e seen
*ore as a Fro4+e*- !0e to its in&erent ine22i,ien,3 in ,o*arison to anot&er *et&o!Q
??
So,
e22i,ien,3 is re+ati1e in t&is sense as on+3 6&en t&ere is an e7ansion o2 kno6+e!ge t&at 6&at 6as
on,e ,onsi!ere! t&e F4est- aroa,& 4e,o*es Fin2erior-#
T&is see*ing+3 a4stra,t oint is 4ro0g&t 0 to ,o**0ni,ate t&e si*+e 2a,t t&at e1er3 sing+e
ra,ti,e 6e ,onsi!er nor*a+ to!a3 &as built into it an ine1ita4+e ine22i,ien,3 6&i,&, 0on ne6
!e1e+o*ents in s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3, 6i++ +ike+3 ro!0,e a Fro4+e*- at so*e oint in t&e
20t0re 6&en ,o*are! to ne6er, e*erging otentia+s# T&is is t&e nat0re o2 ,&ange an! i2 t&e
s,ienti2i, atterns o2 &istor3 re2+e,t an3t&ing, it is t&at kno6+e!ge an! its a+i,ations ,ontin0e to
e1o+1e an! i*ro1e, genera++3 seaking#
So, 4a,k to t&e see*ing+3 searate iss0es o2 4anifesting "otential = "roblem $esolution, it ,an
&en,e 4e !e!0,e! t&at a++ ro4+e* reso+0tions are a+so a,ts o2 *ani2esting otentia+ an! 1i,e
?( Fro* S.tomic +ducation >rged by +insteinS, Ne6 Jork Ti*es, Ma3 '@
t&
$A?=
?? A nota4+e *o!ern e7a*+e is ne6 transort te,&no+og3 s0,& as FMag+e1- transort t&at 0ses +ess energ3 an! *o1es
s04stantia++3 2aster t&an ,o**er,ia+ air+ines &tt"HH666#et(#,o*H
18
1ersa#
T&is a+so *eans t&at t&e a,t0a+ tools 0se! 43 so,iet3 2or a gi1en 0rose are a+6a3s transient#
W&et&er it is t&e *e!i0* o2 transortation, *e!i,a+ ra,ti,es, energ3 ro!0,tion, t&e so,ia+
s3ste* : et,#
?@
T&ese ra,ti,es are a++ *ani2estHreso+0tions 6it& rese,t to &0*an ne,essit3 an!
e22i,ien,3, 4ase! 0on t&e transient state o2 0n!erstan!ing 6e &a1eH&a! at t&e ti*e o2 t&eir
,reationHe1o+0tion#
Root Pur*ose - Root Cause
T&ere2ore, 6&en it ,o*es to t&inking a4o0t an3 a,t o2 in1ention or ro4+e* so+1ing, 6e *0st get
as ,+ose to t&e $oot "urpose ?4anifest@ or t&e $oot Cause ?"roblem@ as ossi4+e, rese,ti1e+3, to
*ake t&e *ost a,,0rate assess*ent 2or a,tion# K0st as too+s an! te,&ni50es 2or otentia+ are on+3
as 1ia4+e as t&e 0n!erstan!ing o2 t&eir 2o0n!ationa+ 0rose, a,tions to6ar! ro4+e* reso+0tion
are on+3 as goo! as t&e 0n!erstan!ing o2 t&e root ,a0se# T&is *ig&t see* o41io0s, 40t t&is
,on,et is !e1oi! in *an3 areas o2 t&o0g&t in t&e 6or+! to!a3, especially when it comes to
society' Rat&er t&an 0rs0ing s0,& a 2o,0s, *ost so,ia+ !e,isions are 4ase! aro0n! traditional
customs t&at &a1e in&erent +i*its#
A si*+e e7a*+e o2 t&is is t&e ,0rrent *et&o! o2 &0*an in,ar,eration 2or so ,a++e! F,ri*ina+
4e&a1ior-# For *an3, t&e so+0tion to Fo22ensi1e- 2or*s o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior is to si*+3 re*o1e t&e
in!i1i!0a+ 2ro* so,iet3 an! F0nis&- t&e*# T&is is 4ase! on a series o2 ass0*tions t&at stret,&
4a,k *i++ennia#
?=
Jet, t&e s,ien,e 4e&in! &0*an 4e&a1ior &as ,&ange! tre*en!o0s+3 o1er ti*e 6it& rese,t to
0n!erstan!ing ,a0sa+it3# It is no6 ,o**on kno6+e!ge in t&e so,ia+ s,ien,es t&at *ost a,ts o2
F,ri*e- 6o0+! +ike+3 not o,,0r i2 ,ertain 4asi,, s0orti1e en1iron*enta+ ,on!itions 6&ere set 2or
t&e &0*an 4eing#
?>
P0tting eo+e in risons is not a,t0a++3 reso+1ing an3t&ing 6it& rese,t to t&e
,a0sa+ ro4+e*# It is a,t0a++3 a *ere Fat,&-, i2 3o0 6i++, 6&i,& on+3 te*orari+3 sti2+es so*e
e22e,ts o2 t&e +arger ro4+e*#
?C
Anot&er e7a*+e, 6&i+e see*ing+3 !i22erent t&an t&e rior 40t e50a++3 as Fte,&ni,a+-, is t&e
*anner 43 6&i,& *ost t&ink a4o0t so+0tions to ,o**on !o*esti, ro4+e*s, s0,& as tra22i,
a,,i!ents# W&at is t&e so+0tion to a sit0ation 6&ere a !ri1er *akes a *istake an! &a&a;ar!+3
,&anges +anes, on+3 to i*a,t t&e 1e&i,+e ne7t to it, ,a0sing an a,,i!entQ S&o0+! t&ere 4e a &0ge
6a++ 4et6een t&e*Q S&o0+! t&ere 4e 4etter trainingQ S&o0+! t&e erson si*+3 &a1e &is or &er
!ri1ers +i,ense re1oke! so t&e3 ,annot !ri1e againQ It is &ere, again, 6&ere t&e notion o2 Froot
,a0se- is o2ten +ost in t&e narro6 2ra*es o2 re2eren,e ,o**on+3 0n!erstoo! 43 ,0+t0re as
so+0tions#
T&e root ,a0se o2 t&e a,,i!ent ,an on+3 artia++3 4e t&e 50estion o2 integrit3 o2 t&e !ri1er 6it& t&e
*ore i*ortant iss0e t&e +a,k o2 integrit3 o2 t&e te,&no+og3Hin2rastr0,t0re 4eing 0se!# W&3Q 8
4e,a0se &0*an 2a++i4i+it3 is &istori,a++3 a,kno6+e!ge! an! i**0ta4+e#
?A
So, 90st as ear+3 1e&i,+es
!i! not &a1e !ri1erHassenger FAir4ags- ,o**on to!a3, 6&i,& no6 re!0,e a +arge a*o0nt o2
in90ries t&at e7iste! in t&e ast
@%
, t&e sa*e +ogi, s&o0+! 4e a+ie! to t&e s3ste* o2 1e&i,+e
?@ Again, t&is rea+it3 is e*4o!ie! 43 t&e ter* FA+i,ation Set- t&ro0g&o0t t&is te7t#
?= S0ggeste! rea!ing" (iolenceA 0ur *eadly +pidemic and Its Causes, Dr# Ka*es Gi++igan, $AA=
?> T&e YMer1a8Fo6+esV st0!3, !one at t&e Uni1ersit3 o2 Uta& in t&e $AA%s, 2o0n! o6er20+ ,onne,tions 4et6een
0ne*+o3*ent an! ,ri*e# T&e3 4ase! t&eir resear,& on (% *a9or *etroo+itan areas 6it& a tota+ o0+ation o2 o1er C%
*i++ion# T&eir 2in!ings 2o0n! t&at a $W rise in 0ne*+o3*ent res0+te! in" a =#>W in,rease in Ho*i,i!esT a (#?W
in,rease in 1io+ent ,ri*esT a '#?W in,rease in roert3 ,ri*e# D0ring t&e erio! 2ro* $AA% to $AA', t&is trans+ate!
into" $,?@A a!!itiona+ Ho*i,i!esT =',=%> a!!itiona+ 1io+ent ,ri*esT ''(,@%% a!!itiona+ roert3 ,ri*es# . Mer1a B
Fo6+es, +ffects of *iminished +conomic 0pportunities on &ocial &tress, E,ono*i, Po+i,3 Instit0te, $AA' /
?C See Aen!i7 G, Den M,Leis& +e,t0re" FO0t o2 t&e Do7" Prisons-
?A &tt"HH666#n,4i#n+*#ni&#go1H*,Harti,+esH*,$$$>>>%H
@% A $AA= NHTSA st0!3 2o0n! t&e 2ata+it3 re!0,tion 4ene2it o2 air 4ags 2or a++ !ri1ers at an esti*ate! $$
19
intera,tion itse+2, taking into a,,o0nt ne6 te,&ni,a+ ossi4i+ities 2or in,rease! sa2et3, to
,o*ensate 2or ine1ita4+e &0*an error#
K0st as t&e Air4ag 6as !e1e+oe! 3ears ago as t&e e1o+0tion o2 kno6+e!ge 0n2o+!e!, to!a3 t&ere is
te,&no+og3 t&at ena4+es a0to*ate!, !ri1er+ess 1e&i,+es 6&i,& ,an not on+3 !ete,t e1er3 ne,essar3
e+e*ent o2 t&e street nee!e! to oerate 6it& a,,0ra,3, t&e 1e&i,+es t&e*se+1es ,an !ete,t ea,&
ot&er, *aking ,o++ision a+*ost i*ossi4+e#
@$
T&is is t&e ,0rrent state o2 s0,& a Fso+0tion- 6&en 6e
,onsi!er t&e root ,a0se an! root 0rose, o1era++#
Jet, as a!1an,e! as t&at so+0tion *a3 see*, ese,ia++3 gi1en t&e ro0g&+3 $#' *i++ion eo+e 6&o
0nne,essari+3 !ie in a0to*o4i+e a,,i!ents ea,& 3ear
@'
, t&is t&o0g&t e7er,ise *a3 sti++ 4e
in,o*+ete i2 6e ,ontin0e to e7ten! t&e ,onte7t 6it& rese,t to t&e goa+s#
Per&as t&ere are ot&er ine22i,ien,ies 6&i,& re+ate to t&e transort in2rastr0,t0re an! 4e3on! t&at
nee! to 4e taken into a,,o0nt an! o1er,o*e# Per&as, 2or e7a*+e, t&e 0se o2 in!i1i!0a+
a0to*o4i+es, regar!+ess o2 t&eir sa2et3, &a1e ot&er in&erent ro4+e*s 6&i,& ,an on+3 4e +ogi,a++3
reso+1e! 43 t&e re*o1a+ o2 t&e a0to*o4i+e a+i,ation itse+2# Per&as in a ,it3, 6it& an e7an!ing
*o4i+e o0+ation, s0,& in!een!ent 1e&i,+e transort 4e,o*es 0nne,essari+3 ,0*4erso*e, s+o6
an! genera++3 ine22i,ient#
@(
T&e *ore 1ia4+e so+0tion in t&is ,ir,0*stan,e *ig&t 4e,o*e t&e nee! 2or a 0ni2ie!, integrate!
*ass transit s3ste* t&at ,an in,rease see!, re!0,e energ3 0se, reso0r,e 0se, o++0tion an!
*an3 ot&er re+ate! iss0es to t&e e22e,t t&at 0sing a0to*o4i+es in s0,& a ,on!ition t&en 4e,o*es
art o2 t&e e*erging Fro4+e*-# I2 t&e goa+ o2 a so,iet3 is to !o t&e F,orre,t- an! &en,e
s0staina4+e t&ing, re!0,ing t&reats to &0*ans an! t&e &a4itat, e1er in,reasing e22i,ien,3 8 a
!3na*i,, se+28generating +ogi, 0n2o+!s 6it& rese,t to o0r te,&ni,a+ ossi4i+it3 an! !esign
aroa,&es#
Our Technical Realit)
O2 ,o0rse, t&e a+i,ation o2 t&is t3e o2 ro4+e* so+1ing is 2ar 2ro* +i*ite! to s0,& &3si,a+
e7a*+es# Is Fo+iti,s- t&e ans6er to o0r so,ia+ 6oesQ Does it a!!ress root ,a0ses 43 its 1er3
!esignQ Is *one3 an! t&e *arket s3ste* t&e *ost oti*i;e! *et&o! 2or s0staina4+e rogress,
ro4+e* reso+0tion an! t&e *ani2esting o2 e,ono*i, otentia+Q W&at !oes o0r *o!ern state o2
s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3 &a1e to ,ontri40te in t&e rea+* o2 0n!erstan!ing ,a0se an! 0rose on
t&e so,ieta+ +e1e+Q
As 20rt&er essa3s 6i++ !enote +ater in great !etai+, t&ese 0n!erstan!ings ,reate a nat0ra+, ,+ear
train o2 t&o0g&t 6it& rese,t to &o6 *0,& 4etter o0r 6or+! ,o0+! 4e i2 6e si*+3 2o++o6 t&e +ogi,
,reate! 1ia T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o! o2 t&o0g&t to 20+2i++ o0r common goal o2 &0*an s0staina4i+it3#
T&e $ 4i++ion eo+e star1ing on t&is +anet are not !oing so 4e,a0se o2 so*e i**0ta4+e nat0ra+
,onse50en,e o2 o0r &3si,a+ rea+it3# T&ere is +ent3 o2 2oo! to go aro0n!
@?
# It is t&e so,ia+ s3ste*,
6&i,& &as its o6n o0t!ate!, ,ontri1e! +ogi,, t&at eret0ates t&is so,ia+ atro,it3, a+ong 6it&
,o0nt+ess ot&ers#
It is i*ortant to oint o0t t&at TZM is not ,on,erne! 6it& ro*oting Fat,&es- as its 0+ti*ate
goa+, 6&i,&, sa! to sa3, is 6&at t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 a,ti1ist instit0tions on t&e +anet are ,0rrent+3
er,ent#&tt"HH666#n&tsa#go1H,arsHr0+esHregre1He1a+0ateHC%C?>%#&t*+
@$ &tt"HH666#a0tog0i!e#,o*Ha0to8ne6sH'%$$H%?Hgoog+e8engineer8,+ai*s8its8!ri1er+ess8,ars8,o0+!8sa1e8a8*i++ion8+i1es8
e1er383ear#&t*+
@' &tt"HH666#,ar8a,,i!ents#,o*HagesHstats#&t*+
@( A s+o6, genera+ s&i2t, e1en in *o!ern ,o**er,ia+ so,iet3, 2ro* Fo6ners&i- to Fa,,ess- is 4eginning to 2in! 2a1or to!a3#
&tt"HHgigao*#,o*H'%$$H$$H$%Hair4n48roa!*a8'%$$H
@? Ma9or internationa+ organi;ations &a1e state! statisti,a++3 t&at t&ere is eno0g& 2oo! 2or e1er3one an! t&at star1ation is
not ,a0se! 43 a +a,k o2 reso0r,es# .&tt"HH666#62#orgH&0ngerH,a0ses/ In ,o*4ination 6it& e22i,ien,3 i*ro1e*ents
6&i,& 6i++ 4e note! *ore so in Part (, t&e ossi4+3 2or a4so+0te g+o4a+ 2oo! a40n!an,e o2 t&e &ig&est n0trient 50a+it3 is
a+so ossi4+3 to!a3#
20
!oing#
@@
We 6ant to ro*ote t&e +argest or!er, &ig&est e22i,ien,3 set o2 so+0tions a1ai+a4+e at a
gi1en ti*e, a+igne! 6it& nat0ra+ ro,esses, to i*ro1e t&e +i1es o2 a++, 6&i+e se,0ring t&e integrit3
o2 o0r &a4itat# We 6ant e1er3one to 0n!erstan! t&is Ftrain o2 t&o0g&t- ,+ear+3 an! !e1e+o a 1a+0e
i!enti2i,ation 6it& it#
T&ere is no sing+e so+0tion : on+3 t&e near e*iri,a+ Nat0ra+ La6 reasoning t&at arri1es at
so+0tions an! 0rose#
&O"%C .s PS/C+O&O"/
0We !o not a,t rig&t+3 4e,a0se 6e &a1e 1irt0e or e7,e++en,e, 40t 6e rat&er &a1e
t&ose 4e,a0se 6e &a1e a,te! rig&t+3#-
@=
8Aristot+e
A o6er20+ 3et o2ten o1er+ooke! ,onse50en,e o2 o0r en1iron*enta+ 10+nera4i+it3 to a!at to t&e
e7isting ,0+t0re is t&at o0r 1er3 i!entit3 an! ersona+it3 is o2ten +inke! to t&e instit0tions,
ra,ti,es, tren!s an! &en,e 1a+0es 6e are 4orn into an! e7ist in# T&is s3,&o+ogi,a+ a!atation
an! ine1ita4+e 2a*i+iarit3 ,reates a comfort zone 6&i,&, o1er ti*e, ,an 4e ain20+ to !isr0t,
regar!+ess o2 &o6 6e++ reasone! t&e !ata stan!ing to t&e ,ontrar3 o2 6&at 6e 4e+ie1e *a3 4e#
In 2a,t, t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 o49e,tions ,0rrent+3 2o0n! against T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent,
se,i2i,a++3 t&e oints *a!e 6it& rese,t to so+0tions an! &en,e ,&ange, aear to 4e !ri1en 43
narro6 2ra*es o2 re2eren,e an! e*otiona+ 4ias *ore t&an inte++e,t0a+ assess*ent# )o**on
rea,tions o2 t&is kin! are o2ten sing0+ar roositions 6&i,&, rat&er t&an ,riti,a++3 a!!ressing t&e
a,t0a+ re*ises arti,0+ate! 43 an arg0*ent, ser1e to !is*iss t&e* o0trig&t 1ia &a&a;ar!
asso,iations#
T&e *ost ,o**on ,+assi2i,ation o2 s0,& arg0*ents are Fro9e,tions-
@>
an! it 4e,o*es ,+ear 1er3
o2ten t&at s0,& oonents are a,t0a++3 *ore ,on,erne! 6it& defending their psychological identity
rat&er t&an o49e,ti1e+3 ,onsi!ering a ne6 erse,ti1e#
@C
1ind &oc#
In a ,+assi, 6ork 43 a0t&ors )o&en an! Nage+ entit+e! FAn Intro!0,tion to Logi, an! T&e S,ienti2i,
Met&o!-, t&is oint is 6e++ *a!e 6it& rese,t to t&e ro,ess o2 +ogi,a+ e1a+0ation an! its
in!een!en,e 2ro* &0*an s3,&o+og3#
FT&e 6eig&t o2 e1i!en,e is not itse+2 a te*ora+ e1ent, 40t a re+ation o2 i*+i,ation 4et6een
,ertain ,+asses or t3es o2 roositions###O2 ,o0rse, t&o0g&t is ne,essar3 to are&en! s0,&
@@ T&is ,o**ent is not *eant to !e*ean an3 6e++8*eaning so,ia+ instit0tion 6orking to &e+ 6it&in t&e 4o0n!s o2 t&e
,0rrent so,io8e,ono*i, *et&o!# Ho6e1er, as 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! *ore so in Part ', t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ *o!e+ in&erent+3
restri,ts a 1ast a*o0nt o2 ossi4+e roserit3Hro4+e* so+1ing !0e to its 1er3 !esign an! &en,e a,ti1ist an! so,ia+
instit0tions 6&i,& a1oi! t&is rea+it3 an! ,an on+3 4e 6orking to &e+ Fat,&- ro4+e*s, not 2i7 t&e*, sin,e t&e3 originate
2ro* t&e so,ia+ s3ste* itse+2# A ,o**on e7a*+e is ,&arit3 organi;ations t&at 6is& to ro1i!e 2oo! to t&e oor# T&ese
organi;ations are not 0s0a++3 a!!ressing why t&ose eo+e are oor to 4egin 6it& an! &en,e are not tr0+3 6orking to
reso+1e t&e root ro4+e*Gs<#
@= Wi++ D0rant, The &tory of "hilosophyA The )ives and 0pinions of the :orld5s Breatest "hilosophers, $A'=
@> Sig*0n! Fre0! 6as 2irst to *ake 2a*o0s t&e i!ea o2 Ps3,&o+ogi,a+ Pro9e,tion, !e2ine! as Ia s3,&o+ogi,a+ !e2ense
*e,&anis* 6&ere a erson s04,ons,io0s+3 !enies &is or &er o6n attri40tes, t&o0g&ts, an! e*otions, 6&i,& are t&en
as,ri4e! to t&e o0tsi!e 6or+!, 0s0a++3 to ot&er eo+e#I Ho6e1er, t&e 0se o2 t&e ter* is *ore genera+ in t&is ,onte7t,
re2+e,ting t&e si*+e notion o2 ass0*ing to 0n!erstan! an i!ea 4ase! on a 2a+se or s0er2i,ia+ re+ations&i to rior
0n!erstan!ings 8 0s0a++3 in a !e2ensi1e ost0re 2or !is*issa+ o2 1a+i!it3#
@C T&e ter* F)ogniti1e Pat&o+og3- is a s0ggeste! !es,ritor o2 t&is &eno*ena# A ,o**on ,&ara,teristi, is I,ir,0+ar
reasoningI 6&ere a 4e+ie2 is 90sti2ie! 43 *ere+3 re8re2eren,ing t&e 4e+ie2 itse+2# For e7a*+e, to ask a T&eist 6&3 t&e3
4e+ie1e in Go!, a ,o**on ans6er *ig&t 4e FFait&-# To ask 6&3 t&e3 &a1e FFait&- o2ten res0+ts in a resonse +ike
F4e,a0se Go! re6ar!s t&ose 6&o &a1e Fait&-# T&e ,a0sa+it3 orientation is tr0n,ate! an! se+28re2erring#
21
i*+i,ations###&o6e1er .t&at/ !oes not *ake &3si,s a 4ran,& o2 s3,&o+og3# T&e rea+i;ation t&at
+ogi, ,annot 4e restri,te! to s3,&o+ogi,a+ &eno*enon 6i++ &e+ 0s to !is,ri*inate 4et6een o0r
s,ien,e an! r&etori, 8 ,on,ei1ing t&e +atter as t&e art o2 ers0asion or o2 arg0ing so as to ro!0,e
t&e 2ee+ing o2 ,ertaint3# O0r e*otiona+ !isositions *ake it 1er3 !i22i,0+t 2or 0s to a,,et ,ertain
roositions, no *atter &o6 strong t&e e1i!en,e in t&eir 2a1or# An! sin,e a++ roo2 !een!s 0on
t&e a,,etan,e o2 ,ertain roositions as tr0e, no roosition ,an 4e ro1e! to 4e tr0e to one 6&o
is s022i,ient+3 !eter*ine! not to 4e+ie1e it#-
@A
T&e ter* FMin! Lo,k- &as 4een ,oine! 43 so*e &i+oso&ers
=%
6it& rese,t to t&is &eno*enon,
!e2ine! as It&e ,on!ition 6&ere oneIs erse,ti1e 4e,o*es se+28re2erring, in a ,+ose! +oo o2
reasoningI# See*ing+3 e*iri,a+ res0ositions 2ra*e an! se,0re oneIs 6or+!1ie6 an! an3t&ing
,ontra!i,tor3 ,o*ing 2ro* t&e o0tsi!e ,an 4e F4+o,ke!-, o2ten e1en s04,ons,io0s+3# T&is rea,tion
,o0+! 4e +ikene! to t&e ,o**on &3si,a+ re2+e7 to rote,t onese+2 2ro* a 2oreign o49e,t *o1ing
to6ar!s 3o0r erson : on+3 in t&is ,ir,0*stan,e t&e Fre2+e7- is to !e2en! oneIs beliefs, not 4o!3#
W&i+e s0,& &rases as Ft&inking o0tsi!e t&e 4o7- *ig&t 4e ,o**on r&etori, to!a3 in t&e a,ti1ist
,o**0nit3, se+!o* are t&e 2o0n!ations o2 our way of thinking an! t&e integrit3 o2 o0r *ost
established institutions ,&a++enge!# T&e3 are, *ore o2ten t&an not, ,onsi!ere! to 4e Fgi1ens- an!
ass0*e! ina+tera4+e#
For e7a*+e, in t&e so8,a++e! !e*o,ra,ies o2 t&e 6or+!, a FPresi!ent-, or t&e e50i1a+ent, is a
,o**on oint o2 2o,0s 6it& rese,t to t&e 50a+it3 o2 a ,o0ntr3Is go1ernan,e# A +arge a*o0nt o2
attention is sent to6ar! s0,& a 2ig0re, &is erse,ti1es an! a,tions# Jet, se+!o* !oes one ste
4a,k an! ask" FW&3 !o 6e &a1e a Presi!ent to 4egin 6it&Q- FHo6 is &is o6er as an instit0tiona+
2ig0re 90sti2ie! as an oti*i;e! *anner o2 so,ia+ go1ernan,eQ- FIs it not a ,ontra!i,tion o2 ter*s
to ,+ai* a !e*o,rati, so,iet3 6&en t&e 04+i, &as no real sa3 6it& rese,t to t&e a,tions o2 t&e
Presi!ent on,e &e or s&e is e+e,te!Q-
S0,& 50estions are se+!o* ,onsi!ere! as eo+e ten!, again, to a!at to t&eir ,0+t0re 6it&o0t
o49e,tion, ass0*ing it is F90st t&e 6a3 it is-# S0,& stati, orientations are a+*ost 0ni1ersa++3 a
res0+t o2 cultural tradition an!, as )o&en an! Nage+ oint o0t, it is 1er3 !i22i,0+t to ,o**0ni,ate a
ne6, ,&a++enging i!ea to t&ose 6&o are sufficiently determined not to believe it!'
S0,& tra!itiona+ res0ositions, &e+! as e*iri,a+, are +ike+3 a root so0r,e o2 ersona+ an! so,ia+
retar!ation in t&e 6or+! to!a3# T&is &eno*enon, ,o0+e! 6it& an e!0,ationa+ s3ste* t&at
,onstant+3 rein2or,es s0,& esta4+is&e! notions t&ro0g& its instit0tions o2 Fa,a!e*ia-, 20rt&er sea+s
t&is ,0+t0ra+ in&i4ition an! ,o*o0n!s t&e &in!eran,e to re+e1ant ,&ange#
=$
W&i+e t&e s,oe o2 t&is ten!en,3 is 6i!e 6it& rese,t to !e4ate, t&ere are t6o ,o**on
argumentative fallacies 6ort& noting &ere as t&e3 ,onstant+3 ,o*e 0 6it& rese,t to t&e
.pplication-&et an! Train of Thought ro*ote! 43 TZM# P0t in ,o+or20+ ter*s, t&ese ta,ti,s
,o*rise 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! a FVa+0e War-
='
6&i,& is 6age!, ,ons,io0s+3 or not, 43 t&ose 6&o
&a1e 1este! e*otiona+H*ateria+ interest in keeing t&ings t&e sa*e, oosing ,&ange#
The 0Prima Facie2 Fallac)
@A )ogic and The &cientific 4ethod, )o&en an! Nage+, Har,o0rt, $A(?, $A
=% S0ggeste! rea!ing" The Cancer &tage of Capitalism, Ko&n M,M0rtr3, P+0to Press, $AAA, )&ater $
=$ )riti,is* &ere o2 FA,a!e*ia- is not to 4e ,on20se! 6it& its stan!ar! !e2inition, *eaning a I,o**0nit3 o2 st0!ents an!
s,&o+ars engage! in &ig&er e!0,ation an! resear,&#I T&e ,onte7t &ere is t&e in&i4iting nat0re o2 Fs,&oo+s- o2 t&o0g&t
6&i,& a++ too o2ten e1o+1e to ,reate an ego 0nto itse+2 6&ere ,on2+i,ting !ata is ignore! or &a&a;ar!+3 !is*isse!# A+so,
t&ere is a risk ,o**on to t&is *o!e o2 t&o0g&t 6&ere Ft&eor3- an! Ftra!ition- take ro*inen,e o1er Fe7erien,e- an!
Fe7eri*ent- 1er3 o2ten, eret0ating 2a+se ,on,+0sions#
=' S0ggeste! rea!ing" (alue :arsA The Blobal 4arket (ersus the )ife +conomyA 4oral "hilosophy and Cumanity, Ko&n
M,M0rtr3, P+0to Press, '%%'
22
T&e 2irst is t&e FPri*a Fa,ie- asso,iation# T&is si*+3 *eans F0on 2irst aearan,e-T F4e2ore
in1estigation-#
=(
T&is is 43 2ar t&e *ost ,o**on t3e o2 o49e,tion#
A ,+assi,a+ ,ase st0!3 is t&e ,o**on ,+ai* t&at t&e o4ser1ations an! so+0tions resente! 43 TZM
are si*+3 re&as&e! FMar7ist )o**0nis*-'
LetIs 4rie2+3 e7+ore t&is as an e7a*+e# Re2eren,ing FT&e )o**0nist Mani2esto-
=?
Mar7 an!
Enge+s resent 1ario0s o4ser1ations 6it& rese,t to t&e e1o+0tion o2 so,iet3, se,i2i,a++3 t&e F,+ass
6ar-, in&erent str0,t0ra+ re+ations&is regar!ing F,aita+-, a+ong 6it& a genera+ +ogi, as to &o6 t&e
so,ia+ or!er 6i++ transition t&ro0g& Fre1o+0tion- to a state+ess, ,+ass+ess s3ste*, in art, 6&i+e a+so
noting a series o2 !ire,t so,ia+ ,&anges, s0,& as t&e F)entra+i;ation o2 t&e *eans o2
,o**0ni,ation an! transort in t&e &an!s o2 t&e State-, FE50a+ +ia4i+it3 o2 a++ to +a4o0r#- an! ot&er
se,i2i,s# Mar7 ,reates +a3ers in t&e s,&e*a &e s0ggests +ike t&e ongoing 4att+e 4et6een t&e
FDo0rgeoisie an! Pro+etarians-, e7ressing ,onte*t 2or t&e in&erent e7+oitation, 6&i,& &e sa3s is
essentia++3 roote! in t&e i!ea o2 Fri1ate roert3-# In t&e en!, t&e a,,0*0+ate! goa+ in genera+ is
in seeking a Fstate+ess an! ,+ass+ess so,iet3-#
On t&e s0r2a,e, re2or*ations roose! in TZMIs ro*ote! so+0tions *ig&t appear to *irror
attri40tes o2 FMar7is*- i2 one 6as to ,o*+ete+3 ignore t&e 0n!er+3ing reasoning# T&e i!ea o2 a
so,iet3 F6it&o0t ,+asses-, F6it&o0t 0ni1ersa+ roert3-, an! t&e ,o*+ete re!e2inition o2 6&at
,o*rises t&e FState- *ig&t, on t&e s0r2a,e, s&o6 ,on2+0en,e 43 t&e *ere gest0res t&e*se+1es,
ese,ia++3 sin,e Western A,a!e*ia ,o**on+3 ro*otes a F!0a+it3- 4et6een F)o**0nis*- an!
F)aita+is*- 6it& t&e a2ore*entione! ,&ara,ter oints note! as t&e ,ore !i22eren,es# Ho6e1er, t&e
a,t0a+ Train o2 T&o0g&t to s0ort t&ese seemingly si*i+ar ,on,+0sions is 50ite !i22erent#
TZMIs a!1o,ate! 4en,&*ark 2or !e,ision *aking is not a 4oral "hilosophy
;1
, 6&i,&, 6&en
e7a*ine! at its root, is essentia++3 6&at Mar7ist &i+oso&3 6as a *ani2estation o2#
TZM is not intereste! in t&e oeti,, s049e,ti1e B ar4itrar3 notions o2 Fa 2air so,iet3-,-g0arantee!
2ree!o*-, F6or+! ea,e-, or F*aking a 4etter 6or+!- si*+3 4e,a0se it so0n!s Frig&t-, F&0*ane- or
Fgoo!-# Wit&o0t a Technical Dramework t&at &as a !ire,t &3si,a+ re2erent to s0,& ter*s, s0,&
*ora+ re+ati1is* ser1es +itt+e to no +ong ter* 0rose#
Rat&er, TZM is intereste! in &cientific .pplication, as a+ie! to societal sustainability, 4ot&
physical an! cultural#
==
As 6i++ 4e e7resse! in greater !etai+ in 20rt&er essa3s, t&e Met&o! o2 S,ien,e is not restri,te! in
its a+i,ation 6it&in t&e F&3si,a+ 6or+!-
=>
an! &en,e t&e so,ia+ s3ste*, in2rastr0,t0re,
=( &tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seHri*aP2a,ie
=? Written 43 Lar+ Mar7 an! Frie!ri,& Enge+s in $C?C t&is te7t is 6i!e+3 ,onsi!ere! t&e !e2initi1e i!eo+ogi,a+ e7ression o2
Mar7ist )o**0nis*# F)o**0nis*- is sai! to 4e t&e ra,ti,a+ i*+e*entation o2 FMar7is*-# Te7t On+ine"
&tt"HH666#*ar7ists#orgHar,&i1eH*ar7H6orksH$C?CH,o**0nist8*ani2estoHin!e7#&t*
=@ De2ine! as It&e 4ran,& o2 &i+oso&3 !ea+ing 6it& 4ot& arg0*ent a4o0t t&e ,ontent o2 *ora+it3 an! *eta8et&i,a+
!is,0ssion o2 t&e nat0re o2 *ora+ 90!g*ent, +ang0age, arg0*ent, an! 1a+0e#I
.&tt"HH666#t&e2ree!i,tionar3#,o*H*ora+P&i+oso&3/
== T&e arg0*ent t&at S,ien,e is not a P&i+oso&3 is ,ertain+3 oen to se*anti,s an! interretation 40t t&e oint 4eing
*a!e &ere is t&at notions o2 Frig&t an! 6rong- an! ot&er Fet&i,a+- !istin,tions ,o**on to &i+oso&3 take on a 1er3
!i22erent +ig&t in t&e s,ienti2i, ,onte7t as it &as *ore to !o 6it& 0ti+it3 an! 4a+an,e t&an *ere ,on,ets o2 F*ora+it3- as
it is ,+assi,a++3 !e2ine!# In t&e 1ie6 o2 S,ien,e, &0*an 4e&a1ior is 4est a+igne! 6it& t&e in&erent ,a0sa+it3 !is,o1ere! in
t&e nat0ra+ 6or+!, 1a+i!ate! 43 testing, 40i+!ing in2eren,e an! +ogi,a+ asso,iations to 90sti23 &0*an a,tions as
Faroriate- to a gi1en 0rose# Again, t&is is a+6a3s a*4ig0o0s on so*e +e1e+ an! +ike+3 t&e *ost a,,0rate ,onte7t
o2 &i+oso&3 as re+ate! to s,ien,e is as a re,0rsor to 1a+i!ation !0ring in1estigation an! e7eri*entation#
=> T&e ter* F&3si,a+ 6or+!- is o2ten 0se! to !i22erentiate 4et6een t&e F*enta+- ro,esses o2 t&e &0*an *in! or
so,io+ogi,a+ t3e &eno*ena, an! t&e &3si,a+ en1iron*ent 6&i,& e7ists o0tsi!e o2 t&e ,ogniti1e ro,esses o2 &0*an
er,etion# In rea+it3 t&ere is not&ing o0tsi!e t&e F&3si,a+ 6or+!- as 6e kno6 it, as t&ere is to 4e 2o0n! no ,on,rete
e7a*+e 6&ere ,a0sa+ re+ations&is are si*+3 1oi!e!#
23
e!0,ationa+ re+e1an,e an! e1en 0n!erstan!ing &0*an 4e&a1ior itse+2, a++ e7ist 6it&in t&e ,on2ines
o2 s,ienti2i, ,a0sa+it3# In t0rn, t&ere is a nat0ra+ 2ee!4a,k s3ste* 40i+t into &3si,a+ rea+it3 6&i,&
6i++ e7ress itse+2 1er3 ,+ear+3 in t&e ,onte7t o2 6&at F6orks- an! 6&at !oesnIt o1er ti*e
=C
, g0i!ing
o0r ,ons,io0s a!atation#
Mar7is* is not 4ase! on t&is F,a+,0+ate!- 6or+!1ie6 at a++, e1en t&o0g& t&ere *ig&t 4e so*e
s,ienti2i,a++3 4ase! ,&ara,teristi,s in&erent# For e7a*+e, t&e Mar7ist notion o2 a F,+ass+ess
so,iet3- 6as to o1er,o*e t&e ,aita+ist originating Fin&0*anit3- i*ose! on t&e 6orking ,+ass or
Fro+etariat-#
TZMIs a!1o,ate! train o2 t&o0g&t, on t&e ot&er &an!, so0r,es a!1an,e*ents in &0*an st0!ies# It
2in!s, 2or e7a*+e, t&at social stratification, 6&i,& is in&erent to t&e ,aita+istH*arket *o!e+, to
a,t0a++3 4e a 2or* o2 indirect violence against t&e 1ast *a9orit3 as a res0+t o2 t&e e1o+0tionar3
s3,&o+og3 6e &0*ans nat0ra++3 osses#
=A
It generates an 0nne,essar3 2or* o2 &0*an s022ering
on *an3 +e1e+s 6&i,& is destabilizing an!, 43 i*+i,ation, technically unsustainable#
Anot&er e7a*+e is TZMIs interest in re*o1ing Uni1ersa+ Proert3
>%
an! setting 0 a s3ste* o2
FS&are! A,,ess-# T&is is o2ten 50i,k+3 ,on!e*ne! to t&e Mar7ist i!ea o2 FA4o+is&ing Pri1ate
Proert3-# Ho6e1er, genera++3 seaking, t&e Mar7ist +ogi, re+ates t&e e7isten,e o2 ri1ate roert3
to t&e eret0ation o2 t&e F4o0rgeois- an! t&eir ongoing e7+oitation o2 t&e Fro+etariat-#
He states in t&e Mani2esto FT&e !isting0is&ing 2eat0re o2 )o**0nis* is not t&e a4o+ition o2
roert3 genera++3, 40t t&e a4o+ition o2 4o0rgeois roert3#-
TZMIs a!1o,ate! +ogi,, on t&e ot&er &an!, re+ates t&e 2a,t t&at t&e ra,ti,e o2 0ni1ersa+, in!i1i!0a+
o6ners&i o2 goo!s is environmentally inefficient, wasteful and ultimately unsustainable as a
0ni1ersa+ ra,ti,e# T&is s0orts a restri,ti1e s3ste* 4e&a1ior an! a great !ea+ o2 0nne,essar3
!eri1ation, an! &en,e ,ri*e is ,o**on in so,ieties 6it& an 0ne50a+ !istri40tion o2 reso0r,es#
At an3 rate, s0,& Fri*a 2a,ie- a++egations are 1er3 ,o**on an! *an3 *ore ,o0+! 4e e7resse!#
Ho6e1er, it is not t&e s,oe o2 t&is se,tion to !is,0ss a++ a++ege! ,onne,tions 4et6een Mar7is* an!
TZMIs a!1o,ate! Train o2 T&o0g&t#
>$
The 0Straw!1an2 Fallac)
T&e se,on! arg0*entati1e 2a++a,3 &as to !o 6it& t&e misrepresentation of a position, !e+i4erate or
ro9e,te!, ,o**on+3 re2erre! to as a FStra68Man-
>'
# W&en it ,o*es to TZM, t&is 0s0a++3 &as to !o
6it& i*ose! interretations 6&i,& are 6it&o0t +egiti*ate e1i!en,e to 4e ,onsi!ere! re+e1ant to
t&e oint in 50estion#
For e7a*+e, 6&en !is,0ssing t&e organi;ation o2 a ne6 so,ia+ s3ste*, eo+e o2ten ro9e,t t&eir
,0rrent 1a+0es an! ,on,erns into t&e ne6 *o!e+ 6it&o0t 20rt&er ,onsi!ering t&e 1ast ,&ange o2
,onte7t in&erent 6&i,& 6o0+! +ike+3 n0++i23 s0,& ,on,erns i**e!iate+3#
A ,o**on stra68*an ro9e,tion in t&is ,onte7t 6o0+! 4e t&at in a so,iet3 6&ere *ateria+
=C Fee!4a,k 2ro* t&e En1iron*ent ,o0+! 4e sai! to 4e t&e F,orre,tion *e,&anis*- o2 nat0re as it re+ates to &0*an
!e,isions# A si*+e e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e in!0stria+ ro!0,tion o2 ,&e*i,a+s 6&i,& ro!0,e negati1e retroa,tions 6&en
re+ease! into t&e en1iron*ent, s&o6ing in,o*ati4i+it3 6it& en1iron*enta+ nee!s 2or +i2e8s0ort 8 s0,& as 6as t&e
,ase 6it& )F)s an! t&eir e22e,t on O;one De+etion#
=A S0ggeste! rea!ing" The &pirit )evel, Late Pi,kett B Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson, D+oo*s40r3 Press, '%$$
>% T&is ,on,et 6i++ 4e e7+ore! *ore in Part ( 40t it is 6ort& noting t&at t&e t3e o2 Fa,,ess- ena4+e! 43 t&e s0ggeste!
so,ia+ s3ste* GNLRDE< !oes not r0+e o0t +ega+ re+ations&is to se,0re t&e 0se o2 goo!s# T&e i!ea o2 re!0,ing t&e ,0rrent
roert3 s3ste* to one o2 Irote,te! a,,essI 6&ere, 2or e7a*+e, a ,a*era o4taine! 2ro* a !istri40tion ,enter is gi1en
+ega+ stat0s 0on it renta+ to t&at erson, is not to 4e ,on20se! 6it& t&e )aita+ist notion o2 Proert3, 6&i,& is a
0ni1ersa+ !istin,tion an! a great so0r,e o2 in!0stria+ ine22i,ien,3 an! i*4a+an,e#
>$ See Aen!i7 D, )o**on O49e,tions
>' Like+3 t&e 4est !es,rition o2 t&is is to i*agine a 2ig&t in 6&i,& one o2 t&e oonents sets 0 a *an *a!e o2 stra6,
atta,ks it, t&en ro,+ai*s 1i,tor3# A++ t&e 6&i+e, t&e rea+ oonent stan!s 43 0nto0,&e!#
24
ro!0,tion 6ere 4ase! 0on te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ation !ire,t+3 an! not an e7,&ange s3ste*
re50iring ai! &0*an +a4or, eo+e 6o0+! &a1e no monetary incentive to !o an3t&ing an!
t&ere2ore t&e *o!e+ 6o0+! 2ai+ as not&ing 6o0+! get !one#
T&is kin! o2 arg0*ent is 6it&o0t testa4+e 1a+i!it3 6it& rese,t to t&e &0*an s,ien,es an! is rea++3
an intuitive assumption originating 2ro* t&e ,0rrent ,0+t0ra+ ,+i*ate 6&ere t&e e,ono*i, s3ste*
,oer,es a++ &0*ans into +a4or ro+es 2or s0r1i1a+ Gin,o*eHro2it<, o2ten regar!+ess o2 ersona+
interest or so,ia+ 0ti+it3, generating a s3,&o+ogi,a+ !istortion 6it& rese,t to 6&at ,reates
*oti1ation#
In t&e 6or!s o2 Margaret Mea!" -I2 3o0 +ook ,+ose+3 3o0 6i++ see t&at a+*ost an3t&ing t&at rea++3
*atters to 0s, an3t&ing t&at e*4o!ies o0r !eeest ,o**it*ent to t&e 6a3 &0*an +i2e s&o0+! 4e
+i1e! an! ,are! 2or, !een!s on so*e 2or* o2 1o+0nteeris*#-
>(
In a $AA' Ga++0 Po++, *ore t&an @%W o2 A*eri,an a!0+ts GA? *i++ion A*eri,ans< 1o+0nteere! ti*e
2or so,ia+ ,a0ses, at an a1erage o2 ?#' &o0rs a 6eek, 2or a tota+ o2 '%#@ 4i++ion &o0rs a 3ear#
>?
It &as a+so 4een 2o0n! in st0!ies t&at reetiti1e, *0n!ane 9o4s +en! t&e*se+1es *ore to
tra!itiona+ re6ar!s s0,& as *one3, 6&ereas *one3 !oesnIt see* to *oti1ate inno1ation an!
,reati1it3#
>@
In +ater essa3s, t&e i!ea o2 4echanization a+ie! to *0n!ane +a4or to 2ree t&e &0*an
4eing 6i++ 4e !is,0sse!, e7ressing &o6 t&e +a4or 2or in,o*e s3ste* is o0t!ate! an! restri,ti1e o2
not on+3 in!0stria+ otentia+ an! e22i,ien,3, 40t a+so &0*an otentia+ o1era++#
Anot&er ,o**on, ,onte7t0a+ e7a*+e o2 a FStra68Man- is t&e ,+ai* t&at i2 t&e transition to a ne6
So,ia+ S3ste* 6as a,te! 0on, t&e roert3 o2 ot&ers *0st 4e forcefully confiscated 43 a Fr0+ing
o6er- an! 1io+en,e 6o0+! 4e t&e res0+t# T&is, on,e again, is a 1a+0e ro9e,tionH2ear, i*ose!
0on TZMIs a!1o,ate! +ogi, 6it&o0t 1a+i!ation#
TZM sees t&e *ateria+i;ation o2 a ne6 so,io8e,ono*i, *o!e+ &aening 6it& t&e needed
consensus o2 t&e o0+ation# Its 1er3 0n!erstan!ing a+ong 6it& t&e F4io8so,ia+ ress0res-
o,,0rring as t&e ,0rrent s3ste* 6orsens, is t&e 4asis o2 in2+0en,e# T&e +ogi, !oes not s0ort a
F!i,tatoria+- !isosition 4e,a0se t&at aroa,&, aart 2ro* 4eing in&0*ane, 6o0+!nIt 6ork#
In or!er 2or s0,& a s3ste* to 6ork, it nee!s to 4e a,,ete! 6it&o0t a,ti1e State ,oer,ion#
T&ere2ore, it is an iss0e o2 in1estigation, e!0,ation, an! 4roa! ersona+ a,,etan,e in t&e
,o**0nit3# In 2a,t, t&e 1er3 se,i2i,s o2 so,ia+ intera,tion an! +i2est3+e a,t0a++3 !e*an! a 1ast
*a9orit3 a,,etan,e o2 t&e s3ste*Is *e,&ani,s an! 1a+0es#
Si*i+ar+3, an! 2ina+ e7a*+e &ere o2 t&e FStra68*an-, is t&e ,on20sion a4o0t &o6 a transition to a
ne6 s3ste* ,o0+! &aen at a++# In 2a,t, *an3 ten! to !is*iss TZMIs roosa+s on t&at 4asis
a+one, si*+3 4e,a0se t&e3 !onIt 0n!erstan! &o6 it ,an &aen# T&is arg0*ent, in rin,i+e, is
t&e sa*e reasoning as t&e e7a*+e o2 a si,k *an 6&o is seeking treat*ent 2or &is i++ness 40t !oes
not kno6 6&ere &e ,an get s0,& treat*ent, 6&en it 6o0+! 4e a1ai+a4+e, or 6&at t&e treat*ent is#
Does &is +a,k o2 kno6ing &o6 an! 6&en sto &is nee! to seekQ No 8 not i2 &e 6ants to 4e &ea+t&3#
Gi1en t&e !ire state o2 a22airs on t&is +anet, &0*anit3 *0st a+so kee seeking an! a at& 6i++
ine1ita4+3 ,o*e ,+ear#
>=
FPri*a Fa,ie- an! FStra68*an- arg0*ents are t&e 4e!ro,k o2 t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 o49e,tions
2o0n! to6ar!s TZM an! in Aen!i7 D 8 F)o**on O49e,tions- 8 *ore e7a*+es ,an 4e 2o0n! 2or
re2eren,e#
In t&e en!, it is 6ort& reiterating t&at t&e 4att+e 4et6een Logi, an! Ps3,&o+og3 is rea++3 a ,entra+
>( Cave you noticed'''!, (ital &peeches of the *ay, Ro4ert Lrikorian, $AC@, (%$
>? Biving and (olunteering in the >nited &tatesA Dindings from a National &urvey, Ho!gkinson B Weit;*an, $AA', '
>@ S0ggeste! rea!ing" *riveA The &urprising Truth .bout :hat 4otivates >s, Danie+ Pink, Ri1er&ea!, '%$$
>= More on t&e s049e,t o2 Transition in Part IV
25
,on2+i,t in t&e arena o2 so,ieta+ ,&ange# T&ere is no ,onte7t *ore ersona+ an! sensiti1e t&an t&e
6a3 6e organi;e o0r +i1es in so,iet3 an! an i*ortant o49e,ti1e o2 TZM, in *an3 6a3s, is to 2in!
te,&ni50es t&at ,an e!0,ate t&e 04+i, as to t&e *erit o2 t&is *e,&anisti,, +ogi,a+ train o2 t&o0g&t,
o1er,o*ing t&e 4aggage o2 o0t!ate! s3,&o+ogi,a+ ,o*2orts 6&i,& ser1e no rogressi1e, 1ia4+e
1a+0e ro+e in t&e *o!ern 6or+!#
T+E CASE FOR +,1AN ,N%T/
FM3 ,o0ntr3 is t&e 6or+!, an! *3 re+igion is to !o goo!#-
>>
8T&o*as Paine
A ,riti,a+ ,on,+0sion resent in t&e +ogi, t&at !e2ines TZMIs a!1o,ation is t&at &0*an so,iet3 nee!s
to 0ni23 its e,ono*i, oerations an! 6ork to align with the natural dynamics of the physical world
as a single species sharing one habitat i2 6e inten! to reso+1e ro4+e*s, in,rease sa2et3, in,rease
e22i,ien,3 an! 20rt&er roserit3# T&e 6or+! e,ono*i, !i1isions 6e see to!a3 are not on+3 a ,+ear
so0r,e o2 ,on2+i,t, !esta4i+i;ation an! e7+oitation, t&e 1er3 *anner o2 ,on!0,t an! intera,tion
itse+2 is a+so gross+3 ine22i,ient in a 0re e,ono*i, sense, se1ere+3 +i*iting o0r so,ieta+ otentia+#
>C

W&i+e t&e nation8state, ,o*etition 4ase! str0,t0re is eas3 to 90sti23 as a nat0ra+ o0tgro6t& o2 o0r
,0+t0ra+ e1o+0tion gi1en t&e reso0r,e s,ar,it3 in&erent &istori,a++3 an! t&e +ong &istor3 o2 6ar2are
in genera+, it is a+so nat0ra+ to ,onsi!er t&at &0*an so,iet3 ,o0+! 1er3 6e++ 2in! 0rose in *o1ing
a6a3 2ro* t&ese *o!es o2 oeration i2 6e 6ere to rea+i;e t&at it is tr0+3 to o0r a!1antage as a
6&o+e gro0#
As 6i++ 4e arg0e! &ere, t&e !etri*ents an! ine22i,ien,ies o2 t&e ,0rrent *o!e+ : 6&en ,o*are! to
t&e 4ene2its an! so+0tions ossi4+e : are si*+3 0na,,eta4+e an! t&e e22i,ien,3 an! a40n!an,e
ossi4i+ities, e7trao+ate! 6it&in TZMIs a!1o,ation 2or a ne6 so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*, rest, in art,
on a ,on,erte! e22ort 43 t&e &0*an o0+ation to work together an! share resources intelligently,
not restri,t an! 2ig&t as 6e !o to!a3 43 !esign#
De3on! t&at, t&e so,ia+ ress0res an! risks no6 e*erging to!a3 aro0n! te,&no+ogi,a+ 6ar2are,
o++0tion, en1iron*enta+ !esta4i+i;ation an! ot&er ro4+e*s s&o6 not on+3 a +ogi,a+ gra1itation 2or
tr0e g+o4a+ organi;ation 8 t&e3 s&o6 a rationa+ ne,essit3 : an! t&e 7eno&o4i, an! *a2ia8+ike
*enta+it3 in!igeno0s to t&e nation8state to!a3, o2ten in t&e 2or* o2 Fatriotis*-, is a so0r,e o2
se1ere !esta4i+i;ation an! in&0*anit3 in genera+, not to *ention, again, t&e s04stantia+ +oss o2
te,&ni,a+ e22i,ien,3#
False Di.isions
As note! in rior essa3s, t&e ,ore 4asis o2 o0r s0r1i1a+ an! 50a+it3 o2 +i2e as in!i1i!0a+s an! as a
se,ies on t&e +anet eart& re1o+1es aro0n! o0r 0n!erstan!ing o2 Natural )aw an! &o6 it re+ates
to o0r *et&o! o2 e,ono*3' T&is re*ise is a si*+e re2erentia+ 0n!erstan!ing 6&ere t&e &3si,a+
+a6s o2 nat0re are ,onsi!ere! in t&e ,onte7t o2 e,ono*i, e22i,ien,3, 4ot& on t&e &0*an an!
&a4itat +e1e+s#
It is on+3 +ogi,a+ t&at an3 se,ies resent in an! re+iant on t&e &a4itat in 6&i,& it e7ists s&o0+!
,on2or* a++ ,on!0,t to a+ign 6it& t&e nat0ra+ or!ers in&erent to t&at &a4itat, as 4est t&e3 ,an 4e
>> $ights of 4an, T&o*as Paine, $>A$, $='
>C One e7a*+e o2 t&is 6o0+! 4e t&e atrioti, e,ono*i, 4ias t&at o2ten in2+0en,es t&e a,tions o2 regiona+ in!0str3# In
&3si,a+ rea+it3, t&ere is te,&ni,a++3 on+3 one e,ono*3 6&en 6orking 6it& t&e +anet eart&Is reso0r,es an! nat0ra+ +a6s#
T&e i!ea o2 FMa!e in A*eri,a-, 2or instan,e, generates an i**e!iate te,&ni,a+ ine22i,ien,3, 2or roer goo!s ro!0,tion
is a g+o4a+ a22air on a++ +e1e+s, in,+0!ing t&e 0s02r0,t o2 6or+! kno6+e!ge# To intentiona++3 restri,t +a4or an! *ateria+s
0seHa,50isition to on+3 6it&in t&e 4or!ers o2 a gi1en ,o0ntr3 is e,ono*i,a++3 ,o0nterro!0,ti1e in t&e tr0est sense o2
t&e 6or! Fe,ono*3-#
26
0n!erstoo! at t&e ti*e# An3 ot&er orientation is irrationa+ 43 !e2inition an! ,an on+3 +ea! to
ro4+e*s#
Un!erstan!ing t&at t&e +anet eart& is a s3*4ioti,Hs3nergisti, FS3ste*- 6it& reso0r,es e7isting
6it&o0t nationa+isti, 4ias in a++ areas, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e ro1a4+3 in&erent, 0n!er+3ing ,a0sa+
s,ienti2i, or!er t&at e7ists in *an3 6a3s as a +ogi,a+ Fg0i!e- 2or t&e &0*an se,ies to a+ign 6it&
2or t&e greatest so,ieta+ e22i,a,3, 6e 2in! t&at o0r +arger ,onte7t as a g+o4a+ so,iet3 trans,en!s
1irt0a++3 a++ notions o2 tra!itiona+H,0+t0ra+ !i1ision, in,+0!ing no +o3a+t3 to a ,o0ntr3, ,ororation or
e1en Fo+iti,a+- tra!ition#
I2 an Fe,ono*3- is a4o0t increasing efficiency in meeting the needs of the human population while
working to further sustainability and prosperity, t&en o0r e,ono*i, oerations *0st take t&is into
a,,o0nt an! a+ign 6it& t&e +argest nat0ra+ re+e1ant Fs3ste*- t&at 6e ,an 0n!erstan!# Fro* t&is
erse,ti1e, t&e nation8state entities are ,+ear+3 2a+se, ar4itrar3 !i1isions, eret0ate! 43 ,0+t0ra+
tra!ition, not +ogi,a+, te,&ni,a+ e22i,ien,3#
$alues
T&e 4roa! organi;ation o2 so,iet3 to!a3 is 4ase! on *0+ti8+e1e+ &0*an ,o*etition" nation8states
,o*ete against ea,& ot&er 2or e,ono*i,H&3si,a+ reso0r,esT ,ororate *arket entities ,o*ete
2or ro2itH*arket8s&areT an! a1erage 6orkers ,o*ete 2or 6age ro1i!ing o,,0ations an! &en,e
ersona+ s0r1i1a+ itse+2#
Un!er t&e s0r2a,e o2 t&is ,o*etiti1e so,ia+ et&i, is a 4asi, s3,&o+ogi,a+ !isregar! 2or t&e 6e++8
4eing o2 ot&ers an! t&e &a4itat# T&e 1er3 nat0re o2 ,o*etition is a4o0t &a1ing a!1antage o1er
ot&ers 2or ersona+ gain an! &en,e, nee!+ess to sa3, !i1ision B e7+oitation Go2 4ot& &0*an an!
en1iron*ent< are 20n!a*enta+ attri40tes o2 t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ or!er# Virt0a++3 a++ so8,a++e!
F,orr0tions- 6&i,& 6e !e2ine as F,ri*e- in t&e 6or+! to!a3 are 4ase! 0on t&e 1er3 sa*e
*enta+it3 ass0*e! to g0i!e Frogress- in t&e 6or+! t&ro0g& t&e ,o*etiti1e 1a+0e#
It is no 6on!er, in 2a,t, gi1en t&is 2ra*e6ork an! ongoing s&ortsig&te!ness, t&at 1ario0s ot&er
!etri*enta+ s0er2i,ia+ so,ia+ !i1isions are sti++ er1asi1e 8 s0,& as ra,e, re+igion, ,ree!, ,+ass or
7eno&o4i, 4ias# T&is !i1isi1e 4aggage 2ro* ear+3, 2ear8oriente! stages o2 o0r ,0+t0ra+ e1o+0tion
si*+3 &as no 6orking 4asis in t&e &3si,a+ rea+it3 an! ser1es no6 on+3 to &in!er rogress, sa2et3
an! s0staina4i+it3#
To!a3, as 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! in +ater essa3s, t&e ossi4+e e22i,ien,3 an! a40n!an,e8ro!0,ing
*et&o!s t&at ,o0+! re*o1e *ost &0*an !eri1ation, in,rease t&e a1erage stan!ar! o2 +i1ing
great+3 an! er2e,t 04+i, &ea+t& an! e,o+ogi,a+ s0staina4i+it3 great+3 : are +e2t 0na,kno6+e!ge!
!0e to t&e o+!er so,ia+ tra!itions in +a,e, in,+0!ing t&e nation8state ,on,et# T&e 2a,t is, t&ere is
te,&ni,a++3 on+3 one ra,e 8 t&e H0*an Ra,e
>A
T t&ere is on+3 one 4asi, &a4itat 8 Eart&T an! t&ere is
on+3 one 6orking *anner o2 oerationa+ t&o0g&t 8 S,ienti2i,#
Origins and %nfluence
LetIs 50i,k+3 ,onsi!er t&e root origins o2 t&e ,o*etiti1eH!i1isi1e *o!e+# Wit&o0t going into too
*0,& !etai+, it is ,+ear t&at t&e e1o+0tion o2 &0*an so,iet3 &as in,+0!e! a &istor3 o2 ,on2+i,t,
s,ar,it3 an! i*4a+an,e# W&i+e t&ere is !e4ate as to t&e nat0re o2 so,iet3 !0ring t&e erio! o2 ti*e
re,e!ing t&e Neo+it&i, Re1o+0tion
C%
, t&e eart& sin,e t&at ti*e &as 4een a 4att+e2ie+! 6&ere
>A In t&e 2ie+! o2 &0*an geneti,s, FMito,&on!ria+ E1e- re2ers to t&e *atri+inea++3 *ost re,ent ,o**on an,estor GMR)A< o2
*o!ern &0*ans# In ot&er 6or!s, s&e 6as t&e *ost re,ent 6o*an 2ro* 6&o* a++ +i1ing &0*ans to!a3 !es,en!, on
t&eir *ot&erIs si!e# We are one 2a*i+3# A+so, a++ ,&ara,teristi,s o2 ra,e !i22eren,e G2a,ia+ 2eat0resHskin ,o+or< &a1e 4een
2o0n! to 4e +inke! to t&e en1iron*enta+ ,on!itions 6&ere s0,& s048gro0s o2 &0*ans +i1e!He1o+1e!# Hen,e it is a 2a+se
!istin,tion as a *eans 2or s0er2i,ia+ !is,ri*ination#
C% So*eti*es a+so ,a++e! t&e Agri,0+t0ra+ Re1o+0tion, it 6as t&e 6or+!Is 2irst &istori,a++3 1eri2ia4+e re1o+0tion in agri,0+t0re#
It 6as t&e 6i!e8s,a+e transition o2 *an3 &0*an ,0+t0res 2ro* a +i2est3+e o2 &0nting an! gat&ering to one o2 agri,0+t0re
an! sett+e*ent 6&i,& s0orte! an in,reasing+3 +arge o0+ation an! t&e 4asis 2or *o!ern so,ia+ atterns to!a3#
27
,o0nt+ess +i1es &a1e 4een taken 2or t&e sake o2 ,o*etition, 6&et&er *ateria+ or i!eo+ogi,a+#
C$

T&is re,ogni;e! attern is so er1asi1e in 2a,t t&at *an3 to!a3 attri40te t&e roensit3 2or ,on2+i,t
an! !o*ination to an irre,on,i+a4+e ,&ara,teristi, o2 o0r human nature 6it& t&e ,on,+0sion t&at
t&e &0*an 4eing is si*+3 0na4+e to oerate in a so,ia+ s3ste* t&at is not 4ase! 0on t&is
,o*etiti1e 2ra*e6ork an! an3 s0,& atte*t 6i++ ,reate 10+nera4i+it3 t&at 6i++ 4e e7+oite! 43 one
o6er o1er anot&er, e7ressing t&is aarent ,o*etiti1eH!o*inan,e trait#
C'
W&i+e t&e s049e,t o2 &0*an nat0re itse+2 is not t&e !ire,t 2o,0s o2 t&is essa3
C(
, +et it 4e
,onte7t0a++3 state! t&at t&e Fe*iri,a+ o6er a40se- ass0*tion &as 4een a +arge art o2 t&e
!e2ense o2 t&e ,o*etiti1eH!i1isi1e *o!e+, 0sing a genera+ 4roa! 1ie6 o2 &istor3 as its 4asis 2or
1a+i!it3# Ho6e1er, t&e se,i2i,s o2 t&e ,on!itions in t&ose erio!s, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e kno6n
2+e7i4i+it3 o2 t&e &0*an 4eing are o2ten !isregar!e! in t&ese assess*ents#
C?

T&e &istori,a+ atterns o2 ,on2+i,t t&ro0g&o0t &istor3 ,annot 4e taken into a,,o0nt in iso+ation#
Detai+e! re2eren,e to t&e ,on!itions an! ,ir,0*stan,es are nee!e!# In 2a,t, itIs +ike+3 a,,0rate to
sa3 t&at t&e !o*inan,eH,on2+i,t roensit3 6&i,& is ,+ear+3 a ossi4+e rea,tion 2or near+3 a++
&0*ans in o0r nee! 2or reser1ation an! s0r1i1a+ in genera+
C@
is 4eing provoked by social
influence *ore t&an 4eing t&e so0r,e o2 s0,& a rea,tion# W&en 6e 6on!er &o6 t&e *assi1e Na;i
Ar*3 6&ere a4+e to *ora++3 90sti23 t&eir a,tions in Wor+! War II, 6e o2ten 2orget t&e enor*o0s
roagan!a ,a*aign 0t o0t 43 t&at regi*e 6&i,& 6orke! to e7+oit t&is essentia++3 4io+ogi,a+
10+nera4i+it3#
C=
True 2Self!%nterest2
T&e notion o2 Fse+28interest- is ,+ear+3 in&erent to t&e &0*an 4eingIs ,o**on 0rge to s0r1i1e#
T&is is o41io0s eno0g& an! it is eas3 to see &istori,a++3 &o6 t&e ra6 ne,essit3 o2 ersona+ s0r1i1a+,
o2ten e7ten!ing to 2a*i+3 an! t&en t&e Ftri4e- G+o,a+ ,o**0nit3<, set t&e stage 2or t&e ,o*+e7,
!i1isi1e ara!ig* 6e e7ist in to!a3# It s&o0+! &a1e 4een e7e,te! 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 &istor3
t&at 1ast e,ono*i, t&eories 6o0+! 4e 4ase! 0on t&e notion o2 ,o*etition an! ine50a+it3, s0,&
as in t&e 6ork o2 A!a* S*it&# )onsi!ere! t&e 2at&er o2 t&e 2ree *arket, &e *a!e o0+ar t&e
ass0*tion t&at i2 e1er3one &a! t&e et&i, to +ook o0t 2or t&e*se+1es on+3, t&e 6or+! 6o0+!
rogress as a ,o**0nit3#
C>

C$ In t&e '%
t&
)ent0r3 a+one, statisti,ians 0t t&e &0*an !eat& to++ 2ro* 6ar 4et6een $C% to ''% *i++ion, 6it& so*e
,&a++enging t&ose n0*4ers 43 ,+ai*ing e1i!en,e 0ts t&e to++ ( ti*es &ig&er in *an3 regiona+ ,ases"
.&tt"HH666#s,ien,e!ai+3#,o*Hre+easesH'%%CH%=H%C%=$A$A?$?'#&t*/
C' A ,+assi, te7t t&at e*+o3e! t&is 4asi, 2ear 6as Ha3ekIs FThe $oad to &erfdom-# FH0*an Nat0re- &a! a 1er3 ,+ear
i*+i,ation, 90sti2ie! 20n!a*enta++3 43 &istori,a+ tren!s o2 tota+itarianis* s0ggeste! to 4e +inke! to
,o++a4orati1eH+anne! e,ono*ies#
C( See t&e essa3" The Dinal .rgumentA Cuman Nature'
C? T&e Nat0reHN0rt0re De4ate &as 4een 6e++ esta4+is&e! as a 2a+se !0a+it3 in 4e&a1iora+ 4io+og3He1o+0tionar3 s3,&o+og3
2ie+!s o2 st0!3# T&e rea+it3 is t&at o2 a eret0a+ intera,tion 6it& t&e gra1it3 o2 re+e1an,e s&i2ting on a er ,ase 4asis#
Ho6e1er, 6&at is re+e1ant &ere is t&e st0!3 o2 t&e &0*an 4eingIs Frange o2 4e&a1ior- an! e7a,t+3 &o6 a!ata4+e an!
2+e7i4+e 6e are# S0ggeste! Rea!ing" :hy Eebras *on5t Bet >lcers, Ro4ert Sao+sk3, W# H# Free*an, $AAC
C@ )o**on+3 ter*e!" FT&e 2ig&t8or82+ig&t resonse- Gor t&e a,0te stress resonse< an! 6as 2irst !es,ri4e! 43 A*eri,an
&3sio+ogist Wa+ter Dra!2or! )annon#
C= SW&3 o2 ,o0rse t&e eo+e !onIt 6ant 6ar# W&3 s&o0+! so*e oor s+o4 on a 2ar* 6ant to risk &is +i2e in a 6ar 6&en t&e
4est &e ,an get o0t o2 it is to ,o*e 4a,k to &is 2ar* in one ie,eQ Nat0ra++3 t&e ,o**on eo+e !onIt 6ant 6ar neit&er
in R0ssia, nor in Eng+an!, nor 2or t&at *atter in Ger*an3# T&at is 0n!erstoo!# D0t, a2ter a++, it is t&e +ea!ers o2 t&e
,o0ntr3 6&o !eter*ine t&e o+i,3 an! it is a+6a3s a si*+e *atter to !rag t&e eo+e a+ong, 6&et&er it is a !e*o,ra,3,
or a 2as,ist !i,tators&i, or a ar+ia*ent, or a ,o**0nist !i,tators&i# Voi,e or no 1oi,e, t&e eo+e ,an a+6a3s 4e
4ro0g&t to t&e 4i!!ing o2 t&e +ea!ers# T&at is eas3# A++ 3o0 &a1e to !o is te++ t&e* t&e3 are 4eing atta,ke!, an!
!eno0n,e t&e ea,e*akers 2or +a,k o2 atriotis* an! e7osing t&e ,o0ntr3 to !anger# It 6orks t&e sa*e in an3
,o0ntr3#S 8Her*ann GZring .A +ea!ing *e*4er o2 t&e Na;i Part3T Fro* an inter1ie6 6it& Gi+4ert in GZringIs 9ai+ ,e++
!0ring t&e N0re*4erg War )ri*es Tria+s G$C Ari+ $A?=</
C> FIt is not 2ro* t&e 4ene1o+en,e o2 t&e 40t,&er, t&e 4re6er, or t&e 4aker t&at 6e e7e,t o0r !inner, 40t 2ro* t&eir
regar! to t&eir o6n se+28interest# We a!!ress o0rse+1es not to t&eir &0*anit3 40t to t&eir se+28+o1e, an! ne1er ta+k to
t&e* o2 o0r o6n ne,essities, 40t o2 t&eir a!1antages-8 A!a* S*it&, .n In%uiry into the Nature = Causes of the :ealth
of Nations, Vo+ $
28
T&is FIn1isi4+e Han!- notion o2 &0*an rogress arising 2ro* narro6 ersona+ se+28interest a+one
*ig&t &a1e 4een a 6orka4+e &i+oso&3 *an3 3ears ago 6&en t&e si*+i,it3 o2 t&e so,iet3 itse+2
6as 4ase! on e1er3one 4eing a ro!0,er
CC
# Ho6e1er, t&e nat0re o2 so,iet3 &as ,&ange! great+3
o1er ti*e 6it& o0+ation in,reases, entire+3 !i22erent ro+e str0,t0res an! e7onentia++3 a!1an,ing
te,&no+og3# T&e risks asso,iate! 6it& t&is *anner o2 t&o0g&t are no6 ro1ing to 4e *ore
!angero0s t&an 4ene2i,ia+, an! t&e !e2inition o2 Fse+28interest- is taking a larger context t&an e1er
4e2ore#
Is it not in 3o0r se+28interest to rote,t an! no0ris& t&e &a4itat t&at s0orts 3o0Q Is it not in 3o0r
se+28interest to take ,are o2 so,iet3 as a whole, ro1i!ing 2or its *e*4ers, so t&at t&e
,onse50en,es o2 !eri1ation, s0,& as F,ri*e- are re!0,e! as *0,& as ossi4+e to ens0re 3o0r
sa2et3Q Is it not se+28interest to ,onsi!er t&e ,onse50en,es o2 i*eria+ist 6ars t&at ,an 4ree!
2ier,e 9ingoisti, &atre! on one si!e o2 t&e +anet, on+3 to &a1e, sa3, a s0it,ase 4o*4 e7+o!e
4e&in! 3o0 at a resta0rant as a !eserate F4+o684a,k- a,t o2 a4stra,t retri40tionQ
Is it not se+28interest to ass0re a++ o2 so,ietiesI ,&i+!ren 8 not 90st 3o0rs 8 &a1e t&e 4est 04ringing
an! e!0,ation so t&at 3o0r 20t0re an! t&e 20t0re o2 3o0r ,&i+!ren ,an e7ist in a resonsi4+e,
e!0,ate!, an! in,reasing+3 ro!0,ti1e 6or+!Q Is it not in 3o0r se+28interest to *ake s0re in!0str3 is
as organi;e!, oti*i;e! an! s,ienti2i,a++3 a,,0rate as ossi4+e, so t&at 6e !o not ro!0,e s&o!!3,
,&ea te,&no+og3 t&at *ig&t er&as ,a0se a so,ia+ ro4+e* in t&e 20t0re i2 it 2ai+sQ
T&e 4otto* +ine is t&at t&ings &a1e ,&ange! in t&e 6or+! to!a3 an! your self-interest! is now
only as good as your societal interest!' Deing ,o*etiti1e an! going o0t 2or 3o0rse+2, F4eating-
ot&ers on+3 &as a negati1e ,onse50en,e in t&e +ongter*, 2or it is !en3ing a6areness o2 t&e 6&o+e
s3ste* 6e are 4o0n! 6it&in# A ,&ea+3 *a!e n0,+ear o6er +ant in Kaan *ig&t not *ean *0,&
to eo+e in A*eri,a# Ho6e1er, i2 t&at +ant 6as to &a1e a +arge s,a+e te,&ni,a+ 2ai+0re, t&e 2a++o0t
an! o++0tion *ig&t *ake its 6a3 o1er to A*eri,an &o*es, ro1ing t&at you are never safe in the
long run unless you have a global consciousness#
In t&e en!, on+3 an eart&8&0*ankin! ,ons,io0s 1ie6 ,an ass0re a ersonIs tr0e Fse+28interest- in
t&e *o!ern 6or+! to!a3 an! &en,e, in *an3 6a3s, ass0re o0r so,ia+ Fe1o+0tionar3 2itness-
CA
6&en
s0,& ,onsi!erations are taken into a,,o0nt# T&e 1er3 i!ea o2 6is&ing to s0ort F3o0r ,o0ntr3-
an! ignoring or e1en en9o3ing t&e 2ai+0re o2 ot&ers, is a !esta4i+i;ing state o2 a22airs#
Warfare
T&e !a3s o2 ra,ti,a+ 6ar2are are +ong o1er# Ne6 te,&no+og3 on t&e &ori;on &as t&e a4i+it3 to
,reate 6eaons t&at 6i++ *ake t&e Ato* Do*4 +ook +ike a ro*an ,ata0+t in its !estr0,ti1e
o6er#
A%
)ent0ries ago, 6ar2are ,o0+! at +east 4e *ini*i;e! to t&e 6arring arties o1era++# To!a3,
t&e entire 6or+! is t&reatene!# T&ere are o1er '(,%%% N0,+ear Weaons to!a3 6&i,& ,o0+! 6ie
o0t t&e &0*an o0+ation *an3 ti*es o1er#
A$
In *an3 6a3s, o0r 1er3 social maturity is 4eing 50estione! at t&is ti*e# Sti,ks an! stones as
CC So,io+ogist T&orstein Ve4+en, 6riting in $A$>, *a!e t&is a,0te o4ser1ation 6it& rese,t to t&e ,&anges in so,iet3 an!
&o6 t&e3 re2+e,t t&e origina+ re*ise o2 t&e Market E,ono*3#FT&e stan!ar! t&eories o2 e,ono*i, s,ien,e &a1e ass0*e!
t&e rig&ts o2 roert3 an! ,ontra,t as a7io*ati, re*ises an! 0+ti*ate ter*s o2 ana+3sisT an! t&eir t&eories are
,o**on+3 !ra6n in s0,& a 2or* as 6o0+! 2it t&e ,ir,0*stan,es o2 t&e &an!i,ra2t in!0str3 an! t&e ett3 tra!e### T&ese
T&eories ###aear tena4+e, on t&e 6&o+e, 6&en taken to a+3 to t&e e,ono*i, sit0ation o2 t&at ear+ier ti*e### It is
6&en t&ese stan!ar! t&eories are so0g&t to 4e a+ie! to t&e +ater sit0ation, 6&i,& &as o0tgro6n t&e ,on!itions o2
&an!i,ra2t, t&at t&e3 aears n0gator3 or *eretri,io0s#- ..n In%uiry Into The Nature 0f "eace .nd The Terms 0f Its
"erpetuation/ He a+so 2ores&a!o6e! t&e rise o2 t&e Fin1est*ent ,+ass- as to!a3 non8ro!0,ing 2inan,ia+ instit0tion +ike
4anks B t&e sto,ks *arket &a1e 4e,o*e *ore re6ar!ing ro2it86ise t&an t&e a,t0a+ *an02a,t0ring o2 tr0e goo!s#
CA E1o+0tionar3 Fitness is a 4io+ogi,a+ ter* genera++3 !e2ine! as ST&e ro4a4i+it3 t&at t&e +ine o2 !es,ent 2ro* an in!i1i!0a+
6it& a se,i2i, trait 6i++ not !ie o0t#S In t&is ,onte7t 6e are +inking &0*an a,tions, so,ia++3, to t&e i!ea o2 se,ies
s0r1i1a+#
A% Re2" &tt"HH,rnano#t3ea!#,o*H,rn4+ogH'%%@H%@Ha+i,ationsU2o#&t*+
A$ Re2" &tt"HH666#6agingea,e#orgHarti,+esH!4Uarti,+e#&Qarti,+eUi!R'@(
29
6eaonr3 ,o0+! to+erate a great !ea+ o2 &0*an !istortion an! *a+i,io0s intent# Ho6e1er, in a
6or+! o2 nano8te,& 6eaons t&at ,o0+! 4e ,onstr0,te! in a s*a++ +a4 6it& enor*o0s !estr0,ti1e
o6er, o0r human self-interest! nee!s to take &o+! an! t&e instit0tion o2 6ar nee!s to 4e
s3ste*ati,a++3 s&0t!o6n# In or!er to !o t&is, nations *0st te,&ni,a++3 0ni23 an! s&are t&eir
reso0r,es an! i!eas, not &oar! t&e* 2or ,o*etiti1e se+284etter*ent, 6&i,& is t&e nor* to!a3#
Instit0tions +ike t&e Unite! Nations &a1e 4e,o*e ,o*+ete 2ai+0res in t&is regar! 4e,a0se t&e3
nat0ra++3 4e,o*e too+s o2 e*ire 40i+!ing !0e to t&e 0n!er+3ing nat0re o2 ,o0ntr3 !i1isions an!
t&e so,io8e,ono*i, !o*inan,e o2 t&e roert3H*onetar3H,o*etition 4ase! s3ste*# It is not
eno0g& to si*+3 gat&er g+o4a+ F+ea!ers- at a ta4+e to !is,0ss t&eir ro4+e*s : t&e str0,t0re itse+2
nee!s to ,&ange to s0ort a different type o2 intera,tion 4et6een t&ese regiona+ Fgro0s- 6&ere
t&e eret0a+ Ft&reat- in&erent 4et6een nation8states is re*o1e!#
In t&e en!, t&ere is no e*iri,a+ o6ners&i o2 reso0r,es or i!eas# K0st as a++ i!eas are seria++3
!e1e+oe! a,ross ,0+t0re t&ro0g& t&e Fgro0 *in!-, t&e reso0r,es o2 t&e +anet are e50a++3 as
transient in t&eir 20n,tion an! s,ienti2i,a++3 !e2ine! as to t&eir ossi4+e 0roses# T&e eart& is a
sing+e s3ste*, a+ong 6it& t&e +a6s o2 nat0re t&at go1ern it# Eit&er &0*an so,iet3 re,ogni;es an!
4egins to a,t on t&is +ogi, in&erent, or 6e s022er in t&e +ong r0n#
T+E F%NA& AR",1ENT3 +,1AN NAT,RE
FMan a,50ires at 4irt&, t&ro0g& &ere!it3, a 4io+ogi,a+ ,onstit0tion 6&i,& 6e *0st ,onsi!er 2i7e! an!
0na+tera4+e, in,+0!ing t&e nat0ra+ 0rges 6&i,& are ,&ara,teristi, o2 t&e &0*an se,ies# In a!!ition, !0ring &is
+i2eti*e, &e a,50ires a ,0+t0ra+ ,onstit0tion 6&i,& &e a!ots 2ro* so,iet3 t&ro0g& ,o**0ni,ation an! t&ro0g&
*an3 ot&er t3es o2 in2+0en,es# It is t&is ,0+t0ra+ ,onstit0tion 6&i,&, 6it& t&e assage o2 ti*e, is s049e,t to
,&ange an! 6&i,& !eter*ines to a 1er3 +arge e7tent t&e re+ations&i 4et6een t&e in!i1i!0a+ an! so,iet3#-
A'

8A# Einstein
The Onl) Argument Remaining
T&e FTrain o2 T&o0g&t- an! FA+i,ation8Set-
A(
resente! in TZMIs *ateria+s are technical 43
nat0re, e7ressing t&e interest o2 a+3ing t&e *et&o! an! *erit o2 &cientific Causality to t&e
so,ia+ s3ste* as a 6&o+e#
T&e 4ene2its o2 t&is aroa,& are not on+3 to 4e taken on t&eir o6n *erit 40t s&o0+! a+so 4e
,onsi!ere! in ,ontrast to to!a3Is esta4+is&e!, tra!itiona+ *et&o!s an! t&eir ,onse50en,es# It 6i++
+ike+3 t&en 4e noti,e! t&at o0r ,0rrent so,ieta+ *et&o!s are not on+3 gross+3 o0t!ate! an!
ine22i,ient 43 ,o*arison 8 t&e3 are in,reasing+3 !angero0s an! in&0*ane 8 6it& t&e ne,essit3 2or
+arge s,a+e so,ia+ ,&ange 4e,o*ing e1er *ore i*ortant# T&is isnIt a4o0t FUtoia- 8 it is a4o0t
tr0+3 ra,ti,a+ i*ro1e*ents#
T&e o1era++ 4asis o2 t&e Monetar38Market G)aita+istHFree8Market< ,on,et &as to !o
20n!a*enta++3 6it& ass0*tions re+ate! to human behavior, traditional values an! an intuitive
1ie6 o2 &istor3 - not e*ergent reasoning, a,t0a+ 04+i, &ea+t& *eas0res, te,&ni,a+ ,aa,it3 or
e,o+ogi,a+ resonsi4i+it3# It is a non8te,&ni,a+, &i+oso&i,a+ aroa,& 6&i,& *ere+3 assumes t&at
&0*an !e,isions *a!e t&ro0g& its interna+ +ogi, an! in,enti1e s3ste* 6i++ ro!0,e a resonsi4+e,
s0staina4+e an! &0*ane o0t,o*e, !ri1en 43 t&e i++0si1e notion o2 F2ree!o* o2 ,&oi,e- 6&i,&, on
t&e s,a+e o2 so,ieta+ 20n,tiona+it3, aears tanta*o0nt to organi;ationa+ anar,&3#
A?
A' FW&3 So,ia+is*Q- &tt"HH*ont&+3re1ie6#orgH'%%AH%@H%$H6&38so,ia+is*
A( T&ese ter*s are !etai+e! in t&e Vo,a40+ar3 List 8 Aen!i7 A# T&e FTrain o2 T&o0g&t- &as to !o 6it& t&e 0n!er+3ing
reasoning t&at arri1es at t&e ,on,+0sions o2 TZMIs a!1o,ation 8 6&i+e t&e FA+i,ation8Set- is si*+3 t&e ,0rrent state o2
a+ie! te,&no+og3 to!a3# T&e !i22eren,e 4et6een t&e t6o is t&at t&e 2or*er is near8e*iri,a+ 6&i+e t&e +atter is
transient sin,e te,&no+ogi,a+ too+s are a+6a3s 0n!ergoing ,&ange#
A? M0,& ,an 4e sai! on t&e s049e,t o2 e,ono*i, organi;ation an! *e,&anis*s 2or in!0stria+ ro!0,tion an! *ore 6i++ 4e
30
T&is is 6&3 t&e *onetar38*arket *o!e+ o2 e,ono*i,s is o2ten ,onsi!ere! religious 43 nat0re in
TZM *ateria+s as t&e ,a0sa+ *e,&anis* is rea++3 4ase! on 1irt0a++3 s0erstitio0s ass0*tions o2
t&e &0*an ,on!ition 6it& +itt+e +inkage to e*erging s,ienti2i, 0n!erstan!ings a4o0t o0rse+1es an!
t&e rigi! s3*4ioti,Hs3nergisti, re+ations&i o2 o0r &a4itat an! its go1erning nat0ra+ +a6s#
W&en resenting TZMIs so+0tion8oriente! Train o2 T&o0g&t to t&ose 0n2a*i+iar, it is 0s0a++3 90st a
*atter o2 ti*e 4e2ore, at a *ini*0*, t&e 4asi, s,ienti2i, re*ise is 0n!erstoo! an! a,,ete! in
a4stra,tion# For e7a*+e, t&e iso+ate! te,&ni,a+ rea+it3 t&at 6e &a1e t&e reso0r,es an! in!0stria+
*et&o!s to easi+3 2ee! e1er3one on t&e +anet eart&, so no one &as to star1e
A@
, rare+3 2in!s
arg0*ent in an! o2 itse+2# I2 3o0 6ere to ask an a1erage erson to!a3 i2 t&e3 6o0+! +ike to see an
en! to t&e $P 4i++ion eo+e in ,&roni, star1ation on t&e +anet
A=
, t&e3 6o0+! *ost +ike+3 agree
2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 F*ora+it3-#
Ho6e1er, it is 6&en t&e +ogi, r0ns its ,o0rse an! starts to !ei,t t&e t3e o2 +arge s,a+e so,ia+ an!
e,ono*i, re2or*ations needed to 2a,i+itate tr0e s3ste* s0ort 2or t&ose $P 4i++ion eo+e t&at
*an3 2in! ,onte*t an! re9e,tion# Aart 2ro* st044orn, te*ora+ F1a+0e- asso,iations 8 6&ere
eo+e essentia++3 re20se to ,&ange an3t&ing t&e3 &a1e 4e,o*e 0se! to in t&eir +i1es, e1en i2 t&at
,&ange ,+ear+3 s0orts a 4etter o0t,o*e in t&e +ong ter* 8 t&ere is one arg0*ent so ,o**on
t&at it 6arrants a re+i*inar3 !is,0ssion in an! o2 itse+2#
T&at is t&e arg0*ent o2 FH0*an Nat0re-# T&is arg0*ent *ig&t a+so 4e sai! to 4e t&e only real
obFection left, i2 3o0 t&ink a4o0t it, o0tsi!e, again, o2 t&e near ar4itrar3 ,0+t0ra+ +i2est3+e ra,ti,es
eo+e are a2rai! to ,&ange !0e to t&eir i!entit3 asso,iations an! ,on!itione! ,o*2orts#
Are &0*ans ,o*ati4+e 6it& a tr0+3 s0staina4+e, s,ienti2i, so,io8e,ono*i, s3ste* or are 6e
!oo*e! to t&e 6or+! 6e &a1e no6 !0e to o0r geneti,sQ
E.er)thing is Technical
T&e ,ase 2or a ne6 so,ia+ s3ste* 4ase! !ire,t+3 on a scientific 1ie6 2or 0n!erstan!ing B
*a7i*i;ing s0staina4i+it3 an! roserit3, te,&ni,a++3, rea++3 ,annot 4e ,ontra!i,te! 43 anot&er
aroa,&, as 4o+! as s0,& a state*ent *a3 see*# W&3Q De,a0se t&ere si*+3 isnIt one 6&en t&e
0ni23ing, nat0ra+ +a6 +ogi, o2 T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o! is a,,ete! as t&e root *e,&anis* o2 &3si,a+
,a0sa+it3 an! interre+ations&i#
For e7a*+e, great s0r2a,e 1ariation Gorna*ent< *ig&t e7ist 6it& t&e !esign o2 an air+ane, 40t
t&e *e,&ani,s 6&i,& ena4+e 2+ig&t are 4o0n! 43 &3si,a+ +a6s an! &en,e so *0st t&e o1era++
physical design o2 t&e air+ane in or!er to a+ign 6it& s0,& +a6s an! 20n,tion#
)onstr0,ting s0,& a *a,&ine to er2or* a 9o4 6it& t&e goa+ o2 oti*i;e! er2or*an,e, sa2et3 an!
e22i,ien,3 is not a *atter o2 oinion, 90st as no *atter &o6 *an3 orna*ents 6e *a3 +a,e aro0n!
o0r &o*es, t&e &3si,a+ str0,t0re o2 t&e 40i+!ing *0st a!&ere to t&e rigi! +a6s o2 &3si,s an!
nat0ra+ !3na*i,s o2 t&e &a4itat 2or sa2et3 an! en!0ran,e an! &en,e ,an &a1e +itt+e rese,ti1e
1ariation in a te,&ni,a+ sense#
!es,ri4e! in Part (# Ho6e1er, +et it 4e state! &ere t&at t&e FPri,e Me,&anis*-, 6&i,& is t&e ,entra+ ,ata+3st 2or e,ono*i,
0n2o+!ing to!a3, is in&erent+3 anar,&isti, !0e to t&e +a,k o2 e22i,ient s3ste* re+ations&is 6it&in *a,ro8in!0stria+
ra,ti,es# Pro!0,tion, !istri40tion an! reso0r,e a++o,ation is not Fstrategi,- in a te,&ni,a+, &3si,a+ sense 43 an3 stret,&
o2 t&e i*agination : t&e on+3 strateg3 e*+o3e!, 6&i,& is t&e !e2ining ,onte7t o2 Fe22i,ien,3- in t&e *arket e,ono*3,
&as to !o 6it& t&e ro2it an! +ossH+a4or ,ostHe7ense t3e *onetar3 ara*eters 6&i,& &a1e no re+ations&i to &3si,a+
e22i,ien,3 at a++#
A@ T&is &as 4een ,on2ir*e! 43 t&e Unite! Nations Foo! an! Agri,0+t0re Organi;ation an! t&e Wor+! Foo! Progra**e# T&is
site is re,o**en! 2or re2eren,e" &tt"HHo1ero0+ationisa*3t&#,o*H2oo!8t&eres8+ots8itN&ea!er8$
A= &tt"HH666#ne6s8*e!i,a+#netHne6sH'%%A%='(H$%'84i++ion8star1ing8eo+e86or+!6i!e8UN8sa3s#as7
31
T&e organi;ation o2 &0*an so,iet3 ,an 4e no !i22erent i2 t&e intention is integrit3 an! oti*i;ation#
To t&ink o2 t&e 20n,tiona+ nat0re o2 a 6orking so,iet3 is to t&ink a4o0t a mechanistic schematic, i2
3o0 6i++# K0st as 6e 6o0+! !esign an air+ane to 6ork in t&e 4est 6a3 ossi4+e, te,&ni,a++3, so
s&o0+! o0r aroa,& 4e to t&e so,ia+ s3ste*, 6&i,& is e50a++3 as te,&ni,a+ in its oeration#
Un2ort0nate+3, t&is genera+ erse,ti1e &as ne1er 4een gi1en a rea+ ,&an,e in &istor3 an! to!a3
o0r 6or+! is sti++ r0n in an in,ongr0o0s *anner 6&ere t&e rin,ia+ in,enti1e is *ore a4o0t
!eta,&e!, i**e!iate, s&ortsig&te! ersona+ gain an! !i22erentia+ a!1antage t&an it is a4o0t
roer, strategi, in!0stria+ *et&o!s, e,o+ogi,a+ a+ign*ent, so,ia+ sta4i+it3, 04+i, &ea+t&
,onsi!erations an! generationa+ s0staina4i+it3#
T&is is a++ ointe! o0t, again, 4e,a0se t&e H0*an Nat0re arg0*ent against s0,& an aroa,& is
rea++3 t&e on+3 seemingly te,&ni,a+ arg0*ent t&at ,an ossi4+3 !e2en! t&e o+! s3ste* 6e &a1e
to!a3T it is rea++3 t&e on+3 arg0*ent +e2t 6&en eo+e 6&o 6is& to 0&o+! t&is s3ste* rea+i;e t&at
not&ing e+se t&e3 +ogi,a++3 arg0e ,an ossi4+3 4e 1ia4+e gi1en t&e irrationa+it3 in&erent to e1er3
ot&er ,+ai* against a natural law based social system#
%rrationall) (ound4
Doi+ing it !o6n, t&is ,&a++enge ,an 4e ,onsi!ere! in one 50estion"
Is the Cuman &pecies able to adapt and thrive in a technically organized planned system, where
our values and practices align with the known laws of nature in practice, or are we confined by
our genes, biology and evolutionary psychology to operate in only the way we know todayG!
W&i+e *an3 to!a3 arg0e t&e se,i2i,s o2 t&e Nat0re 1s N0rt0re !e4ate 8 2ro* FD+ank S+ate-
De&a1ioris*
A>
to Geneti, Deter*inis*
AC
8 it &as 4e,o*e ,+ear, at a *ini*0*, t&at o0r 4io+og3, o0r
s3,&o+og3 an! o0r so,io+ogi,a+ ,on!ition are ine7ora4+3 +inke! to t&e en1iron*ent 6e in&a4it,
4ot& 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 generationa+ e1o+0tionar3 a!atation GDio+ogi,a+ E1o+0tion<, to s&ort8
ter* 4iases an! 1a+0es 6e a4sor4 2ro* o0r en1iron*ent G)0+t0ra+ E1o+0tion<#
So, 4e2ore 6e go into !etai+ on t&is iss0e, it is 6e++ 6ort& noting t&at o0r 1er3 !e2inition as a
&0*an 4eing in t&e +ong an! s&ort ter* 1ie6 is 4ase! 0on a ro,ess o2 adaptation to e7isting
,on!itions, in,+0!ing t&e genes t&e*se+1es#
AA
T&is is not to !is,o0nt t&e er8,ase geneti,
re+e1an,e itse+2 40t to &ig&+ig&t t&e process to 6&i,& 6e are a art, 2or t&e gene8en1iron*ent
re+ations&i ,an on+3 4e ,onsi!ere! as an ongoing intera,tion, 6it& t&e o0t,o*es +arge+3 a res0+t
o2 t&e en1iron*enta+ ,on!itions in t&e +ong an! s&ort ter* in genera+# I2 t&is 6asnIt t&e ,ase,
t&ere is +itt+e !o04t t&e &0*an se,ies 6o0+! &a1e +ike+3 eris&e! +ong ago !0e to a 2ai+0re to
a!at#
Moreo1er, 6&i+e it is ,+ear 6e &0*ans sti++ aear to *aintain I&ar!6ire!I, re!i,ta4+e rea,tions 2or
A> T&e notion o2 t&e FD+ank S+ate- 6as *a!e o0+ar 43 T&o*as Ho44es 40t ,an 4e +inke! 4a,k to t&e 6ritings o2
Aristot+e# T&is is t&e i!ea t&at, in s&ort, in!i1i!0a+s are 4orn 6it&o0t 40i+t8in *enta+ orientation an! e1er3t&ing is
+earne!# No6 +arge+3 !e40nke! as a 4roa! 1ie6 !0e to ro1en Frogra**e! +earning- an! &0*ansI in&erent
Fe1o+0tionar3 s3,&o+og3-, t&e i!ea sti++ ersists in genera+#
AC T&e 1ie6 t&at &0*an 4eings are s04stantia++3 *ore a22e,te! 43 Genes an! Dio+og3 t&an en1iron*enta+ ,on!itioning
6it& rese,t to &0*an 4e&a1ior is sti++ a &eate! !e4ate, not to *ention a 2re50ent int0iti1e rea,tion 43 *an3 to ,ertain
&0*an atterns# T&e &rase FItIs 90st &0*an nat0re- is a++ too o2ten tosse! o0t 43 t&e +a3*an# A0t&ors s0,& as Ste1en
Pinker are nota4+e 2or ro*oting t&e !o*inan,e o2 e1o+0tionar3 s3,&o+og3 o1er en1iron*enta+ ,on!itioning#
AA An Fa!atation- in 4io+og3 is a trait 6it& a ,0rrent 20n,tiona+ ro+e in t&e +i2e &istor3 o2 an organis* t&at is *aintaine!
an! e1o+1e! 43 *eans o2 Inat0ra+ se+e,tionI# In s&ort, t&is o,,0rs !0e to ress0res e7isting on t&e organis* in t&e
en1iron*ent# Like6ise, FEigeneti,s- is a 2air+3 ne6 a6areness an! st0!3 o2 &erita4+e ,&anges in gene e7ression or
,e++0+ar &enot3e ,a0se! 43 *e,&anis*s other t&an ,&anges in t&e 0n!er+3ing DNA se50en,e# In s&ort, it is a s&orter8
ter* Fe7ression- a!atation in2+0en,e! 43 t&e en1iron*ent as 6e++# As 2ar as ,0+t0re, t&is is *ore si*+e to
0n!erstan!# For instan,e, t&e +ang0age 3o0 seak is an a!atation to t&e e7isting ,0+t0ra+ gro0, 90st +ike t&e re+igion
3o0 *ig&t 4e ta0g&t an! &en,e *an3 o2 t&e 1a+0es 3o0 &o+! are !ire,t+3 a res0+t o2 t&e ,0+t0ra+ ,on!itions 3o0 are
6it&in#
32
ra6, ersona+ s0r1i1a+
$%%
, 6e &a1e a+so ro1en t&e a4i+it3 to e1o+1e o0r 4e&a1iors t&ro0g& t&o0g&t,
a6areness an! e!0,ation
$%$
, a++o6ing 0s to, in 2a,t, ,ontro+Ho1er,o*e t&ose i*0+si1e, ri*iti1e
rea,tions, i2 t&e ,on!itions 2or s0,& are s0orte! an! rein2or,e!# T&is is an e7tre*e+3 i*ortant
!istin,tion an! is 6&at searates t&e 1arian,e o2 &0*an 4eings 2ro* t&eir +esser e1o+1e! ri*ate
2a*i+3 in *an3 6a3s#
$%'
A 50i,k g+an,e at t&e !i1ersit3 in &istori,a+ &0*an ,on!0,t 6e see t&ro0g&o0t ti*e, ,ontraste!
6it& t&e re+ati1e+3 s+o6 a,e o2 +arger str0,t0ra+ ,&anges o2 o0r 4rains B DNA
$%(
o1er t&e ast
,o0+e o2 t&o0san! 3ears, s&o6s t&at o0r a!ati1e ,aa,it3 G1ia t&o0g&tHe!0,ation< is enor*o0s
on t&e ,0+t0ra+ +e1e+#
It aears t&at 6e are ,aa4+e o2 *an3 ossi4+e 4e&a1iors an! t&at a 2i7e! F&0*an nat0re-, as an
0na+tera4+e, 0ni1ersa+ set o2 4e&a1iora+ traitsHrea,tions s&are! 43 a++ &0*ans 6it&o0t e7,etion,
,annot 4e &e+! as 1a+i!# Rat&er, t&ere aears to 4e a se,tr0* o2 ossi4+e 4e&a1iors an!
re!i,ta4+e rea,tions, a++ *ore or +ess ,ontingent 0on t&e t3e o2 !e1e+o*ent, e!0,ation, sti*0+i
B ,on!itions 6e e7erien,e#
T&e social imperative in t&is rese,t ,annot 4e e*&asi;e! eno0g& 2or en1iron*enta+ in2+0en,e is
a *assi1e 2a,tor t&at groo*s not on+3 o0r !e,ision8*aking re2eren,es in 4ot& t&e +ong an! s&ort
ter*, 40t t&e o1era++ en1iron*enta+ intera,tion 6it& o0r 4io+og3 in genera+ a+so &as o6er20+
e22e,ts on ersona+ 6e++84eing an! &en,e 4roa! 04+i, &ea+t& in *an3 se,i2i, 6a3s#
It &as 4een 2o0n! t&at en1iron*enta+ ,on!itions, in,+0!ing 2a,tors s0,& as n0tritiona+ in0t
$%?
,
e*otiona+ se,0rit3
$%@
, so,ia+ asso,iation
$%=
an! a++ 2or*s o2 stress in genera+ ,an in2+0en,e t&e
&0*an 4eing in *an3 *ore 6a3s t&an re1io0s+3 t&o0g&t# T&is ro,ess 4egins In Utero, t&ro0g&
$%% T&e notion o2 an FInstin,t0a+ Rea,tion- ,o0+! 4e a+ie! &ere# Ho6e1er, t&e !i22erentiation o2 6&at is or isnIt instin,t0a+
&as 4e,o*e in,reasing+3 a*4ig0o0s in t&e st0!3 o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior# Jet, it is ,+ear in a 20n!a*enta+ sense t&at t&ere
are 1er3 se,i2i, atterns in ,o**on regar!ing t&e &0*an se,ies, ese,ia++3 in t&e ,onte7t o2 s0r1i1a+ an! stress
in2+0en,e# Fa,e! 6it& ressing !anger, 1er3 ,o**on 4io+ogi,a+Hen!o,rino+ogi,a+ rea,tions o,,0r a+*ost 0ni1ersa++3 an!
t&ese o2ten generate 4e&a1iora+ roensities 6&i,& are a+so re!i,ta4+e ,onsistent+3 a,ross t&e se,ies as a 6&o+e#
$%$ T&e ter* FDe&a1iora+ P+asti,it3- ,an 4e a+ie! &ere as an e7tension o2 FNe0ro+asti,it3- 6&i,& re2ers to a,ti1e
,&anges in ne0ra+ at&6a3s an! s3nases# K0st as t&e 4rain 0se! to 4e ,onsi!ere! a stati, organ, &0*an 4e&a1ior :
t&e e7ression o2 4rain a,ti1it3 : ,+ear+3 a+so 0n!ergoes ,&ange# As ,o*+e7 a s049e,t as F2ree86i++- an! !e,ision
ro,esses are to t&e s3,&o+ogi,a+ s,ien,es, t&e nat0re o2 t&e &0*an *in! s&o6s ,+ear a!ata4i+it3 an! 10+nera4i+it3 to
in0t ,on!itions# Un+ike o0r ri*ate an,estors, o0r a!1an,e! Neo,orte7X aears to 4e a ,enter 2or ,ons,io0s t&o0g&t
an! in t&e 6or!s o2 Dr# Ro4ert Sao+sk3, Ne0ros,ientist 2ro* Stan2or! Uni1ersit3" FOn a ,ertain +e1e+, t&e nat0re o2 o0r
nat0re is not to 4e arti,0+ar+3 ,onstraine! 43 o0r nat0re#- . 2ro* '%$$ 2i+* EeitgeistA 4oving Dorward /
$%' XMore on t&e Neo,orte7, an a!1an,e! area o2 t&e &0*an 4rain attri40te! to ,ons,io0sness ,an 4e 2o0n! &ere"
&tt"HH666#nat0re#,o*HnrnH9o0rna+H1$%Hn$%Ha4sHnrn'>$A#&t*+
$%( DNA *0tation rates 1ar3 2ro* se,ies to se,ies an! &a1e &istori,a++3 4een 1er3 !i22i,0+t to esti*ate# To!a3, 6it&
*irect &e%uencing it is no6 ossi4+e to iso+ate e7a,t ,&anges# In a st0!3 er2or*e! in '%%A, t6o !istant *a+e8+ine
re+ati1es 8 searate! 43 t&irteen generations 8 6&ose ,o**on an,estor +i1e! t6o &0n!re! 3ears ago, 6ere se50en,e!,
2in!ing on+3 $' !i22eren,es a*ong a++ t&e DNA +etters e7a*ine!# FT&e t6o J ,&ro*oso*es 6ere sti++ i!enti,a+ at
$%,$?A,%>( o2 t&e $%,$?A,%C@ +etters e7a*ine!# O2 t&e $' !i22eren,es###on+3 2o0r 6ere tr0e *0tations t&at &a!
o,,0rre! nat0ra++3 t&ro0g& t&e generations#- .&tt"HH666#s,ien,e!ai+3#,o*Hre+easesH'%%AH%CH%A%C'>$'('$%#&t* / As
2ar as t&e H0*an Geno*e, it is esti*ate! t&at t&e geno*e *ig&t 0n!ergo on+3 a 2e6 $%% ,&anges o1er tens o2
t&o0san!s o2 3ears#
$%? A ,+assi,a+ e7a*+e is t&e FD0t,& H0nger Winter-# A st0!3 tra,king eo+e 6&o s022ere! se1ere *a+n0trition as 2et0ses
!0ring Wor+! War II 2o0n! t&at in t&eir a!0+t +i2e t&e3 s022ere! 2ro* 1ario0s *eta4o+i, s3n!ro*es an! *eta4o+is*
ro4+e*s !0e to t&e Frogra**ing- 6&i,& o,,0rre! !0ring t&at In Utero erio!# Re2" Damine and Cuman developmentA
The *utch hunger winter of ,H//-,H/1# Ne6 Jork, NJ, US" O72or! Uni1ersit3 Press#
$%@ Dr# Ga4or Mat[ in &is 6ork FIn the $ealm of Cungry Bhosts- GNort& At+anti, Dooks, '%$'< resents an enor*o0s
a*o0nt o2 resear,& regar!ing &o6 Ie*otiona+ +ossI o,,0rring at 3o0ng ages a22e,ts 4e&a1ior in +ater +i2e, se,i2i,a++3 t&e
roensit3 2or a!!i,tions#
$%= T&e re+e1an,e o2 t&e nat0re o2 so,ia+ intera,tion is *ore ro2o0n! t&an on,e t&o0g&t# T&e ,orre+ation 4et6een
!i22erent *a,ro8so,ieta+ 2a,tors an! 04+i, &ea+t& iss0es s0,& as +i2e e7e,tan,3, *enta+ !isor!er, o4esit3, &eart
!isease, 1io+en,e an! *an3 ot&er so,io+ogi,a+ iss0es 6ere 6e++ s0**ari;e! in t&e 4ook The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar!
Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A#
33
t&e sensiti1e ost8nata+ an! ,&i+!&oo! F+anne! +earning- a!ation erio!s
$%>
, an! ,arries on
t&ro0g&o0t +i2e on a++ &3sio+ogi,a+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+ +e1e+s#
For e7a*+e, 6&i+e t&ere is e1i!en,e t&at !eression as a s3,&o+ogi,a+ !isor!er ,an &a1e a
geneti, re!isosition, it is t&e environment t&at rea++3 triggers it or not
$%C
# Again, t&is is not to
!o6n+a3 t&e in2+0en,e o2 4io+og3 on o0r ersona+ities 40t to s&o6 t&e ,riti,a+ i*ortan,e o2
0n!erstan!ing t&ese rea+ities an! adapting our social system and macro influences to support the
most positive outcome we can'

Changing The Condition
T&e i!ea o2 ,&anging so,iet3Is in2+0en,esHress0res to 4ring o0t t&e 4est o2 t&e &0*an ,on!ition
rat&er t&an t&e 6orst is at t&e ,ore o2 t&e so,ia+ i*erati1e o2 TZM an! t&is i!ea is sa!+3 +ost in
t&e ,0+t0reIs so,ia+ ,onsi!erations to!a3# Enor*o0s e1i!en,e e7ists to s0ort &o6 t&e in2+0en,e
o2 o0r en1iron*ent is 6&at essentia++3 ,reates o0r values and biases an! 6&i+e
geneti,H&3sio+ogi,a+ in2+0en,es ,an set roensities an! a,,ent0ations 2or ,ertain 4e&a1iors, t&e
*ost a,ti1e in2+0en,e regar!ing o0r variability is t&e +i2e e7erien,e an! ,on!ition o2 t&e &0*an
4eing, &en,e t&e *anner o2 intera,tion 4et6een t&e Finterna+-G&3sio+ogi,a+< an! Fe7terna+-
Gen1iron*enta+<#
In t&e en!, t&e *ost re+e1ant iss0e is stress' O0r genes, 4io+og3 an! e1o+0tionar3 s3,&o+og3
*ig&t &a1e so*e &ang0s, 40t t&e3 are not&ing ,o*are! to t&e en1iron*enta+ !isor!er 6e &a1e
,reate! in o0r ,0+t0re# T&e enor*it3 o2 no6 0nne,essar3 stress in t&e 6or+! to!a3 : !e4t, 9o4s
inse,0rit3, in,reasing &ea+t& risks, 4ot& *enta+ an! &3sio+ogi,a+ 8 an! *an3 ot&er iss0es &a1e
,reate! a ,+i*ate o2 0nease t&at &as 4een in,reasing+3 *aking eo+e si,k an! 0set#
Ho6e1er, t&e s,oe o2 t&is 1ie6 isnIt 90st a4o0t 1ario0s te*ora+ ress0res t&at ,an trigger t&is or
t&at roensit3 in a narro6 sense 8 it is *ore a4o0t t&e 4roa! e!0,ationa+, re+igio0sH&i+oso&i,a+,
o+iti,a+ an! so,ia+ 1a+0es an! i!eas t&e3 eret0ate an! rein2or,e# I2 6e 6ere 2a,e! 6it& an
otion to a!at o0r so,iet3 in a 6a3 t&at ,an ro1a4+3 4etter 04+i, &ea+t&, 6o0+! 6e not 90st !o
itQ To t&ink &0*an 4eings as a so,iet3 are si*+3 in,o*ati4+e 6it& *et&o!s t&at ,an in,rease
t&eir stan!ar! o2 +i1ing an! &ea+t& is e7tre*e+3 0n+ike+3#
In ,on,+0sion to t&is se,tion, +et it 4e state! t&at t&e s049e,t o2 FH0*an Nat0re- is one o2 t&e *ost
,o*+e7 s049e,ts t&ere is 6&en it ,o*es to se,i2i,s# Ho6e1er, t&e 4roa! an! 1ia4+e a6areness
6it& rese,t to 4asi, 04+i, &ea+t& i*ro1e*ent 1ia re!0,ing stress, in,reasing 50a+it3 n0trition
an! sta4i+i;ing so,iet3 43 6orking to6ar! a40n!an,e an! ease rat&er t&an stri2e an! ,o*+e7it3 :
is not s0s,eti4+e to *0,& !e4ate#
We no6 &a1e so*e re2ine! tr0t&s a4o0t t&e &0*an ,on!ition t&at gi1e eno0g& e1i!en,e to see
t&at 6e are not on+3 generating oor rea,tions an! &a4its !0e to t&e in2+0en,e o2 t&e ,0rrent
so,io8e,ono*i, or!er, 6e are a+so great+3 !isrese,ting t&e &a4itat as 6e++, ,reating not on+3 a
+a,k o2 s0staina4i+it3 in an e,o+ogi,a+ sense, 40t, again, in a ,0+t0ra+ sense as 6e++# To t&ink
&0*ans are si*+3 in,o*ati4+e 6it& t&ese reso+0tions, e1en i2 it *eans ,&anging o0r 6or+!
great+3, !e2ies t&e +ong &istor3 o2 a!atation 6e &a1e ro1en to 4e ,aa4+e o2#
$%> A 0ni50e st0!3 o2 re*at0re in2ants in in,04ators 2o0n! t&at 43 si*+3 sti*0+ating t&e* !0ring t&at ti*e Gor s&o6ing
Fa22e,tion- 43 si*+e to0,&< t&eir +onger ter* &3sio+ogi,a+ &ea+t& 6as great+3 i*ro1e! ,o*are! to t&ose 0nto0,&e!#
Re2" Tactile2kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates, Pe!iatri,s# $AC=
$%C Re2" The &tructure of Benetic and +nvironmental $isk Dactors for Common "sychiatric and &ubstance >se *isorders in
4en and :omen, Ar,& Gen Ps3,&iatr3# '%%(T=%
34
PART II" SO)IAL PATHOLOGJ
DEF%N%N" P,(&%C +EA&T+
FWe are a++ resonsi4+e 2or a++#
$%A
-
8Dosto3e1sk3
O.er.iew
W&at is t&e tr0e *eas0re o2 success 2or a so,iet3Q W&at is it t&at *akes 0s &a3, &ea+t&3, sta4+e
an! in 4a+an,e 6it& t&e 6or+! aro0n! 0sQ Is not o0r s0,,ess really o0r a4i+it3 to 0n!erstan! an!
a!at to t&e rea+ities o2 o0r 6or+! 2or t&e 4est o0t,o*e ossi4+e 2or an3 gi1en ,ir,0*stan,eQ W&at
i2 6e 6ere to 2in! t&at t&e 1er3 nat0re o2 o0r so,ia+ s3ste* 6as a,t0a++3 reducing our %uality of
life in the long termG
As 6i++ 4e arg0e! in t&is essa3, *o!ern so,ia+ str0,t0res, 1a+0es an! ra,ti,es &a1e !e1iate! a6a3
2ro*, or are +arge+3 ignorant o2, 6&at tr0e so,ieta+ &ea+t& *eans# W&at o0r so,ia+ instit0tions
to!a3 gi1e riorit3 to or !is,o0nt 43 !esign, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e goa+s an! *oti1ations asso,iate!
6it& ersona+ Fs0,,ess-, 6&i,& are a++ too o2ten ,+ear+3 F!e,o0+e!- 2ro* 6&at tr0e life support
and advancement *eans
$$%
, is a s049e,t gi1en +itt+e t&o0g&t20+ ,onsi!eration in t&e 6or+! to!a3# In
2a,t, *ost Froserit3- an! Fintegrit3- *eas0res 2or t&e &0*an ,on!ition are no6 &a&a;ar!+3
e50ate! to *ere e,ono*i, 4ase+ines s0,& as GDP, PPI or e*+o3*ent 2ig0res# Sa!+3, t&ese
*eas0res te++ 0s 1irt0a++3 not&ing a4o0t true &0*an86e++ 4eing an! roserit3#
$$$
T&e ter* "ublic Cealth is a *e!i,a+ ,+assi2i,ation, essentia++3 !e2ine! as" FT&e aroa,& to
*e!i,ine t&at is ,on,erne! 6it& t&e &ea+t& o2 t&e ,o**0nit3 as a 6&o+e#-
$$'
W&i+e o2ten narro6+3
0se! in re+ations&i to trans*itta4+e !isease an! re+ate! 4roa!er so,ia+ ,on!itions, t&e ,onte7t
&ere 6i++ e7ten! into a++ ase,ts o2 o0r +i1es, in,+0!ing not on+3 &3sio+ogi,a+ &ea+t& 40t *enta+
&ea+t& as 6e++# I2 t&e 1a+0e o2 a so,ia+ s3ste* is *eas0re! 43 t&e &ea+t& o2 its ,iti;enr3 o1er ti*e,
assessing an! ,o*aring ,on!itions an! ,onse50en,es t&ro0g& si*+e tren! ana+3sis an! 2a,tor
a,,o0nting s&o0+! gi1e insig&t into 6&at ,an 4e ,&ange! or i*ro1e! on t&e so,ia+ +e1e+#
T&e ,entra+ ,onte7t &ere is &o6 t&e so,ia+ ,on!ition itse+2 : t&e so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste* : is
a22e,ting &0*an &ea+t& on t&e 6&o+e# In t&e 6or!s o2 &3si,ian R0!o+& Vir,&o6" FMe!i,ine is a
so,ia+ s,ien,e an! o+iti,s not&ing 40t *e!i,ine on a +arge s,a+e#-
$$(
Vir,&o6 re,ogni;e! t&at an3
04+i, &ea+t& iss0e is in1aria4+3 re+ate! to society as a 6&o+e# Its str0,t0re, ,&ara,teristi,s an!
1a+0e rein2or,e*ents &a1e a ro2o0n! in2+0en,e on t&e &ea+t& an! 4e&a1ior o2 a so,iet3 an!
arg0*ents regar!ing t&e *erit o2 new so,ia+ i!eas ine1ita4+3 ,o*e !o6n to a rationa+ assess*ent
o2 50a+it3 t&ro0g& ,o*arison#
Sin,e ea,& rese,ti1e ,o*onent o2 P04+i, Hea+t& &as its o6n ,&ara,teristi,s an! ,a0sa+it3, 6e ,an
a+so 6ork to ,onsi!er a+ternati1e aroa,&es to a gi1en ro4+e* reso+0tion or i*ro1e*ent, 6&i,&
*ig&t not 4e ,0rrent+3 in ra,ti,e, 40t ,+ear+3 s&o0+! 4e# An ana+3sis o2 ,0rrent P04+i, Hea+t&
,o*onents to 0n!erstan! 6&at is &aening o1er ti*e an! in !i22erent ,ir,0*stan,es, ,o0+e!
6it& a er ,ase e1a+0ation o2 ea,& iss0e 6it& an in2erentia+ ,onsi!eration o2 6&at ,o0+! F2i7- or
$%A Para&rase!, 2ro* Iaramazov 3rothers, F3o!or Dosto3e1sk3, $CC%, ($=
$$% T&e oint &ere re+ates to &o6 *o!ern so,iet3 re6ar!s an! rein2or,es ,ertain 4e&a1iors o1er ot&ers# For instan,e, in
t&e Western Wor+! *ore 2inan,ia+ re6ar! ,o*es to non8ro!0,ing 2inan,ia+ instit0tions t&an 2ro* tr0e goo! an! ser1i,e
ro!0,tion# T&is &as generate! an in,enti1e ro4+e* 6&i,& a+so in,+0!es en1iron*enta+ !isregar! an! t&e ignoring o2
04+i, &ea+t& in genera+# As 6i++ 4e a++0!e! to +ater in t&is te7t, t&e s3,&o+og3 o2 t&e *arket e,ono*3 a,t0a++3 opposes
+i2e s0ort#
$$$ In re,ent 3ears ot&er atte*ts &a1e 4een *a!e to 50anti23 F&ainess- an! 6e++84eing, s0,& as t&e Gross Nationa+
Hainess GGNH< In!i,ator 6&i,& ,on!0,ts *eas0res 1ia erio!i, s0r1e3s &tt"HH666#grossnationa+&ainess#,o*H
$$' P04+i, Hea+t& !e2ine!" &tt"HH666#*e!ter*s#,o*Hs,ritH*ainHart#asQarti,+eke3R@$'%
$$( The +volution of &ocial 4edicine, R0!o+& Vir,&o6" Rosen G#, 2ro* t&e Candbook of 4edical &ociology, Prenti,e8Ha++,
$A>'
35
Fi*ro1e- t&ese res0+ts on t&e +argest ossi4+e s,a+e is t&e 4asis o2 t&e Train of Thought e7resse!
&ere#
It is t&e ,on1i,tion o2 TZM t&at t&e e7isting so,ia+ *o!e+ is a ,a0se o2 FSo,ia+ Pat&o+og3-, 6it& a
eret0ation o2 i*4a+an,e t&at is 0nne,essari+3 generating 4ot& &3sio+ogi,a+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+
!isor!ers a,ross t&e o0+ation, not to *ention s3ste*i,a++3 +i*iting &0*an otentia+ an! ro4+e*
reso+0tion in *an3 6a3s# O2 ,o0rse, t&is ,onte7t a+so nat0ra++3 e7ten!s into environmental health,
*eaning t&e state o2 t&e +anet, as s0,& e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*sHress0resHa++e1iations a+6a3s &a1e
an e22e,t on o0r P04+i, Hea+t& in t&e +ong8ter*# Ho6e1er, t&at 6i++ not 4e a 2o,0s in t&is essa3#
T&is ana+3sis 6i++ searate t&e iss0e o2 P04+i, Hea+t& into t6o genera+ ,ategories 8 P&3sio+ogi,a+
an! Ps3,&o+ogi,a+
$$?
8 6it& ea,& ,ategor3 4roken into s049e,ts t&at reresent !o*inant ro4+e*s
seen in a re+e1ant er,entage o2 t&e o0+ation o1era++#
Let it 4e 6e++ 0n!erstoo! t&at &3sio+ogi,a+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+ o0t,o*es rare+3, i2 e1er, &a1e
sing0+ar ,a0ses# T&ere is a FDio8Ps3,&o8So,ia+-
$$@
re+ations&i to 1irt0a++3 a++ &0*an &eno*ena,
i++0*inating, on,e again, t&e *0+ti8+e1e+ s3*4iosis ,&ara,teristi, o2 t&e &0*an 4eing# In ot&er
6or!s, 6&i+e t&e ro4+e* 4eing 2o,0se! on *ig&t 4e ,onsi!ere! F&3sio+ogi,a+- in genera+, t&e
underlying cause o2 t&at o0t,o*e *ig&t 1er3 6e++ 4e Fs3,&o+ogi,a+- or Fso,io+ogi,a+- in art an!
1i,e 1ersa#
The Economic Factor
As note!, t&e *ain t&esis o2 t&is essa3 is to s&o6 t&e !ee e22e,t o0r g+o4a+ so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*
&as on 04+i, &ea+t&, 6it& a *ore se,i2i, 2o,0s on t&e o6er o2 poverty, stress an! ine%uality# I2
3o0 take a 50i,k g+an,e at t&e *a9or ,a0ses o2 !eat& g+o4a++3, as 0t 2or6ar! 43 t&e Wor+! Hea+t&
Organi;ation
$$=
, ,+ear !i22eren,es 4ase! on t&e e,ono*i, state o2 a region, s0,& as t&e 2a,t t&at
Cancers are *ore ,o**on in &ig& in,o*e so,ieties 6&i+e *iarrhoeal !iseases are *ore ,o**on
in +o6 in,o*e so,ieties, gi1es insig&t as to &o6 t&e 4roa! ,onte7t o2 so,ioe,ono*i, osition ,an
a22e,t 04+i, &ea+t&#
Ma&at*a Gan!&i on,e sai! FPo1ert3 is t&e 6orst 2or* o2 1io+en,e#-
$$>
His ,onte7t re+ates to t&e
0nne,essar3 !eat&s ,a0se! 43 o1ert3 in t&e sense o2 t&e 4roa! +i*itations s0,& se1ere 2inan,ia+
restri,tions &a1e on &ea+t&# T&is i!ea 6as +ater en,o*asse! in a ter* ,a++e! &tructural
(iolence
,,<
, !e2ine! 43 Dr# Ka*es Gi++igan as F###t&e in,rease! rates o2 !eat& an! !isa4i+it3 s022ere!
43 t&ose 6&o o,,03 t&e 4otto* r0ngs o2 so,iet3#- He !i22erentiates Str0,t0ra+ Vio+en,e 2ro*
3ehavioral (iolence, 6&ere t&e 2or*er Foerates ,ontin0o0s+3 rat&er t&an sora!i,a++3-#
$$A

P+ease note t&at t&e ter* FVio+en,e- in t&is ,onte7t is not +i*ite! to t&e 0s0a+ ,+assi2i,ation o2
&3si,a+ &ar* s0,& as erson8to8erson ,o*4at or a40se# T&e ,onte7t e7ten!s to in,+0!e t&e
o2ten 0nseen social oppression t&at, t&ro0g& t&e ,&ain o2 ,a0sa+it3 ,&ara,teristi,s in&erent to o0r
so,ia+ s3ste*, +ea!s to t&e 0nne,essar3 &ar* o2 eo+e, 4ot& &3si,a+, s3,&o+ogi,a+ or 4ot&#
$$? So,io+ogi,a+ &eno*ena 6i++ 4e gro0e! in t&e Ps3,&o+ogi,a+ ,ategor3 &ere 2or t&e sake o2 si*+i,it3, as t&e res0+t o2 a
so,io+ogi,a+ ,on!ition is t&e aggregate s3,&o+ogi,a+ states o2 in!i1i!0a+s#
$$@ 3io-"sycho-&ocial *eans t&e intera,tion o2 4io+ogi,a+, s3,&o+ogi,a+ an! so,io+ogi,a+ in2+0en,e on a gi1en ,onse50en,e#
For e7a*+e, O4esit3, on t&e s0r2a,e, si*+3 re+ates to eating# I2 a erson eats too *0,&, t&e3 gain 6eig&t# Ho6e1er,
t&ere is a +arge !egree o2 e1i!en,e no6 Gas 6i++ 4e resente! +ater in t&is essa3< t&at s&o6s &o6 a ersonIs s3,&o+og3
,an 4e e22e,te! to ,ra1e t&e comfort o2 ,ons0*ing !0e to external 2a,tors : s0,& as a !eri1e! e*otiona+ &istor3 or
oor 4o!i+3 a!ation 6&ere 4a! &a4its are 2or*e! an! e7e,te!# T&ese +atter notions 6&i,& in2+0en,e oneIs s3,&o+og3
are a res0+t o2 t&e sociological ,on!ition#
$$= So0r,e" &tt"HH666#6&o#intH*e!ia,entreH2a,ts&eetsH2s($%HenHin!e7#&t*+
$$> E0ote! in . #ust "eace through TransformationA Cultural, +conomic, and "olitical Doundations for Change,
Internationa+ Pea,e Asso,iation, $ACC
$$C S0ggeste! Re2eren,e" .n +mpirical Table of &tructural (iolence, Gernot Lo&+er an! Nor*an A+,o,k, $A>=
&tt"HH9r#sage04#,o*H,ontentH$(H?H(?(#e7tra,t
$$A (iolence, Ka*es Gi++igan, GrossetHP0tna*, Ne6 Jork, $AA', $A'
36
E7a*+es o2 t&is ,an range 2ro* o41io0s to ,o*+e7 in t&e ,&ain o2 ,a0se an! e22e,t#
A si*+e F*a,ro- e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e re1a+en,e o2 *iarrhoeal !iseases in o1ert38stri,ken
so,ieties# T&ese !iseases ki++ a4o0t $#@ *i++ion ,&i+!ren a+one e1er3 3ear#
$'%
It is ,o*+ete+3
re1enta4+e an! treata4+e an! 6&i+e t&e in2e,tion itse+2 is srea! t&ro0g& ,onta*inate! 2oo! or
!rinking86ater, or 2ro* erson8to8erson as a res0+t o2 oor &3giene, its 1er3 re1enta4i+it3 an!
rarit3 in 2irst 6or+! nations 43 ,o*arison s&o6s t&at t&e real cause is no6 not t&e !isease itse+2,
40t the poverty condition t&at ena4+es it to 2+o0ris& 0na4ate!# Ho6e1er, t&e ,a0sa+it3 !oesnVt sto
t&ere as 6e t&en nee! to ask t&e 50estion F6&at is ,a0sing t&e o1ert3Q-
A *ore a4stra,t F*i,ro- e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e &0*an !e1e+o*ent ro4+e*s 6&en a!1erse ress0res
in 2a*i+3 or ,o**0nit3 str0,t0res o,,0r# I*agine a sing+e *ot&er 6&o, !0e to t&e 2inan,ia+ nee!
to raise &er ,&i+!, *0st 6ork 2or in,o*e a great !ea+ in or!er to *ake en!s *eet, +i*iting &er
a1ai+a4i+it3 2or t&e ,&i+! ersona++3# T&e ress0res not on+3 re!0,e nee!e! s0ort an! g0i!an,e
2or t&e ,&i+!Is !e1e+o*ent, s&e a+so !e1e+os ten!en,ies 2or !eression an! an7iet3 !0e to t&e
ongoing stress o2 !e4t, 4i++s an! t&e +ike, an! 2r0stration8!ri1en a40se 4egins to *ateria+i;e in t&e
2a*i+3# T&is t&en ,a0ses se1ere emotional loss
,6,
in t&e ,&i+! an! t&e !e1e+o*ent o2 ne0roti, an!
0n&ea+t&3 *enta+ states e*erge, s0,& as a roensit3 2or !r0g a!!i,tion#
$''
Jears +ater, sti++
s022ering 2ro* t&e ain 2e+t in t&ose ear+3 erio!s, t&e no6 a!0+t ,&i+! !ies in a &eroin o1er!ose#
E0estion" 6&at ,a0se! t&e o1er!oseQ T&e &eroinQ T&e *ot&erIs in2+0en,eQ Or t&e e,ono*i,
,ir,0*stan,e t&e *ot&er 2o0n! &erse+2 6&i,& !isa++o6e! 4a+an,e an! t&o0g&t20+ ,are o2 &er
,&i+!Q
$'(

)+ear+3, t&ere is no 0toia 2or t&e &0*an ,on!ition an! to t&ink 6e ,an a!90st t&e so,io8e,ono*i,
s3ste* to t&6art a++ s0,& Fstr0,t0ra++3- re+ate! iss0es, *a,ro an! *i,ro, $%%W o2 t&e ti*e, is
a4s0r!#
$'?
Ho6e1er, 6&at is possible is a !ra*ati, i*ro1e*ent o2 s0,& 04+i, &ea+t& ro4+e*s 43
s&i2ting t&e nat0re o2 t&e so,ioe,ono*i, ,on!ition in t&e *ost strategi, *anner 6e ,an# As 6e
ro,ee! 6it& t&e er ,ase ana+3sis o2 *a9or *enta+ an! &3si,a+ !isor!ers in t&e 6or+!, it 6i++ 4e
2o0n! t&at t&e tr0e i*erati1e 2or 04+i, &ea+t& i*ro1e*ent rests a+*ost entire+3 on t&is
so,ioe,ono*i, re*ise o2 ,a0sa+it3#
$'@

A,,or!ing to Gernot Lo&+er an! Nor*an A+,o,k in t&eir $A>= 6ork .n +mpirical Table of &tructural
(iolence, a !ra*ati, $C *i++ion !eat&s 6ere e7trao+ate! to o,,0r each year !0e to Str0,t0ra+
Vio+en,e
$'=
an! t&at st0!3 6as o1er (% 3ears ago# Sin,e t&at ti*e t&e g+o4a+ ga 4et6een ri,& an!
oor &as *ore t&an !o04+e!, s0ggesting no6 t&at t&e !eat& to++ is e1en *0,& &ig&er to!a3# In
e22e,t, Str0,t0ra+ Vio+en,e is t&e *ost !ea!+3 ki++er on t&e +anet# T&e 2o++o6ing ,&art s&o6s rates
o2 !eat& o2 a se,i2i, !e*ogra&i,, re1ea+ing t&e *ore 4roa! ,orre+ation o2 +o68in,o*e an!
in,rease! *orta+it3#
$'% So0r,e" &tt"HH666#6&o#intH*e!ia,entreH2a,ts&eetsH2s((%HenHin!e7#&t*+
$'$ T&e ter* emotional loss re+ates to se1ere e*otiona+ tra0*a e7erien,e!, *ost+3 as a ,&i+!, t&at ersist in e22e,t# In
t&e 6or!s o2 Dr# Ga4or Mat[ FT&e greatest !a*age !one 43 neg+e,t, tra0*a or emotional loss is not t&e i**e!iate
ain t&e3 in2+i,t 40t t&e +ong8ter* !istortions t&e3 in!0,e in t&e 6a3 a !e1e+oing ,&i+! 6i++ ,ontin0e to interret t&e
6or+! an! &er sit0ation in it#- In the $ealm of Cungry Bhosts-, Nort& At+anti, Dooks, '%$', @$'
$'' As note! rior, t&e 6ork o2 Ga4or Mat[ is &ig&+3 re,o**en!e! on t&e s049e,t o2 a!!i,tion res0+ting 2ro* e*otiona+
+oss in ,&i+!&oo! an! 2ee+ings o2 inse,0rit3# FIn the $ealm of Cungry Bhosts-, Nort& At+anti, Dooks, '%$'
$'( T&e 6ork 4ental Illness and the +conomy, 43 M#H# Drenner is re,o**en!e!# A4stra,t" FD3 ,orre+ating e7tensi1e
e,ono*i, an! instit0tiona+ !ata 2ro* Ne6 Jork State 2or t&e erio! 2ro* $C?$ to $A=>, Har1e3 Drenner ,on,+0!es t&at
insta4i+ities in t&e nationa+ e,ono*3 are t&e sing+e *ost i*ortant so0r,e o2 2+0,t0ations in *enta+8&osita+ a!*issions
or a!*ission rates#-
$'? See FH0*anit3 Fa,tor- in t&e Vo,a40+ar3 List, Aen!i7 A
$'@ A st0!3 2or re2eren,e in t&e sa*e 4asi, ,onte7t is The +ffect of Inown $isk Dactors on the +xcess 4ortality of 3lack
.dults in the >nited &tates, Ko0rna+ o2 t&e A*eri,an Me!i,a+ Asso,iation, '=(G=<"C?@8C@%, $AA%# T&is ei!e*io+ogi,a+
st0!3 2o0n! t&at t6o8t&ir!s o2 A2ri,an8A*eri,an !eat&s note! in ,onte7t ,o0+! on+3 4e a,,o0nte! 2or !0e to low
socioeconomic status itself an! its !ire,tHin!ire,t ,onse50en,es#
$'= .n +mpirical Table of &tructural (iolence, Gernot Lo&+er an! Nor*an A+,o,k, $A>=
37
G# D# S*it&, K# D# Neaton, D# Went6ort&, R# Sta*+er an! K# Sta*+er, YSo,ioe,ono*i, !i22erentia+s in *orta+it3 risk a*ong
*en s,reene! 2or t&e M0+ti+e Risk Fa,tor Inter1ention Tria+" I# W&ite *enV, .merican #ournal of "ublic Cealth G$AA=< C=
G?<" ?C=8A=#
Ph)siological +ealth
T&e ,ore &3sio+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s o2 t&e &0*an o0+ation to!a3 in,+0!e maFor *orta+it3 ro!0,ing
ei!e*i,s s0,& as ,an,er, &eart !isease, stroke, et,# Re+ati1e+3 minor ro4+e*s t&at not on+3
re!0,e 50a+it3 o2 +i2e, 40t a+so o2ten re,e!e t&ose *a9or i++nesses in,+0!e &ig& 4+oo! ress0re,
o4esit3 an! ot&er iss0es 6&i,&, 6&i+e +ess ,riti,a+ 43 ,o*arison, are sti++ 0s0a++3 a art o2 t&e
ro,ess t&at ,an +ea! to *a9or i++nesses an! !eat& o1er ti*e#
$'>
Again, it is i*ortant to
re*e*4er t&at t&e ,a0sa+it3 o2 t&ese F&3si,a+- !iseases is not stri,t+3 F&3si,a+- in t&e narro6
sense o2 t&e 6or! as *o!ern st0!3 &as 2o0n! !ee psychosocial
,6<
stress re+ations&is to
see*ing+3 !eta,&e! &3sio+ogi,a+ iss0es#
A,,or!ing to t&e Wor+! Hea+t& Organi;ation, t&e *ost ,o**on s&are! *a9or ,a0ses o2 !eat& in
+o6, *i!!+e an! &ig& in,o*e ,o0ntries are Ceart *isease, )ower respiratory infections, &troke, B
Cancer#
$'A
W&i+e ea,& o2 t&ese i++nesses Gan! *an3 *ore< ,an 4e 2o0n! re+ate! to t&e ,a0sa+
oints t&at 2o++o6, 2or si*+i,ities sake Heart Disease 6i++ 4e a 2o,0s &ere#
Case Stud)3 +eart Disease
W&i+e t&e treat*ent o2 Heart Disease &as +e! to a re,ent *i+! g+o4a+ !e,+ine in &eart atta,ks an!
!eat&s o1era++
$(%
, t&e !iagnosis o2 Heart Disease &as not s04si!e! an! 43 so*e regiona+ st0!ies is
on t&e rise
$($
, or on a,e to in,reasing s04stantia++3#
$('
)oronar3 Heart Disease is sti++ ,onsi!ere!
43 t&e WHO as t&e F+ea!ing ,a0se o2 !eat&- g+o4a++3
$((
an! it &as 4een 2o0n! t&at 6&i+e t&ere are
geneti, 2a,tors in +a3, A%W o2 t&ose !3ing F&a1e risk 2a,tors in2+0en,e! 43 +i2est3+e-
$(?
an! o1era++
$'> Re2eren,e" &tt"HHt&eti*es8tri40ne#,o*H+i2est3+es8eo+eHas8o4esit38rates8rise8,&ie28&eart8s0rgeon8sees8*ore8&ig&8
risk8atients8in8oerating8roo*8$#$(>A''(
$'C "sychosocial !e2ine!" In1o+1ing ase,ts o2 4ot& so,ia+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+ 4e&a1iorT Interre+ations&i &tt"HH*e!i,a+8
!i,tionar3#t&e2ree!i,tionar3#,o*Hs3,&oso,ia+
$'A The top ten causes of death, :C0 &tt"HH666#6&o#intH*e!ia,entreH2a,ts&eetsH2s($%HenHin!e7#&t*+
$(% U#S# Tren!s in Heart Disease, )an,er, an! Stroke, PRD
&tt"HH666#r4#orgHArti,+esH'%%'HUSTren!sinHeartDisease)an,eran!Stroke#as7
$($ Ceart disease to rise 61J by 6K6K httpA22www'belfasttelegraph'co'uk2news2local-national2northern-ireland2heart-
disease-to-rise-61-by-6K6K-,;,LL/,K'html
$(' New +uropean &tatistics $eleased 0n Ceart *isease and &troke
M httpA22www'sciencedaily'com2releases26K,62KH2,6KH6H,/K6-;'htm N
$(( The .tlas of Ceart *isease and &troke, WHO B )D), Part (, Blobal 3urden of Coronary Ceart *isease
$(? Ibid'
38
t&e !isease is 6i!e+3 ,onsi!ere! preventable i2 +i2est3+e a!90st*ents are *a!e#
In s&ort, 6e++ esta4+is&e! re+ations&is to &ig& 2at !iets, s*oking, a+,o&o+, o4esit3, &ig&
,&o+estero+, !ia4etes an! ot&er risk 2a,tors a++o6 0s to e7ten! t&e ,a0sa+it3 o2 Heart Disease an!
6&en 6e 2o++o6 t&e in2+0en,es, t&e *ost ro2o0n! 4roa! in2+0en,e 2o0n! &as to !o not on+3 6it&
absolute income 8 40t relative socioeconomic stat0s#
T&e WHO *akes it genera++3 ,+ear t&at on t&e g+o4a+ s,a+e, +o6er so,ioe,ono*i, stat0s 4ree!s
*ore &eart !isease an! nat0ra++3 *ore o2 t&e risk 2a,tors t&at +ea! to it#
$(@
T&is, on one si!e,
!ei,ts a direct economic relationship to t&e o,,0rren,e o2 !isease# T&ere is no e1i!en,e to s&o6
t&at geneti, !i22eren,es 4et6een regiona+ gro0s ,o0+! 4e resonsi4+e 2or t&ese 1ariations an! it is
o41io0s to see &o6 a +a,k o2 0r,&asing o6er +ea!s eo+e into +i2est3+es t&at in,+0!e *an3 s0,&
risk 2a,tors#
A '%%A st0!3 in t&e A*eri,an Ko0rna+ o2 Ei!e*io+og3 ,a++e! FLi2e8)o0rse So,ioe,ono*i, Position
an! In,i!en,e o2 )oronar3 Heart Disease- 2o0n! t&at t&e +onger a erson re*ains in o1ert3, t&e
*ore +ike+3 &e or s&e is to !e1e+o &eart !isease#
$(=
Peo+e 6&o 6ere e,ono*i,a++3 !isa!1antage!
t&ro0g&o0t +i2e 6ere *ore +ike+3 to s*oke, 4e o4ese, &a1e oor !iets an! t&e +ike# In an ear+ier
st0!3 43 ei!e*io+ogist Dr# Ra+& R# Freri,&s, 2o,0sing se,i2i,a++3 on t&e so,ioe,ono*i, !i1i!e in
t&e ,it3 o2 Los Ange+es, )A, USA 2o0n! t&at t&e !eat& rate 2ro* &eart !isease 6as ?% er,ent
&ig&er 2or oor *en o1er a++ t&an 2or 6ea+t&ier ones#
$(>
Gi1en o0r origina+ t&esis to ,onsi!er a +ink 2ro* t&e so,ia+ s3ste* itse+2 to t&e re1a+en,e o2
!isease an! t&eir asso,iate! risk 2a,tors, 6e nee! to ,onsi!er t&e !ire,t re+ations&i o2 stress B
purchasing power'
Deginning 6it& t&e +atter, 6&i,& is *ore si*+e, ,+ear+3 oor &ea+t& &a4its o,,0r in +o6er in,o*e
en1iron*ents !0e to t&e +a,k o2 20n!s 2or 4etter n0trition
$(C
, *e!i,a+ attention
$(A
an! e!0,ation
$?%
#
Man3 o2 t&e &ig& 2at, &ig& so!i0* risk 2a,tor 2oo!s, 2or e7a*+e, +ea!ing to &eart !isease, are a+so
t&e *ost ine7ensi1e 2oo! 2o0n! in stores#
It is 6ort& noting t&at o0r so,ioe,ono*i, *o!e+ ro!0,es goo!s 4ase! 0on t&e 0r,&asing o6er
a4i+ities o2 targete! !e*ogra&i,s# T&e !e,ision to ro!0,e oor 50a+it3 2oo! goo!s is *a!e 2or
t&e interest o2 profit an! sin,e t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 t&e +anet is re+ati1e+3 oor, it is no s0rrise
t&at in or!er to *eet t&at *arket, 50a+it3 *0st 4e re!0,e! to a++o6 2or ,o*etiti1e 403ing# In
ot&er 6or!s, t&ere is a *arket 2or ea,& so,ia+ ,+ass an! nat0ra++3 t&e +o6er t&e ,+ass, t&e +o6er
t&e 50a+it3# T&is rea+it3 is an e7a*+e o2 a direct social system link to causality for such a disease#
W&i+e e!0,ation a4o0t t&e !i22eren,e 4et6een 50a+it3 2oo! ro!0,ts ,o0+! &e+ t&e !e,ision
ro,ess o2 a oor erson to eat 4etter, t&e 2inan,ia+ restri,tions in&erent to t&eir ,on!ition ,o0+!
easi+3 *ake t&at !e,ision !i22i,0+t i2 not i*ossi4+e as, again, s0,& goo!s are *ore e7ensi1e on
a1erage#
$(@ Ibid#, )&ater $$, &ocioeconomic &tatus
$(= )ife-Course &ocioeconomic "osition and Incidence of Coronary Ceart *isease, A*eri,an Ko0rna+ o2 Ei!e*io+og3, Ari+
$, '%%A# &tt"HHa9e#o72or!9o0rna+s#orgH,ontentHear+3H'%%AH%$H'AHa9e#k6n?%(
$(> Ceart *isease Tied to "overty, New 9ork Times, ,H<1 &tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H$AC@H%'H'?H0sH&eart8!isease8tie!8to8
o1ert3#&t*+
$(C E0ote 2ro* t&e st0!3 FCan )ow-Income .mericans .fford a Cealthy *ietG FMan3 n0tritiona+ ro2essiona+s 4e+ie1e t&at
a++ A*eri,ans, regar!+ess o2 in,o*e, &a1e a,,ess to a n0tritio0s !iet o2 6&o+e grains, +ean *eats, an! 2res& 1egeta4+es
an! 2r0it# In rea+it3, 2oo! ri,es ose a signi2i,ant 4arrier 2or *an3 ,ons0*ers 6&o are tr3ing to 4a+an,e goo! n0trition
6it& a22or!a4i+it3#- &tt"HH666#n,4i#n+*#ni&#go1H*,Harti,+esHPM)'C?>>((H
$(A Re2eren,e" 4edical costs push millions of people into poverty across the globe, WHO
&tt"HH666#6&o#intH*e!ia,entreHne6sHre+easesH'%%@Hr=@HenHin!e7#&t*+
$?% Re2eren,e" FE!0,ation Ga Gro6s Det6een Ri,& an! Poor, St0!ies Sa3-, NJ Ti*es '%$' .
&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%$'H%'H$%He!0,ationHe!0,ation8ga8gro6s84et6een8ri,&8an!8oor8st0!ies8s&o6#&t*+Q
age6ante!Ra++ /
39
In an age 6&ere 2oo! ro!0,tion an! &0*an n0trition is a 6e++ 0n!erstoo! s,ienti2i, &eno*enon
as 2ar as 6&at 6orks an! 6&at !oesnVt 8 6&at is &ea+t&3 an! 6&at isnIt on t&e 6&o+e : 6e &a1e to
6on!er 6&3 t&e a40n!an,e o2 !e+i4erate+3 0n&ea+t&3 2oo!s an! !etri*enta+ in!0stria+ *et&o!s
e7ist at a++# T&e reasoning is t&at &0*an &ea+t& is not t&e 0rs0it o2 in!0stria+ 2oo! ro!0,tion an!
ne1er &as 4een !0e to t&e iso+ate! interest to generate in,o*e# More on t&is incentive disorder
in&erent to t&e Monetar38Market E,ono*3 in +ater essa3s#
The Stress Factor
LetIs no6 ,onsi!er t&e ro+e o2 &tress' Stress &as *ore o2 an e22e,t on Heart Disease t&an
re1io0s+3 t&o0g&t an! t&is isnIt 90st re2erring to t&e statisti,a+ 2a,t t&at +o6er in,o*e eo+es
ten! to &a1e a roensit3 to ,oe 43 s*oking, !rinking, *ani2esting &ig& 4+oo! ress0re an!
&en,e !isregar! t&eir 4o!ies an! 6e++84eing !0e to t&e ongoing str0gg+e 2or in,o*e an! s0r1i1a+#
W&i+e t&ose 2a,tors are ,+ear+3 e1i!ent an!, again, 2o0n! tie! to t&e ine1ita4+e strati2i,ation 2o0n!
in t&e Monetar38Market E,ono*3
$?$
, t&e *ost !etri*enta+ 2or* o2 stress ,o*es in t&e 2or* o2
psychosocial stress, *eaning stress re+ating to s3,&o+ogi,a+ intera,tion 6it& t&e so,ia+
en1iron*ent#
Pro2essor Mi,&ae+ Mar*ot o2 t&e Deart*ent o2 Ei!e*io+og3 an! P04+i, Hea+t& at t&e Uni1ersit3
)o++ege o2 Lon!on !ire,te! t6o i*ortant st0!ies re+ating so,ia+ stat0s to &ea+t&#
$?'
Using t&e
Dritis& )i1i+ Ser1i,e s3ste* as t&e s049e,t gro0, t&e3 2o0n! t&at t&e gra!ient o2 &ea+t& 50a+it3 in
in!0stria+i;e! so,ieties is not si*+3 90st a *atter o2 oor &ea+t& 2or t&e !isa!1antage! an! goo!
&ea+t& 2or e1er3one e+se# T&e3 2o0n! t&at t&ere 6as a+so a social distribution of disease as 3o0
6ent 2ro* t&e to o2 t&e so,ioe,ono*i, +a!!er, to t&e 4otto* an! t&e t3es o2 !iseases t&at
eo+e 6o0+! get 6o0+! ,&ange on a1erage#
For e7a*+e t&e +o6est r0ngs o2 t&e &ierar,&3 &a! a fourfold increase o2 &eart !isease 4ase!
*orta+it3, ,o*are! to t&e &ig&est r0ngs# E1en in a ,o0ntr3 6it& 0ni1ersa+ &ea+t& ,are, t&e 6orse
a ersonIs 2inan,ia+ stat0s an! osition in t&e &ierar,&3, t&e 6orse t&eir &ea+t& is going to 4e on
a1erage# T&e reason is essentia++3 s3,&o+ogi,a+ as it &as 4een 2o0n! t&at t&e *ore strati2ie! a
gi1en so,iet3, t&e 6orse t&e 04+i, &ea+t& is in genera+, specifically 2or t&e +o6er ,+asses#
$?(
T&is attern &as 4een ,orro4orate! 6it& *an3 st0!ies o1er t&e 3ears in,+0!ing a !ee ,o++e,tion o2
resear,& organi;e! 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett# In t&eir 6ork, FT&e Sirit Le1e+ : W&3
E50a+it3 is Detter 2or E1er3one-, t&e3 so0r,e &0n!re!s o2 ei!e*io+ogi,a+ st0!ies on t&e iss0e,
o0t+ining &o6 *ore 0ne50a+ so,ieties eret0ate a 1ast arra3 o2 04+i, &ea+t& ro4+e*s, 4ot&
&3sio+ogi,a+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+#
Heart Disease asi!e, so*e )an,ers, ,&roni, +0ng !isease, gastrointestina+ !isease, 4a,k ain,
o4esit3, &ig& 4+oo! ress0re, +o6 +i2e e7e,tan,3 an! *an3 ot&er ro4+e*s are a+so no6 2o0n! to
4e +inke! to so,ioe,ono*i, stat0s in t&e 4roa! 1ie6, not 90st sing0+ar risk 2a,tors#
$??
T&ere is a
Fso,ia+ gra!ient-, it ,o0+! 4e ,a++e!, in &ea+t& a,ross so,iet3 an! 6&ere 6e are +a,e! in re+ation to
ot&er eo+e &as a o6er20+ psychosocial e22e,t 8 t&ose a4o1e 0s &a1e 4etter &ea+t& on a1erage
$?$ )+ass strati2i,ation is an i**0ta4+e art o2 t&e ,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, *o!e+ !0e to 4ot& t&e in,enti1e s3ste*
generate! t&at !isroortionate+3 !istri40tes in,o*e, strategi,a+ 2a1oring t&e 0er tiers o2 t&e &ierar,&3 : s0,& as in
'%%>, )&ie2 e7e,0ti1es o2 t&e +argest (=@ US ,o*anies re,ei1e! 6e++ o1er 1KK times t&e a3 o2 t&e a1erage e*+o3ee#
T&is ,an 4e ,o0+e! 6it& ra,ti,es o2 *a,roe,ono*i, *onetar3 o+i,3 6&i,& str0,t0ra++3 re6ar! t&e 6ea+t&3 an! 0nis&
t&e oor t&ro0g& t&e interest system# GT&e 6ea+t&3 gain interest in,o*e o22 in1est*ent 6&i+e t&e oor, +a,king
in1est*ent ,aita+, take +oans 2or t&e *a9orit3 o2 +arge 0r,&ases, a3ing interest# P0t in a4stra,tion, t&e oor are
2or,e! to gi1e t&e ri,& t&eir *one3 t&ro0g& t&is *e,&anis*#<
$?' W&ite&a++ St0!3 I B II, &tt"HH666#0,+#a,#0kH6&ite&a++IIH A+so See" +pidemiology of socioeconomic status and health
M# Mar*ot &tt"HH666#n,4i#n+*#ni&#go1H04*e!H$%=C$CC@
$?( I4i!#
$?? A 50a+i2ier &ere to note is t&at t&is &eno*enon re+ates *ore so to re+ati1e+3 6ea+t&3 so,ieties in genera+ t&an it !oes
to in&erent+3 o1ert3 stri,ken so,ieties#
40
6&i+e t&ose 4e+o6 0s &a1e 6orse &ea+t& on a1erage#
$?@

A statisti,a+ ,o*arison o2 04+i, &ea+t& 4et6een ,o0ntries 6it& &ig& +e1e+s o2 in,o*e ine50a+it3
Gs0,& as t&e Unite! States< an! t&ose 6it& +o6er +e1e+s o2 in,o*e Ine50a+it3 Gs0,& as Kaan<
re1ea+s t&ese tr0t&s 50ite o41io0s+3#
$?=

Ho6e1er, s0,& genera++3 !ee*e! F&3si,a+- i++nesses are on+3 art o2 t&e public health crisis
generate! 43 ine50a+it3 6&i,&, again, is 3et a ,onse50en,e 0nto itse+2 originating o0t o2 t&e !ire,t,
i**0ta4+e strati2i,ation in&erent to o0r g+o4a+ so,ia+ s3ste*#
Ps)chological +ealth
Per&as *ore ro2o0n! in its 04+i, &ea+t& i*+i,ation is t&e res0+t o2 so,ia+ ine50a+it3 on o0r
*enta+ or s3,&o+ogi,a+ &ea+t&# T&is e7ten!s into 4e&a1iora+ rea,tions an! ten!en,ies s0,& as a,ts
o2 1io+en,e or a40se, a+ong 6it& e*otiona+ iss0es +ike !eression, an7iet3 an! ersona+it3
!isor!ers in genera+#
A genera+ tren! assess*ent o2 Deression an! An7iet3 in !e1e+oe! ,o0ntries, ,o0ntries t&at
*an3 int0iti1e+3 6o0+! t&ink 6o0+! &a1e *ore 9o3 an! ease !0e to t&e *ateria+ 6ea+t& a1ai+a4+e,
re1ea+s a *0,& !i22erent rea+it3#
$?>$?C
A Dritis& st0!3 e7a*ining !eression a*ong eo+e in t&eir
'%s 2o0n! t&at it 6as t6i,e as ,o**on in $A>% t&an it 6as in $A@C#
$?A
An A*eri,an st0!3 o2 a4o0t
=(,>%% ,o++ege st0!ents 2o0n! t&at 2i1e ti*es as *an3 3o0ng a!0+ts are !ea+ing 6it& &ig&er +e1e+s
o2 an7iet3 t&an in t&e +ate $A(%s#
$@%
A '%$$ st0!3 resente! at t&e A*eri,an Ps3,&o+ogi,a+
Asso,iation s&o6e! t&at *enta+ i++ness 6as *ore ,o**on a*ong ,o++ege st0!ents t&an it 6as a
!e,a!e ago#
$@$
Ps3,&o+ogist Kean T6enge o2 San Diego Uni1ersit3 +o,ate! '=A re+ate! st0!ies *eas0ring an7iet3
in t&e Unite! States so0r,e! 4et6een $A@' an! $AA( an! t&e aggregate assess*ent s&o6s a
!ra*ati,a++3 ,+ear tren! in t&e rise o2 an7iet3 o1er t&is erio!, 6it&, 2or e7a*+e, t&e ,on,+0sion
t&at 43 t&e +ate $AC%s t&e average A*eri,an ,&i+! 6as *ore an7io0s t&an ,&i+! psychiatric
patients in t&e $A@%s#
$@'
A '%$$ N)HS reort re1ea+s t&at t&e rate o2 anti!eressant 0se in A*eri,a a*ong teens an!
a!0+ts Geo+e ages $' an! o+!er< in,rease! 43 a+*ost ?%%W 4et6een $ACC:$AA? an! '%%@:
'%%C# Anti!eressants 6ere t&e t&ir! *ost ,o**on res,rition *e!i,ation taken 43 A*eri,ans
in '%%@:'%%C#
$@(
$?@ Re2eren,e" &ocial *eterminants of CealthA The &olid Dacts, R#G# Wi+kinson B M# Mar*ot, Wor+! Hea+t& Organi;ation,
'%%=
$?= A s0**ar3 PDF o2 regression +ine ,&arts e7tra,te! 2ro* t&e 6ork o2 R# Wi+kinson an! L# Pi,kett ,an 4e 2o0n! &ere 2or
re2eren,e" &tt"HH666#goog+e#,o*H0r+QsaRtBr,tR9B5RBesr,RsBso0r,eR6e4B,!R'B1e!R%)),EF9ADB0r+R&ttW(AW'F
W'F666#tantor#,o*W'FE7trasW'FD%@%@USiritLe1e+
W'FD%@%@USiritLe1e+UPDFU$#!2BeiRGi5PUK3WEJL(igL=6I)gDEB0sgRAFE9)NH8
A$'LC;=iT=VGr$PnI>)SHUIE06B,a!Rr9a
$?> Re2eren,e" The *ramatic $ise of .nxiety and *epression in Children and .dolescents, Peter Gra3, '%$'
httpA22www'psychologytoday'com2blog2freedom-learn26K,KK,2the-dramatic-rise-anxiety-and-depression-in-children-
and-adolescents-is-it
$?C .nxiety *isorders .re &harply on the $ise, Ti*i G0sta2son R#D MhttpA22timigustafson'com26K,,2anxiety-disorders-are-
sharply-on-the-rise2N
$?A Time Trends in child and adolescent mental health, Ma0g&an, )o++is&a6, Goo!*an B Pi,k+es, Ko0rna+ o2 )&i+!
Ps3,&o+og3 an! Ps3,&iatr3, '%%?
$@% So0r,ing t&e An7iet3 Disor!ers Asso,iation o2 A*eri,a, t&is arti,+e is a re,o**en! s0**ation"
&tt"HH666#*sn4,#*sn#,o*Hi!H(A((@='CHnsH&ea+t&8*enta+U&ea+t&HtH6&38are8an7iet38!isor!ers8a*ong86o*en8
riseHN#UIAPRoU;Zg
$@$ *epression 0n The $ise In College &tudents, NPR, '%$$ .&tt"HH666#nr#orgH'%$$H%$H$>H$('A(?@?(H!eression8on8
t&e8rise8in8,o++ege8st0!ents/
$@' The age of anxietyG 3irth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, K#M# T6enge, Ko0rna+ o2 Persona+it3 an! So,ia+
Ps3,&o+og3, '%%>
$@( .ntidepressant >se in "ersons .ged ,6 and 0verA >nited &tates, 6KK176KK<, La0ra A# Pratt, N)HS, O,t '%$$
41
W&i+e a geneti, ,o*onent 2or !eression *a3 &a1e re+e1an,e, t&e tren! rate ,+ear+3 s&o6s an
en1iron*enta+ ,a0sa+it3 as t&e !ri1ing 2or,e# In t&e 6or!s o2 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson"
F.A/+t&o0g& eo+e 6it& *enta+ i++ness so*eti*es &a1e ,&anges in t&e +e1e+s o2 ,ertain ,&e*i,a+s
in t&e 4rain, no4o!3 &as s&o6n t&at t&ese are causes o2 !eression, rat&er t&an changes ,a0se!
43 !eression###a+t&o0g& so*e geneti, 10+nera4i+it3 *a3 0n!er+ie so*e *enta+ i++ness, t&is ,anIt
43 itse+2 e7+ain t&e &0ge rises in i++ness in re,ent !e,a!es 8 o0r genes ,an not ,&ange t&at
2ast#F
$@?
It aears o0r re+ati1e so,ia+ stat0s &as a ro2o0n! e22e,t on o0r *enta+ 6e++84eing an! t&is
ten!en,3 ,an a+so 4e 2o0n! in 6&at ,o0+! 4e !e,+are! as t&e evolutionary psychology o2 si*i+ar
ri*ates as 6e++# A '%%' st0!3 er2or*e! 6it& Ma,a50e *onke3s 2o0n! t&at t&ose 6&o 6ere
s04or!inateH+o6er in a gi1en so,ia+ &ierar,&3 &a! +ess !oa*ine a,ti1it3 t&an t&e !o*inant ones
an! t&is re+ations&i 6o0+! ,&ange as !i22erent sets 6ere regro0e!# In ot&er 6or!s, it &a!
not&ing to !o 6it& t&eir se,i2i, 4io+og3 : on+3 t&e so,ia+ arrange*ent t&at re!0,e! or e+e1ate!
t&eir !oa*ine +e1e+s# It a+so 2o0n! t&at +o6er &ierar,&3 *onke3s 6o0+! 0se *ore ,o,aine to
,o*ensate# T&is is re1ea+ing as +o6 !oa*ine +e1e+s in ri*ates Gin,+0!ing &0*ans< are 2o0n! to
&a1e a direct correlation to depression#
$@@
T&e attern &as 4e,o*e 1er3 ,+ear an! 6&i+e !ire,t stressors s0,& as 9o4 se,0rit3, !e4t an! ot&er
+arge+3 e,ono*i, 2a,tors in&erent to t&e so,ia+ s3ste* +a3 a *a9or ro+e
$@=
, t&e re+e1an,e o2
so,ioe,ono*i, stat0s itse+2 is sti++ !o*inant#
T&e 2o++o6ing ,&art is a ,o*arison o2 o1era++ Menta+ Hea+t& an! Dr0g Use 43 ,o0ntr3#
$@>
It
in,+0!es nine ,o0ntries so0r,ing !ata 2ro* t&e WHO s0r1e3s, in,+0!ing an7iet3 !isor!ers, *oo!
!isor!ers, i*0+si1e !isor!ers, a!!i,tions an! ot&ers# One ,an ,+ear+3 see t&at t&e Unite! States,
6&i,& a+so &as t&e &ig&est +e1e+ o2 ine50a+it3, &as an enor*o0s +e1e+ o2 *enta+ &ea+t& an! !r0g
!isor!ers as 6e++ 43 ,o*arison to t&e +ess strati2ie! ,o0ntries, Ita+3 4eing t&e +o6est in *enta+
&ea+t& !isor!ers o2 t&e gro0#
.&tt"HH666#,!,#go1Hn,&sH!ataH!ata4rie2sH!4>=#&t*/
$@? The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A, =@
$@@ &ocial dominance in monkeysA dopamine *6 receptors and cocaine self-administration, Morgan B Grant, Nat0re
Ne0ros,ien,e, '%%' @G'<" $=A8>?
$@= &uicide rates rocket in wake of economic downturn recession, Nina Lak&ani, T&e In!een!ent, A0g $@ '%$'
$@> )&art 2ro* The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A, =>
42
E1en perceived so,ia+ stat0s, s0,& as t&e caste re+ations&is 2o0n! in ,o0ntries +ike In!ia, ,an
&a1e a ro2o0n! e22e,t on ,on2i!en,e an! 4e&a1ior# A st0!3 er2or*e! in '%%? ,o*are! t&e
ro4+e*8so+1ing a4i+ities o2 ('$ &ig& ,aste In!ian 4o3s against t&ose o2 ('$ +o6 ,aste In!ian
4o3s# T&e res0+ts !e*onstrate! t&at 6&en ,aste 6as not 04+i,+3 anno0n,e! 4e2ore t&e ro4+e*
so+1ing 4egan, 4ot& sets o2 4o3s a,&ie1e! si*i+ar res0+ts# T&e se,on! ro0n!, 4e2ore 6&i,& t&e
,aste o2 ea,& gro0 6as 04+i,+3 anno0n,e!, t&e +o6er ,aste gro0 2are! *0,& 6orse, an! t&e
&ig& ,aste *0,& 4etter, ro!0,ing 1er3 !i1ergent !ata ,o*are! 6it& t&e 2irst ro0n!#
$@C
Peo+e are
great+3 in2+0en,e! 43 t&eir er,ei1e! stat0s in t&eir so,iet3 an! o2ten when we expect to be
viewed as inferior, very often we perform as such'
In ,on,+0sion to t&is s04se,tion regar!ing t&e s3,&oso,ia+, ine50a+it384ase! &eno*enon t&at
s&o6s a ,+ear re+ations&i to s3,&o+ogi,a+ 6e++84eing, it is i*ortant to 50i,k+3 *ake ,+ear t&e
1ast range o2 iss0es 2o0n! re+ate!# W&i+e 20rt&er st0!3 o2 s0,& iss0es ,an 4e 2o0n! in t&e Rea!ing
$@C 3elief &ystems and *urable Ine%ualities, Po+i,3 Resear,& Working Paer, Waskington D)" Wor+! Dank, '%%? \ )&art
2ro* The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A, $$(8$$?
43
List GAen!i7 )< o2 t&is te7t 6it& t&e 6orks o2 Sao+sk3, Gi++igan, Mat[ an! Wi+kinson &ig&+3
re,o**en!e!, +et it 4e state! genera++3 &ere t&at 6&en it ,o*es to E!0,ation, So,ia+ )aita+
Gtr0st<, O4esit3, Li2e E7e,tan,3, Teen Dirt&, I*rison*ent an! P0nis&*ent, So,ia+ Mo4i+it3,
Oort0nit3, an! e1en Inno1ation : ,o0ntries 6it& +ess in,o*e ine50a+it3 !o 4etter t&an t&ose
6it& *ore in,o*e ine50a+it3# P0t anot&er 6a3, t&e3 are more healthy so,ieties#
Case Stud)3 (eha.ioral $iolence
)o0+e! 6it& t&e a4o1e iss0es re+ating to ine50a+it3 in so,iet3, t&ere is one t&at !eser1es a !eeer
+ook : De&a1iora+ Vio+en,e# )ri*ina+ Ps3,&o+ogi,a+ Dr# Ka*es Gi++igan, 2or*er &ea! o2 t&e )entre
2or t&e St0!3 o2 Vio+en,e at Har1ar! Me!i,a+ S,&oo+, 6rote a !e2initi1e treat*ent on t&e s049e,t in
&is 6ork FVio+en,e" O0r Dea!+3 Ei!e*i, an! its )a0ses-# Dr# Gi++igan *akes it 1er3 ,+ear t&at
e7tre*e 2or*s o2 1io+en,e are not ran!o* or geneti,a++3 in!0,e!, 40t rat&er ,o*+e7 rea,tions
t&at originate 2ro* stress20+ e7erien,es, 4ot& in t&e +ong an! s&ort ter*#
For e7a*+e, ,&i+! a40se, 4ot& &3si,a+ an! e*otiona+, a+ong 6it& in,reasing+3 !i22i,0+t +e1e+s o2
ersona+ stress, &a1e a !ire,t ,orre+ation to 4ot& re*e!itate! an! i*0+si1e a,ts o2 1io+en,e an!
6&i+e *en &a1e a statisti,a++3 &ig&er roensit3 to6ar!s 1io+en,e !0e to +arge+3 en!o,rino+ogi,a+
,&ara,teristi,s t&at, 6&i+e not causing 1io+ent rea,tions, ,an exaggerate t&e* 0on t&e stress
in2+0en,e
$@A
, t&e ,o**on t&e*e is t&e in2+0en,e o2 t&e en1iron*ent an! ,0+t0re#
T&is is not to !is,o0nt t&e re+ations&i o2 &or*ones or e1en ossi4+3 geneti, roensities
$=%
40t to
s&o6 t&at at t&e origin o2 t&is 4e&a1ior is ,+ear+3 not o0r 4io+og3, 40t t&e ,on!ition 0on 6&i,& a
&0*an e7ists an! e7erien,es en!0re!# Ot&er ,o**on ass0*tions o2 ,a0sa+it3, s0,& as
FInstin,t- are a+so 2ar too a4stra,t an! 1ag0e to &o+! an3 oerationa+ 1a+i!it3#
$=$
FI a* s0ggesting t&at t&e on+3 6a3 to e7+ain t&e ,a0ses o2 1io+en,e, so t&at 6e ,an +earn &o6 to
re1ent it, is to aroa,& 1io+en,e as a ro4+e* in 04+i, &ea+t& an! re1enti1e *e!i,ine, an! to
t&ink o2 1io+en,e as a s3*to* o2 +i2e8t&reatening at&o+og3, 6&i,&, +ike a++ 2or* o2 i++ness, &as an
etio+og3 or ,a0se, a at&ogen#- 8Dr# Ka*es Gi++igan
$='
In Dr# Gi++iganIs !iagnosis &e *akes it 1er3 ,+ear t&at t&e greatest ,a0se o2 1io+ent 4e&a1ior is
social ine%uality, &ig&+ig&ting t&e ,onse50en,e o2 shame and humiliation as an e*otiona+
,&ara,teristi, o2 t&ose 6&o engage in 1io+en,e#
$=(
T&o*as S,&e22, a e*erit0s ro2essor o2 so,io+og3
in )a+i2ornia state! t&at Fs&a*e 6as the so,ia+ e*otion-'
,;/
S&a*e an! &0*i+iation ,an 4e e50ate!
6it& t&e 2ee+ings o2 st0i!it3, ina!e50a,3, e*4arrass*ent, 2oo+is&ness, 2ee+ing e7ose!, inse,0rit3
an! t&e +ike : a++ +arge+3 so,ia+ or ,o*arati1e in t&eir origin#
Nee!+ess to sa3, in a g+o4a+ so,iet3 6it& not on+3 gro6ing in,o*e !isarit3 40t ine1ita4+3 Fse+28
6ort&- !isarit3 8 sin,e stat0s is to0te! as !ire,t+3 re+ate! to o0r Fs0,,ess- in o0r 9o4s, 4ank
a,,o0nts +e1e+s an! t&e +ike 8 it is no *3ster3 t&at 2ee+ings o2 in2eriorit3, s&a*e an! &0*i+iation
are sta+es o2 t&e ,0+t0re to!a3# T&e ,onse50en,e o2 t&ose 2ee+ings &a1e 1er3 serio0s i*+i,ations
2or 04+i, &ea+t&, as note! 4e2ore, in,+0!ing t&e ei!e*i, o2 t&e 4e&a1iora+ 1io+en,e 6e no6 see
$@A T&e &or*one testosterone &as 4een ,o**on+3 F4+a*e!- 2or *a+e aggression# Ho6e1er it &as 4een 2o0n! t&at inter8
in!i1i!0a+ !i22eren,es in +e1e+s o2 testosterone do not res0+t in roortiona+ !i22eren,es in +e1e+s o2 aggressi1e 4e&a1ior
6&en tests on t&e genera+ o0+ation 6ere ,on!0,te!# It &as 4een 2o0n! t&at rat&er t&an testosterone ,a0sing
aggression +e1e+s to rise, it is essentia++3 t&e ot&er 6a3 aro0n!# See The Trouble with Testosterone, Ro4ert M# Sao+sk3,
Si*on B S,&0ster, $AA>, $?>8$@A
$=% See" (iolenceO. noxious cocktail of genes and the environment, 4ariya 4oosaFee, # $ &oc 4ed' 6KK- 4ayP H;?1@A
6,,76,/ Q Notes a st0!3 in Ne6 Zea+an! 6&ere an aarent geneti, +ink 2o0n! to 1io+ent 4e&a1ior 6o0+! only *ani2est
i2 a great !ea+ o2 a40se in ,&i+!&oo! took +a,e to trigger an e7ression o2 t&at aarent geneti, roensit3#
&tt"HH666#n,4i#n+*#ni&#go1H*,Harti,+esHPM)@(A?>$H
$=$ (iolence, Ka*es Gi++igan, GrossetHP0tna*, Ne6 Jork, $AA', '$%8'$(
$=' I4i!, A'
$=( I4i!, )&ater @
$=? &hame and conformityA the defense-emotion system, T#K# S,&e22, A*eri,an So,io+ogi,a+ Re1ie6, $ACC, @("(A@8?%=
44
to!a3 in its 1ario0s ,o*+e7 2or*s# Terroris*, +o,a+ s,&oo+ an! ,&0r,& s&ootings, a+ong 6it& ot&er
e7tre*e a,ts 6&i,& si*+3 !i! not e7ist 4e2ore in t&e a4stra,ts t&e3 2in! ,onte7t to!a3 re1ea+s a
0ni50e e1o+0tion o2 1io+en,e itse+2# Dr# Gi++igan ,on,+0!es" FI2 6e 6is& to re1ent 1io+en,e, t&en,
o0r agen!a is o+iti,a+ an! e,ono*i, re2or*#-
$=@
T&e 2o++o6ing ,&art s&o6s rates o2 &o*i,i!e a,ross 6ea+t&3 nations 6it& 1ar3ing states o2 so,ia+
ine50a+it3# T&e Unite! States, 6&i,& is +ike+3 t&e +argest Fanti8so,ia+ist- a!1o,ate 6it& +itt+e
str0,t0ra+ sa2eg0ar!s in +a,e Gs0,& as a +a,k o2 0ni1ersa+ &ea+t& ,are<, 6&i+e a+so 0s&ing t&e
s3,&o+ogi,a+ et&i, t&at Fin!een!en,e- an! F,o*etition- are t&e *ost i*ortant et&os 8 s&o6s a
*assi1e +e1e+ o2 1io+en,e# W&i+e !e4ates o1er g0n ,ontro+ an! t&e +ike sti++ ersist in t&e A*eri,an
o+iti,a+ +an!s,ae 6it& rese,t to t&e ei!e*i,, ,+ear+3 t&at &as not&ing rea++3 to !o 6it&
,a0sa+it3#

%n Conclusion
T&is essa3 &as atte*te! to gi1e a ,on,ise o1er1ie6 o2 ,ore ,a0sa+ re+ations&is to &0*an &ea+t&
on 4ot& t&e s3,&o+ogi,a+ +e1e+ an! t&e &3sio+ogi,a+ +e1e+# T&e t&e*e is &o6 t&e so,ioe,ono*i,
,on!ition in genera+ i*ro1es or 6orsens 04+i, &ea+t& o1era++, a++0!ing to i!ea+ ,on!itions 6&i,&
6o0+! i*ro1e &ainess, re!0,e genera+ !isease an! a++e1iate ei!e*i, 4e&a1iora+ ro4+e*s,
s0,& as 1io+en,e#
W&i+e !ire,t e,ono*i, re+ations&is are 1er3 ,+ear in &o6 t&e3 re!0,e &0*an &ea+t& an! 6e++4eing
in t&e 2or* o2 absolute deprivation, s0,& as an ina4i+it3 to o4tain 50a+it3 2oo!, +a4or8re+ate! ti*e
restraints t&at re!0,e e*otiona+ an! !e1e+o*enta+ s0ort 2or ,&i+!ren, +oss o2 e!0,ation 50a+it3
!0e to regiona+ 20n!ing ro4+e*s, a+ong 6it& ,ase 43 ,ase t0r*oi+ s0,& as t&e 2a,t t&at *ost
*arriages en! !0e to *onetar3 ro4+e*s
$==
, t&e relative deprivation iss0e &as 4een *ore o2 a
2o,0s !0e to t&e 2a,t t&at it is also a cause of most absolute deprivation itself'
P0t into t&e str0,t0ra+, so,ioe,ono*i, ,onte7t, t&is rea+it3 2ir*+3 ,&a++enges t&e et&os t&at
,o*etition, ,+ass an! ot&er F)aita+ist- notions o2 in,enti1e an! rogress are !ri1ers o2 so,ia+
$=@ (iolence, Ka*es Gi++igan, GrossetHP0tna*, Ne6 Jork, $AA', '(=
$== 4oney Dights "redict *ivorce $ates, )at&erine Ra*e++ &tt"HHe,ono*i7#4+ogs#n3ti*es#,o*H'%%AH$'H%>H*one382ig&ts8
re!i,t8!i1or,e8ratesH
45
rogress an! &ea+t&# T&e *ore 6e +earn a4o0t t&is &eno*enon, t&e stronger t&e arg0*ent
4e,o*es t&at t&e nat0re o2 o0r so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste* is 4a,k6ar!s in its 2o,0s an! intent# H0*an
rogress an! s0,,ess is ,+ear+3 not !e2ine! 43 t&e ,onstant in2+07 o2 *arket goo!s, ga!gets an!
*ateria+ ,reations 2or 0r,&ase# P04+i, Hea+t& an! 6e++ 4eing is based on how we relate to each
other and the environment on the whole'
T&e res0+t is a hidden form of violence against t&e o0+ation an! &en,e t&e 04+i, &ea+t& ,risis
6e see is rea++3 a civil = human rights issue# W&en 6e see ,+ear geno,i!e in t&e 6or+! 6e o49e,t
strong+3 on 0re+3 *ora+ gro0n!s# D0t 6&at i2 t&ere e7iste! a ,onstant geno,i!e t&at is 0nseen 40t
1er3 rea+ 8 eret0ate! not 43 a se,i2i, erson or gro0 40t 43 a s3,&o+ogi,a+ !isor!er 4orn o0t
o2 stress generate! 43 t&e tra!itiona+ *et&o! o2 &0*an intera,tion an! e,ono*i, or!ering t&at
&as 4een ,reate! an! ,o!i2ie!Q
As 6i++ 4e arg0e! in t&e 2o++o6ing essa3s, *ere a!90st*ents to t&e ,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*
are not eno0g& in t&e +ongter* to s04stantia++3 reso+1e t&ese ro4+e*s# T&e 1er3 2o0n!ationa+
rin,i+es o2 o0r ,0rrent *o!e+ are 4o0n! 43 t&e &ierar,&i,a+ e,ono*i, an! ,o*etiti1e
orientations an! to tr0+3 6ork to re*o1e t&ose attri40tes an! ,onse50en,es is to ,o*+ete+3
trans2or* t&e entire so,ia+ s3ste*#
+%STOR/ OF ECONO1/
FIt is a te++ing s3*to* o2 o0r ,on!ition t&at no esta4+is&e! s,&oo+, !is,i+ine or
genera+ t&eor3 o2 so,ia+ ana+3sis &as gro0n!e! itse+2 in +i2e re50ire*ents###
Instea!, so*e so,ia+ ,onstr0,t is in1aria4+3 a!ote! as t&e 0+ti*ate re2eren,e 4o!3 :
set o2 i!eas, t&e state, t&e *arket, a ,+ass, te,&no+ogi,a+ !e1e+o*ent,
or so*e ot&er 2a,tor t&an t&e +i2e8gro0n! itse+2-
8Ko&n M,M0rtr3
$=>
O.er.iew
E,ono*i,s is +ike+3 t&e *ost ,riti,a+, re+e1ant an! in2+0entia+ so,ieta+ ,&ara,teristi, t&ere is#
Virt0a++3 e1er3 ase,t o2 o0r +i1es, o2ten 6it&o0t ,ons,io0s re,ognition, &as a re+ations&i to t&e
&istori,a+ !e1e+o*ent an! resent ra,ti,e o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t on one +e1e+ or anot&er, *o+!ing
o0r *ost 4asi, so,ia+ instit0tions, ,ore 4e+ie2s an! 1a+0es# In 2a,t, t&e 1er3 essen,e o2 &o6 6e as a
so,iet3 t&ink a4o0t o0r relationship to ea,& ot&er an! t&e &a4itat 6&i,& s0orts 0s is, in +arge
art, a !ire,t res0+t o2 t&e e,ono*i, t&eories an! ra,ti,es 6e eret0ate#
T&o0g&t20+ re1ie6 o2 &istori,a+ re+igio0s B *ora+ &i+oso&ies, go1ern*enta+ !e1e+o*ent, o+iti,a+
arties, +ega+ stat0tes an! ot&er so,ia+ ,ontra,ts an! 4e+ie2s t&at ,o*rise a gi1en so,ia+ s3ste*
an! its ,0+t0re, re1ea+ t&e !ee i*a,t e,ono*i, ass0*tions &a1e an! ,ontin0e to &a1e in
s&aing o2 t&e FZeitgeist- o2 a ti*e#
S+a1er3, ,+assis*, 7eno&o4ia, ra,is*, se7is*, s0490gation an! *an3 ot&er !i1isi1e B e7+oitati1e
notions sti++ ,o**on to &0*an ,0+t0ra+ &istor3 6i++ 4e 2o0n! to &a1e kerne+s o2 origin or
eret0ation in *an3 genera++3 a,,ete! e,ono*i, &i+oso&ies to one !egree or anot&er# Histor3
is 2air+3 ,+ear 6it& rese,t to &o6 t&e so,ia+ ,on!ition is groo*e! 43 t&e re1ai+ing e,ono*i,
ass0*tions o2 a gi1en erio! an! t&is 4roa! so,io+ogi,a+ ,onsi!eration is sa!+3 not gi1en *0,&
gra1it3 in t&e 6or+! to!a3 6&en t&inking a4o0t 6&3 t&e 6or+! is t&e 6a3 it is an! 6&3 6e t&ink
t&e 6a3 6e !o#
As a re+i*inar3 oint, a oint 6&i,& 6i++ ree*erge +ater in t&is essa3, t&ere &as ,o**on+3 4een a
!0a+it3 note! in *ost *o!ern e,ono*i, t&o0g&t 6&ere t&e F)aita+ist Free8Market-, *eaning t&e
$=> The Cancer &tage of Capitalism, Ko&n M,M0rtr3, P+0to Press, $AAA, #1iii
46
F2ree- a,tions o2 in!een!ent ro!0,ers, +a4orer an! tra!ers, 6orking in aggregate to 403, se++ an!
e*+o3
$=C
, is to 4e ,ontraste! to t&at o2 t&e FState-, *eaning a 0ni2ie! s3ste* o2 !e+egate! o6er
t&at &as t&e ,aa,it3 to set +ega+ o+i,3 an! e,ono*i, *an!ates t&at ,an in&i4it t&e a,tions o2 t&e
FFree8Market- t&ro0g& inter2eren,e# Most e,ono*i, !e4ates to!a3 re1o+1e! aro0n! t&is !0a+it3 on
one +e1e+ or anot&er 6it& t&e FLaisse;82aire- interests, or t&ose 6&o 6is& to &a1e a ,o*+ete+3
non8reg0+ate! *arket e,ono*3, ,onstant+3 at 6ar 6it& t&e FStatists-, or t&ose 6&o t&ink so*e
kin! o2 ,entra+i;e! go1ern*ent ,ontro+ an! !e,ision *aking o1er e,ono*i, +anning an! o+i,3 is
4est#
T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent takes neit&er si!e, e1en t&o0g& *an3 6&o &ear TZMIs roosa+s &a1e a
knee89erk rea,tion to ass0*e t&e +atter asso,iation GStatis*<
$=A
# As 6it& *an3 tra!itiona+i;e!
4e+ie2 s3ste*s, o+ari;e! erse,ti1es an! !e2enses are ,o**on an! t&e i!ea t&at t&ere is no
ot&er ossi4+e frame of reference 6it& rese,t to &o6 an e,ono*i, s3ste* ,an 4e !e1e+oe! an!
a!*inistere!, is to ,+ose onese+2 o22 !og*ati,a++3 to *an3 re+e1ant an! e*erging ,onsi!erations#
T&e 2o++o6ing, 4rie2 treat*ent is a4o0t t&e FHistori,a+- !e1e+o*ent o2 e,ono*i,s# We 6i++ tra,e
t&e genera+ &istor3 o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t 2ro* ro0g&+3 t&e $>
t&
,ent0r3 on6ar!, &ig&+ig&ting t&e
,ore in2+0en,es t&at ga1e 4irt& to t&e *o!ern, FFree8Market )aita+ist- s3ste*# Ho6e1er, as 6i++
4e e7an!e! 0on *ore so in Part III, a !i22erent erse,ti1e 6i++ a+so 4e a++0!e! to# We 6i++ ,a++
t&is t&e FMe,&anisti,- 1ie6# T&e *e,&anisti, erse,ti1e o2 e,ono*i, 2a,toring takes a !i22erent
+ook at t&e ,a0sa+, scientific rea+ities o2 &0*an e7isten,e an! o0r &a4itat an! 40i+!s a *o!e+ o2
e,ono*i, t&eor3 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 strategic reason : not historical tradition#
T&e 4otto* +ine is t&at *o!ern e,ono*i, t&o0g&t is rea++3 not *o!ern at a++ an! t&e 1ast *a9orit3
o2 ass0*tions sti++ &e+! as Igi1enI, s0,& as Froert3-, F*one3-, F,+assis*-, t&eories o2 F1a+0e-,
F,aita+- an! ot&er ,on,ets t&at r0n t&ro0g& 1irt0a++3 a++ ,onte7t0a++3 re+e1ant &istori,a+
arg0*ents, are rea++3 outdated in t&eir 0n!er+3ing re*ises# Rai! !e1e+o*ent in t&e in!0stria+,
in2or*ationa+ an! &0*an s,ien,es, 6&i,& &a1e gone +arge+3 ignore! 43 t&e esta4+is&e! e,ono*i,
tra!ition, are osing ,riti,a+ re,onsi!erations an! ne6 re+ations&is 6&i,& si*+3 do not exist in
t&e tra!itiona+ *o!e+s#
$>%
Wit& rese,t to t&e e1er *0tating Fs,&oo+s- o2 t&o0g&t t&at &a1e 4ro0g&t t&e e,ono*i, !e4ate to
6&ere it rests to!a3, t&e a,a!e*i,, o2ten 2or*0+ai,, tra!itiona+i;e! e1o+0tion o2 esta4+is&e!
e,ono*i, t&eor3 Gan! ra,ti,e< aears to &a1e !e1e+oe! a self-referring frame of reference'
,L,

In ot&er 6or!s, t&e *ost ,o**on F*ainstrea*- e,ono*i, ,onsi!erations !is,0sse!Ha,,ete!
to!a3, t&ose *ost roagate! in t&e restigio0s a,a!e*i, s,&oo+s an! go1ern*enta+ ,on2eren,es,
6i++ 4e 2o0n! to !eri1e t&eir i*ortan,e 2ro* t&e *ere 2a,t t&at t&e3 &a1e 4een considered
i*ortant 2or so +ong# As a *eta&or, it is si*i+ar to 1ie6ing t&e engine o2 an a0to*o4i+e an!
ass0*ing t&e str0,t0re o2 t&at engineIs ,o*onents are i**0ta4+e an! on+3 1ariation a*ong
t&ose e7isting ,o*onents arts is ossi4+e, as oose! to t&e ra!i,a+ i!ea o2 redesigning t&e
entire engine str0,t0re 2ro* t&e gro0n! 0, er&as 4ase! 0on ne6 te,&no+og3 an! in2or*ation
$=C A +ess genera+i;e! !e2inition o2 t&e FFree8Market- is as 2o++o6s" FAn e,ono*i, s3ste* in 6&i,& ri,es an! 6ages are
!eter*ine! 43 0nrestri,te! ,o*etition 4et6een 40sinesses, 6it&o0t go1ern*ent reg0+ation or 2ear o2 *onoo+ies#-
.&tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seH2reeP*arket/
$=A As 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! in +ater essa3s, TZMIs o2ten 2a+se ,ategori;ation o2 4eing FStatist- is roote! in its genera+
oosition to Market Prin,i+es, 6&i,& it 2in!s to 4e 0ns0staina4+e an! o2ten ,o0nterro!0,ti1e# Statis*, 6&i,& ,an take
*an3 2or*s, s0,& as )o**0nist, Fas,ist or So,ia+ist, a!1o,ates a F,entra+ a0t&orit3- to !e,i!e &o6 t&e
e,ono*i,Ho+iti,a+ ro,ess is to 0n2o+!, 6it& +itt+e to no re+e1ant in2+0en,e o,,0rring 1ia t&e genera+ o0+ation# TZM
s0orts an oen !e,ision *aking ro,ess in genera+, 0n!er t&e i*osition o2 4asi,, ro1en +a6s o2 s,ienti2i,
s0staina4i+it3 an! e22i,ien,3#
$>% T&e notion o2 an FE7terna+it3-, 6&i,& 6i++ 4e note! +ater in t&is essa3, is a ,ase in oint# Most en1iron*enta+ an! so,ia+
,osts s3ste*i, to t&e Market aroa,&, a+ong 6it& arg0a4+3 t&e loss of efficiency an! &en,e roserit3, are !is*isse! in
t&e t&eoreti,a+ e50ation o2 t&e Market, a*ong *an3 ot&er re+e1ant iss0es#
$>$ E,ono*i, &i+oso&er Ko&n M,M0rtr3 state! genera++3 on t&is iss0e" FT&is ten!en,3 re1ai+s 2ro* t&e )ontinenta+
Rationa+ists on# Lei4ni;, Sino;a, Des,artes, Derke+e3, Lant an! Hege+, 2or e7a*+e, *ore or +ess entire+3 res0ose!
t&e so,ia+ regi*e o2 t&eir !a3 an! its ,onstit0ent 2or*s as in so*e 6a3 t&e e7ression o2 t&e !i1ine Min!, 6&i,& t&e3
see it as t&eir rationa+ !0t3 on+3 to a,,et or to 90sti23#- The Cancer &tage of Capitalism, P+0to Press, $AAA, #>
47
t&at ser1es t&e 0ti+it3 *ore e22i,ient+3 an! s0,,ess20++3#
FMo!ern- e,ono*i, t&o0g&t an! ra,ti,e is an o+! engine 6it& generations o2 i**inent Fe7erts-
6orking to a!*inister o+! ,o*onents arts, re20sing to a,,et t&e ossi4i+it3 t&at t&e entire
engine is o0t!ate! an! er&as in,reasing+3 !etri*enta+# T&e3 ,ontin0e to 04+is& arg0*ents,
t&eories an! e50ations t&at rein2or,e t&e 2a+se i*ortan,e o2 t&at o+! engine Go+! F2ra*e o2
re2eren,e-<, ignoring ne6 a!1ents in s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3 t&at ,ontra!i,t t&eir tra!itiona+is*# It
is no !i22erent t&an t&e +ong &istor3 o2 ot&er Festa4+is&e!- i!eas, s0,& as a49e,t &0*an s+a1er3,
6&ere t&e so,iet3 at +arge rea++3 !i!nIt 50estion t&e ra,ti,e, an! ,onsi!ere! s0,& established
structures, i*ose! an! ,o!i2ie!, as Fnat0ra+- to t&e &0*an ,on!ition#
$>'
,nderl)ing Themes
Taking an &istori,a+ erse,ti1e, E0roe o2 t&e Mi!!+e Ages
$>(
is genera++3 a !e,ent i!eo+ogi,a+
starting oint as t&e *ost ,entra+ i!eas ,&ara,teristi, o2 *o!ern )aita+is*, 6&i,& +ater srea!
a,ross t&e 6or+!, aear to &a1e taken &o+! !0ring t&is erio!#
$>?
It is 2ro* t&e $>
t&
,ent0r3
on6ar! t&at 6e 2in! *ost o2 t&e in2+0entia+ &i+oso&ers &ig&+3 regar!e! to!a3 in tra!itiona+
&istor3 4ooks o2 e,ono*i,s# W&i+e &istorians &a1e 2o0n! t&at t&e 4asi, gest0res o2 Froert3- an!
t&e a,t o2 Ftra!ing 2or ro2it- go 4a,k to t&e se,on! *i++enni0* D),
$>@
its ,ore !e1e+o*enta+
2o0n!ation an! instit0tiona+i;ation aears to rests aro0n! t&e Late Fe0!a+HEar+3 Mer,anti+ist
erio!s#
Rat&er t&an !is,0ss t&e 1ario0s !i22eren,es 4et6een t&e so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*s 6&i,& re,e!e!
*o!ern )aita+is*, it is *ore 6ort&6&i+e to note t&e genera+ si*i+arities# In t&is 4roa! ,onte7t,
t&e )aita+ist s3ste* aears to 4e a *ani2est e1o+0tion o2 6&at are *ost+3 !ee+3 ingraine!
historical assumptions o2 &0*an nat0re an! &0*an so,ia+ re+ations'
$>=
First+3, it 6i++ 4e noti,e! t&ro0g&o0t t&is e1o+0tion t&at a class divide &as 4een re,ogni;e! an!
e*+o3e! to one !egree or anot&er# Peo+e &a1e genera++3 4een !i1i!e! into t6o gro0s#
$>>
T&ose
t&at produce 2or *ini*a+ re6ar! an! t&ose 6&o gain 2ro* t&at ro!0,tion# Fro* an,ient Eg3tian
s+a1er3,
$>C
to t&e easant 2ar*er toi+ing in s04sisten,e 2or &is Lor! in Me!ie1a+ Fe0!a+is*,
$>A
to t&e
,o!i2ie! oression o2 t&e *arket *er,&ants 43 t&e state *onoo+ies o2 Mer,anti+is*,
$C%
t&e
t&e*e o2 ine%uality &as 4een 1er3 ,+ear an! ,onsistent#
A se,on! 2eat0re &e+! in ,o**on to t&ese !o*inant Western so,ioe,ono*i, &i+oso&ies is t&at o2
a 4asi, !isregar! Gor er&as ignoran,e< o2 ,riti,a+ re+ations&is 4et6een t&e &0*an se,ies an!
its go1erning, s0orti1e &a4itat# W&i+e ,ertain e7,etions ,an 4e 2o0n! 6it& in!igeno0s tri4es
$>' Aristot+e G(C? D): ('' D)<, 6&i+e ,re!ite! 6it& e7tensi1e s,ienti2i,, +ogi,a+ an! &i+oso&i,a+ ,ontri40tion, 6as a+so in
2a1or o2 s+a1er3, 90sti23ing t&e rea+it3 6it& 6&at ,o0+! 4e arg0e! as bias, not reason# He state!" FD0t is t&ere an3 one
t&0s inten!e! 43 nat0re to 4e a s+a1e, an! 2or 6&o* s0,& a ,on!ition is e7e!ient an! rig&t, or rat&er is not a++ s+a1er3
a 1io+ation o2 nat0reQ T&ere is no !i22i,0+t3 in ans6ering t&is 50estion, on gro0n!s 4ot& o2 reason an! o2 2a,t# For t&at
so*e s&o0+! r0+e an! ot&ers 4e r0+e! is a t&ing not on+3 ne,essar3, 40t e7e!ientT 2ro* t&e &o0r o2 t&eir 4irt&, so*e
are *arke! o0t 2or s049e,tion, ot&ers 2or r0+e#- "olitics, Dook I, )&aters III t&ro0g& VII
$>( T&e ter* FMi!!+e Ages- genera++3 re2ers to t&e erio! o2 E0roean &istor3 t&at +aste! 2ro* t&e @t& 0nti+ t&e $@t&
,ent0ries#
$>? For a !etai+e! st0!3 o2 t&e *e!ie1a+ e,ono*i, s3ste* an! so,iet3, t&e 2o++o6ing 6ork is s0ggeste!" The .grarian )ife
of the 4iddle .ges, K#H# )&a*an an! Ei+een E# Po6ers, e!s#, '! e!#, The Cambridge +conomic Cistory of +urope, 1o+# $
Lon!on, )a*4ri!ge Uni1ersit3 Press, $A==
$>@ 4acroeconomics from the beginningA The Beneral Theory, .ncient 4arkets, and the $ate of Interest, Da1i! War40rton
Paris, Re,&er,&es et P04+i,ations, '%%( #?A
$>= T&e FE*ergent- ,onsi!eration o2 e,ono*i, !e1e+o*ent aears to 4e a re+ati1e+3 ne6 ,on,et, intro!0,e! *ost
o0+ar+3 43 T&orstein Ve4+en in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3# S0ggeste! rea!ing on t&e s049e,t o2 e,ono*i, e1o+0tion" The
+volution of Institutional +conomicsA .gency, &tructure and *arwinism in .merican Institutionalism, Geo22re3 M#
Ho!gson, Lon!on, Ro0t+e!ge, '%%?
$>> T&e !istin,tion o2 F,+asses- in se,i2i, ,ategories is 6it&o0t e7a,t *eaning, &istori,a++3# T&e oint &ere is t&e ongoing
resen,e o2 a ,+ear+3 !o*inant ,+ass, 6&et&er t&at o2 an,ient no4i+it3, 2or e7a*+e, or t&e *o!ern 2inan,ia+ o+igar,&3#
$>C S0ggeste! rea!ing, The Cistorical +ncyclopedia of :orld &lavery, K0ni0s P# Ro!rig0e;, Vo+ I, Se,tion E
$>A S0ggeste! Rea!ing" 4ediaeval Deudalism, )ar+ Ste&enson, )orne++ Uni1ersit3 Press, $A@=
$C% . Cistory of +conomic Theory and 4ethod, Ro4ert D# Eke+0n!T Ro4ert F# H[4ert, Ne6 Jork" M,Gra6:Hi++, $A>@
48
s0,& as 6it& re,o+onia+, Nati1e A*eri,an so,ieties,
$C$
Western e,ono*i, t&o0g&t &as 4een a+*ost
!e1oi! o2 s0,& ,onsi!erations, a4sent t&e *ore re,ent an! *o0nting e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s 6&i,&
&a1e 2or,e! so*e 04+i,Hgo1ern*ent resonse an! a 1er3 genera+ interest in Fre2or*-#
$C'
A t&ir! an! 2ina+ 4roa! 2eat0re to note is t&e genera+ !is*issa+ o2 t&e so,ia+ re,ognition o2 a
ersonIs 6e++84eing on t&e +e1e+ o2 human need an! &en,e public health# A!1an,e*ents in t&e
&0*an s,ien,es, 6&i,& o,,0rre! +arge+3 a2ter t&e ,ore !o,trines o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t 6ere
tra!itiona++3 ,o!i2ie!, &a1e 2o0n! t&at human wants an! human needs
,<-
are not t&e sa*e an! t&e
!eri1ation o2 t&e +atter ,an ,reate *an3 negati1e ,onse50en,es not on+3 2or t&e in!i1i!0a+ 40t 2or
t&e so,iet3 itse+2# Anti8so,ia+, F,ri*ina+- an! 1io+ent 4e&a1ior, 2or e7a*+e, &a1e 4een 2o0n!
so0r,e! to *an3 2or*s o2 so,ia+ !eri1ation roote! in t&e so,ioe,ono*i, tra!ition#
$C?
P0t *ore
genera++3, t&e s3ste* ignores s0,& so,ia+ ,onse50en,es 43 !esign, re+egating t&ese o0t,o*es as
*ere Fe7terna+ities- in *ost ,ases#
T&is rea+it3 6as 20rt&er ,o*o0n!e! in t&e $C
t&
,ent0r3 6&ere t&e FSo,ia++3 Dar6inisti,-
$C@

0n!ertone o2 t&e F+a4or82or8re6ar!- re*ise in,reasing+3 re!0,e! t&e &0*an 4eing to an o49e,t
t&at 6as to 4e !e2ine! an! 50a+i2ie! 43 &is or &er ,ontri40tion to t&e s3ste* o2 +a4or# I2 t&e
a1erage erson is 0na4+e to o4tain +a4or or engage s0,,ess20++3 in t&e *arket e,ono*3, t&ere
e7ists no rea+ sa2eg0ar! 6it& rese,t to oneIs s0r1i1a+ or 6e++4eing, e7,et 2or Finter2eren,e-
,o*ing 2ro* t&e FState- in t&e 2or* o2 FWe+2are-# In t&e *o!ern !a3, t&is rea+it3 is o2 great
,ontro1ers3 6&ere t&e ,+ai* o2 Fso,ia+is*- &as 4e,o*e a knee89erk ,on!e*nation rea,tion
6&ene1er go1ern*enta+ o+i,3 atte*ts to ro1i!e !ire,t s0ort 2or a ,iti;enr3 6it&o0t t&e 0se o2
t&e *arket *e,&anis* o2 sa+es an!Hor +a4or#
Dawn of Free!1ar#et Ca*italism
Me!ie1a+ Fe0!a+is* Gro0g&+3 2ro* t&e A
t&
to $=t& ,ent0ries< 6as t&e !o*inant so,ioe,ono*i,
s3ste* t&at essentia++3 re,e!e! FFree8Market )aita+is*- in Western E0roe, 6it& 6&at 6as +ater
to 4e ,a++e! FMer,anti+is*- ser1ing as 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,onsi!ere! a transition stage#
Fe0!a+is* 6as 4ase! on a s3ste* o2 *0t0a+ o4+igations an! ser1i,es going 0 an! !o6n a set
so,ia+ &ierar,&3, 6it& t&e entire so,ia+ s3ste* resting essentia++3 on an agri,0+t0ra+ 2o0n!ation#
Me!ie1a+ so,iet3 6as *ost+3 an agrarian so,iet3 an! t&e so,ia+ &ierar,&3 6as 4ase! essentia++3 on
eo+esV ties to t&e +an!# T&e 4asi, e,ono*i, instit0tions 6ere t&e FG0i+!s- an! i2 so*eone 6ante!
to ro!0,e or se++ a goo! or ser1i,e, t&e3 6o0+! genera++3 9oin a g0i+!# A great !ea+ ,o0+! 4e state!
in !etai+ a4o0t t&is e7tensi1e erio! o2 &istor3 an! as 6it& *ost &istor3 it is s049e,t to 1ario0s
interretations an! !e4ate# Ho6e1er, 2or t&e sake o2 t&is essa3, 6e 6i++ on+3 resent a 1er3
genera+ o1er1ie6 6it& rese,t to t&e e,ono*i, transition to FFree8Market- )aita+is*#
$C=

As agri,0+t0ra+ an! transort te,&no+og3 i*ro1e!, t&e e7ansion o2 tra!e o,,0rre! an! 43 t&e
$(
t&
,ent0r3, 6it& t&e a!1ent o2 t&e 2o0r86&ee+e! 6agon, 2or e7a*+e, t&e range o2 *arket
intera,tion rai!+3 in,rease!# Like6ise, in,rease! +a4or se,ia+i;ation, 0r4an ,on,entrations an!
$C$ S0ggeste! Rea!ing" *efending 4other +arthA Native .merican "erspectives on +nvironmental #ustice, Ka,e Wea1er,
Or4is Dooks, $AA=
$C' To +ist t&e e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s no6 2a,ing &0*anit3, 2ro* ,+i*ate !esta4i+i;ation, to o++0tion, to reso0r,e !e+etion, to
+oss o2 4io!i1ersit3 an! ot&er in1aria4+3 public health t&reats, 6o0+! 4e too e7tensi1e to !etai+ &ere# In t&e 1ie6 o2 TZM,
t&ese iss0es are +arge+3 a res0+t o2 t&e )aita+ist re*ise an! its a,,ete! aroa,&es an! 1a+0es #
$C( )ons0*tion atterns in *o!ern so,iet3 &a1e s&o6n an ar4itrar3 nat0re 6it& rese,t to FH0*an Wants-, s0,& as t&e
o6er20+ s&i2t in 1a+0es 6&i,& o,,0rre! in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3 6it& t&e a+i,ation o2 *o!ern Western a!1ertising#
FH0*an Nee!s-, &o6e1er, are 4asi, ne,essities, +arge+3 s&are! 43 a++ &0*ans, 6&i,& *aintain &3si,a+ an!
s3,&o+ogi,a+ &ea+t&#
$C? See t&e rior essa3 FDe2ining P04+i, Hea+t&-#
$C@ FSo,ia+ Dar6inis*- is a 1er3 genera+ i!eo+og3 t&at seeks to a+3 4io+ogi,a+ ,on,ets o2 Dar6inis* or o2 Fs0r1i1a+ o2
t&e 2ittest- t3e t&eor3 to so,io+og3 an! o+iti,s# T&e ter* 6as o0+ari;e! in t&e Unite! States in $A?? 43 &istorian
Ri,&ar! Ho2sta!ter# T&e int0ition o2 t&is ,on,et, &o6e1er, aears +ong 4e2ore Dar6inIs ti*e in &i+oso&i,a+ t&o0g&t#
$C= S0ggeste! Rea!ing" 4ediaeval Deudalism, )ar+ Ste&enson, )orne++ Uni1ersit3 Press, $A@=
49
o0+ation gro6t& a+so o,,0rre!#
$C>
T&ese ,&anges, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e res0+ting, in,reasing o6er o2
t&e F*er,&ant8,aita+ists-, as t&e3 ,o0+! 4e ,a++e!, s+o6+3 6eakene! t&e tra!itiona+, ,0sto*ar3
ties t&at &e+! t&e 2e0!a+ so,ia+ str0,t0re toget&er#
O1er ti*e, *ore ,o*+e7 ,ities 4egan to e*erge 6&i,& 6ere s0,,ess20+ in o4taining in!een!en,e
2ro* t&e Fe0!a+ +or!s an! in,reasing+3 ,o*+e7 s3ste*s o2 e7,&ange, ,re!it an! +a6 4egan to
e*erge, *an3 o2 6&i,& are 2o0n! to *irror *an3 4asi, ase,ts o2 *o!ern )aita+is*# In t&e
,0sto*ar3 Fe0!a+ s3ste*, genera++3 t&e F&an!i,ra2t- ro!0,er 6as a+so t&e se++er to t&e 403er o2
0se# Ho6e1er, as t&e e1o+0tion o2 t&e *arket ,ontin0e! aro0n! t&ese ne6 0r4an ,enters, t&e
,ra2ts*an 4egan to se++ at a !is,o0nt in *ass to non8ro!0,ing *er,&ants 6&o 6o0+! rese++ in
!istant *arkets 2or a Fro2it-8 anot&er 2eat0re +ater to 4e &e+! ,o**on to Market )aita+is*#
D3 t&e $=
t&
,ent0r3, t&e F&an!i,ra2t- in!0str3 ,o**on to Fe0!a+is* &a! 4een trans2or*e! into a
,r0!e *irror o2 6&at 6e kno6 to!a3, 6it& t&e o0tso0r,ing o2 +a4or, sing0+ar o6ners&i o2
ro!0,tion, a+ong 6it& *an3 2in!ing t&e*se+1es *ore an! *ore in t&e osition o2 4eing
Fe*+o3e!- rat&er t&an ro!0,ing t&e*se+1es GF6orking ,+ass-<# E1ent0a++3, t&e +ogi, s0rro0n!ing
*onetar3 profit 4egan to 4e t&e ,ore !e,i!ing 2a,tor o2 o1era++ a,tion in a s3ste*i, 6a3 an! t&e
tr0e see!s o2 Market )aita+is* took root#
$CC
Mer,anti+is*, 6&i,& essentia++3 !o*inate! Western E0roean e,ono*i, o+i,3 2ro* t&e $=t& to t&e
+ate $Ct& ,ent0ries,
$CA
6as ,&ara,teri;e! 43 State8!ri1en tra!e *onoo+ies to ens0re a ositi1e
F4a+an,e o2 tra!e-,
$A%
,o0+e! 6it& *an3 ot&er e7tensi1e reg0+ations 2or ro!0,tion, 6ages an!
,o**er,e e*erging o1er ti*e, 20rt&er in,reasing t&e o6er o2 t&e State# )o++0sion 4et6een t&e
State an! t&ese e*erging in!0stries 6ere ,o**on an! *an3 6ars o,,0rre! !0e to t&ese
ra,ti,es sin,e it 6as 4ase! on tra!e restri,tions 4et6een nations 6&i,& o2ten took t&e e22e,t o2
e,ono*i, 6ar2are#
$A$

A!a* S*it&, 6&o 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! +ater in t&is essa3, 6rote an e7tensi1e ,riti,is* o2 Mer,anti+is*
in &is ,+assi, $>>= te7t, .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations'
,H6
It is
&ere 6&ere it ,o0+! 4e !e,+are! t&at t&e i!ea+ogi,a+ 4irt& o2 FFree8Market- )aita+is* rea++3 took
root in t&eor3, 6it& t&e re9e,tion o2 6&at is o2ten ,a++e! FState- )aita+is* in *o!ern ter*s, 6&ere
t&e State Finter2eres- 6it& t&e F2ree!o*- o2 t&e *arket 8 a !e2ining 2eat0re o2 Mer,anti+is*#
$A(
To!a3, F)aita+is*-, as a sing0+ar ter*, is genera++3 !e2ine! ,0+t0ra++3 in t&e t&eoreti,a+ ,onte7t o2
FFree8Market- not FState- )aita+is*, a+t&o0g& *an3 6i++ arg0e in great !etai+ as to 6&i,& t3e o2
s3ste* 6e rea++3 &a1e to!a3, a*ong ot&er 1ariations o2 t&e ter*# In rea+it3, t&ere is no 0re
FFree8Market- or FState- 4ase! s3ste* in e7isten,e 40t a ,o*+e7 20sion 4et6een t&e t6o,
genera++3 seaking# Again, as note! at t&e 4eginning o2 t&is essa3, t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 e,ono*i,
!e4ates an! 4+a*e regar!ing e,ono*i, 0n2o+!ing o2ten re1o+1e aro0n! t&ese o+ari;e! i!eas#
$A?
$C> S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The +conomy of +arly $enaissance +urope, $(%%:$?=%, Harr3 A# Miski*in, Eng+e6oo! )+i22s, NK"
Prenti,e8Ha++, $A=A, #'%
$CC S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tudies in the *evelopment of Capitalism, Ma0ri,e H# Do44, Lon!on, Ro0t+e!ge an! Legan Pa0+,
$A?=, )&ater ?
$CA The Concise +ncyclopedia of +conomics, Da1i! R# Hen!erson, Li4ert3 F0n!, In,, '%%', FMer,anti+is*-
$A% A ositi1e 4a+an,e o2 tra!e is a+so kno6n as a Ftra!e s0r+0s- an! it ,onsists o2 e7orting *ore t&an is i*orte! in
*onetar3 1a+0e# T&is a,t 43 t&e State is o2ten ,a++e! FProte,tionis*- to!a3#
$A$ The Browth of +conomic Thought, Henr3 Wi++ia* Siege+, D0ke Uni1ersit3 Press, (
r!
E!, $AA$, #A(8$$C#
$A' An In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, $>>=, Dook IV" O2 S3ste*s o2 Po+iti,a+
E,ono*3
$A( M0rra3 Rot&4ar!, a 2eat0re! e,ono*ist o2 t&e *o!ern SA0strian S,&oo+S, s0**ari;e! t&e SStatistS erse,ti1e an!
,riti,is*" SMer,anti+is*, 6&i,& rea,&e! its &eig&t in t&e E0roe o2 t&e se1enteent& an! eig&teent& ,ent0ries, 6as a
s3ste* o2 statis* 6&i,& e*+o3e! e,ono*i, 2a++a,3 to 40i+! 0 a str0,t0re o2 i*eria+ state o6er, as 6e++ as se,ia+
s04si!3 an! *onoo+isti, ri1i+ege to in!i1i!0a+s or gro0s 2a1ore! 43 t&e state# T&0s, *er,anti+is* &e+! e7orts s&o0+!
4e en,o0rage! 43 t&e go1ern*ent an! i*orts !is,o0rage!#- .4ercantilismA . )esson for 0ur TimesG, M0rra3
Rot&4ar!, Free*an, $A=(/
$A? As 6i++ 4e arg0e! in t&e essa3 FVa+0e S3ste* Disor!er-, t&is is a 2a+se !0a+it3 an! *oot 6it& rese,t to t&e 0n!er+3ing
50
Ca*italism Defined
)aita+is*
$A@
as 6e kno6 it in se,i2i,s to!a3, in,+0!ing not on+3 its e,ono*i, t&eor3 40t o6er20+
o+iti,a+ an! so,ia+ e22e,ts, e*erge! in 2or*, as note!, rat&er s+o6+3 o1er a erio! o2 se1era+
,ent0ries# It s&o0+! 4e state! 02ront t&at t&ere is no ,o*+ete agree*ent a*ongst e,ono*i,
&istoriansHt&eorists as to 6&at t&e essentia+ 2eat0res o2 )aita+is* rea++3 are# We 6i++, &o6e1er,
re!0,e its &istori,a+ ,&ara,teri;ation G6&i,& so*e 6i++ +ike+3 2in! !e4ata4+e< to 2o0r 4asi, 2eat0res#
$< Market8Dase! Pro!0,tionHDistri40tion" )o**o!it3 ro!0,tion is 4ase! aro0n! rat&er ,o*+e7
interre+ations&is an! !een!en,ies t&at !o not in1o+1e direct ersona+ intera,tions 4et6een
ro!0,ers an! ,ons0*ers# S0+3 an! !e*an! is *e!iate! 43 t&e SMarketS s3ste*#
'< Pri1ate O6ners&i o2 Pro!0,tion Means" T&is *eans t&at so,iet3 grants to ri1ate ersons t&e
rig&t to !i,tate &o6 t&e ra6 *ateria+s, too+s, *a,&iner3, an! 40i+!ings ne,essar3 2or ro!0,tion
,an 4e 0se!#
(< De,o0+ing o2 O6ners&i an! La4or" In s&ort, a ,onstant ,+ass !i1i!e is in&erent 6&ere on t&e
to +e1e+, F)aita+ists-,
$A=
43 &istori,a+ !e2inition, o6n t&e *eans o2 ro!0,tion, 40t 3et &a1e no
o4+igation to ,ontri40te to ro!0,tion itse+2# E1er3t&ing ro!0,e! 43 t&e La4orers, who only own
their own labor, is o6ne! 43 t&e )aita+ist, 43 +ega+ a0t&orit3#
?< Se+28Ma7i*i;ing In,enti1e ass0*e!" In!i1i!0a+isti,, ,o*etiti1e an! a,50isiti1e interests are
ne,essar3 2or t&e s0,,ess20+ 20n,tioning o2 )aita+is* sin,e a ,onstant ress0re to ,ons0*e an!
e7an! is nee!e! to a1oi! re,essions, !eressions an! ot&er negati1es# In *an3 6a3s, t&is is t&e
Frationa+- 4e&a1iora+ 1ie6 &e+! 6&ere i2 a++ &0*ans a,te! in a ,ertain ass0*e! 6a3, t&e s3ste*
6o0+! 20n,tion 6it&o0t in&i4ition#
$A>
&oc#e3 E.olution of 0Pro*ert)2
A !ee &i+oso&i,a+ 0n!er,0rrent to t&e )aita+ist s3ste* is t&e notion o2 FProert3-# Eng+is&
&i+oso&er Ko&n Lo,ke G$=('8$>%?< is a i1ota+ 2ig0re# A+so so0r,e! in A!a* S*it&Is *ore
in2+0entia+ :ealth of Nations, Lo,ke not on+3 !e2ines t&e i!ea in genera+, &e resents a s04t+e 3et
o6er20+ ,ontra!i,tion#
In )&ater V, entit+e! FProert3-, o2 Lo,keIs &econd Treatise of Bovernment 04+is&e! in $=CA, &e
oses an arg0*ent 6it& rese,t to t&e nat0re o2 roert3 an! its aroriation#
He states" FT&e +a4o0r o2 &is 4o!3 an! t&e 6ork o2 &is &an!s, 6e *a3 sa3, are stri,t+3 &is# So
6&en &e takes so*et&ing 2ro* t&e state t&at nat0re &as ro1i!e! an! +e2t it in, &e mixes his
labour with it, t&0s 9oining to it so*et&ing t&at is &is o6nT an! in t&at 6a3 &e *akes it &is
roert3#-
$AC
T&is state*ent Gs0orting in gest0re 6&at 6as +ater to asso,iate 6it& t&e FLa4or
T&eor3 o2 Va+0e-<, rooses t&e +ogi, t&at sin,e +a4or is Fo6ne!- 43 t&e +a4orer Gsin,e &e o6ns
&i*se+2<, an3 energ3 e7e++e! t&ro0g& &is +a4or transfers t&at o6ners&i to t&e ro!0,t *a!e#
His &i+oso&i,a+ !isosition is essentia++3 !eri1e! 2ro* a )&ristian erse,ti1e, stating" FGo! ga1e
t&e 6or+! to *en in ,o**onT 40t sin,e &e ga1e it to t&e* 2or t&eir 4ene2it an! 2or t&e greatest
ro4+e*s ,o**on+3 attri40te! to t&e o+ari;e! !e4ate#
$A@ Fro* &ere on in t&is essa3, 6e 6i++ 0se t&e ter* F)aita+is*- in its *ost ,o**on ,0+t0ra+ 2or*, i*+3ing t&e FFree8
Market- t&eoreti,a+ ,onte7t#
$A= W&i+e a F)aita+ist- ,an 4e ,onsi!ere! a erson in 2a1or o2 t&is aroa,& to e,ono*3, a *ore a,,0rate !e2inition
!enotes Fa erson 6&o &as ,aita+, ese,ia++3 e7tensi1e ,aita+, in1este! in 40siness enterrises#-
.&tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seH,aita+ist/ In ot&er 6or!s, t&is is a erson 6&o o6ns or in1ests ,aita+ 2or a
ret0rn or ro2it, 40t 3et &as no o4+igation to ,ontri40te to a,t0a+ ro!0,tion or +a4or in an36a3#
$A> A ,oro++ar3 to t&is are t&e 1ario0s FRationa+ )&oi,e- B FUti+it3 T&eories- ,o**on to Free8Market *i,roe,ono*i, t&eor3
6&i,& atte*ts to 50anti23 &0*an a,tions aro0n! 1ario0s 4e&a1iora+ *o!e+s# More on t&is +ater in t&e essa3#
$AC &econd Treatise of Bovernment, Ko&n Lo,ke, )&ater V, Se,tion '>, $=CA
51
,on1enien,es o2 +i2e t&e3 ,o0+! get 2ro* it, &e ,anVt &a1e *eant it a+6a3s to re*ain ,o**on an!
0n,0+ti1ate!#-
$AA
Gi1en t&is !e,+aration o2 t&e F,o**on- nat0re o2 t&e eart& an! its 2r0its to a++ o2 &0*anit3 4e2ore
its F,0+ti1ation- 1ia aroriation in t&e 2or* roert3, &e a+so !eri1es t&at o6ners are re50ire! to
not a++o6 an3t&ing to spoil GFNot&ing 6as *a!e 43 Go! 2or *an to soi+ or !estro3#-
'%%
< an! t&e3
*0st +ea1e eno0g& 2or ot&ers GFT&is aroriation o2 a +ot o2 +an! 43 i*ro1ing it 6asnVt !one at
t&e e7ense o2 an3 ot&er *an, 4e,a0se t&ere 6as sti++ eno0g& .an! as goo!/ +e2t 2or ot&ers###-
'%$
<#
T&ese 1a+0es, in si*+isti, 2or*, see* so,ia++3 90sti2ia4+e in genera+# He *akes it ,+ear 0 0nti+ t&is
oint t&at t&e o6ners&i ,onte7t is re+e1ant on+3 in so 2ar as t&e o6nerIs needs an! a4i+it3 to
cultivate, or ro!0,e#
'%'

Ho6e1er, in Se,tion (=, &e re1ea+s a 0ni50e rea+it3, t&e i*+i,ations o2 6&i,& Lo,ke +ike+3 !i! not
anti,iate an!, in *an3 6a3s, n0++i2ies a++ rior arg0*ents in &is !e2ense o2 ri1ate roert3# He
states" FT&e Yone t&ingV t&at 4+o,ks t&is is t&e in1ention o2 *one3, an! *enVs ta,it agree*ent to
0t a 1a+0e on itT t&is *a!e it ossi4+e, 6it& *enVs ,onsent, to &a1e +arger ossessions an! to
&a1e a rig&t to t&e*#-
'%(
No6, in e22e,t, &is origina+ re*ise, s0**ari;e! in art &ere, t&at" FAn3one ,an t&ro0g& &is
+a4o0r ,o*e to o6n as *0,& as &e ,an use in a beneficial way 4e2ore it soi+sT an3t&ing 4e3on!
t&is is more than his s&are an! 4e+ongs to ot&ers-
'%?
4e,o*es 1er3 !i22i,0+t to !e2en! as *one3
no6 not on+3 a++o6s F.*en/ to &a1e +arger ossessions-, i*+i,it+3 1oi!ing in ,onte7t t&e i!ea t&at
Fan3t&ing 4e3on! t&is is more than his s&are an! 4e+ongs to ot&ers-, it a+so 20rt&er i*+ies t&at
*one3 ,an buy labor, 6&i,& 1oi!s t&e i!ea t&at F&e .in t&is ,ase t&e 403er/ mixes his labour with
it, t&0s 9oining to it so*et&ing t&at is &is o6nT an! in t&at 6a3 &e *akes it &is roert3#-
'%@

Fina++3, t&e ro1iso FNot&ing 6as *a!e 43 Go! 2or *an to soi+ or !estro3-
'%=
is n0++i2ie! 6it& a
ne6 asso,iation t&at *one3, 4eing go+! or si+1er at t&at ti*e, si*+3 cannot soi+# FT&at is &o6
*one3 ,a*e into 0se 8 as a !0ra4+e t&ing t&at *en ,o0+! kee 6it&o0t its soi+ing, an! t&at 43
*0t0a+ ,onsent *en 6o0+! take in e7,&ange 2or t&e tr0+3 0se20+ 40t eris&a4+e s0orts o2 +i2e#-
'%>
It is &ere 6&ere 6e 2in!, at +east in t&e *e!i0* o2 +iterar3 !is,o0rse, t&e tr0e see! o2 )aita+ist
ownership 90sti2i,ation 6&ere t&e 0se o2 *one3, treate! as an a4stra,t ,o**o!it3 in an! o2 itse+2
Gin e22e,t, an ass0*e! e*4o!i*ent o2 F+a4or-<, a++o6e! an e1o+0tion o2 t&o0g&t an! ra,ti,e to
e*erge 6&i,& in,reasing+3 s&i2te! t&e 2o,0s 2ro* re+e1ant ro!0,tion GLo,keIsF,0+ti1ation-< to
*ere o6ners&i *e,&ani,s an! t&e 0rs0it o2 ro2it#
'%C
Adam Smith
A!a* S*it& G$>'(8$>A%< is o2ten ,re!ite! as one o2 t&e *ost in2+0entia+ e,ono*i, &i+oso&ers in
$AA I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion (?
'%% I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion ($, $=CA
'%$ I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion ((, $=CA
'%' Lo,ke States" FNat0re !i! 6e++ in setting +i*its to ri1ate roert3 t&ro0g& +i*its to &o6 *0,& *en ,an 6ork an!
+i*its to &o6 *0,& t&e3 nee!# No *anVs +a4o0r ,o0+! ta*e or aroriate a++ t&e +an!T no *anVs en9o3*ent ,o0+!
,ons0*e *ore t&an a s*a++ artT so t&at it 6as i*ossi4+e 2or an3 *an in t&is 6a3 to in2ringe on t&e rig&t o2 anot&er,
or a,50ire a roert3 to t&e !isa!1antage o2 &is neig&4or###- .&econd Treatise of Bovernment, Ko&n Lo,ke, )&ater V,
Se,tion (=, $=CA/
'%( I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion (=, $=CA
'%? I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion ($, $=CA
'%@ I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion '>, $=CA
'%= I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion ($, $=CA
'%> I4i!#, )&ater V, Se,tion ?>, $=CA
'%C T&e Sto,k Market an! in,reasing o6er o2 t&e in1est*entH2inan,ia+ o6ers aro0n! t&e 6or+! in t&e '$
st
,ent0r3
re2+e,ts t&is ,0+*ination 6e++# It aears t&at t&e *ere a,t o2 o6ners&i an! tra!e 1ia *one3 a+one, 6it&o0t an3 nee!
2or ro!0,tion ,0+ti1ation an! &0*an ser1i,e, &as 4e,o*e t&e *ost ro2ita4+e in!0str3 in t&e 6or+! to!a3#
52
*o!ern &istor3# His 6ork, 6&i+e nat0ra++3 4ase! on t&e &i+oso&i,a+ 6ritings o2 *an3 4e2ore &i*,
is o2ten ,onsi!ere! a starting oint 2or e,ono*i, t&o0g&t in t&e ,onte7t o2 *o!ern )aita+is*#
Rea,&ing *at0rit3 at t&e !a6n o2 t&e In!0stria+ Re1o+0tion,
'%A
S*it& +i1e! at a ti*e 6&ere it ,o0+!
4e arg0e! t&at t&e in&erent 2eat0res o2 t&e )aita+ist F*o!e o2 ro!0,tion- 6ere 4e,o*ing e1er
*ore striking, gi1en t&e intro!0,tion o2 ,on,entrate!, ,entra+i;e! ro!0,tion 2a,tories an!
*arkets#
As note!, in $>>= S*it& 04+is&e! &is no6 6or+! 2a*o0s .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes
of the :ealth of Nations' A*ong *an3 re+e1ant o4ser1ations, &e aears to 4e t&e 2irst to
re,ogni;e t&e t&ree rin,ia+ ,ategories o2 in,o*e at t&e ti*e 8 Ga< ro2its, G4< rents an! G,<
6ages : an! &o6 t&e3 re+ate! to t&e *ain so,ia+ ,+asses o2 t&e erio! : Ga< ,aita+ists, G,<
+an!+or!s, an! G,< +a4orers# It is 6ort& noting t&at t&e ro+e o2 landlords2rent, 6&i,& is se+!o*
!is,0sse! to!a3 in *o!ern e,ono*i, treat*ents, 6as a ,o**on oint o2 2o,0s t&en sin,e t&e re8
in!0stria+ s3ste*s 6&ere sti++ +arge+3 agrarian, &ig&+ig&ting t&e landlords G6&i,& +ater !isso+1e!
into t&e ,+assi2i,ation o2 si*+3 owners in 20t0re *arket t&eories<#
S*it&Is *ost note! ,ontri40tion to t&e &i+oso&3 o2 )aita+is* 6as &is genera+ a!1o,ation t&at
e1en t&o0g& in!i1i!0a+s *ig&t a,t in a narro6, se+2is& *anner on t&eir ersona+ 4e&a+2 or on t&e
4e&a+2 o2 t&e ,+ass or gro0 to 6&i,& t&e3 are a art, an! e1en t&o0g& ,on2+i,t, 4ot& in!i1i!0a+ or
,+ass 4ase!, see*e! to 4e t&e res0+t o2 t&ese a,tions, t&ere 6as 6&at &e ,a++e! an FIn1isi4+e
Han!- t&at se,0re! a ositi1e so,ia+ o0t,o*e 2ro* sing0+ar, se+2is&, non8so,ia+ intents# T&is
,on,et 6as resente! 4ot& in &is 6orks The Theory of 4oral &entiments
'$%
an! The :ealth of
Nations'
He state! in t&e +atter" FAs e1er3 in!i1i!0a+, t&ere2ore, en!ea1ors as *0,& as &e ,an 4ot& to
e*+o3 &is ,aita+ in t&e s0ort o2 !o*esti, in!0str3, an! so to !ire,t t&at in!0str3 t&at its
ro!0,e *a3 4e o2 t&e greatest 1a+0eT e1er3 in!i1i!0a+ ne,essari+3 +a4ors to ren!er t&e ann0a+
re1en0e o2 t&e so,iet3 as great as &e ,an# He genera++3, in!ee!, neit&er inten!s to ro*ote t&e
04+i, interest, nor kno6s &o6 *0,& &e is ro*oting it###&e inten!s on+3 &is o6n gain, an! &e is in
t&is, as in *an3 ot&er ,ases, +e! 43 an in1isi4+e &an! to ro*ote an en! 6&i,& 6as no art o2 &is
intention# Nor is it a+6a3s t&e 6orse 2or t&e so,iet3 t&at it 6as no art o2 it# D3 0rs0ing &is o6n
interest &e 2re50ent+3 ro*otes t&at o2 t&e so,iet3 *ore e22e,t0a++3 t&an 6&en &e rea++3 inten!s to
ro*ote it#-
'$$
T&is near+3 re+igio0s i!ea+ &a! a o6er20+ e22e,t on t&e ost8S*it& era, gi1ing a 1er3 social
1in!i,ation 2or t&e in&erent+3 se+28*a7i*i;ing, anti-social 4e&a1ior ,o**on to )aita+ist
s3,&o+og3# T&is 4asi, &i+oso&3 6as to !e1e+o, in art, as t&e 2o0n!ation o2 FNeo,+assi,a+-
'$'

e,ono*i,s 4eginning in t&e +ate nineteent& ,ent0r3#
S*it&, kno6ing 50ite 6e++ t&e ,+ass ,on2+i,ts in&erent to )aita+is*, goes on to !is,0ss t&e nat0re
'%A T&e In!0stria+ Re1o+0tion o,,0rre! 2ro* a4o0t $>=% to so*e ti*e 4et6een $C'% an! $C?% starting in E0roe,
a,,or!ing to 1ario0s &istorians, an! 6as essentia++3 t&e transitionHa+i,ation to ne6, te,&no+og3 4ase! *an02a,t0ring
ro,esses#
'$% FT&e ri,& on+3 se+e,t 2ro* t&e &ea 6&at is *ost re,io0s an! agreea4+e# T&e3 ,ons0*e +itt+e *ore t&an t&e oor, an!
in site o2 t&eir nat0ra+ se+2is&ness an! raa,it3, t&o0g& t&e3 *ean on+3 t&eir o6n ,on1enien,3, t&o0g& t&e so+e en!
6&i,& t&e3 roose 2ro* t&e +a4o0rs o2 a++ t&e t&o0san!s 6&o* t&e3 e*+o3, 4e t&e grati2i,ation o2 t&eir o6n 1ain an!
insatia4+e !esires, t&e3 !i1i!e 6it& t&e oor t&e ro!0,e o2 a++ t&eir i*ro1e*ents# T&e3 are +e! 43 an in1isi4+e &an! to
*ake near+3 t&e sa*e !istri40tion o2 t&e ne,essaries o2 +i2e, 6&i,& 6o0+! &a1e 4een *a!e, &a! t&e eart& 4een !i1i!e!
into e50a+ ortions a*ong a++ its in&a4itants, an! t&0s 6it&o0t inten!ing it, 6it&o0t kno6ing it, a!1an,e t&e interest o2
t&e so,iet3, an! a22or! *eans to t&e *0+ti+i,ation o2 t&e se,ies#- .The Theory of 4oral &entiments ar# IV#I#$%, $>A%/
'$$ .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, $>>=, ar# IV#'#A
'$' T&ere is no stati, !e2inition o2 FNeo,+assi,a+ E,ono*i,s-# Ho6e1er, a genera+, ,0+t0ra++3 ,o**on s0**ar3 in,+0!es t&e
4roa! interest in F2ree-, 0nreg0+ate! *arkets, 2o,0sing on t&e !eter*ination o2 ri,es, o0t0ts, an! in,o*e
!istri40tions in *arkets t&ro0g& s0+3 an! !e*an!, o2ten *e!iate! t&ro0g& a &3ot&esi;e! *a7i*i;ation o2 0ti+it3 43
in,o*e8,onstraine! in!i1i!0a+s an! o2 ro2its 43 ,ost8,onstraine! 2ir*s#
53
o2 &o6 so*e *en gain F###s0eriorit3 o1er t&e greater art o2 t&eir 4ret&ren-,
'$(
rein2or,ing 6&at
6as to in,reasing+3 4e ,onsi!ere! a F+a6 o2 nat0re- regar!ing &0*an o6er an! s0490gation 43
20rt&er t&eorists# His 1ie6 o2 roert3 6as in &ar*on3 6it& Ko&n Lo,ke, e+a4orating on &o6
so,iet3 itse+2 is *ani2est aro0n! it# He state! F)i1i+ go1ern*ent, so 2ar as it is instit0te! 2or t&e
se,0rit3 o2 roert3, is in rea+it3 instit0te! 2or t&e !e2ense o2 t&e ri,& against t&e oor, or o2 t&ose
6&o &a1e so*e roert3 against t&ose 6&o &a1e none at a++#-
'$?
Proert3, as an instit0tion, a+so re50ires a *eans to 90sti23 rese,ti1e value# To t&is en!, 1ario0s
FT&eories o2 Va+0e- &a1e 4een an! ,ontin0e to 4e ost0+ate!# O2ten so0r,e! in origin 4a,k to
Aristot+eIs "olitics, S*it&Is ,ontri40tion is sti++ 6i!e+3 re2eren,e! as a i1ota+ in2+0en,e# In e22e,t,
S*it& 40i+!s 0on Lo,keIs F*i7ing +a4or- re*ise o2 ro!0,tionHo6ners&i an! e7ten!s 2ro*
t&ere, ,reating a FLa4or T&eor3 o2 Va+0e-#
He states FLa4o0r 6as t&e 2irst ri,e, t&e origina+ 0r,&ase *one3 t&at 6as ai! 2or a++ t&ings# It
6as not 43 go+! or 43 si+1er, 40t 43 +a4o0r, t&at a++ t&e 6ea+t& o2 t&e 6or+! 6as origina++3
0r,&ase!T an! its 1a+0e, to t&ose 6&o ossess it, an! 6&o 6ant to e7,&ange it 2or so*e ne6
ro!0,tions, is re,ise+3 e50a+ to t&e 50antit3 o2 +a4o0r 6&i,& it ,an ena4+e t&e* to 0r,&ase or
,o**an!#-
'$@
Man3 )&aters o2 Dook I o2 :ealth of Nations 6ork to e7+ain t&e nat0re o2
ri,esH1a+0es rese,ti1e to &is !enote! in,o*eH,+ass ,ategories o2 F6ages-, Frents-, an! Fro2its-#
Ho6e1er, it 6i++ 4e 2o0n! t&at &is +ogi, is rat&er ,ir,0+ar in se,i2i,s as t&e ri,e assess*ents are
2o0n! to originate *ere+3 2ro* other ri,e assess*ents in a ,&ain 6it& no rea+ starting oint,
ot&er t&an t&e +oose !istin,tion o2 a+ie! +a4or, 6&i,& &as, o2 ,o0rse, no intrinsi,, stati, *onetar3
50a+i2i,ation# T&is ro4+e* o2 a*4ig0it3 in 4ot& t&e !o*inant F+a4or- an! F0ti+it3- t&eories o2 1a+0e
,o**on to )aita+ist *arket t&eor3 6i++ 4e a!!resse! in !etai+ +ater in t&is essa3#
O1era++, S*it&Vs e,ono*i, t&eor3 s0orte! FLaisse;82aire- )aita+is* as t&e &ig&est *o!e o2
so,ioe,ono*i, oeration, stating t&at" it 6as a Fs3ste* o2 nat0ra+ +i4ert3- an! FE1er3 *an, as
+ong as &e !oes not 1io+ate t&e +a6s o2 90sti,e, is +e2t er2e,t+3 2ree to 0rs0e &is o6n interest &is
o6n 6a3, an! to 4ring 4ot& &is in!0str3 an! ,aita+ into ,o*etition 6it& t&ose o2 an3 ot&er *an,
or or!er o2 *en#-
'$=
T&is +ater ,on,et, as 6i++ 4e arg0e! in t&e essa3, FVa+0e S3ste* Disor!er-, is
a rat&er nai1e ass0*tion o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior an!, in e22e,t, a ,ontra!i,tion in ter*s#
1althus and Ricardo
T&o*as Ma+t&0s G$>==8$C(?< an! Da1i! Ri,ar!o G$>>'8$C'(< 6ere t6o 6e++ a,kno6+e!ge!,
+ea!ing t&eorists o2 o+iti,a+ e,ono*3 o2 t&e ear+3 $A
t&
,ent0r3# T&e3 6ere F2rien!+3 ri1a+s- 43 so*e
,o*arison 40t 2ro* t&e 4roa! 1ie6 o2 &istor3 t&e3 s&are! 1irt0a++3 t&e sa*e erse,ti1e, ,+ose+3
tie! to A!a* S*it&Is#
T&e +ate In!0stria+ Re1o+0tion in E0roe an! A*eri,a 6as a erio! o2 e7tensi1e ,on2+i,t 4et6een
+a4orers an! ,aita+ist o6ners# N0*ero0s re1o+ts an! strikes in resonse to a4&orrent an! a40si1e
6orking ,on!itions 2or not on+3 *en, 40t 6o*en an! ,&i+!ren, 6ere ,o**on# T&is ga1e rai! rise
to t&e no6 ,o**on La4or Unions an! a genera+ 4att+e 4et6een F+a4or an! o6ners- &as ,ontin0e!
e1er sin,e# To e*&asi;e t&e e7tent o2 t&is ,+ass 6ar2are, in Eng+an!, t&e Combination .ct of ,LHH
6as i*ose! 6&i,& 4asi,a++3 o0t+a6e! an3 ,o*4ination o2 6orkers to gro0 toget&er 2or o6er in
or!er to, in e22e,t, e7ert in2+0en,e or in&i4it t&e interests o2 t&eir e*+o3ers#
'$>
Historian Pa0+ Manto07, 6riting o2 t&is erio!, ,o**ente! on St&e a4so+0te an! 0n,ontro++e!
o6er o2 t&e ,aita+ist# In t&is, t&e &eroi, age o2 great 0n!ertakings, it 6as a,kno6+e!ge!,
'$( I4i!#, ar# V#$#'
'$? I4i!#
'$@ I4i!#
'$= I4i!#, ar# IV#A#@$
'$> T&is o6er o2 )aita+ist interests to engage an!, in *an3 6a3s, become t&e go1ern*ent to ser1e t&eir o6n
,o*etiti1e a!1antage 6i++ a+so 4e !is,0sse! in t&e +ater essa3" FVa+0e S3ste* Disor!er-
54
a!*itte! an! e1en ro,+ai*e! 6it& 4r0ta+ ,an!or# It 6as t&e e*+o3erVs o6n 40siness, &e !i! as
&e ,&ose an! !i! not ,onsi!er t&at an3 ot&er 90sti2i,ation o2 &is ,on!0,t 6as ne,essar3# He o6e!
&is e*+o3ees 6ages an! on,e t&ose 6ere ai! t&e *en &a! no 20rt&er ,+ai* on &i*#-
'$C
It 6as in
t&e *i!st o2 a++ t&is t&at Ma+t&0s an! Ri,ar!o in1aria4+3 ,onte7t0a+i;e! t&eir e,ono*i, an! so,ia+
1ie6s#
Deginning 6it& Ma+t&0s, &is ,+assi, 6ork .n +ssay on the "rinciple of "opulation orients aro0n!
essentia++3 t6o ass0*tions# T&e 2irst is t&at t&e ,+ass str0,t0re o2 6ea+t&3 rorietors an! oor
+a4orers 6o0+! ine1ita4+3 ree*erge no *atter 6&at re2or*s 6&ere atte*te!#
'$A
He ,onsi!ere! it
a law of nature# T&e se,on! i!ea, so*et&ing o2 a ,oro++ar3 to 2irst, 6as si*+3 t&at o1ert3 an!
s022ering an! &en,e e,ono*i, !i1i!es 6ere ine1ita4+e ,onse50en,es o2 nat0ra+ +a6#
''%
His t&esis on o0+ation rests 0on t&e 1er3 si*+e ass0*tion t&at FPo0+ation, 6&en 0n,&e,ke!,
in,reases in a geo*etri,a+ ratio# S04sisten,e in,reases on+3 in an arit&*eti,a+ ratio#-
''$
T&ere2ore,
i2 t&e stan!ar! o2 +i1ing o2 e1er3one in so,iet3 6as in,rease!, t&e 1ast *a9orit3 6o0+! reson! 43
in,reasing t&e a*o0nt o2 ,&i+!ren t&e3 &a1e# In t0rn, t&e o0+ation 6o0+! 1er3 soon 4e 0s&e!
4a,k to o1ert3 43 Fo0+ation- o0ta,ing Fs04sisten,e-# It 6as on+3 t&ro0g& FMora+ restraint-
'''
, a
so,ia+ 50a+it3 6&i,& &e i*+ies to 4e+ong to t&e *ore 0stan!ing 0er,+ass, t&at t&is ro4+e* is
,&e,ke! 43 4e&a1ior# E1i!ent+3, t&e !i22eren,e 4et6een t&e 6ea+t&3 an! t&e oor 6as t&e &ig&
*ora+ ,&ara,ter o2 t&e 2or*er an! t&e 4ase *ora+it3 o2 t&e +atter#
''(

Again, as note! rior in t&is essa3, t&e intuitive cultural condition &as &a! a great !ea+ to !o 6it&
t&e re1ai+ing re*ises o2 t&o0g&t t&at &a1e g0i!e! e,ono*i, oerations into t&e *o!ern !a3#
W&i+e *an3 to!a3 *ig&t !is*iss Ma+t&0s an! t&ese ,+ear+3 o0t!ate! i!eas, t&e see!s 6ere !ee+3
+ante! in t&e e,ono*i, !o,trines, 1a+0es an! ,+ass re+ations&is 6&i,& o,,0rre! !0ring an! a2ter
&is ti*e# In 2a,t, 1ariations o2 &is o0+ation t&eor3 are sti++ ,o**on+3 ,ite! 6&en !ea+ing 6it&
e,ono*i,a++3 +ess8!e1e+oe! ,o0ntries 43 t&ose o2 a *ore F,onser1ati1e- *in!set#
Ma+t&0s, a+ong 6it& Lo,ke an! S*it&, a+so &e+! !ee+3 )&ristian ,on1i,tions in t&eir 2ra*es o2
re2eren,e, 6&et&er !ire,t+3 e7tra,te! 2ro* s,rit0re or 4ase! on ersona+ interretation# Ma+t&0s
2ra*es &is F*ora+ restraint- 6it& t&e i*+i,ation t&at a tr0e )&ristian 6o0+! rig&teo0s+3 !eno0n,e
s0,& 4ase 1i,es an! a+so a,,et t&e inevitable *iser3 ne,essar3 to kee o0+ation 2ro*
o0tstriing reso0r,e s04sisten,e# Like6ise, 90st as t&ere is enor*o0s !e4ate to!a3 6it& rese,t
to +a6s ertaining to t&e notion an! 0se o2 FWe+2are- or FP04+i, Ai!- rogra*s- to &e+ t&e oor,
''?

Ma+t&0s, nat0ra++3, 6as a 4ig roonent o2 t&e a4o+ition o2 6&at 6ere t&en ,a++e! t&e FPoor La6s-,
as 6as Da1i! Ri,ar!o#
Mo1ing on to Ri,ar!o, &e essentia++3 a,,ete! Ma+t&0sV o0+ation t&eor3 an! ,on,+0sions
'$C The Industrial $evolution in the +ighteenth Century, Pa0+ Manto07, Har,o0rt Dra,e Ko1ano1i,&, Ne6 Jork, $A'>, #?$>
'$A He states" FNo ossi4+e sa,ri2i,es o2 t&e ri,&, arti,0+ar+3 in *one3, ,o0+! 2or an3 ti*e re1ent t&e re,0rren,e o2
!istress a*ong t&e +o6er *e*4ers o2 so,iet3, 6&oe1er t&e3 6ere- ..n +ssay on the "rinciple of "opulation, T&o*as
Ma+t&0s, $>AC, )&ater @/
''% He states" SIt &as aeare!, t&at 2ro* t&e ine1ita4+e +a6s o2 o0r nat0re so*e &0*an 4eings *0st s022er 2ro* 6ant#
T&ese are t&e 0n&a3 ersons 6&o, in t&e great +otter3 o2 +i2e, &a1e !ra6n a 4+ank#- ..n +ssay on the "rinciple of
"opulation, T&o*as Ma+t&0s, $>AC, )&ater $%/
''$ .n +ssay on the "rinciple of "opulation, T&o*as Ma+t&0s, $>AC, )&ater $
''' Fro* &is '
n!
E!ition o2 .n +ssay on the "rinciple of "opulation, $C(=, "rinciples of "olitical +conomy, 1o+# $, #$?# Ne6
Jork, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, $A=?#
''( It is 6ort& not&ing t&at t&e Ma+t&0sian Po0+ation T&eor3 is a,t0a++3 1er3 ina,,0rate 6it& rese,t to 2a,tors ertaining
to o0+ation gro6t&, 4ase! on statisti,a+ 0n!erstan!ings to!a3# Aart 2ro* t&e e22e,t te,&no+og3 &as +a3e! in
e7an!ing ro!0,tion ,aa,it3 an! e22i,ien,3 e7onentia++3, arti,0+ar+3 6it& rese,t to 2oo! ro!0,tion, t&e
genera+i;ation t&at &ig&er stan!ar!s o2 +i1ing in,rease o0+ation roortiona++3 is not s0orte! 43 regiona+
,o*arison# Poor ,o0ntries statisti,a++3 rero!0,e 2aster to!a3 t&an 6ea+t&3 ,o0ntries# T&e iss0e aears to 4e a
,0+t0ra+, re+igio0s an! e!0,ationa+ &eno*enon, not a rigi! F+a6 o2 nat0re- as Ma+t&0s ,on,+0!e!#
''? Re2" .bolishment of :elfareA .n Idea 3ecomes a Cause .&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H$AA?H%?H''H0sHa4o+is&*ent8o28
6e+2are8an8i!ea84e,o*es8a8,a0se#&t*+/
55
regar!ing t&e nat0re an! ,a0ses o2 o1ert3, 40t !isagree! 6it& ,ertain e,ono*i, t&eories, s0,& as
e+e*ents o2 Ma+t&0sI T&eor3 o2 Va+0e, T&eor3 o2 G+0ts an! ,ertain ,+ass ass0*tions# Sin,e *ost
o2 t&ese !isagree*ents in !etai+ are s0er2+0o0s to t&is 4roa! !is,0ssion at &an! Gan! arg0a4+3
o0t!ate! in genera+<, Ri,ar!oIs *ost nota4+e ,ontri40tions to e,ono*i, t&o0g&t 6i++ 4e t&e oint o2
2o,0s#
In $C'$, Ri,ar!o 2inis&e! t&e (
r!
e!ition o2 &is in2+0entia+ "rinciples of "olitical +conomy and
Taxation# In t&e re2a,e, &e states &is interest" ST&e ro!0,e o2 t&e eart&###a++ t&at is !eri1e! 2ro*
its s0r2a,e 43 t&e 0nite! a+i,ation o2 +a4o0r, *a,&iner3, an! ,aita+, is !i1i!e! a*ong t&ree
,+asses o2 t&e ,o**0nit3, na*e+3, t&e rorietor o2 t&e +an!, t&e o6ner o2 t&e sto,k o2 ,aita+
ne,essar3 2or its ,0+ti1ation, an! t&e +a4orers 43 6&ose in!0str3 it is ,0+ti1ate!# To !eter*ine t&e
+a6s 6&i,& reg0+ate t&is !istri40tion is t&e rin,ia+ ro4+e* in Po+iti,a+ E,ono*3#S
''@
W&i+e ,riti,a+ o2 ,ertain ase,ts o2 A!a* S*it&Is FLa4or T&eor3 o2 Va+0e-, &e sti++ s0orte! t&e
4asi, !istin,tion, stating" FPossessing 0ti+it3, ,o**o!ities !eri1e t&eir e7,&angea4+e 1a+0e 2ro*
t6o so0r,es" 2ro* t&eir s,ar,it3, an! 2ro* t&e 50antit3 o2 +a4o0r re50ire! to o4tain t&e*#-
''=
In
,o**on 6it& S*it&, &e e+a4orates" FI2 t&e 50antit3 o2 +a4o0r rea+i;e! in ,o**o!ities reg0+ates
t&eir e7,&angea4+e 1a+0e e1er3 in,rease o2 t&e 50antit3 o2 +a4o0r *0st a0g*ent t&e 1a+0e o2 t&at
,o**o!it3 on 6&i,& it is e7er,ise!, as e1er3 !i*in0tion *0st +o6er it#-
''>
)onse50ent+3, Ri,ar!o 1ie6e! so,iet3 an! t&e ,+ass !i1isions o2 &is ti*e 2ro* t&e +a4or
erse,ti1e an! it +ogi,a++3 6ent t&at t&e interests o2 6orkers an! ,aita+ists 6ere oose!# FI2
6ages s&o0+! rise,- &e o2ten state!, Ft&en### ro2its 6o0+! ne,essari+3 2a++#-
''C
Jet, e1en t&o0g&
t&is !is&ar*on3 a++0!es to an 0n!er+3ing interest o2 ea,& ,+ass to 6ork to gain a!1antage o1er t&e
ot&er 2or t&eir 4ene2it, o2ten res0+ting in genera+ i*4a+an,e in +arge art !0e to t&e o6er o2 t&e
)aita+ist o6ners to ,ontro+ +a4or Gan! set o+i,3<, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e a!1ent o2 *e,&ani;ation
G*a,&ine a+i,ation< 6&i,& s3ste*ati,a++3 re!0,e! t&e nee! 2or &0*an +a4or in a+ie! se,tors,
&e a++0!es to t&e ,on1i,tion t&at t&e t&eor3 o2 F)aita+is*-, i2 ,orre,t+3 a+ie!, s&o0+! always
,reate 20++ e*+o3*ent in t&e +ong r0n#
On t&e se,i2i, iss0e o2 *a,&ine a+i,ation !is+a,ing &0*an +a4or 2or t&e a!1antage o2 t&e
*an02a,t0rer, &e states" FT&e *an02a,t0rer###6&o###,an &a1e re,o0rse to a *a,&ine 6&i,& s&a++###
.+o6er t&e ,osts/ o2 ro!0,tion on &is ,o**o!it3, 6o0+! en9o3 e,0+iar a!1antages i2 &e ,o0+!
,ontin0e to ,&arge t&e sa*e ri,e 2or &is goo!sT 40t &e###6o0+! 4e o4+ige! to +o6er t&e ri,e o2
&is ,o**o!ities, or ,aita+ 6o0+! 2+o6 to &is tra!e ti++ &is ro2its &a! s0nk to t&e genera+ +e1e+#
T&0s t&en is t&e 04+i, 4ene2ite! 43 *a,&iner3#-
''A
Ho6e1er, as 6it& ot&er ase,ts o2 &is 6riting, ,ontra!i,tion is ,o**on# W&i+e *aintaining t&e
4asi, i!ea t&at t&e genera+ 04+i, 6o0+! 4ene2it 2ro* t&e intro!0,tion o2 +a4or !is+a,ing
*a,&iner3 0n!er t&e ass0*tion t&at *arket ri,es 6o0+! ,+ean+3 !e,+ine an! t&ose !is+a,e!
6o0+! a+6a3s s*oot&+3 re+o,ate, in t&e t&ir! e!ition o2 &is "rinciples, Ri,ar!o starts )&ater ($ 43
stating" SE1er sin,e I 2irst t0rne! *3 attention to 50estions o2 o+iti,a+ e,ono*3, I &a1e 4een o2
t&e oinion t&at###an a+i,ation o2 *a,&iner3 to an3 4ran,& o2 ro!0,tion as s&o0+! &a1e t&e
e22e,t o2 sa1ing +a4o0r 6as a genera+ goo!###.40t/ t&at t&e s04stit0tion o2 *a,&iner3 2or &0*an
+a4or is o2ten 1er3 in90rio0s to t&e interests o2 t&e ,+ass o2 +a4orers#-
230

He +ater re850a+i2ies t&e arg0*ent 43 stating FT&e state*ents 6&i,& I &a1e *a!e 6i++ not, I &oe,
+ea! to t&e in2eren,e t&at *a,&iner3 s&o0+! not 4e en,o0rage!# To e+0,i!ate t&e rin,i+e, I &a1e
''@ The "rinciples of "olitical +conomy and Taxation, Da1i! Ri,ar!o, $C'$, Dent E!ition, $A=', #'>'#
''= I4i!#, #@
''> I4i!#, #>
''C I4i!#, #=?
''A I4i!#, #@(
'(% I4i!#, #'=(8'=?
56
4een s0osing, t&at i*ro1e! *a,&iner3 is s0!!en+3 !is,o1ere!, an! e7tensi1e+3 0se!T 40t t&e
tr0t& is, t&at t&ese !is,o1eries are gra!0a+, an! rat&er oerate in !eter*ining t&e e*+o3*ent o2
t&e ,aita+ 6&i,& is sa1e! an! a,,0*0+ate!, t&an in !i1erting ,aita+ 2ro* its a,t0a+
e*+o3*ent#-
'($
His genera+ !is*issa+ o2 t&e iss0e o2 &0*ans 4eings !is+a,e! 43 *a,&ines, +ater to 4e ,a++e!
Fte,&no+ogi,a+ 0ne*+o3*ent- 6i++ a+so 4e 2o0n! in ,o**on 6it& *an3 ot&er e,ono*ists t&at
2o++o6e! &i*, in,+0!ing Ko&n Ma3nar! Le3nes G$CC(8$A?=<, 6&o state!, in +ine 6it& Ri,ar!oIs
genera+ ass0*tion o2 Fa!90st*ent-" FWe are 4eing a22+i,te! 6it& a ne6 !isease o2 6&i,& so*e
rea!ers *a3 not 3et &a1e &ear! t&e na*e, 40t o2 6&i,& t&e3 6i++ &ear a great !ea+ in t&e 3ears to
,o*e 8 na*e+3, technological unemployment' T&is *eans 0ne*+o3*ent !0e to o0r !is,o1er3 o2
*eans o2 e,ono*i;ing t&e 0se o2 +a4o0r o0tr0nning t&e a,e at 6&i,& 6e ,an 2in! ne6 0ses 2or
+a4o0r# D0t t&is is on+3 a te*orar3 &ase o2 *a+a!90st*ent# A++ t&is *eans in t&e +ong r0n that
mankind is solving its economic problem'!
6-6
T&e s049e,t is 4ro0g&t 0 &ere as an a,,ent o2 2o,0s 4e,a0se it 6i++ 4e re1isite! in Part III o2 t&is
te7t, resenting a ,onte7t o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ation aarent+3 0nrea+i;e! or !isregar!e! 43 t&e
*a9or e,ono*i, t&eorists o2 *o!ern &istor3 6&o, again, are o2ten +o,ke! into a narrow frame of
reference'
As a 2ina+ oint regar!ing Ri,ar!o, &e is a+so ,re!ite! 2or &is ,ontri40tion to internationa+ F2ree8
tra!e-, se,i2i,a++3 &is Theory of Comparative .dvantage, a+ong 6it& eret0ation o2 t&e 4asi,
FIn1isi4+e Han!- et&os o2 A!a* S*it&# Ri,ar!o States" SUn!er a s3ste* o2 er2e,t+3 2ree
,o**er,e, ea,& ,o0ntr3 nat0ra++3 !e1otes its ,aita+ an! +a4o0r to s0,& e*+o3*ents as are *ost
4ene2i,ia+ to ea,&# T&is 0rs0it o2 in!i1i!0a+ a!1antage is a!*ira4+3 ,onne,te! 6it& t&e 0ni1ersa+
goo! o2 t&e 6&o+e# D3 sti*0+ating in!0str3, 43 re6ar!ing ingen0it3, an! 43 0sing *ost
e22i,a,io0s+3 t&e e,0+iar o6ers 4esto6e! 43 nat0re, it !istri40tes +a4o0r *ost e22e,ti1e+3 an!
*ost e,ono*i,a++3" 6&i+e, 43 in,reasing t&e genera+ *ass o2 ro!0,tions, it !i220ses genera+
4ene2it, an! 4in!s toget&er, 43 one ,o**on tie o2 interest an! inter,o0rse, t&e 0ni1ersa+ so,iet3
o2 nations t&ro0g&o0t t&e ,i1i+i;e! 6or+!#S
'((
Theories of $alue and (eha.ior
U 0nti+ t&is oint, t&e 4roa! ,ontri40tions o2 2o0r *a9or &istori,a+ 2ig0res an! ine1ita4+3 t&e
,entra+ ,&ara,teristi,s in&erent to t&e )aita+ist &i+oso&3 &a1e 4een 4rie2+3 !is,0sse!# It 6i++ 4e
noti,e! t&at 0n!er+3ing t&ese 1ie6s rest ass0*tions o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior, so,ia+ G,+ass<
re+ations&is, ,o0+e! 6it& a F*eta&3si,a+- *arket +ogi, 6&ere e1er3t&ing 6i++ 6ork o0t 90st 2ine
i2 ,ertain 1a+0es an! a genera++3 Fse+2is&- erse,ti1e is taken 43 t&e +a3ers o2 t&e *arket ga*e,
a+ong 6it& +itt+e Frestri,tion- o2 t&e *arket itse+2#
As a 4rie2 asi!e, no6&ere in t&e 6ritings o2 t&ese t&inkers, nor in t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 6orks
ro!0,e! 43 +ater t&eorists in 2a1or o2 FFree8Market- )aita+is*, is t&e a,t0a+ structure an!
process o2 ro!0,tion an! !istri40tion !is,0sse!# T&ere is an e7+i,it !is,onne,t 4et6een
FIn!0str3- an! FD0siness-, 6it& t&e 2or*er re+ate! to t&e te,&ni,a+Hs,ienti2i, ro,ess o2 tr0e
e,ono*i, 0n2o+!ing, 6it& t&e +atter on+3 ertaining to t&e ,o!i2ie! *arket !3na*i,s an! 0rs0it o2
ro2it# As 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! *ore8so in a *o*ent, a ,entra+ ro4+e* in&erent to t&e )aita+ist
*o!e o2 ro!0,tion is &o6 a!1an,e*ents in t&e Fin!0stria+ aroa,&-, 6&i,& ,an a++o6 2or
in,rease! ro4+e* reso+0tion an! t&e 20rt&ering o2 roserit3, &a1e 4een blocked 43 t&e
tra!itiona+, see*ing+3 i**0ta4+e tenets o2 t&e F40siness aroa,&-# T&e +atter &as go1erne! t&e
a,tions o2 t&e 2or*er, to t&e !isa!1antage o2 t&e 2or*erIs otentia+#
'($ I4i!#, #'=>
'(' Fro* t&e essa3" +conomic "ossibilities for 0ur Brandchildren, Ko&n Ma3nar! Le3nes, $A($
'(( The "rinciples of "olitical +conomy and Taxation, Da1i! Ri,ar!o, $C'$, Dent E!ition, $A=', #C$
57
T&is kin! o2 !is,onne,t or truncated frame of reference is a+so to 4e 2o0n! in ot&er areas o2 2o,0s,
s0,& as t&e !o*inant t&eories o2 labor, value an! human behavior 6&i,& ine1ita4+3 ser1e to
90sti23 t&e instit0tion o2 )aita+is*# As note! rior, t&e FLa4or T&eor3 o2 Va+0e-, *a!e o0+ar in
genera+ 43 its i*+i,ations 1ia Lo,ke, S*it& an! Ri,ar!o, is a genera+i;e! roosa+ stating t&at t&e
1a+0e o2 a ,o**o!it3 is re+ate! to t&e +a4or nee!e! to ro!0,e or o4tain t&at ,o**o!it3# As
a,,eta4+e as t&is i!ea is in genera+ 2ro* an int0iti1e erse,ti1e, t&ere are *an3 +e1e+s o2
a*4ig0it3 6&en it ,o*es to 50anti2i,ation# Man3 &istori,a+ o49e,tions &a1e ersiste!, s0,& as &o6
!i22erent t3es o2 +a4or &a1ing !i22ering ski++s an! 6age rates ,o0+! not 4e roer+3 ,o*4ine!,
a+ong 6it& &o6 to 2a,tor in nat0ra+ reso0r,es an! F6orking- in1est*ent ,aita+ itse+2#
T&e gro6t& o2 F)aita+ Goo!s-
'(?
in t&e '%
t&
,ent0r3, s0,& as *a,&ine a0to*ation o2 +a4or, a+so
resent ,&a++enges 2or t&e rat&er si*+i2ie! La4or T&eoriesI ,on,et o2 labor derived value sin,e,
a2ter a ,ertain oint, t&e +a4or 1a+0e in&erent to ro!0,tion *a,&ines, 6&i,& to!a3 o2ten 20n,tion
to ro!0,e more machines 6it& !i*inis&ing &0*an e22ort o1er ti*e, resents an e1er !i+0te!
transfer of value in t&is ,onte7t# It &as 4een s0ggeste! 43 so*e e,ono*ists to!a3, 2o,0sing on
t&e rai!+3 a!1an,ing 2ie+!s o2 in2or*ation an! te,&no+ogi,a+ s,ien,es, t&at t&e 0se o2 *a,&ine
a0to*ation, ,o0+e! 6it& Farti2i,ia+ inte++igen,e-, ,o0+! 1er3 6e++ *o1e &0*ans o0t o2 t&e
tra!itiona+ F+a4or 2or,e- a+*ost entire+3# S0!!en+3, Capital &as 4e,o*e )abor, so to seak'
'(@

T&is a*4ig0it3 e7ten!s a+so to ,o*eting t&eories o2 1a+0e ost0+ate! 43 e,ono*ists, in,+0!ing
*ost nota4+3 6&at is ,a++e! t&e >tility Theory of (alue' W&i+e t&e La4or T&eor3 4asi,a++3 takes t&e
erse,ti1e o2 +a4or or ro!0,tion, t&e Uti+it3 T&eor3 takes 6&at 6e ,o0+! ,a++ t&e F*arket
erse,ti1e-, *eaning t&at 1a+0e is !eri1e! not 2ro* La4or 40t 43 t&e 0rose Gor 0ti+it3< !eri1e!
43 its 0se G0se 1a+0e< 43 t&e ,ons0*er, as perceived 43 t&e ,ons0*er#
Fren,& E,ono*ist Kean8Datiste Sa3 G$>(>8$C('< is nota4+e 6it& rese,t to Uti+it3 T&eor3# A se+28
ro,+ai*e! !is,i+e o2 A!a* S*it&, &e !i22ere! 6it& S*it& on t&is iss0e o2 1a+0e, stating" FA2ter
&a1ing s&o6n###t&e i*ro1e*ent 6&i,& t&e s,ien,e o2 o+iti,a+ e,ono*3 o6es to Dr# S*it&, it 6i++
not, er&as, 4e 0se+ess to in!i,ate###so*e o2 t&e oints on 6&i,& &e erre!###To t&e +a4o0r o2 *an
a+one &e as,ri4es t&e o6er o2 ro!0,ing 1a+0es# T&is is an error#-
'(=
He goes on to e7+ain &o6 t&e Fe7,&ange 1a+0e- Gri,e<, o2 an3 goo! or ser1i,e !een!s entire+3
on its F0se 1a+0e- G0ti+it3<# He states" -T&e 1a+0e t&at *ankin! atta,&es to o49e,ts originates in
t&e 0se it ,an *ake o2 t&e*###.To t&e/ in&erent 2itness or ,aa4i+it3 o2 ,ertain t&ings to satis23 t&e
1ario0s 6ants o2 *ankin!, I s&a++ take +ea1e to a22i7 t&e na*e 0ti+it3###T&e 0ti+it3 o2 t&ings is t&e
gro0n!86ork o2 t&eir 1a+0e, an! t&eir 1a+0e ,onstit0tes 6ea+t&###A+t&o0g& ri,e is t&e *eas0re o2
t&e 1a+0e o2 t&ings, an! t&eir 1a+0e t&e *eas0re o2 t&eir 0ti+it3, it 6o0+! 4e a4s0r! to !ra6 t&e
in2eren,e, t&at, 43 2or,i4+3 raising t&eir ri,e, t&eir 0ti+it3 ,an 4e a0g*ente!# E7,&angea4+e 1a+0e,
or ri,e, is an in!e7 o2 t&e re,ogni;e! 0ti+it3 o2 a t&ing#
'(>
T&e Uti+it3 T&eor3 o2 Va+0e is !i22erent 2ro* t&e La4or t&eor3 not on+3 in its !eri1ation o2 Va+0e,
40t a+so in its i*+i,ation regar!ing a kin! o2 subFective rationalization 6it& rese,t to &0*an
!e,isions in t&e *arket# Uti+itarianis*
'(C
, 6&i,& &as 4e,o*e !ee+3 ,&ara,teristi, o2 t&e
'(? F)aita+ Goo!s- are genera++3 !e2ine! as" An3 tangi4+e assets t&at an organi;ation 0ses to ro!0,e goo!s or ser1i,es
s0,& as o22i,e 40i+!ings, e50i*ent an! *a,&iner3# )ons0*er goo!s are t&e en! res0+t o2 t&is ro!0,tion ro,ess#
.&tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Hter*sH,H,aita+goo!s#asNa7;;'G7g$R*R=/
'(@ S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The +nd of :orkA The *ecline of the Blobal )abor Dorce and the *awn of the "ost-4arket +ra,
Kere*3 Ri2kin, P0tna* P04+is&ing Gro0, $AA@
'(= . Treatise on "olitical +conomy, Kean8Datiste Sa3, P&i+a!e+&ia" Liin,ott, $C=(, #7i .Trans+ation is 2ro* t&e 2o0rt&
Fren,& e!ition, 04+is&e! in $C'$#/
'(> I4i!#, #='
'(C Kere*3 Dent&a*, a nota4+e roonent o2 S)+assi, Uti+itarianis*S, state!" FNat0re &as +a,e! *ankin! 0n!er t&e
go1ernan,e o2 t6o so1ereign *asters, ain an! +eas0re# It is 2or t&e* a+one to oint o0t 6&at 6e o0g&t to !o] D3 t&e
rin,i+e o2 0ti+it3 is *eant t&at rin,i+e 6&i,& aro1es or !isaro1es o2 e1er3 a,tion 6&atsoe1er a,,or!ing to t&e
ten!en,3 it aears to &a1e to a0g*ent or !i*inis& t&e &ainess o2 t&e art3 6&ose interest is in 50estion" or, 6&at is
58
*i,roe,ono*i, ass0*tions 0t 2or6ar! 43 Neo,+assi,a+ e,ono*ists to!a3, is o2ten *o!e+e! in
,o*+e7 *at&e*ati,a+ 2or*0+as in an e22ort to e7+ain &o6 &0*ans in t&e *arket F*a7i*i;e t&eir
0ti+it3-, se,i2i,a++3 aro0n! t&e i!ea o2 in,reasing &ainess an! re!0,ing s022ering#
Un!er+3ing t&ese i!eas o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior, as 6it& *ost o2 e,ono*i, t&eor3 itse+2, are, again,
tra!itiona+i;e! ass0*tions an! 1a+0es# E,ono*ist Nassa0 Senior G$>A%:$C=?< s0orte! a
,o**on t&e*e reo,,0rring to!a3 t&at &0*an 6ants 6ere infinite" FW&at 6e *ean to state is,
t&at no erson 2ee+s &is 6&o+e 6ants to 4e a!e50ate+3 s0+ie!" t&at e1er3 erson &as so*e
0nsatis2ie! !esires 6&i,& &e 4e+ie1es t&at a!!itiona+ 6ea+t& 6o0+! grati23#-
'(A
S0,& !e,+arations o2
&0*an nat0re are ,onstant in s0,& treat*ents, 6it& notions o2 gree!, 2ear an! ot&er &e!onisti,
re2+e7 *e,&anis*s 6&i,& ass0*e, a*ong ot&er t&ings, t&at material ac%uisition, wealth an! gain
are in&erent to &ainess#
To!a3, t&e !o*inant an! +arge+3 a,,ete! *i,roe,ono*i, erse,ti1e is t&at a++ &0*an 4e&a1ior is
re!0,i4+e to rationa+, strategi, atte*ts to *a7i*i;e eit&er ro2its or gain an! to a1oi! ain or
+oss# E1er e7ansi1e 0ti+itarian arg0*ents o2 t&is nat0re ,ontin0e to 4e 0se! to *ora++3 90sti23
,o*etiti1e, FFree8Market- )aita+is*# One e7a*+e o2 t&is is t&e notion o2 F1o+0ntaris*- an! t&e
s0ggestion t&at a++ a,ts in t&e *arket are ne1er ,oer,e! an! t&ere2ore e1er3one is 2ree to *ake
t&eir o6n !e,isions 2or t&eir o6n gain or +oss# T&is i!ea is e7tre*e+3 ,o**on to!a3, as t&o0g&
s0,& F2ree e7,&anges- e7iste! in a 1oi! 6it& no ot&er s3nergisti, ress0resT as t&o0g& t&e
ress0res o2 s0r1i1a+ in a s3ste* 6it& ,+ear ten!en,ies to6ar! 4asi, ,+ass 6ar2are an! strategi,
s,ar,it3 6o0+! not generate an inherent coercion to 2or,e +a4orers to s04*it to ,aita+ist
e7+oitation#
'?%

O1era++, t&e >tilitarian G&e!onisti,, an! ,o*etiti1e an! F2ore1er !issatis2ie!-< *o!e+ o2 H0*an
Nat0re is +ike+3 t&e *ost ,o**on !e2ense o2 t&e ,aita+ist s3ste* to!a3# It is, in *an3 6a3s, 4ot&
a s3,&o+ogi,a+ t&eor3 o2 &o6 eo+e 4e&a1e an! an et&i,a+ t&eor3 o2 &o6 t&e3 ought to 4e&a1e,
arg0a4+3 s0orting a retroa,ti1e +ogi, t&at o2ten 0ts *arket t&eor3 4e2ore &0*an 4e&a1iora+
reality, ,on2or*ing t&e +atter to t&e 2or*er#
In rea+it3, 6&en t&e 0ti+itarian erse,ti1e is 20++3 ,onsi!ere!, t6o serio0s ro4+e*s e*erge# First,
it is 1irt0a++3 i*ossi4+e to 2in! re!i,ta4i+it3 in s0,& F+eas0re an! ain- 4o0n!aries a2ter a ,ertain
!egree on t&e so,ia+ +e1e+# T&ere is no e*iri,a+ *eans o2 ,o*aring t&e intensit3 o2 one
in!i1i!0a+Vs sense o2 +eas0re 6it& t&ose o2 anot&er in!i1i!0a+, 4e3on! t&e 1er3 *ost 4asi,
ass0*tion o2 6anting Fgain- o1er F+oss-# W&i+e t&e Uti+it3 T&eor3 o2 Va+0e *ig&t 4e +ogi,a+ in a
0re+3 a4stra,t, genera+i;e! 1ie6, 6it&o0t 50anti2i,ation, t&e *e,&ani,s o2 s0,& e*otiona+
!3na*i,s are, in rea+it3, s0s,eti4+e to se1ere 1ariation#
T&e entire +i2e e7erien,e o2 a erson, ,o*are! to anot&er erson, *ig&t 2in! so*e 1er3 4asi,
,o**on gro0n! 6it& rese,t to t&eir ersona+ ,on!itioning to +eas0re an! ain resonses, 40t
se+!o* 6i++ a ara++e+ ,on,or!an,e 4e 2o0n! in an3 !etai+# Sin,e in!i1i!0a+ +eas0res are !ee*e!
t&e 0+ti*ate F*ora+- ,riteria in 0ti+itarianis*, t&ere is rea++3 no 6a3 one ,an *ake s0,& 90!g*ents
4et6een t&e +eas0res o2 t6o in!i1i!0a+s# E,ono*ist Kere*3 Dent&a*, o2ten ,onsi!ere! t&e 2at&er
o2 0ti+itarianis*, a,t0a++3 re,ogni;e! t&is in assing, 6riting" FPre90!i,e aart, t&e ga*e o2 0s&8
in is o2 e50a+ 1a+0e 6it& t&e arts an! s,ien,es o2 *0si, an! oetr3# I2 t&e ga*e o2 0s&8in
20rnis& *ore +eas0re, it is *ore 1a+0a4+e t&an eit&er#-
'?$

T&e se,on! ro4+e* is t&e shortsighted nat0re o2 t&e ass0*e! e*otiona+ rea,tion# H0*an 4eings
t&e sa*e t&ing in ot&er 6or!s to ro*ote or to oose t&at &ainess# I sa3 o2 e1er3 a,tion 6&atsoe1er, an! t&ere2ore
not on+3 o2 e1er3 a,tion o2 a ri1ate in!i1i!0a+, 40t o2 e1er3 *eas0re o2 go1ern*ent#- ..n Introduction to the "rinciples
of 4orals and )egislation, Kere*3 Dent&a*, $>CA, Do1er P&i+oso&i,a+ )+assi,s, '%%A# #$/
'(A .n 0utline of the &cience of "olitical +conomy, Nassa0 Senior, $C(=, Lon!on, A++en an! U#, $A(C, #'>
'?% More on t&is iss0e 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in t&e essa3 FStr0,t0ra+ )+assi,is*-#
'?$ $ationale of $eward, Kere*3 Dent&a* Dook (, )&ater $
59
&a1e &istori,a++3 e7resse! t&e rationa+ interest to s022er in t&e resent in or!er to gain Gor &oe
to gain< in t&e 20t0re# A+tr0is*, 6&i,& &as 0n!ergone e7tensi1e &i+oso&i,a+ !e4ate, *ig&t 1er3
6e++ 4e roote! in 2or*s o2 F+eas0re- o4taine! 43 t&e se+2+ess Gain20+< a,ts 2or t&e 4ene2it o2
ot&ers# As 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! +ater, t&e ainH+eas0re re*ise 0t 2or6ar! 43 s0,& arg0*ents,
rein2or,e! 43 an i*0+si1e rea,tion 2or gain, &as 4e,o*e a so,ia++3 re6ar!e! attern# T&is &as
generate! a *enta+it3 6&ere s&ort ter* gain is so0g&t a2ter o2ten at t&e tr0e e7ense o2 +ong
ter* s022ering#
Jet, in a4stra,tion, 0ti+itarianis* a+so o22ers a 4i;arre kin! o2 e%ualizer, sin,e it ,an 4e i!enti2ie!
6it& t&e erse,ti1e o2 F*0t0a+ e7,&ange- an! &en,e a 6a3 to a+6a3s see )aita+is* as a s3ste*
o2 so,ia+ &ar*on3, rat&er t&an o2 6ar2are# )o*ing 4a,k to t&e La4or T&eor3 1s t&e Uti+it3 T&eor3
o2 Va+0e, t&e 2or*er ,+ear+3 s&o6s ,on2+i,t as t&e La4or T&eor3 takes into a,,o0nt t&e ,ost8
e22i,ien,3 so0g&t 43 t&e ,aita+ist, at t&e e7ense o2 6ages 2or t&e +a4orers# T&e Uti+it3 T&eor3, on
t&e ot&er &an!, re*o1es t&ese i!eas o1era++ an! states t&at e1er3one is seeking t&e sa*e t&ing
an! t&ere2ore, str0,t0re asi!e, everyone is e%ual# In ot&er 6or!s, a++ e7,&anges 4e,o*e *0t0a++3
4ene2i,ia+ to e1er3one in a narro6, a4s0r!+3 a4stra,t genera+i;e! +ogi,# A++ &0*an a,tions are
re!0,e! to t&is s3ste* o2 Fe7,&ange- an! &en,e a++ o+iti,a+ or so,ia+ !istin,tions !isaear in
t&eor3#
The 0Socialist2 ,*rising
So,ia+is*, +ike )aita+is*, &as no 0ni1ersa++3 a,,ete! !e2inition in genera+ 04+i, ,on1ersation 40t
is o2ten te,&ni,a++3 !e2ine! as Fan e,ono*i, s3ste* ,&ara,teri;e! 43 so,ia+ o6ners&i o2 t&e
*eans o2 ro!0,tion an! ,o8oerati1e *anage*ent o2 t&e e,ono*3#-
'?'
T&e root o2 So,ia+ist
t&o0g&t aears to go 4a,k to $C
t&
,ent0r3 E0roe, 6it& a ,o*+e7 &istor3 o2 Fre2or*ers- 6orking
to ,&a++enge t&e e*erging )aita+ist s3ste*# Gra,,&0s Da4e02 G$>=%8$>A>< is a nota4+e t&eorist in
t&is area, 6it& &is SConspiracy of +%ualsS 6&i,& atte*te! to to+e t&e Fren,& Go1ern*ent# He
state! FSo,iet3 *0st 4e *a!e to oerate in s0,& a 6a3 t&at it era!i,ates on,e an! 2or a++ t&e
!esire o2 a *an to 4e,o*e ri,&er, or 6iser, or *ore o6er20+ t&an ot&ers#-
'?(
Fren,& So,ia+ist8
Anar,&ist Pierre Kose& Pro0!&on G$C%A8$C=@< is 2a*o0s 2or !e,+aring t&at FProert3 is T&e2t- in
&is a*&+et .n In%uiry into the "rinciple of $ight and of Bovernment'
D3 t&e ear+3 $A
t&
,ent0r3, So,ia+ist i!eas 6ere e7an!ing rai!+3, ,o**on+3 in resonse to
er,ei1e! *ora+ an! et&i, ro4+e*s in&erent to ,aita+is*, s0,& as ,+ass i*4a+an,e an!
e7+oitation# T&e +ist o2 in2+0entia+ t&inkers is 1ast an! ,o*+e7, so on+3 t&ree in!i1i!0a+s, noting
t&eir *ost re+e1ant ,ontri40tions, 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! &ere" Wi++ia* T&o*son, Lar+ Mar7 B
T&orstein Ve4+en#
William Thom*son 56778!69::; 6as a o6er20+ in2+0en,e on So,ia+ist t&o0g&t# He 6as in
s0ort o2 t&e i!ea o2 F)ooerati1es-, *a!e 2a*o0s 43 Ro4ert O6en as so*et&ing o2 an
a+ternati1e to t&e )aita+ist 40siness *o!e+ an! &i+oso&i,a++3 took a 0ti+itarian erse,ti1e 6&en
it ,a*e to &0*an 4e&a1ior# He 6as 1er3 in2+0en,e! 43 Dent&a* 40t &is 0seHinterretation o2
0ti+itarianis* 6as rat&er !i22erent# For instan,e, &e 4e+ie1e t&at i2 a++ *e*4ers o2 so,iet3 6ere
treate! e%ually, rat&er t&an engage ,+ass 6ar2are an! e7+oitation, t&e3 6o0+! &a1e e50a+
,aa,ities to e7erien,e &ainess#
'??

He arg0e! e7tensi1e+3 2or a kin! o2 FMarket- So,ia+is*, 6&ere ega+itarianis* an! e50a+it3
re1ai+e! in &is 2a*o0s .n In%uiry into the "rinciples of the *istribution of :ealth 4ost Conducive
to Cuman Cappiness' He *a!e it ,+ear t&at )aita+is* 6as a s3ste* o2 e7+oitation an! inse,0rit3,
stating" FT&e ten!en,3 o2 t&e e7isting arrange*ent o2 t&ings as to 6ea+t& is to enri,& a 2e6 at t&e
'?' &tt"HH666#4ritanni,a#,o*HED,&e,ke!Htoi,H@@$@=AHso,ia+is*
'?( The *efense of Bracchus 3abeuf before the Cigh Court of (endRme, Uni1ersit3 o2 Massa,&0setts Press, $A=>, #@>
'?? .n In%uiry into the "rinciples of the *istribution of :ealth 4ost Conducive to Cuman Cappiness, Wi++ia* T&o*son,
Lon!on, Wi++ia* S# Orr, $C@%, #$>
60
e7ense o2 t&e *ass o2 ro!0,ers, to *ake t&e o1ert3 o2 t&e oor *ore &oe+ess#-
'?@
Ho6e1er,
&e 6ent on to re,ogni;e t&at e1en i2 s0,& a &34ri! o2 )aita+is* B So,ia+is* !i! e*erge, t&e
0n!er+3ing re*ise o2 competition 6as sti++ a serio0s ro4+e*# He 6rote at +engt& a4o0t t&e
ro4+e*s in&erent to t&e nat0re o2 *arket ,o*etition, o0t+ining 2i1e iss0es 6&i,& &a1e 4een
,o**on r&etori, o2 So,ia+ist t&o0g&t e1er sin,e"
T&e 2irst ro4+e* 6as t&at e1er3 F+a4o0rer, artisan an! tra!er .1ie6e!/ a ,o*etitor, a ri1a+ in
e1er3 ot&er###.an! ea,& 1ie6e!/ Fa se,on! ,o*etition, a se,on! ri1a+s&i 4et6een###.&is or &er
ro2ession/ an! t&e 04+i,#-
'?=
He 6ent on to state it 6o0+! 4e Fin t&e interest o2 a++ *e!i,a+ *en
t&at !iseases s&o0+! e7ist an! re1ai+, or t&eir tra!e 6o0+! 4e !e,rease! ten, or one &0n!re!,
2o+!#-
'?>
T&e se,on! ro4+e* 6as t&e in&erent oression o2 6o*en an! !istortion o2 t&e 2a*i+3, noting
t&at t&e !i1ision o2 +a4or an! o1erar,&ing et&i, o2 ,o*etiti1e se+2is&ness 20rt&er se,0re! t&e
!r0!ger3 o2 6o*en in t&e &o0se&o+! an! gen!er ine50a+it3#
'?C
T&e t&ir! ro4+e* asso,iate! 6it& ,o*etition 6as t&e in&erent insta4i+it3 generate! in t&e
e,ono*3 itse+2, stating" ST&e t&ir! e1i+ &ere i*0te! to t&e 1er3 rin,i+e o2 in!i1i!0a+ ,o*etition
is, t&at it *0st o,,asiona++3 +ea! to 0nro2ita4+e or in90!i,io0s *o!es o2 in!i1i!0a+ e7ertion###e1er3
*an *0st 90!ge 2or &i*se+2 as to t&e ro4a4i+it3 o2 s0,,ess in t&e o,,0ation 6&i,& &e a!ots#
An! 6&at are &is *eans o2 90!gingQ E1er3 one, !oing 6e++ in &is ,a++ing, is intereste! in ,on,ea+ing
&is s0,,ess, +est ,o*etition s&o0+! re!0,e &is gains# W&at in!i1i!0a+ ,an 90!ge 6&et&er t&e
*arket, 2re50ent+3 at a great !istan,e, so*eti*es in anot&er &e*is&ere o2 t&e g+o4e is
o1ersto,ke!, or +ike+3 to 4e so, 6it& t&e arti,+e 6&i,& in,+ination *a3 +ea! &i* to 2a4ri,ateQ###An!
s&o0+! an3 error o2 90!g*ent###+ea! &i* into an 0n,a++e! 2or, an!, t&ere2ore, 0nro2ita4+e +ine o2
e7ertion, 6&at is t&e ,onse50en,eQ A *ere error o2 90!g*ent###*a3 en! in se1ere !istress, i2 not
in r0in# )ases o2 t&is sort see* to 4e 0na1oi!a4+e 0n!er t&e s,&e*e o2 in!i1i!0a+ ,o*etition in
its 4est 2or*#-
'?A
T&e 2o0rt& ro4+e* note! is &o6 t&e se+2is& nat0re o2 t&e ,o*etiti1e *arket resente! inse,0rit3
aro0n! ,ore +i2e s0ort ,onse50en,es, s0,& as se,0rit3 in o+! age, si,kness an! 2ro* a,,i!ents#
'@%
T&e 2i2t& ro4+e* !enote! 43 T&o*son regar!ing *arket ,o*etition 6as t&at it s+o6e! t&e
a!1an,e*ent o2 kno6+e!ge# F)on,ea+*ent, t&ere2ore, o2 6&at is ne6 or e7,e++ent 2ro*
,o*etitors, *0st a,,o*an3 in!i1i!0a+ ,o*etition###4e,a0se t&e strongest ersona+ interest is
43 it oose! to t&e rin,i+e o2 4ene1o+en,e#-
'@$
Karl 1ar< 56969!699:;, a+ong 6it& *an3 ot&ers, 6as in2+0en,e! 43 T&o*sonIs 6ork an! is
+ike+3 one o2 t&e *ost 6e++ kno6n e,ono*i, &i+oso&ers to!a3# Wit& &is na*e o2ten 0se! in a
!erogator3 *anner to gest0re t&e eri+s o2 So1iet )o**0nis* or Ftota+itarianis*-, Mar7 is a+so
+ike+3 t&e *ost *is0n!erstoo! o2 a++ o0+ari;e! e,ono*ists# W&i+e *ost 2a*o0s in t&e genera+
04+i, *in! 2or resenting treatises on So,ia+ist8)o**0nist i!eas, Mar7 a,t0a++3 sent *ost o2 &is
ti*e on t&e s049e,t o2 )aita+is* an! its oerations# His ,ontri40tion to 0n!erstan!ing )aita+is*
is *ore 1ast t&an *an3 rea+i;e, 6it& *an3 ,o**on e,ono*i, ter*s an! &rases 0se! to!a3 in
,on1ersations a4o0t )aita+is* a,t0a++3 2in!ing t&eir root in Mar7Is +iterar3 treat*ents# His
erse,ti1e 6as +arge+3 &istori,a+, an! 2eat0re! arti,0+ar+3 !etai+e! s,&o+ars&i a4o0t t&e
e1o+0tion o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t# D0e to t&e i**ense si;e o2 &is 6ork, on+3 a 2e6 in2+0entia+ iss0es
'?@ I4i!#, #77i7
'?= I4i!#, #'@A
'?> I4i!#
'?C I4i!#, #'=%8'=$
'?A I4i!#, #'=$8'=(
'@% I4i!#, #'=(
'@$ I4i!#, #'=>
61
6i++ 4e a!!resse! &ere#
One iss0e to !enote 6as &is a6areness o2 &o6 t&e )aita+ist ,&ara,teristi, o2 Fe7,&ange- 6as
rin,i+e! as t&e 0+ti*ate 4asis 2or so,ia+ re+ations&is# He state! in &is Brundrisse" FIn!ee!,
inso2ar as t&e ,o**o!it3 or +a4o0r is ,on,ei1e! o2 on+3 as e7,&ange 1a+0e, an! t&e re+ation in
6&i,& t&e 1ario0s ,o**o!ities are 4ro0g&t into ,onne,tion 6it& one anot&er is ,on,ei1e! o2 as
t&e e7,&ange o2 t&ese e7,&ange 1a+0es###t&en t&e in!i1i!0a+s###are si*+3 an! on+3 ,on,ei1e! o2
as e7,&angers# As 2ar as t&e 2or*a+ ,&ara,ter is ,on,erne!, t&ere is a4so+0te+3 no !istin,tion
4et6een t&e*###As s049e,ts o2 e7,&ange, t&eir re+ation is t&ere2ore t&at o2 e50a+it3#-
'@'
FA+t&o0g& in!i1i!0a+ A 2ee+s a nee! 2or t&e ,o**o!it3 o2 in!i1i!0a+ D, &e !oes not aroriate it
43 2or,e, nor 1i,e 1ersa, 40t rat&er t&e3 re,ogni;e one anot&er re,iro,a++3 as rorietors###No one
sei;es &o+! o2 anot&erVs 43 2or,e# Ea,& !i1ests &i*se+2 o2 &is roert3 1o+0ntari+3#-
'@(
Again, as note! rior 6it& rese,t to t&e reo,,0rring t&e*e o2 &0*an re+ations an! ,+ass
ass0*tions Gor !enia+s<, Mar7 e*&asi;e! 6&at ,o0+! 4e arg0e! as t&ree ,ore delusionsA t&e
!e+0sion o2 Free!o*, E50a+it3 an! So,ia+ Har*on3, as re!0,e! to an e7tre*e+3 narro6 asso,iation
aro0n! t&e i!ea o2 F*0t0a++3 4ene2i,ia+ e7,&ange-, 6&i,& 6as to 4e t&e on+3 rea+ e,ono*i,
re+ations&i 43 6&i,& t&e 6&o+e o2 so,iet3 is to 4e assesse!#
FIt is in t&e ,&ara,ter o2 t&e *one3 re+ation 8 as 2ar as it is !e1e+oe! in its 0rit3 to t&is oint,
an! 6it&o0t regar! to *ore &ig&+3 !e1e+oe! re+ations o2 ro!0,tion 8 t&at a++ in&erent
,ontra!i,tions o2 4o0rgeois so,iet3 aear e7ting0is&e! in *one3 re+ations as ,on,ei1e! in a
si*+e 2or*T an! 4o0rgeois !e*o,ra,3 e1en *ore t&an 4o0rgeois e,ono*ists takes re20ge in t&is
ase,t###in or!er to ,onstr0,t ao+ogeti,s 2or t&e e7isting e,ono*i, re+ations#
'@?
His 6ork CapitalA . Criti%ue of "olitical +conomy, Mar7 e7tensi1e+3 ana+3;es *an3 2a,tors o2 t&e
)aita+ist s3ste*, na*e+3 t&e nat0re o2 ,o**o!ities t&e*se+1es, t&e !3na*i,s 4et6een Va+0e,
Use Va+0e, E7,&ange Va+0e, La4or T&eor3 an! Uti+it3, a+ong 6it& a !ee in1estigation o2 6&at
F)aita+- *eans, &o6 t&e s3ste* e1o+1e! an! 0+ti*ate+3 t&e nat0re o2 ro+es 6it&in t&e *o!e+# An
i*ortant t&e*e to !enote is &is 1ie6 regar!ing FS0r+0s Va+0e-, 6&i,&, in gest0re o2 Ri,ar!oIs
FLa4or T&eor3 o2 Va+0e-, is t&e ass0*e! 1a+0e aroriate! 43 t&e )aita+ist in t&e 2or* o2 Pro2it,
6&i,& is in e7,ess o2 t&e 1a+0e G,ost< in&erent to +a4orHro!0,tion itse+2#
He state! 6it& rese,t to !is*issing t&is FS0r+0s- origin in e7,&ange" FT0rn an! t6ist t&en as 6e
*a3, t&e 2a,t re*ains 0na+tere!# I2 e50i1a+ents are e7,&ange!, no s0r+0s81a+0e res0+ts, an! i2
non8e50i1a+ents are e7,&ange!, sti++ no s0r+0s81a+0e res0+ts# )ir,0+ation, or t&e e7,&ange o2
,o**o!ities, 4egets no 1a+0e#-
'@@

He t&en arg0es, in s&ort, !i22erentiating 4et6een F+a4or- an! F+a4or o6er-, 6it& t&e +atter
,onsisting o2 4ot& a F0se 1a+0e- an! an Fe7,&ange 1a+0e-, t&at a 6orker is on+3 ,o*ensate! 2or
*eeting &is nee!s 2or subsistence, 6&i,& is reresente! in &is 6ages, 6&i+e e1er3t&ing ast t&at
1a+0e is a Fs0r+0s-, 6&i,& t&eoreti,a++3 trans+ates into t&e Fro2it- *a!e 43 t&e ,aita+ist, 2ina+i;e!
43 t&e ri,e F*ark 0- in *arket e7,&ange#
'@=
T&is oint, 6&i,& &e 20rt&er e7ten!s in ,onte7t B
!3na*i,s in&erent to t&e ,ir,0+ationHa+i,ation o2 !i22erent 2or*s o2 ,aita+ G,aita+ !e2ine! sti++ as
a *eans o2 ro!0,tion 40t in t&is ,ase *ost+3 in its *onetar3 2or*<, oses t&e ,on,+0sion t&at an
e7+oitation o2 t&e 6orkers 6as in&erent to t&e ,reation o2 Fs0r+0s 1a+0e- or Fro2it-# In ot&er
6or!s, 43 i*+i,ation, t&is 6as a 2or* o2 4asi, ine50a+it3 40i+t into t&e )aita+ist s3ste* an! as
+ong as one s*a++ gro0 o2 Fo6ners- ,ontro++e! t&e s0r+0s 1a+0e ,reate! 43 t&e 6orking ,+ass,
t&ere 6i++ a+6a3s 4e ri,& an! oor, 6ea+t& an! o1ert3#
'@' Brundrisse, Lar+ Mar7, tr# Martin Ni,o+a0s, Rerint Vintage Dooks, Ne6 Jork, $A>( #'?$
'@( I4i!#, #'?(
'@? I4i!#, #'?%8'?$
'@@ Capital, Lar+ Mar7, Foreign Lang0ages rerint , Mos,o6, $A=$, 1o+# (, #$=(
'@= I4i!#, #$>=
62
Mar7 20rt&er e7ten!s t&is i!ea to a reassess*ent o2 Froert3-, 6&i,& 6as essentia++3 no6 t&e
+ega+ 2o0n!ation o2 F,aita+- itse+2, e7+i,it+3 a++o6ing 2or t&e ,oer,i1e e7roriation o2 Fs0r+0s
+a4or- Gt&at art o2 +a4or 6&i,& generates t&e s0r+0s 1a+0e< stating" FAt 2irst t&e rig&ts o2
roert3 see*e! to 0s to 4e 4ase! on a *anVs o6n +a4o0r# At +east, so*e s0,& ass0*tion 6as
ne,essar3 sin,e on+3 ,o**o!it38o6ners 6it& e50a+ rig&ts ,on2ronte! ea,& ot&er, an! t&e so+e
*eans 43 6&i,& a *an ,o0+! 4e,o*e ossesse! o2 t&e ,o**o!ities o2 ot&ers, 6as 43 a+ienating
Ggi1ing 0< &is o6n ,o**o!itiesT an! t&ese ,o0+! 4e re+a,e! 43 +a4o0r a+one# No6, &o6e1er,
roert3 t0rns o0t to 4e t&e rig&t, on t&e art o2 t&e ,aita+ist, to aroriate t&e 0nai! +a4o0r
Gs0r+0s +a4or< o2 ot&ers or its ro!0,t, an! to 4e t&e i*ossi4i+it3 on t&e art o2 t&e +a4o0rer, o2
aroriating &is o6n ro!0,t# T&e searation o2 roert3 2ro* +a4o0r &as 4e,o*e t&e ne,essar3
,onse50en,e o2 a +a6 t&at aarent+3 originate! in t&eir i!entit3#-
'@>
Mar7 !e1e+os t&ese kin!s o2 arg0*ents e7tensi1e+3 in &is 6riting, in,+0!ing t&e i!ea t&at 6orking
,+ass +a4or ,annot 4e F1o+0ntar3- in t&is s3ste* 8 on+3 ,oer,i1e 8 sin,e t&e 0+ti*ate !e,ision to
a+3 +a4or 2or a 6age 6as in t&e &an!s o2 t&e )aita+ist# He state! FT&e 6orker t&ere2ore on+3
2ee+s &i*se+2 o0tsi!e &is 6ork, an! in &is 6ork 2ee+s o0tsi!e &i*se+2# He is at &o*e 6&en &e is not
6orking, an! 6&en &e is 6orking &e is not at &o*e# His +a4o0r is t&ere2ore not 1o+0ntar3 40t
,oer,e!T it is 2or,e! +a4o0r# It is t&ere2ore not t&e satis2a,tion o2 a nee!T it is *ere+3 a *eans to
satis23 nee!s e7terna+ to it#-
'@C
In t&e en!, it 6as t&is ,o*+e7, *0+ti2a,ete! !egra!ation, e7+oitation an! !e&0*ani;ation o2 t&e
a1erage 6orker t&at 4ot&ere! &i* so an! 0s&e! &i* to6ar! re2or*# He e1en in1ente! a &rase 8
FT&e La6 o2 t&e In,reasing Miser3- 8 to !es,ri4e &o6 t&e genera+ 6orking o0+ationIs &ainess
6as in1erse to t&e a,,0*0+ation o2 6ea+t& 2or t&e ,aita+ist ,+ass# In t&e en!, Mar7 6as ,on1in,e!
t&at ress0res in&erent to t&e s3ste* 6o0+! 0s& t&e 6orking ,+ass to re1o+t against t&e )aita+ist
)+ass, a++o6ing 2or a ne6 FSo,ia+ist- *o!e o2 ro!0,tion 6&ere, in art, t&e 6orking ,+ass oerate!
2or t&eir o6n 4ene2it#
Thorstein $elen 56987!6=>=; 6i++ 4e t&e 2ina+ so8,a++e! FSo,ia+ist- 6&ose in2+0entia+ i!eas
regar!ing t&e !e1e+o*ent an! 2+a6s o2 )aita+is* 6i++ 4e e7+ore! &ere# Like Mar7, &e &a! t&e
a!1antage o2 ti*e 6it& rese,t to t&e !igestion o2 e,ono*i, &istor3# Ve4+en ta0g&t e,ono*i,s at a
n0*4er o2 0ni1ersities !0ring &is ti*e, ro+i2i,a++3 ro!0,ing +iterat0re on 1ario0s so,ia+ iss0es#
Ve4+en 6as 1er3 ,riti,a+ o2 t&e Neo,+assi,a+ e,ono*i, ass0*tions, se,i2i,a++3 regar!ing t&e
a+ie! 0ti+itarian i!eas o2 FH0*an Nat0re-, seeing t&e i!ea t&at a++ &0*an e,ono*i, 4e&a1ior 6as
to 4e re!0,e! to a &e!onisti, inter+a3 o2 se+28*a7i*i;ation an! reser1ation as a4s0r!+3
si*+isti,#
'@A
He took 6&at 6e ,o0+! ,a++ an Fe1o+0tionar3- 1ie6 o2 &0*an &istor3, 6it& ,&ange
!e2ine! 43 t&e so,ia+ instit0tions t&at took &o+! or 6ere s0rasse!# He state! 6it& rese,t to t&e
,0rrent G6&at &e !ee*e! F*ateria+isti,-< state o2 t&e ti*e"
FLike a++ &0*an ,0+t0re t&is *ateria+ ,i1i+i;ation is a s,&e*e o2 instit0tions 8 instit0tiona+ 2a4ri, an!
instit0tiona+ gro6t&###T&e gro6t& o2 ,0+t0re is a ,0*0+ati1e se50en,e o2 &a4it0ation, an! t&e 6a3s
an! *eans o2 it are t&e &a4it0a+ resonse o2 &0*an nat0re to e7igen,ies t&at 1ar3 in,ontinent+3,
,0*0+ati1e+3, 40t 6it& so*et&ing o2 a ,onsistent se50en,e in t&e ,0*0+ati1e 1ariations t&at so go
2or6ar! 8 in,ontinent+3, 4e,a0se ea,& ne6 *o1e ,reates a ne6 sit0ation 6&i,& in!0,es a 20rt&er
ne6 1ariation in t&e &a4it0a+ *anner o2 resonseT ,0*0+ati1e+3, 4e,a0se ea,& ne6 sit0ation is a
1ariation o2 6&at &as gone 4e2ore it an! e*4o!ies as ,a0sa+ 2a,tors a++ t&at &as 4een e22e,te! 43
6&at 6ent 4e2oreT ,onsistent+3, 4e,a0se t&e 0n!er+3ing traits o2 &0*an nat0re Groensities,
atit0!es, an! 6&at not< 43 2or,e o2 6&i,& t&e resonse takes +a,e, an! on t&e gro0n! o2 6&i,&
t&e &a4it0ation takes e22e,t, re*ain s04stantia++3 0n,&ange!#-
'=%
'@> I4i!#, 1o+# $,# @C(:C?
'@C +conomic and "hilosophic 4anuscripts of ,<//, Lar+ Mar7, Mos,o6, Progress, $A@A, # =A
'@A FW&3 E,ono*i,s Is Not an E1o+0tionar3 S,ien,e,- "lace of &cience in 4odern Civilization and 0ther +ssays, T&orstein
Ve4+en, #>(8>?#
'=% FT&e Li*itations o2 Margina+ Uti+it3,- The "lace of &cience in 4odern Civilization and 0ther +ssays, T&orstein Ve4+en,
63
Ve4+en ,&a++enge! t&e 4asi, 2o0n!ation o2 t&e )aita+ist *o!e o2 ro!0,tion 43 50estioning *an3
o2 t&e 2a,tors t&at &a! 4een essentia++3 Fgi1en- or *a!e e*iri,a+ 43 t&e ,ent0ries o2 e,ono*i,
!e4ate# T&e no6 ingraine! instit0tions o2 FWages-, FRents-, FProert3-, FInterest-, FLa4or- 6ere
!ist0r4e! in t&eir s0ose! si*+i,it3 43 a 1ie6 t&at none o2 t&e* ,o0+! 4e &e+! as inte++e,t0a++3
1ia4+e, o0tsi!e o2 t&e 0re+3 ,ategori,a+ asso,iation 6it& e7tre*e +i*its o2 a+i,ation# He 9oke!
a4o0t &o6 Fa gang o2 A+e0tian Is+an!ers s+0s&ing a4o0t in t&e 6ra,k an! s0r2 6it& rakes an!
*agi,a+ in,antations 2or t&e ,at0re o2 s&e++82is& are &e+!, in oint o2 ta7ono*i, rea+it3, to 4e
engage! in a 2eat o2 &e!onisti, e50i+i4ration in rent, 6ages, an! interest# An! t&at is a++ t&ere is to
it#-
'=$
He sa6 ro!0,tion an! in!0str3 itse+2 as a social process 6&ere +ines 6ere !ee+3 4+0rre!, as it
in1aria4+3 in1o+1e! t&e s&aring o2 kno6+e!ge G0s02r0,t< an! ski++s# In *an3 6a3s, &e 1ie6e! s0,&
,ategoria+ ,&ara,teristi,s o2 )aita+is* to 4e inherent to )aita+is* a+one an! not reresentati1e
o2 &3si,a+ rea+it3, &en,e a 1ast ,ontri1an,e# He 2o0n! t&at t&e !o*inant Neo,+assi,a+ t&eor3
e7iste!, in art, to o4s,0re t&e 20n!a*enta+ ,+ass86ar2are an! &osti+it3 in&erent, to 20rt&er se,0re
t&e interests o2 6&at &e ,a++e! t&e FVeste! Interests- or FA4sentee o6ners- G)aita+ists<#
'='

He re9e,te! t&e i!ea t&at Fri1ate roert3- 6as a Fnat0ra+ rig&t-, as ass0*e! 43 Lo,ke, S*it&
an! t&e ot&ers, o2ten 9oking a4o0t t&e a4s0r!it3 o2 t&o0g&t t&at +ea!s t&e FA4sentee O6ners- to
,+ai* Fo6ners&i- o2 ,o**o!ities ro!0,e!, in rea+it3, 43 t&e +a4or o2 t&e F,o**on 6orker-,
&ig&+ig&ting t&e a4s0r!it3 o2 t&e +ong &e+! rin,i+e t&at 2ro* +a4or, ,o*es roert3#
'=(
He 6ent
20rt&er to e7ress t&e in&erent so,ia+ nat0re o2 ro!0,tion an! &o6 t&e tr0e nat0re o2 ski++ an!
kno6+e!ge a,,0*0+ation ,o*+ete+3 1oi!e! t&e ass0*tion o2 roert3 rig&ts in an! o2 itse+2,
stating"
FT&is nat0ra+8rig&ts t&eor3 o2 roert3 *akes t&e ,reati1e e22ort o2 an iso+ate!, se+28s022i,ing
in!i1i!0a+ t&e 4asis o2 o6ners&i 1este! in &i*# In so !oing it o1er+ooks t&e 2a,t t&at t&ere is no
iso+ate!, se+28s022i,ing in!i1i!0a+###Pro!0,tion takes +a,e on+3 in so,iet3 8 on+3 t&ro0g& t&e ,o8
oeration o2 an in!0stria+ ,o**0nit3# T&is in!0stria+ ,o**0nit3 *a3 4e +arge or s*a++###40t it
a+6a3s ,o*rises a gro0 +arge eno0g& to ,ontain an! trans*it t&e tra!itions, too+s, te,&ni,a+
kno6+e!ge, an! 0sages 6it&o0t 6&i,& t&ere ,an 4e no in!0stria+ organi;ation an! no e,ono*i,
re+ation o2 in!i1i!0a+s to one anot&er or to t&eir en1iron*ent###T&ere ,an 4e no ro!0,tion 6it&o0t
te,&ni,a+ kno6+e!geT &en,e no a,,0*0+ation an! no 6ea+t& to 4e o6ne!, in se1era+t3 or
ot&er6ise# An! t&ere is no te,&ni,a+ kno6+e!ge aart 2ro* an in!0stria+ ,o**0nit3# Sin,e t&ere is
no in!i1i!0a+ ro!0,tion an! no in!i1i!0a+ ro!0,ti1it3, t&e nat0ra+8rig&ts re,on,etion###re!0,es
itse+2 to a4s0r!it3, e1en 0n!er t&e +ogi, o2 its o6n ass0*tions#
'=?
As 6it& Mar7, &e sa6 no ot&er 6a3 to !isting0is& t&e t6o *a9or ,+asses o2 so,iet3 t&an 4et6een
t&ose 6&o work an! t&ose 6&o exploit t&at 6ork
'=@
6it& t&e ro2it *aking ortion o2 ,aita+is*
Gt&e FD0siness-< ,o*+ete+3 searate 2ro* ro!0,tion itse+2 GFIn!0str3-<# He *akes a ,+ear
!istin,tion 4et6een D0siness an! In!0str3 an! re2ers to t&e 2or*er as 20n,tioning as a 1e&i,+e o2
Fsa4otage- 2or in!0str3# He sa6 a ,o*+ete ,ontra!i,tion 4et6een t&e et&i,a+ intent o2 t&e genera+
,o**0nit3 to ro!0,e e22i,ient+3 an! 6it& &ig& ser1i,e, an! t&e +a6s o2 ri1ate roert3 6&i,&
&a! t&e o6er to !ire,t in!0str3 2or t&e sake o2 ro2it a+one, re!0,ing t&at e22i,ien,3 an! intent#
T&e ter* Fsa4otage- in t&is ,onte7t 6as !e2ine! 43 Ve4+en as t&e F,ons,ientio0s 6it&!ra6a+ o2
Ne6 Jork, R0sse++ an! R0sse++, $A=$, #'?$8'?'
'=$ FPro2essor )+arkVs E,ono*i,s-, "lace of &cience in 4odern Civilization, T&orstein Ve4+en, #$A(
'=' .bsentee 0wnership and 3usiness +nterprise in $ecent Times, T&orstein Ve4+en, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, Ne6 Jork, $A=?,
#?%>
'=( FT&e Deginnings o2 O6ners&i-, +ssays in 0ur Changing 0rder, T&orstein Ve4+en, #('#
'=? FT&e Deginnings o2 O6ners&i-, +ssays in 0ur Changing 0rder, T&orstein Ve4+en, #((8(?
'=@ FT&e Instin,t o2 Work*ans&i an! t&e Irkso*eness o2 La4or-, +ssays in 0ur Changing 0rder, T&orstein Ve4+en, #
$CC8$A%
64
e22i,ien,3#-
'==
He states" FT&e in!0stria+ +ant is in,reasing+3 r0nning i!+e or &a+2 i!+e, r0nning in,reasing+3 s&ort
o2 its ro!0,ti1e ,aa,it3# Work*en are 4eing +ai! o22###An! a++ t&e 6&i+e t&ese eo+e are in great
nee! o2 a++ sorts o2 goo!s an! ser1i,es 6&i,& t&ese i!+e +ants an! i!+e 6ork*en are 2it to
ro!0,e# D0t 2or reasons o2 40siness e7e!ien,3 it is i*ossi4+e to +et t&ese i!+e +ants an! i!+e
6ork*en go to 6ork^t&at is to sa3 2or reasons o2 ins022i,ient ro2it to t&e 40siness *en
intereste!, or in ot&er 6or!s, 2or t&e reasons o2 ins022i,ient in,o*e to t&e 1este! interests#-
'=>
F0rt&er*ore, Ve4+en, as oose! to t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 eo+e in t&e *o!ern !a3 6&o ,on!e*n
a,ts o2 F,orr0tion- on et&i,a+ gro0n!s, !i! not see an3 o2 t&e ro4+e*s o2 a40se an! e7+oitation
as an iss0e o2 F*ora+it3- or Fet&i,s-# He sa6 t&e ro4+e*s as in&erent 8 40i+t into t&e nat0re o2
)aita+is* itse+2# He states" FIt is not t&at t&ese ,atains o2 Dig D0siness 6&ose !0t3 it is to
a!*inister t&is sa+0tar3 *o!i,0* o2 sa4otage on ro!0,tion are na0g&t3# It is not t&at t&e3 ai* to
s&orten &0*an +i2e or a0g*ent &0*an !is,o*2ort 43 ,ontri1ing an in,rease o2 ri1ation a*ong
t&eir 2e++o6 *en###T&e 50estion is not 6&et&er t&is tra22i, in ri1ation is &0*ane, 40t 6&et&er it is
sound business management#-
'=C
Wit& rese,t to t&e nat0re o2 Go1ern*ent, Ve4+enIs 1ie6 6as 1er3 ,+ear" T&e go1ern*ent 43 its
1er3 o+iti,a+ ,onstr0,t e7iste! to rote,t t&e e7isting so,ia+ or!er an! ,+ass str0,t0re, rein2or,ing
ri1ate roert3 +a6s an! 43 !ire,t e7tension rein2or,ing t&e !isroortionate o6ners&i Gr0+ing<
,+ass# FLegis+ation, o+i,e s0r1ei++an,e, t&e a!*inistration o2 90sti,e, t&e *i+itar3 an! !i+o*ati,
ser1i,e, a++ are ,&ie2+3 ,on,erne! 6it& 40siness re+ations, e,0niar3 interests, an! t&e3 &a1e +itt+e
*ore t&an an in,i!enta+ 4earing on ot&er &0*an interests-,
'=A
&e state!#
T&e i!ea o2 De*o,ra,3 6as a+so !ee+3 1io+ate! 43 )aita+ist o6er in &is 1ie6, stating
F,onstit0tiona+ go1ern*ent is a 40siness go1ern*ent#-
'>%
Ve4+en, 6&i+e a6are o2 t&e &eno*enon
o2 F+o443ing- an! t&e F403ing- o2 o+iti,ians ,o**on+3 seen to!a3 as a 2or* o2 F,orr0tion-, !i!
not see t&is as t&e rea+ nat0re o2 t&e ro4+e*# Rat&er, go1ern*ent ,ontro+ 43 D0siness 6as not an
ano*a+3 8 it 6as si*+3 6&at go1ern*ent &a! *ani2este! to 4e 43 !esign#
'>$
D3 its 1er3 nat0re,
as an instit0tiona+i;e! *eans 2or so,ia+ ,ontro+, Go1ern*ent 6o0+! a+6a3s rote,t t&e Fri,&-
against t&e Foor-# Sin,e t&e Foor- a+6a3s great+3 o0tn0*4ere! t&e Fri,&-, a rigi! +ega+ str0,t0re
2a1oring t&e 6ea+t&3 Groertie! interests< &a! to e7ist to kee t&e ,+ass searation an! 4ene2it to
t&e )aita+ist interests inta,t#
'>'

Like6ise, &e a+so re,ogni;e! &o6 t&e )aita+ist State go1ern*ent 1er3 *0,& nee!e! to kee
social values in +ine 6it& t&eir interests 8 6&at Ve4+en ,a++e! a FPe,0niar3 )0+t0re-# T&ere2ore, t&e
re!ator3, se+2is& an! ,o*etiti1e &a4its t3i,a+ o2 Fs0,,ess- in t&e 0n!er+3ing so,ia+ 6ar2are
in&erent to t&e )aita+ist s3ste*, naturally reinforced t&ose 1a+0es 43 !e2a0+t# To 4e gi1ing an!
10+nera4+e 6as o2 +itt+e 0se to Fs0,,ess- in t&is ,onte7t, as t&e r0t&+ess an! strategi,a++3
,o*etiti1e 6ere i,ons o2 so,ia+ re6ar!#
'>(

In a 4roa! assess*ent, Ve4+en 6orke! to ,riti,a++3 ana+3;e t&e ,ore str0,t0re an! 1a+0es o2 t&e
Free8Market )aita+ist *o!e+, osing 6&at ,o0+! 4e arg0e! as so*e ro2o0n!+3 so,io+ogi,a++3
a!1an,e! ,on,+0sions 6it& rese,t to its in&erent ,ontra!i,tions, te,&ni,a+ ine22i,ien,3 an! 1a+0e
'== The +ngineers and the "rice &ystem, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ne6 Jork, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, $A=@, #$
'=> I4i!#, #$'
'=C .bsentee 0wnership and 3usiness +nterprise in $ecent Times, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ne6 Jork, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, $A=?,
#''%8''$
'=A The Theory of 3usiness +nterprise, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ne6 Jork, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, $A=@, #'=A
'>% I4i!#, #'C@
'>$ I4i!#, #'C=8'C>
'>' I4i!#, #?%?8?%@
'>( The Theory of the )eisure Class, T&orstein Ve4+en, Ne6 Jork, A0g0st0s M# Le++e3, $A=@, #''A8'(%
65
!isor!ers# His 6ork is 1er3 *0,& en,o0rage! 2or re1ie6 43 a++ intereste! in t&e &istor3 o2
e,ono*i, t&o0g&t, se,i2i,a++3 2or t&ose sketi,a+ o2 t&e re*ise o2 Free8Market )aita+is*#
%n Conclusion3 Ca*italism as 0Social Patholog)2
T&e &istor3 o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t is, in *an3 6a3s, t&e &istor3 o2 human social relationships, 6it&
t&e attern o2 ,ertain *ere ass0*tions gaining ro*inen,e to t&e e22e,t o2 4eing ,onsi!ere!
sa,rosan,t an! i**0ta4+e o1er ti*e# T&is e+e*ent o2 traditionalism, ,0+*inating 2ro* 1a+0es an!
4e+ie2 s3ste*s o2 ear+ier erio!s, &as 4een a ,ore t&e*e in t&is s&ort re1ie6 o2 e,ono*i, &istor3#
T&e ,entra+ oint 4eing t&at t&e attri40tes taken as Fgi1en- to t&e !o*inant t&eories o2 e,ono*3
to!a3 are a,t0a++3 not 4ase! on !ire,t physical support, s0,& as 6o0+! 4e nee!e! to 2in! 1a+i!ation
1ia t&e method of science, 40t rat&er 4ase! on t&e *ere eret0ation o2 an esta4+is&e!
ideological 2ra*e6ork 6&i,& &as e1o+1e! to intri,ate+3 self-refer to its interna+ +ogi,, 90sti23ing its
o6n e7isten,e 43 its o6n stan!ar!s#
To!a3, it is not 6&at e*4o!ies t&e )aita+ist i!eo+og3 in se,i2i,s t&at is *ost ro4+e*ati,, 40t
rat&er 6&at it omits 43 e7tension# K0st as ear+3 re+igions sa6 t&e 6or+! as 2+at an! &a! to a!90st
t&eir r&etori, on,e it 6as ro1en ro0n! 43 s,ien,e, t&e tra!ition o2 *arket e,ono*i,s is 2a,e! 6it&
si*i+ar tria+s# )onsi!ering t&e si*+i,it3 o2 t&e agrarian an! e1ent0a++3 ri*iti1e aroa,&es to
in!0stria+ ro!0,tion, t&ere 6as +itt+e a6areness or nee!e! ,on,ern a4o0t its ossi4+e negati1e
,onse50en,es o1er ti*e on not on+3 t&e &a4itat Ge,o+ogi,a+< +e1e+, 40t a+so on t&e &0*an +e1e+
G04+i, &ea+t&<#
Like6ise, t&e *arket s3ste*, 6it& its 1er3 o+! ass0*tions regar!ing ossi4i+it3, a+so ignores Gor
e1en 2ig&ts< t&e o6er20+ 4reakt&ro0g&s in s,ien,e an! te,&no+og3 6&i,& e7ress ,aa,ities to
so+1e ro4+e*s an! ,reate e+e1ate! roserit3# In 2a,t, as 6i++ 4e e7+ore! in t&e essa3 FMarket
E22i,ien,3 1s# Te,&ni,a+ E22i,ien,3-, s0,& rogressi1e a,tions an! &ar*onio0s re,ognitions
regar!ing t&e habitat an! human well-being re1ea+s t&at FFree8Market- )aita+is* +itera++3 cannot
facilitate these solutions, sin,e its 1er3 *e,&ani,s !isa++o6 or 6ork against s0,& ossi4i+ities 43
!e2a0+t#
Genera++3 seaking, t&e reso+0tion o2 ro4+e*s an! &en,e increasing of efficiency is, in *an3
6a3s, anat&e*a to t&e *arketIs oeration# So+1ing ro4+e*s in genera+ *eans no *ore a4i+it3 to
gain in,o*e 2ro* t&e Fser1i,ing- o2 t&ose ro4+e*s# Ne6 e22i,ien,ies a+*ost a+6a3s *ean a
re!0,tion o2 +a4or an! energ3 nee!s an! 6&i+e t&at *a3 see* ositi1e 6it& rese,t to true earthly
efficiency, it a+so o2ten *eans a +oss o2 9o4s an! re!0,tion o2 *onetar3 ,ir,0+ation 0on its
a+i,ation#
'>?
It is &ere 6&ere t&e )aita+ist *o!e+ 4egins to take t&e ro+e o2 a social pathogen, not on+3 6it&
rese,t to 6&at it ignores, !isa++o6s or 2ig&ts against 43 !esign, 40t a+so 6it& rese,t to 6&at it
reinforces and perpetuates' I2 6e go 4a,k to Lo,keIs state*ent a4o0t &o6 t&e nat0re o2 *one3,
gi1en its ta,it ,onsent 43 t&e ,o**0nit3, 6as to essentia++3 ser1e as a community in an! o2 itse+2,
it is eas3 to see &o6 t&is on,e *ere F*e!i0* o2 e7,&ange- &as e1o+1e! into its resent
so,io+ogi,a+ 2or*, 6&ere t&e entire 4asis o2 t&e *arket ser1es, in 2a,t, not 6it& t&e intent to
,reate an! assist 6it& &0*an s0r1i1a+, &ea+t& an! roserit3, 40t to no6 *ere+3 2a,i+itate t&e a,t
o2 profit and profit alone' A!a* S*it& ne1er 6o0+! &a1e 2at&o*e! t&at in t&e resent !a3, t&e
*ost +0,rati1e, re6ar!e! 2ie+!s 6o0+! 4e not t&e ro!0,tion o2 +i2e s0ortingHi*ro1ing goo!s,
40t rat&er t&e a,t o2 *o1ing *one3 aro0n! : &en,e t&e F6ork- o2 2inan,ia+ instit0tions s0,& as
4anks, FWa++ St#- an! in1est*ent 2ir*s : 2ir*s t&at literally create nothing, 40t &o+! i**ense
6ea+t& an! in2+0en,e#
'>? A si*+e e7a*+e o2 t&is is t&e a*o0nt o2 20n!ing an! e*+o3*ent t&at &as 4een generate! 2ro* t&e ser1ing o2
,an,er# I2 ,0res 2or ,an,er 6&ere to a,t0a++3 e*erge, t&e !o6nsi;ing o2 t&ese *assi1e *e!i,a+ instit0tions 6o0+!
nat0ra++3 res0+t# T&is *eans t&at t&e so+1ing o2 ro4+e*s ,an res0+t in t&e +oss o2 +i1e+i&oo! 2or *an3 6&o 6orke! to
ser1i,e t&ose ro4+e*s# T&is is ,reate a er1erse rein2or,e*ent to kee t&ings t&e sa*e : a1oi!ing ,&ange in genera+#
66
To!a3, t&e on+3 rea+ (alue Theory in +a,e is 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! t&e FMone3 Se50en,e o2
Va+0e-#
'>@
Mone3 &as taken on a +i2e o2 its o6n 6it& rese,t to t&e rein2or,e! s3,&o+og3 *o1ing it#
It &as no !ire,t 0rose in intent 40t to 6ork to *ani2est *ore *one3 o0t o2 +ess *one3
Gin1est*ent<# T&is F*one3 seeking *one3- &eno*enon &as not on+3 ,reate! a value system
disorder 6&ere t&is interest in *onetar3 gain tr0*s e1er3t&ing, +ea1ing tr0+3 re+e1ant
en1iron*enta+ an! 04+i, &ea+t& iss0es se,on!ar3 an! Fe7terna+- to t&e 2o,0s o2 e,ono*3, its
,onstant roensit3 to F*0+ti+3- an! Fe7an!- tr0+3 &as a cancerous 50a+it3 6&ere t&is i!ea o2
nee!e! Fgro6t&-, rat&er t&an stea!38state 4a+an,e, ,ontin0es its at&o+ogi,a+ e22e,t on *an3
+e1e+s#
M0,& ,o0+! 4e sai! a4o0t t&e !e4t s3ste*
'>=
an! &o6 1irt0a++3 a++ t&e ,o0ntries on t&e +anet
eart& are no6 in!e4te! to themselves to t&e e7tent 6&ere 6e, t&e F&0*an se,ies-, a,t0a++3 !o
not &a1e t&e *one3 in ,ir,0+ation to a3 o0rse+1es 4a,k 2ro* 6&at 6e &a1e 4orro6e! o0t o2 t&in
air# T&e nee! 2or *ore an! *ore F,re!it- to 20e+ t&e F*arket- is ,onstant to!a3 !0e to t&is
i*4a+an,e, 6&i,& *eans, +ike ,an,er, 6e are !ea+ing 6it& an intent o2 infinite expansion and
consumption' T&is si*+3 ,annot 6ork on a 2inite +anet#
F0rt&er*ore, t&e s,ar,it38!ri1en, ,o*etiti1e et&os in&erent to t&e *o!e+ ,ontin0es to eret0ate
!i1isi1e ,+ass 6ar2are 6&i,& kees not on+3 t&e world at 6ar 6it& itse+2 1ia e*ire i*eria+is* an!
rote,tionis*, 40t a+so 6it&in t&e genera+ o0+ation# To!a3, *ost 6a+k aro0n! afraid of each
other sin,e e7+oitation an! a40se is t&e !o*inant, re6ar!e! et&os# A++ &0*ans &a1e a!ate! in
t&is ,0+t0re, 0nne,essari+3, to see ea,& ot&er as t&reats to oneIs o6n s0r1i1a+ in in,reasing+3
a4stra,t Fe,ono*i,- ,onte7ts# For e7a*+e, 6&en t6o eo+e 6a+k into a 9o4 inter1ie6, seeking
+i2e s0ort, t&e3 are not intereste! in t&e 6e++4eing o2 t&e ot&er, sin,e on+3 one 6i++ gain t&e 9o4#
In 2a,t, empathic sensiti1ities are negati1e ress0res in t&is s3ste* o2 a!1antage an! go
,o*+ete+3 0nre6ar!e! 43 t&e 2inan,ia+ *e,&anis*#

Like6ise, t&e ass0*tion t&at F2airness- ,o0+! e1er e7ist in s0,& a ,o*etiti1e en1iron*ent,
arti,0+ar+3 6&en t&e nat0re o2 F6inning- an! F+osing- *eans a +oss o2 +i2e s0ort or s0r1i1a+, is a
!ee+3 na_1e i!ea+# T&e +ega+ stat0tes in e7isten,e t&at 6ork to sto *onoo+3 +a6s an! 2inan,ia+
F,orr0tion- e7ist 4e,a0se t&ere is +itera++3 no ossi4+e sa2eg0ar! 2or s0,& so8,a++e! F,orr0tion- in
t&is *o!e+# As i*+ie! 43 S*it& an! Ve4+en in t&is essa3, t&e FState- is rea++3 a *ani2estation o2
t&e e,ono*i, re*ise an! not t&e ot&er 6a3 aro0n!# T&e 0se o2 State o6er 2or +egis+ation to
ens0re t&e se,0rit3 an! roserit3 o2 one ,+ass o1er anot&er, is not a !istortion o2 t&e )aita+ist
s3ste*, it is a core feature o2 t&e 2ree8*arket ,o*etiti1e et&i,#
Man3 in t&e +i4ertarian, Laisse;82aire, A0strian, )&i,ago an! ot&er Neo,+assi,a+ o22s&oots
,onstant+3 ten! to ta+k a4o0t &o6 FState Inter2eren,e- is t&e ro4+e* to!a3, s0,& as 6it& &a1ing
rote,tionist i*ortHe7ort o+i,es or t&e 2a1oring o2 ,ertain in!0stries 43 t&e state# It is ass0*e!
t&at so*e&o6 t&e *arket ,an 4e F2ree- to oerate 6it&o0t t&e *ani2estation o2 *onoo+3 or t&e
F,orr0tions- in&erent to 6&at &as 4een !ee*e! to!a3 F,ron3 ,aita+is*-, e1en t&o0g& t&e entire
4asis o2 strateg3 is ,o*etiti1e or, in *ore !ire,t ter*s, F6arring-# Again, to ass0*e t&e State
6o0+! not 4e 0se! as a too+ 2or !i22erentia+ a!1antage : a too+ 2or 40siness : is a4s0r!#
'>>
In t&e en!, t&ese o1ert+3 an! 0nne,essari+3 selfish 1a+0es &a1e 4een at t&e root o2 &0*an ,on2+i,t
sin,e its in,etion an!, as note!, t&e &istori,a+ notion o2 &0*an 6ar2are on t&e ,+ass +e1e+ is seen
43 *ost as Fgi1en-, Fnat0ra+- or Fi**0ta4+e-# In t&e e7isting so,ia+ *o!e+, e7tra,te! 2ro* an
'>@ T&is &rase 6as 0t 2or6ar! 43 Ko&n M,M0rtr3 in &is 6ork The Cancer &tage of Capitalism, P+0to Press, $AAA
'>= T&e ,reation o2 *one3 o0t o2 !e4t, ,o0+e! 6it& its *0+ti+i,ation 1ia t&e Fra,tiona+ Reser1e +en!ing s3ste*, a near
0ni1ersa+ ra,ti,e o2 t&e ,entra+ 4anks o2 t&e 6or+!, ,ontin0es to seek in2inite gro6t& 43 its 1er3 *e,&ani,s#
'>> It is 6ort& ointing o0t t&at FMarket Dis,i+ine-, or t&e ,orre,ti1e nat0re o2 t&e *arket 43 6&i,& a++ 40siness are
s0ose! to 4e s0s,eti4+e, on+3 rea++3 a+ies to t&e +o6er ,+asses to!a3# As note! &istori,a++3 43 t&e Ftoo 4ig to 2ai+-
r&etori, an! re,ent G`'%%C< 4ank 4ai+o0ts a*o0nting to 6e++ o1er '% tri++ion !o++ars, t&e 6ea+t&3 se,tors are rote,te!
43 t&e gest0re o2 so8,a++e! gi1en FSo,ia+is*-, not )aita+is*#
67
in&erent+3 s,ar,it38!ri1en, 7eno&o4i, an! ra,ist 2ra*e o2 re2eren,e, t&ere is no s0,& t&ing as
ea,e or 4a+an,e# It si*+3 isnIt ossi4+e in t&e )aita+ist *o!e+# Like6ise, t&e illusion of e%uality
4et6een eo+e in t&e so8,a++e! F!e*o,rati,- so,ieties a+so ersists, ass0*ing t&at so*e&o6
o+iti,a+ e50a+it3 ,an *ani2est o0t o2 t&e e7+i,it, economic ine%uality in&erent to t&is *o!e o2
ro!0,tion an! &0*an re+ations#
Ear+3 in t&is essa3 t&e !istin,tion 4et6een t&e FHistori,a+- an! FMe,&anisti,- 1ie6 o2 e,ono*i,
+ogi, 6as *entione! in assing# T&e i*ortan,e o2 t&e FMe,&anisti,- Gs,ienti2i,< erse,ti1e,
6&i,& 6i++ 4e e7+ore! in +ater essa3s, is ,riti,a+ 6it& rese,t to 0n!erstan!ing &o6 !ee+3 o0t o2
!ate an! 2+a6e! t&e Market E,ono*3 rea++3 is# W&en 6e take t&e kno6n +a6s o2 nat0re, 4ot& on
t&e &0*an an! &a4itat +e1e+s, an! start to ,a+,0+ate 6&at o0r otions an! ossi4i+ities are,
te,&ni,a++3, 6it&o0t t&e 4aggage o2 s0,& &istori,a+ ass0*tions, a 1er3 !i22erent train of thought
e*erges# In t&e 1ie6 o2 TZM, t&is is t&e ne6 6or+!1ie6 43 6&i,& &0*anit3 nee!s to a+ign in or!er
to so+1e its ,0rrent, *o0nting so,io+ogi,a+ an! e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s, a+ong 6it& oening t&e !oor to
enor*o0s ossi4i+ities 2or 20t0re roserit3#
1ARKET EFF%C%ENC/ $S TEC+N%CA& EFF%C%ENC/
0T&e s3nergeti, ase,t o2 in!0str3Vs !oing e1er *ore 6ork 6it& e1er +ess in1est*ent o2 ti*e an!
energ3 er ea,& 0nit o2 er2or*an,e###&as ne1er 4een 2or*a++3 a,,o0nte! as a ,aita+ gain o2
+an!8sit0ate! so,iet3# T&e s3nergisti, e22e,ti1eness o2 a 6or+!8aro0n! integrate! in!0stria+ ro,ess is
in&erent+3 1ast+3 greater t&an t&e ,on2ine! s3nergisti, e22e,t o2 so1ereign+3 oerating searate s3ste*s#
Ergo, on+3 ,o*+ete 6or+! !eso1ereigni;ation ,an er*it t&e rea+i;ation o2 an a++ &0*anit3 &ig& stan!ar!
s0ort#-
'>C
R# D0,k*inster F0++er
O.er.iew
S,ienti2i, !e1e+o*ent, 6&i+e e1o+1ing in ara++e+ 6it& tra!itiona+ e,ono*i, !e1e+o*ent o1er t&e
ast ?%% 3ears or so, &as sti++ 4een +arge+3 ignore! an! seen as an Fe7terna+it3- to e,ono*i,
t&eor3# T&e res0+t &as 4een a F!e,o0+ing- o2 t&e so,ioe,ono*i, str0,t0re 2ro* t&e life support
str0,t0re to 6&i,& 6e are a++ tie!, an! 0on 6&i,& 6e a++ !een!# In *ost ,ases to!a3, aart 2ro*
,ertain te,&ni,a+ ass0*tions 6it& rese,t to &o6 a s3ste* not 4ase! on *arket !3na*i,s an!
t&e Fri,e *e,&anis*-
'>A
,o0+! 20n,tion, t&e *ost ,o**on arg0*ent in s0ort o2 Market
)aita+is* is t&at it is a s3ste* o2 F2ree!o*- or F+i4ert3-#
T&e e7tent to 6&i,& t&is is tr0e 1er3 *0,& !een!s on oneIs interretation, e1en t&o0g& s0,&
genera+i;e! ter*s are o2ten 04i50ito0s in t&e r&etori, o2 roonents o2 t&e *o!e+#
'C%
It aears
s0,& notions are rea++3 rea,tions to rior atte*ts at a+ternati1e so,ia+ s3ste*s in t&e ast 6&i,&
generate! o6er ro4+e*s +ike Ftota+itarianis*-#
'C$
Hen,e, e1er sin,e, 4ase! on t&is 2ear, an3
*o!e+ ,on,ei1e! o0tsi!e o2 t&e )aita+ist 2ra*e6ork is o2ten i*0+si1e+3 re+egate! to t&e
s0ose! &istori,a+ ten!en,3 to6ar!s Ft3rann3- 8 an! t&en !is*isse!#
De t&at as it *a3, t&is 0n!er+3ing gest0re o2 F2ree!o*-, 6&ate1er its i*+i,ation in s049e,ti1e 0se,
&as generate! a neurosis or ,on20sion 6it& rese,t to 6&at it *eans 2or a se,ies s0,& as o0rs to
s0r1i1e an! roser in t&e &a4itat : a &a4itat ,+ear+3 go1erne! 43 natural laws# W&at 6e 2in! is
'>C 0perating 4anual for &paceship +arth, R# D0,k*inster F0++er, $A=C, )&ater =
'>A L0!6ig 1on Mises in &is 2a*o0s 6ork +conomic Calculation In The &ocialist Commonwealth arg0es t&at t&e Fri,e
*e,&anis*- is t&e on+3 ossi4+e *eans to 0n!erstan! &o6 to Fe22i,ient+3- ,reate an! *o1e goo!s aro0n! an e,ono*3#
T&is ,riti,is* o2 an3 kin! o2 F+anne!- s3ste* &as 4een to0te! as sa,rosan,t 43 *an3 to!a3 an! a 1in!i,ation o2 t&e
)aita+ist s3ste*# T&is iss0e 6i++ 4e a!!resse! in Part III#
'C% .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, $>>=, ar# IV#A#@$
'C$ A ,+assi, te7t t&at e*+o3e! t&is 4asi, 2ear 6as F#A# Ha3ekIs FT&e Roa! to Ser2!o*-# FH0*an Nat0re- &a! a 1er3 ,+ear
i*+i,ation, 90sti2ie! 20n!a*enta++3 43 &istori,a+ tren!s o2 tota+itarianis* s0ggeste! to 4e +inke! to
,o++a4orati1eH+anne! e,ono*ies#
68
t&at on t&e +e1e+ o2 o0r &a4itat re+ations&i 6e are si*+3 not free an! to &a1e an o1erar,&ing
1a+0e orientation o2 s0ose! 2ree!o*, 6&i,& is t&en a+ie! to6ar! &o6 6e s&o0+! oerate o0r
g+o4a+ e,ono*3, &as 4e,o*e in,reasing+3 !angero0s to &0*an s0staina4i+it3 on t&e +anet
eart&#
'C'

T&e !i22i,0+t+3 o2 so,ia+ re+ations&is asi!e, &0*ans, regar!+ess o2 t&eir tra!itiona+ so,ia+ ,0sto*s,
are stri,t+3 4o0n! 43 t&e nat0ra+, go1erning +a6s o2 t&e eart& an! to stra3 2ro* a+ign*ent 6it&
t&ese is to in1aria4+3 inhibit o0r s0staina4i+it3, roserit3 an! 04+i, &ea+t&# It s&o0+! 4e
re*e*4ere! t&at t&e ,ore ass0*tions o2 o0r ,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste* !e1e+oe! !0ring
erio!s 6it& s04stantia++3 less s,ienti2i, a6areness o2 4ot& o0rse+1es an! o0r &a4itat#
'C(
Man3 o2
t&e negati1e ,onse50en,es no6 ,o**on to *o!ern so,ieties si*+3 !i!nIt e7ist in t&e ast an! it
is no6 t&is clash of systems 6&i,& is 20rt&er !esta4i+i;ing o0r 6or+! in *an3 6a3s#
It 6i++ 4e arg0e! &ere t&at t&e integrit3 o2 an3 e,ono*i, *o!e+ is a,t0a++3 4est *eas0re! 43 &o6
6e++ aligned it is 6it& t&e kno6n, go1erning laws of nature# T&is natural law ,on,et is not
resente! &ere as an3t&ing esoteri, or *eta&3si,a+, 40t as 20n!a*enta++3 o4ser1a4+e# W&i+e it is
tr0e t&at t&e +a6s o2 nat0re are ,onstant+3 re2ine! an! a+tere! in o0r 0n!erstan!ings o1er ti*e,
,ertain ,a0sa+ rea+ities &a1e stoo!, an! ,ontin0e to stan!, as !e2initi1e+3 tr0e# T&ere is no !e4ate
t&at t&e &0*an organis* &as se,i2i, needs 2or s0r1i1a+, s0,& as t&e nee! 2or n0trition, 6ater an!
air# T&ere is no !e4ate 6it& rese,t to t&e 20n!a*enta+ e,o+ogi,a+ ro,esses t&at se,0re t&e
en1iron*enta+ sta4i+it3 o2 o0r &a4itat 6&i,& must go 0n!ist0r4e! in t&eir s3*4ioti,8s3nergisti,
re+ations&is#
'C?
T&ere is a+so no !e4ate, as ,o*+e7 as it is, t&at t&e &0*an s3,&e &as, on
a1erage, 4asi, re!i,ta4+e rea,tions 6&en it ,o*es to en1iron*enta+ stressors an! &en,e &o6
rea,tions o2 1io+en,e, !eression, a40se an! ot&er !etri*enta+ 4e&a1iora+ iss0es ,an *ani2est as a
res0+t#
'C@
T&is s,ienti2i,, ,a0sa+ or te,&ni,a+ erse,ti1e o2 e,ono*i, re+ations&is re!0,es a++ re+e1ant
2a,tors to a frame of reference an! train of thought re+ating to o0r ,0rrent 0n!erstan!ing o2 t&e
&3si,a+ 6or+! an! its nat0ra+, tangi4+e !3na*i,s# T&is +ogi, takes t&e s,ien,e o2 &0*an st0!3,
&en,e, again, t&e s&are! nat0re o2 human needs an! public health, an! ,o*4ines it 6it& t&e
ro1en rules of our habitat, to 6&i,& 6e are s3nergisti,a++3 an! s3*4ioti,a++3 ,onne,te!# P0t
toget&er, a Fgro0n! 0-, rationa+ *o!e+ o2 e,ono*i, oeration ,an 4e genera+i;e! 6it& 1er3 +itt+e
nee!, in 2a,t, 2or t&e ,ent0ries o2 tra!itiona+i;e! e,ono*i, t&eor3#
'C=

T&is isnIt to sa3 t&ose &istori,a+ arg0*ents !o not ossess 1a+0e 6it& rese,t to 0n!erstan!ing
,0+t0ra+ e1o+0tion, 40t rat&er to sa3 t&at i2 a tr0+3 s,ienti2i, 6or+!1ie6 is taken 6it& rese,t to
6&at F6orks- or F!oesnVt 6ork- in t&e strateg3 o2 e22i,ien,3 !e*an!e! 43 t&e ,&ess8ga*e o2
&0*an s0r1i1a+, t&ere is 1er3 +itt+e nee! 2or s0,& &istori,a+ re2eren,e in a4stra,tion# T&is 1ie6 sits
at t&e ,ore o2 TZMIs re2or*ist +ogi, an! 6i++ 4e re1ie6e! again in Part III o2 t&is te7t#
T&e 4otto* +ine is t&at t&ese oints o2 near8i**0ta4+e s,ienti2i, a6areness are a+*ost ,o*+ete+3
6it&o0t re,ognition in t&e e,ono*i, *o!e+ !o*inant to!a3# In 2a,t, it 6i++ 4e arg0e! t&at t&e t6o
s3ste*s are not on+3 !e,o0+e!, t&e3 are diametrically opposed in *an3 6a3s, a++0!ing to t&e
'C' S0ggeste! Rea!ing" FA Sa2e Oerating Sa,e 2or H0*anit3-, Nature, ?=$, ?>'8?>@, '? Sete*4er '%%A,
!oi"$%#$%(CH?=$?>'aT
'C( W&i+e so*e &istorians o2ten +a,e t&e !a6n o2 t&e s,ienti2i, *et&o! in an,ient Gree,e, The $enaissance, starting
aro0n! t&e $=
t&
,ent0r3, aears to 4e a *a9or erio! o2 signi2i,ant !is,o1er3 an! a,,e+eration# Ga+i+eo G$@=? 8 $=?'< is
to!a3 ,onsi!ere! 43 so*e as t&e F2at&er- o2 *o!ern s,ien,e# Ho6e1er, 1er3 +itt+e interest 6as s&are! in t&e e,ono*i,
rea+* 43 t&ese e*erging 0n!erstan!ings#
'C? T&e !isr0tion o2 e,os3ste* ro,esses 43 &0*an a,tion &as s&o6n ,+ear negati1e ,onse50en,es# Po++0tion,
!e2orestation, +oss o2 4io!i1ersit3 an! *an3 ot&er ,o**on ,&ara,teristi,s o2 t&e ,0rrent state o2 t&e 6or+! to!a3
re1ea+s a !ee *isa+ign*ent 6it& t&e i**0ta4+e s3*4ioti,Hs3nergisti, rea+ities o2 o0r &a4itat to 6&i,& 6e are 4o0n!#
Re2" &tt"HH666#g+o4a+,&ange#0*i,&#e!0Hg+o4a+,&ange$H,0rrentH+e,t0resHk+ingHe,os3ste*He,os3ste*#&t*+
'C@ P+ease see t&e rior essa3" FP04+i, Hea+t&-
'C= P+ease see t&e rior essa3" FHistor3 o2 E,ono*3-
69
rea+it3 t&at t&e ,o*etiti1e *arket e,ono*3 is a,t0a++3 not F2i7a4+e- as a 6&o+e, an! &en,e a ne6
s3ste* 4ase! directly on t&ese Fnat0ra+ +a6- rea+ties nee!s to 4e ,onstr0,te! 2ro* t&e gro0n! 0#
T&is essa3 6i++ e7a*ine an! ,ontrast a series o2 Fe,ono*i,- ,onsi!erations 2ro* 4ot& t&e
erse,ti1e o2 t&e *arket s3ste* G*arket +ogi,< an! t&is note! mechanistic or Fte,&ni,a+- +ogi,# It
6i++ e7ress &o6 Fe22i,ien,3- takes on t6o 1er3 !i22erent *eanings in ea,& erse,ti1e, arg0ing
t&at F*arket e22i,ien,3-
'C>
6orks on+3 to 4e e22i,ient 6it& rese,t to itself, 0sing *an8*a!e r0+e8
sets re+ate! *ost+3 to ,+assi,a+ e,ono*i, !3na*i,s t&at 2a,i+itate ro2it an! gro6t&, 6&i+e
FTe,&ni,a+ E22i,ien,3-, re2eren,ing t&e kno6n +a6s o2 nat0re, seeks t&e *ost oti*i;e! *anner o2
in!0stria+ 0n2o+!ing ossi4+e to reser1e t&e &a4it, re!0,e 6aste an! 0+ti*ate+3 ensure public
health, 4ase! on e*erging s,ienti2i, 0n!erstan!ings#
'CC
C)clical Consum*tion - Economic "rowth
Free8Market )aita+is* in 4asi, oeration ,an 4e genera+i;e! as an intera,tion 4et6een O6ners,
La4orers an! )ons0*ers# )ons0*er !e*an! generates t&e nee! to ro!0,e 1ia t&e O6ners
GF)aita+ists-<, 6&o t&en e*+o3 La4orers to er2or* t&e a,t o2 ro!0,tion# T&is ,3,+e essentia++3
originates 6it& F!e*an!- an! &en,e t&e rea+ engine o2 t&e *arket is t&e interest, ability an! act o2
e1er3one 403ing in t&e *arket +a,e# A++ re,essionsH!eressions
'CA
are a res0+t, on one +e1e+ or
anot&er, o2 a +oss o2 sa+es# T&ere2ore t&e *ost ,riti,a+ ne,essit3 2or keeing eo+e e*+o3e! an!
&en,e keeing t&e e,ono*3 in a state o2 Fsta4i+it3F or Fgro6t&-, is ,onstant, cyclical consumption#
+conomic Browth, 6&i,& is genera++3 !e2ine! as Fan in,rease in t&e ,aa,it3 o2 an e,ono*3 to
ro!0,e goo!s an! ser1i,es, ,o*are! 2ro* one erio! o2 ti*e to anot&er-
'A%
is a ,onstant
interest o2 an3 nationa+ e,ono*3 to!a3 an!, ,onse50ent+3, t&e g+o4a+ e,ono*3 in genera+# Man3
*a,roe,ono*i, ta,ti,s are o2ten 0se! !0ring ti*es o2 re,ession to 2a,i+itate *ore +oans,
ro!0,tion an! ,ons0*tion in or!er to kee an e,ono*3 20n,tioning at or i!ea++3 4e3on! its
,0rrent +e1e+#
'A$
T&e business cycle, a erio! o2 os,i++ating e7ansion an! ,ontra,tion, &as +ong
4een re,ogni;e! as a ,&ara,teristi, o2 t&e *arket e,ono*3 !0e to t&e nat0re o2 F*arket
!is,i+ine-, or ,orre,tion, 6&i,&, a,,or!ing to t&eorists, is art+3 a nat0ra+ e44 an! 2+o6 o2 40siness
s0,,esses an! 2ai+0res#
'A'
In s&ort, t&e rate Gin,rease or !e,rease< o2 ,ons0*tion is 6&at generates t&e 40siness ,3,+eIs
erio!s o2 gro6t& or ,ontra,tion, 6it& *a,roe,ono*i, *onetar3 reg0+ation genera++3 in,reasing
an! !e,reasing ease o2 li%uidity Go2ten 1ia interest rates< in or!er to F*anage- t&e e7ansions an!
,ontra,tions# W&i+e *o!ern, *onetar3 *a,roe,ono*i, o+i,3 is not t&e s049e,t o2 t&is essa3, it is
6ort& ointing o0t &ere, as an asi!e, t&at *0t0a+ rese,t to6ar! 4ot& t&e e7ansion an!
,ontra,tion erio!s o2 t&e 40siness ,3,+e &as not e7iste! &istori,a++3# Perio!s o2 *onetar3
e7ansion Go2ten 1ia ,&eaer ,re!it<, 6&i,& 0s0a++3 ,orre+ate to erio!s o2 e,ono*i, e7ansion Gas
*ore *one3 is 4eing 0t to 0se< are &ai+e! 43 t&e ,iti;enr3 as nationa+ s0,,esses 2or so,iet3,
6&i+e a++ ,ontra,tions are seen as o+i,3 2ai+0res#
T&ere2ore, t&ere &as a+6a3s 4een an interest 43 t&e o+iti,a+ esta4+is&*ents G6&o 6ant to +ook
goo!< an! *a9or, in2+0entia+ *arket instit0tions Grote,ting ,ororate ro2its< to preserve erio!s
'C> Note" T&e 0se o2 t&e ter* FMarket E22i,ien,3- &ere is not to 4e ,on20se! 6it& ot&er &istori,a+ *eanings# T&e ,on,et is
no1e+ to t&is essa3# Tra!itiona+ *eaning" &tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Harti,+esH%'H$%$@%'#asNa7;;'HA+W+E6R
'CC T&e ter* Ie,ono*3I in Greek .Oikono*ia/ *eans S*anage*ent o2 a &o0se&o+!T t&ri2t-# Hen,e to Ea,onaoa*i;e, or
FIn,rease E22i,ien,3-#
'CA Re,essions are t3i,a++3 !e2ine! as Sa signi2i,ant !e,+ine in e,ono*i, a,ti1it3 srea! a,ross t&e e,ono*3#-
.&tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*HaskHans6ersH%CH,a0se8o28re,ession#asNa7;;'H;E*Es15/
'A% IE,ono*i, Gro6t&I !e2ine!" &tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Hter*sHeHe,ono*i,gro6t&#asNa7;;'HA+W+E6R
'A$ A ,o**on rea,tion o2 ,entra+ 4anks !0ring ti*es o2 re,ession is to in,rease F+i50i!it3- in t&e e,ono*3# Li50i!it3 is
si*+3 t&e a*o0nt o2 ,aita+ t&at is a1ai+a4+e 2or in1est*ent an! sen!ing# T&e Fe!era+ Reser1e, t&e ,entra+ 4ank o2 t&e
Unite! States, t3i,a++3 *anages +i50i!it3, 43 a!90sting interest rates#
'A' T&e D0siness )3,+e is o2ten t&o0g&t a4o0t in 2i1e stages" gro6t& Ge7ansion<, eak, re,ession G,ontra,tion<, tro0g&
an! re,o1er3# .&tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Hter*sH4H40siness,3,+e#asNa7;;'IGAN9$&r/
70
o2 e7ansion 2or as +ong as ossi4+e an! 2ig&t a++ 2or*s o2 ,ontra,tion# T&is erse,ti1e is nat0ra+
to t&e 1a+0e s3ste* in&erent to )aita+is* 2or Fain- is to 4e t&6arte! at a++ ti*es, o2ten in a
s&ortsig&te! *anner# No ,o*an3 6i++ing+3 6ants to !o6nsi;e nor !oes an3 o+iti,a+ art3 6i++ing+3
6ant to F+ook 4a!-, e1en t&o0g& tra!itiona+ e,ono*i, t&eor3 te++s 0s t&at t&ese erio!s o2
,ontra,tion are Fnat0ra+- an! s&o0+! 4e a++o6e!#
T&e res0+t &as 4een, in s&ort, a ,onstant increase in t&e *one3 s0+3 Gi#e# 0r,&asing o6er an!
,aita+< !0ring ti*es o2 re,ession, 6it& t&e en! res0+t 4eing *assi1e global debt, 4ot& 04+i, an!
ri1ate#
'A(
T&e rea+it3 is t&at a++ *one3 ,o*es into e7isten,e t&ro0g& +oans an! ea,& o2 t&ose
+oans is *a!e 6it& interest attached, 6&ere t&e +oan *0st 4e ai! 4a,k 6it& t&e interest 2ee
a,,r0e! G4ankIs ro2it<T *eaning t&at t&e 1er3 nat0re o2 *one3 ,reation a0to*ati,a++3 entai+s a
negative balance 43 !e2a0+t# T&ere is a+6a3s *ore !e4t in e7isten,e t&an t&ere is *one3 in
,ir,0+ation#
'A?
So, ret0rning to t&e *ain oint 6it& rese,t to t&e nee! 2or !e*an!H,ons0*tion to kee t&e
e,ono*3 6orking, t&is ro,ess o2 e7,&ange an! genera+ 2o,0s on gro6t& is at t&e &eart o2 t&e
*arketIs ,onte7t o2 Fe22i,ien,3-# It !oesnVt *atter what is 4eing ro!0,e! or t&e e22e,t on t&e
state o2 &0*an or eart&+3 a22airs# T&ose are a++, again, Fe7terna+ities-# As a ,on,entrate! e7a*+e
o2 t&is +ogi,, t&e sto,k *arket, 6&i,& is itse+2 not&ing *ore t&an t&e tra!ing o2 *one3 an! its no6
n0*ero0s S!eri1ati1esS, generates enor*o0s GDP an! Sgro6t&S t&ro0g& res0+tant sa+esHro2it#
'A@

Jet, t&ese a,ts arg0a4+3 ro!0,e nothing o2 tangi4+e, +i2e s0orting 1a+0e# T&e sto,k *arket
s3ste* an! t&e no6 *assi1e+3 o6er20+ 2inan,ia+ instit0tions are ,o*+ete+3 auxiliary to t&e rea+,
ro!0,ing e,ono*3# W&i+e *an3 arg0e t&at t&ese in1est*ent instit0tions facilitate 40sinesses an!
9o4s 6it& t&eir a+i,ation o2 ,aita+, t&is a,t is, on,e again, on+3 s3ste*i,a++3 re+e1ant in t&e
,0rrent s3ste* G*arket e22i,ien,3< an! 0tter+3 irre+e1ant in ter*s o2 rea+ ro!0,tion Gte,&ni,a+
e22i,ien,3<#
In s&ort, 6&en it ,o*es to market logic, t&e *ore t0rno1er or sa+es, t&e 4etter 8 an! t&at is t&at 8
regar!+ess i2 t&e ite* so+! is ,re!it, ro,ks, F&oe- or 2+a9a,ks# An3 o++0tion, instan,es o2 6aste or
ot&er s0,& !etri*ents are, again, Fe7terna+-# T&ere is no ,onsi!eration 2or t&e te,&ni,a+ ro+e o2
a,t0a+ ro!0,tion ro,esses, strategies 2or e22i,ient !istri40tion, !esign a+i,ations or t&e +ike#
S0,& 2a,tors are ass0*e! to ,0+*inate metaphysically in t&e 4est interest o2 t&e eo+e an! t&e
&a4itat si*+3 4e,a0se t&at is 6&at t&e Fin1isi4+e &an!-
'A=
o2 t&e *arket i*+ies#
Jet, t&e gro6ing F*ore 6it& +ess-
'A>
re1o+0tion in t&e in!0stria+ s,ien,es &as ,reate! a ne6 rea+it3
6&ere t&e a!1an,e*ent o2 in!0stria+ te,&no+og3 &as re1erse! t&e attern o2 F,0*0+ati1e *ateria+
e22ort- 6it& rese,t to e22i,ien,3# T&e +ogi, t&at F*ore +a4or, *ore energ3 an! *ore reso0r,es- 6i++
ro!0,e roortiona++3 *ore e22e,ti1e res0+ts &as 4een ,&a++enge!# In in,reasing+3 *ore
,ir,0*stan,es, t&e reduction o2 energ3, +a4or an! *ateria+s to a,,o*+is& ,ertain tasks &as 4een
'A( A,,or!ing to a '%$% reort 43 t&e Wor+! E,ono*i,s For0*, g+o4a+ ,re!it Gor in e22e,t, !e4t< !o04+e! 2ro* b@> tri++ion
to b$%A tri++ion 2ro* '%%% to '%$%# It a+so 2ore,asts b'$% tri++ion in g+o4a+ ,re!it G!e4t< 43 '%'%#
.&tt"HH666#6e2or0*#orgHreortsHs0staina4+e8,re!it8reort8'%$$/
'A? A,,or!ing to t&e Fe!era+ Reser1e, as o2 '%%A tota+ US GP04+i, an! Pri1ate< !e4t 6as a4o0t b@$ tri++ion#
.&tts"HH666#2e!era+reser1e#go1H!ata!o6n+oa!HDo6n+oa!#as7Q
re+RZ$BseriesR=@?'?@a>a4a,%@$,,?aA%=%,A$$e$2a?B2i+et3eR,s1B+a4e+Rin,+0!eB+a3o0tRseries,o+0*nB2ro*R%$H%$H
$A?@BtoR$'H($H'%$%/ I2 6e ,o*are t&is to t&e e7isting *one3 s0+3, as *eas0re! 43 M(, 6&i,& is t&e 4roa!est
*eas0re, 6e 2in! t&at as o2 De,# '%$' it 6as a4o0t b$@ tri++ion#X .&tt"HH666#s&a!o6stats#,o*H,&artsH*onetar384ase8
*one38s0+3/ GXNote" M( &as 4een !is,ontin0e! in reorting 43 t&e US# Ho6e1er, its n0*4ers ,an 4e e7trao+ate!
4ase! on ,o*onent *eas0res#<
'A@ For e7a*+e, in t&e US, t&e FVent0re )aita+- in!0str3, 6&i,& essentia+ in1ests *one3 in ne6 40sinesses, 6as '$W o2
GDP in '%$%# .&tt"HH666#n1,a#orgHin!e7#&QotionR,o*U,ontentB1ie6Rarti,+eBi!R'@@BIte*i!R$%(/ A,,or!ing to a
'%$' arti,+e in The New $epublic" Ft&e +argest si7 4anks in o0r G0s< e,ono*3 no6 &a1e tota+ assets in e7,ess o2 =(W o2
GDP- .&tt"HH666#tnr#,o*Harti,+eHo+iti,sHs&ooting84anksN/
'A= P+ease see t&e essa3 FHistor3 o2 E,ono*3- 6&ere A!a* S*it&Is notion o2 t&e Fin1isi4+e &an!- is !is,0sse!#
'A> As an &istori,a+ note, engineer R# D0,k*inster F0++er 0se! t&is &rase GF*ore 6it& +ess-< in &is !is,0ssion o2 t&e
&eno*enon in &is 6ork F0perating 4anual for &paceship +arth!, $A=C
71
t&e o0t,o*e, gi1en o0r *o!ern s,ienti2i,, te,&ni,a+ a+i,ations#
'AC
For instan,e, sate++ite84ase! ,o**0ni,ation to!a3, 6&i+e inte++e,t0a++3 so&isti,ate!, e*4o!3ing a
great !ea+ o2 e1o+1e! kno6+e!ge, is, in &3si,a+ rea+it3, rat&er si*+e an! reso0r,e e22i,ient in
,o*arison to t&e rior a+ternati1es 2or ,o**0ni,ation, 6&i,& in g+o4a+ a+i,ation, in1o+1e!
enor*o0s a*o0nts o2 ,0*4erso*e *ateria+s, s0,& as &ea13 ,oer 6ires, a+ong 6it& t&e !i22i,0+t,
o2ten risk3 task o2 +a3ing o0t s0,& *ateria+s 43 &0*an +a4or o6er# W&at is a,,o*+is&e! to!a3
6it& a set o2 genera++3 s*a++, g+o4a+ sate++ites in or4it is tr0+3 a*a;ing 43 ,o*arison# T&is design
revolution, 6&i,& gets to t&e &eart o2 6&at tr0e e,ono*i, Gte,&ni,a+< e22i,ien,3 *eans, stan!s in
!ire,t oosition to t&e ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion, gro6t&84ase! e,ono*i, *o!e+#
Again, t&e intention o2 t&e Market S3ste* is to *aintain or e+e1ate rates o2 t0rno1er, as t&is is
6&at kees eo+e e*+o3e! an! in,reases e*+o3*ent an! so8,a++e! gro6t&# Hen,e, at its ,ore,
t&e MarketIs entire re*ise o2 e22i,ien,3 is 4ase! aro0n! ta,ti,s to a,,o*+is& t&is an! &en,e an3
2or,e t&at 6orks to reduce t&e nee! 2or +a4or or t0rno1er is ,onsi!ere! Fine22i,ient- 2ro* t&e 1ie6
o2 t&e Market, e1en t&o0g& it *ig&t 4e 1er3 e22i,ient in ter*s o2 t&e true definition o2 e,ono*3
itse+2, 6&i,& *eans to ,onser1e, re!0,e 6aste an! !o more with less#
I2 6e &3ot&eti,a++3 re!0,e! o0r g+o4a+ so,iet3 to a sing+e, s*a++ is+an! 6it& a rese,ti1e+3 s*a++
o0+ation, 6it& 1er3 +i*ite! te,&no+og3 as ,o*are! to to!a3, 2in!ing t&at on+3 7 n0*4er o2
2oo!Hs0r1i1a+ ite*s 6ere ossi4+e in t&e nat0ra+ regeneration o2 t&e +an!, 6o0+! it 4e a goo! i!ea
to e*+o3 an e,ono*i, s3ste* t&at so0g&t to in,rease t&e 0se an! t0rno1er o2 t&e is+an!Is
reso0r,es as 2ast as ossi4+e 2or t&e sake o2 Fgro6t&-Q Nat0ra++3, t&e et&i, o2 strategic use an!
preservation 6o0+! !e1e+o as an et&os in s0,& a ,on!ition# T&e i!ea 6o0+! 4e to re!0,e 6aste,
not a,,e+erate it, 6&i,&, again, is 6&at t&e tr0e !e2inition o2 Fe,ono*3- *eans : to economize#
,nnecessar) Osolescence3 Com*etiti.e and Planned
W&en 6e t&ink o2 o4so+es,en,e, 6e o2ten *ig&t ,onsi!er t&e rai! te,&no+ogi,a+ ,&anges
o,,0rring in t&e 6or+! to!a3# E1er3 2e6 3ears it see*s o0r ,o**0ni,ation an! ro,essing !e1i,es,
na*e+3 ,o*0ter te,&no+og3, 0n!ergo rai! !e1e+o*ent# FMooreIs La6-, 2or e7a*+e, 6&i,&
essentia++3 !enotes &o6 ro,essing o6er !o04+es e1er3 $C8'? *ont&s, &as 4een e7ten!e! to
a+3 to ot&er, si*i+ar te,&no+ogi,a+ a+i,ations, i++0*inating t&e o6er20+ tren! o2 s,ienti2i,
a!1an,e*ent in genera+#
'AA

Ho6e1er, 6&en it ,o*es to goo!s ro!0,tion, t6o 2or*s o2 Ge1ent0a+< o4so+es,en,e o,,0r to!a3
6&i,& are not 4ase! on t&e nat0ra+ e1o+0tion o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ ,aa,it3, 40t rat&er res0+t 2ro* Ga<
t&e ,ontri1e!, competitive rule structure o2 t&e *arket s3ste*, a+ong 6it& G4< t&e !ri1ing 0rge 2or
*arket Fe22i,ien,3- in seeking t0rno1er an! reo,,0rring ro2it#
T&e 2irst Ga< ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! F)o*etiti1e O4so+es,en,e-# T&is is o4so+es,en,e res0+ting 2ro* t&e
,onse50entia+ nat0re o2 a ,o*etiti1e e,ono*3, as ea,& ro!0,ing entit3 6orks to *aintain
!i22erentia+ a!1antage o1er anot&er 43 re!0,ing e7enses in ro!0,tion in or!er to kee t&e ri,e
F,o*etiti1e+3- +o6 2or ,ons0*er 0r,&ase# T&is *e,&anis* is tra!itiona++3 ter*e! F,ost
e22i,ien,3- an! t&e res0+t is ro!0,ts t&at are relatively inferior t&e *o*ent t&e3 are *a!e# T&is
,o*etiti1e nee! er*eates e1er3 ste o2 ro!0,tion, 6it&, in e22e,t, a re!0,tion o2 te,&ni,a+
e22i,ien,3 a+ong t&e 6a3 1ia 0sing ,&eaer *ateria+s, *eans an! !esigns#
'AC T&e 2a*o0s ENIA) ,o*0ter o2 t&e $A?%s ,ontaine! $>,?=C 1a,00* t04es, a+ong 6it& >%,%%% resistors, $%,%%%
,aa,itors, $,@%% re+a3s, =,%%% *an0a+ s6it,&es an! @ *i++ion so+!ere! 9oints# It ,o1ere! $C%% s50are 2eet o2 2+oor
sa,e, 6eig&e! (% tons, ,ons0*e! $=% ki+o6atts o2 e+e,tri,a+ o6er# It ,ost a4o0t b= Mi++ion in *o!ern 1a+0e# To!a3, a
,&ea, o,ket si;e ,e++&one ,o*0tes s04stantia++3 2aster t&an ENIA)#
.&tt"HHin1entors#a4o0t#,o*Ho!Hestartin1entionsHaHEnia,#&t*/
'AA S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The )aw of .ccelerating $eturns, Ra3 L0r;6ei+ .&tt"HH666#k0r;6ei+ai#netHt&e8+a68o28
a,,e+erating8ret0rns/
72
I*agine, &3ot&eti,a++3, i2 6e took into a,,o0nt a++ o2 t&e *ateria+ re50ire*ents 2or, sa3, t&e
,reation o2 a ,ar, seeking to *a7i*i;e its e22i,ien,3, !0ra4i+it3 an! 50a+it3 in t&e *ost strategically
oti*i;e! 6a3, 4ase! on t&e *ateria+s t&e*se+1es 8 not t&e ,ost o2 t&ose *ateria+s#
(%%
T&e +i2e
,3,+e o2 t&e ,ar 6o0+! t&en 4e !eter*ine! only 43 its nat0ra+ 6ear an! tear 6it& a 1er3 !e+i4erate
!esign 2o,0s on 0gra!ing attri40tes o2 t&e ,ar 6&en t&e3 &a1e 4e,o*e o4so+ete or !a*age! 43
natural-use ,ir,0*stan,es# T&e res0+t 6o0+! 4e a ro!0,tion designed to last, &en,e re!0,ing
6aste an! in1aria4+3 in,reasing e22i,a,3 o2 0ti+it3# It is sa2e to ass0*e t&at *an3 in t&e 6or+!
to!a3 4e+ie1e t&is is 6&at a,t0a++3 &aens in t&e !esign an! ro!0,tion o2 goo!s 40t t&at si*+3
isnIt t&e rea+it3# It is *at&e*ati,a++3 i*ossi4+e 2or an3 ,o*eting ,o*an3 to ro!0,e t&e
strategically best goo!, te,&ni,a++3, in a *arket e,ono*3, as t&e F,ost e22i,ien,3- *e,&anis*
guarantees a +ess8t&an8oti*a+ ro!0,tion#
T&e se,on! 2or* G4< o2 o4so+es,en,e is kno6n as FP+anne!- an! t&is ro!0,tion te,&ni50e to
ens0re ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion gaine! interest in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3 6&en in!0stria+ !e1e+o*ent
6as a!1an,ing e22i,ien,3 at an a,,e+erating rate, ro!0,ing 4etter goo!s, 2aster# In 2a,t, t&ere 6as
not on+3 a nee! to en,o0rage more purchases 43 t&e genera+ 04+i,
(%$
, t&e ro4+e* o2 res0+ting
in,rease! +i2esan an! genera+ e22i,ien,3 o2 goo!s 6as a+so s+o6ing ,ons0*tion# Again, t&e F*ore
6it& +ess- &eno*enon 6as s0r2a,ing in a rai! 6a3#
Rat&er t&an a++o6 2or a goo!Is +i2esan to 4e !eter*ine! 43 its nat0ra+ ,aa,it3, 6it& t&e +ogi,a+
natural law intention 2or it to e7ist as +ong as ossi4+e, gi1en +i*ite! reso0r,es on a 2inite +anet
an! a nat0ra+ interest to sa1e energ3, 4ot& *ateria+ an! &0*an, ,ororations !e,i!e! it 6as
instea! 4est to ,reate t&eir own F+i2esans- 2or goo!s, !e+i4erate+3 in&i4iting e22i,ien,3 2or t&e sake
o2 reeat 0r,&ases#
(%'
In t&e $A(%s, so*e e1en 6ante! to *ake it *an!ator3 2or a++ in!0stries, +ega++3, 6&ere +i2e ,3,+es
6ere !e,i!e! not 43 t&e nat0ra+ state o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a4i+it3 40t 43 t&e *ere ongoing nee! 2or
+a4or an! in,rease! ,ons0*tion# In 2a,t, t&e *ost nota4+e &istori,a+ e7a*+e o2 t&is erio! 6as
t&e P&oe40s +ig&t 40+4 ,arte+ o2 t&e $A(%s 6&ere, in a ti*e 6&ere +ig&t 40+4s 6ere a4+e to +ast 0
to a4o0t '@,%%% &o0rs, t&e ,arte+ 2or,e! ea,& ,o*an3 to restri,t +ig&t 40+4 +i2e to +ess t&an $%%%
&o0rs to ass0re reeat 0r,&ases#
(%(
To!a3, e1er3 *a9or *an02a,t0rer strategi;es to +i*it goo! +i2e
,3,+es 4ase! on *arketing *o!e+s 2or ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion an! t&e res0+t is not on+3 t&e
rere&ensi4+e 6aste o2 2inite reso0r,es, 40t a ,onstant 6aste o2 &0*an +a4or an! energ3 as 6e++#
O0tsi!e t&e !3na*i,s o2 t&e *arket e,ono*3, it is e7tre*e+3 !i22i,0+t to arg0e against t&e nee!
2or oti*0* !esign o2 goo!s# Sa!+3, t&e nat0re o2 market efficiency !isa++o6s s0,& technical
efficiency 43 !e2a0+t#
Pro*ert) .s Access
T&e tra!ition o2 personal property &as 4e,o*e a sta+e o2 *o!ern ,0+t0re 6it& +itt+e 2inan,ia+
in,enti1e in t&e +ong r0n to 0ti+i;e a s3ste* o2 s&aring or access# W&i+e a 2e6 e7a*+es o2
,o**0nit3 s&aring o2 ,o**o!ities !o e7ist in t&e *o!ern !a3
(%?
, t&e genera+ et&i, o2 Fo6ners&i-
(%% T&e notion o2 Fstrategi,a++3 oti*i;e!- 6i++ 4e a!!resse! in Part III 40t it is 6ort& noting &ere t&at t&e e50ation 6&i,&
!e,i!es 6&at is to 4e 0se! in t&e ,onstr0,tion o2 an3t&ing, te,&ni,a++3, not on+3 in1o+1es t&e roerties o2 t&e Fi!ea+-
*ateria+s, 40t t&e relative utility o2 re+ate! *ateria+s G6it& si*i+ar roerties< 6&i,& *a3 a+ter t&e ne,essar3 *ateria+
,o*onent 2or 0se !0e to ot&er Fe22i,ien,3- re+ate! 2a,tors, s0,& as reso0r,e s0+3#
(%$ )&ar+es Lettering, Dire,tor o2 Genera+ Motors in $A'A, 6rote o2 t&e nee! to Ikee t&e ,ons0*er !issatis2ie!I G$A'A<
.&tt"HH666#66norton#,o*H,o++egeH&istor3Har,&i1eHreso0r,esH!o,0*entsH,&'>U%'#&t*/# Wa++ Street 4anker Pa0+
Ma;0r 6rote" SWe *0st s&i2t A*eri,a 2ro* a nee!s to a !esires ,0+t0re# Peo+e *0st 4e traine! to !esire# To 6ant ne6
t&ings e1en 4e2ore t&e o+! &a1e 4een entire+3 ,ons0*e!# We *0st s&ae a ne6 *enta+it3 in A*eri,a#S .Har1ar!
D0siness Re1ie6, $A'>/
(%' In $A(', in!0stria+ist Dernar! Lon!on roagate! a 6e++8kno6n a*&+et entit+e! FEn!ing t&e Deression t&ro0g&
P+anne! O4so+es,en,e- 6&i,& o0t+ine! t&e nee! 2or t&e *o!e+#
(%( More" &tt"HHe,ono*i,st0!ents#,o*H'%$'H%AH+anne!8o4so+es,en,e8t&e8+ig&t840+48,onsira,3H
(%? As a si*+e e7a*+e, t&e s&aring o2 4ikes in E0roe &as 4e,o*e ,o**on# .&tt"HH666#tree&0gger#,o*H,arsH4ike8
73
an! t&e in&erent 1a+0eHin1est*ent ,&ara,teristi,s o2 roert3 itse+2 *ake s0,& aroa,&es *ore
,ost+3 in t&e +ong r0n 43 t&e 0ser t&an to engage in !ire,t 0r,&ase#
Fro* t&e stan!oint o2 market efficiency, t&is is a goo! t&ing, as t&e *ore !ire,t 0r,&ases o2
goo!s, t&e 4etter# Genera++3 seaking, i2 $%% eo+e 6is& to !ri1e a ,ar, &a1ing $%% eo+e
0r,&ase t&ose ,ars is *ore e22i,ient 2or t&e *arket t&an i2 $%% eo+e s&are! '% ,ars in a s3ste*
o2 strategi,a++3 !esigne! a,,ess, ena4+ing 0ti+i;ation 4ase! on a,t0a+ use time#
I2 6e ana+3;e atterns o2 a,t0a+ 0se o2 an3 gi1en goo! on a1erage, *an3 t3es o2 ro!0,ts are
2o0n! to 4e 0se! inter*ittent+3# Transort 1e&i,+es, re,reationa+ e50i*ent, ro9e,t e50i*ent
an! 1ario0s ot&er genres o2 goo!s are ,o**on+3 a,,esse! at re+ati1e+3 !istant inter1a+s, *aking
t&e task o2 o6ners&i not on+3 so*e6&at o2 an in,on1enien,e gi1en t&e nee! to store t&ese ite*s,
40t a+so ,+ear+3 inefficient in t&e ,onte7t o2 tr0e e,ono*i, integrit3, 6&i,& seeks a re!0,tion o2
6aste at a++ ti*es#
E1er3 3ear, ,o0nt+ess 4ooks are 4orro6e! 1irt0a++3 2or 2ree 2ro* +i4raries aro0n! t&e 6or+! an!
ret0rne!, not on+3 sa1ing an enor*o0s a*o0nt o2 *ateria+ reso0r,es o1er ti*e, 40t a+so
2a,i+itating kno6+e!ge access to t&ose 6&o *ig&t ot&er6ise &a1e no *eans to o4tain it# Jet, t&is
ra,ti,e is a rare e7,etion in t&e market efficiency !ri1en 6or+! to!a3 as ,+ear+3 it is to t&e
!isa!1antage o2 t&e *arket to &a1e an3t&ing a1ai+a4+e 6it&o0t !ire,t 0r,&ase on a er8erson
4asis#
(%@
Ho6e1er, +etIs &3ot&eti,a++3 e7ten! t&is i!ea o2 t&e sharing of knowledge to t&e s&aring Gena4+e!
a,,ess< o2 *ateria+ goo!s# Fro* t&e stan!oint o2 market efficiency, it 6o0+! 4e e7tre*e+3
in&i4iting# W&i+e ro2it 6o0+! sti++ 4e generate! in t&e )aita+ist *o!e+ 43 t&e +oaning o2 ite*s to
eo+e on t&e 4asis o2 t&eir nee!, it 6o0+! 4e enor*o0s+3 !isroortionate 6&en ,o*are! to t&e
ro2itH,ons0*tion rates o2 a so,iet3 4ase! on searate, ersona+ o6ners&i o2 ea,& goo!#
Jet, on t&e ot&er &an!, t&e technical efficiency 6o0+! 4e ro2o0n!# Not on+3 6o0+! 2e6er reso0r,es
nee! to 4e 0ti+i;e! Ga+ong 6it& +ess +a4or o6er< sin,e +ess o2 ea,& goo! 6o0+! nee! to 4e ,reate!
to *eet t&e use time o2 ,iti;ens, t&e a1ai+a4i+it3 o2 s0,& goo!s ,o0+! 1er3 6e++ e7ten! to *an3
6&o ot&er6ise 6o0+! not &a1e t&e a4i+it3 to a22or! t&e 0r,&ase to 4egin 6it&, on+3 t&e Frenta+-
2ee Gsti++ ass0*ing a *arket s3ste*<# In t&is regar!, t&e technical efficiency &as t6o +e1e+s :
environmental an! social# Fro* t&e en1iron*enta+ stan!oint, a !ra*ati, re!0,tion o2 reso0r,e
0seT 2ro* t&e so,ia+ stan!oint Ga++ t&ings 4eing e50a+<, an in,rease in t&e a,,ess a1ai+a4i+it3 o2
s0,& goo!s ,o0+! a+so o,,0r#
So, 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 technical efficiency, at t&e !ee e7ense o2 market efficiency, a shared
access rat&er t&an universal property oriente! so,iet3 6o0+! 4e e7,etiona++3 *ore s0staina4+e
an! 4ene2i,ia+# O2 ,o0rse, s0,& a ra,ti,e 6o0+! nat0ra++3 ,&a++enge so*e !ee 1a+0e
i!enti2i,ations ,o**on to t&e Froertie!- ,0+t0re to!a3#
(%=

Com*etition .s Collaoration
T&e 50estion o2 so,iet3 0rs0ing a ,o*etiti1e or ,o++a4orati1e ,0+t0re &as 4een a r0nning !e4ate
s&aring8no68in8$%%8e0roean8,ities#&t*+/
(%@ As an asi!e, t&e on+3 reason t&is +i4rar3 e7,etion &as ersiste! is 4e,a0se o2 a tra!ition 0t in +a,e +ong ago 6&i,&
sa6 t&e nee! 2or t&is sharing of knowledge as ,riti,a+ to &0*an !e1e+o*ent# T&e tra!ition o2 s&are! +i4raries go 4a,k
$%%%s o2 3ears#
(%= In &is 6ork, The .ge of .ccess, Kere*3 Ri2kin oses si*i+ar 50estions, stating FIn a so,iet3 6&ere 1irt0a++3 e1er3t&ing
is a,,esse!, &o6e1er, 6&at &aens to t&e ersona+ ri!e, o4+igation, an! ,o**it*ent t&at go 6it& o6ners&iQ An!
6&at o2 se+28s022i,ien,3Q Deing roertie! goes &an! in &an! 6it& 4eing in!een!ent# Proert3 is t&e *eans 43 6&i,&
6e gain a sense o2 ersona+ a0tono*3 in t&e 6or+!# W&en 6e a,,ess t&e *eans o2 o0r e7isten,e, 6e 4e,o*e 2ar *ore
re+iant on ot&ers# W&i+e 6e 4e,o*e *ore ,onne,te! an! inter!een!ent, !o 6e risk at t&e sa*e ti*e 4e,o*ing +ess
se+28s022i,ient an! *ore 10+nera4+eQ- GP# Tar,&erHP0tna*, '%%%, #$(%<
74
2or ,ent0ries, 6it& ass0*tions o2 human nature ,o**on to t&e !e2ense o2 ,o*etition#
(%>
To!a3,
,o*etition is *ost+3 !is,0sse! 43 e,ono*ists as an in,enti1e ne,essar3 to ,ontin0e innovation,
(%C

a+ong 6it& t&e genera++3 i*+ie! ass0*tion t&at t&ere si*+3 isnVt eno0g& to go aro0n! on t&is
+anet an! &en,e e1er3one &as no ,&oi,e 40t to 2ig&t on so*e +e1e+, 6it& ine1ita4+e +osers#
(%A
S0,&
ass0*tions note!, t&e t&e*e! ,onte7t &ere o2 market vs' technical efficiency 6i++ 4e e7+ore!
6it& rese,t to t&e ,o*etiti1e 4ene2its an!Hor ,onse50en,es#
T&ere are t6o ,ore ang+es to ,onsi!er" t&e 2irst is Ga< &o6 ,o*etition a22e,ts in!0stria+ ro!0,tion
itse+2T t&e se,on! is G4< &o6 it a,t0a++3 e22e,ts inno1ation or ,reati1e !e1e+o*ent#
Ga< I2 6e e7a*ine t&e +a3o0t o2 in!0stria+ ro!0,tion to!a3, 6e see a ,o*+e7 g+o4a+ s3ste* o2
intera,tion, *o1ing reso0r,es, ,o*onents an! goo!s ,onstant+3 2ro* one +o,ation to anot&er 2or
1ario0s ro!0,tion or !istri40tion 0roses# D0siness, in its 0rs0it o2 profit an! cost efficiency,
in1aria4+3 seeks o0t ine7ensi1e +a4or, e50i*ent an! 2a,i+ities at a++ ti*es to re*ain ,o*etiti1e
in t&e *arket# T&is ,an take t&e 2or* o2 +o,a+ i**igrant +a4or at *ini*0* 6age, a Fs6eats&o-
ro!0,tion 2a,i+it3 o1erseas, a re+ati1e+3 ,&ea ro,essing 2a,tor3 a,ross t&e ,o0ntr3, et,#
T&e 4otto* +ine is t&at 2ro* t&e stan! oint o2 market efficiency, t&e ,ost8to8ro2it ratio is a++ t&at
*atters, e1en i2 t&e a,t0a+ a,t o2 t&is g+o4a+ ro,essing is 0sing !isroortionate+3 6aste20+
a*o0nts o2 20e+, transort reso0r,es, +a4or o6er an! t&e +ike#
($%
T&e notion o2 Fro7i*a+
e22i,ien,3-, *eaning in t&is ,ase t&e e22i,ien,3 !eri1e! 2ro* t&e !istan,e 4et6een in!0stria+
ro!0,tionH!istri40tion oints, is not ,onsi!ere! an! t&e ra,ti,e o2 g+o4a+i;ation to!a3 engages in
a 1ast a*o0nt o2 6aste20+ reso0r,e *o1e*ent aro0n! t&e 6or+! 4ase! a+*ost entire+3 on t&e
interest o2 sa1ing *one3, not oti*a+, technical efficiency#
T&is ignoring o2 t&e i*ortan,e o2 Fro7i*a+ e22i,ien,3- in in!0stria+ a,tion, 6&et&er !o*esti, or
internationa+, is t&e so0r,e o2 so*e 1er3 6aste20+ rea+ities# To!a3, in!0stria+ ro!0,tion is a+*ost
entire+3 internationa+, ese,ia++3 in t&e te,&no+ogi,a+ age# T&e !egree to 6&i,& t&is is nee!e!, 2ro*
a te,&ni,a+ erse,ti1e, is s+ig&t, at 4est#
W&i+e agri,0+t0ra+ ro!0,tion &as &istori,a++3 4een regiona+ gi1en t&e roensit3 o2 ,ertain regions
to ro!0,e ,ertain t3es o2 goo!s, or er&as 2a,i+itate a *ore ,on!0,i1e en1iron*ent 2or ot&er
s0,& ,0+ti1ations, t&ese iss0es are 1er3 2e6 in roortion to t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 in!0stria+ goo!
ro!0,tions, !is,o0nting as 6e++ 1ario0s te,&no+ogi,a+ ossi4i+ities to!a3 to o1er,o*e s0,&
regiona+ re50ire*ents#
($$
FLo,a+i;ation-, *eaning t&e !e+i4erate re!0,tion o2 !istan,e 4et6een an! aro0n! a++ 2a,ets o2
ro!0,tion an! !istri40tion, is t&e *ost te,&ni,a++3 e22i,ient *anner 2or a ,o**0nit3 to oerate,
taking into a,,o0nt t&e o41io0s e7,etions, s0,& as &o6, 2or e7a*+e, *inera+ e7tra,tion ,+ear+3
*0st 4egin at its oint o2 origin in t&e eart&, et,# It is si*+e to see, ese,ia++3 6it& rese,t to
*o!ern te,&ni,a+ a+i,ations 6&i,& ,0rrent+3 go 0n0se!, &o6 t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 +i2e8s0staining
goo!s ,an 4e generate! in ,+ose ro7i*it3 o1era++ to 6&ere t&e3 are to 4e 0ti+i;e!#
(%> S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The Influence of &ocial Cierarchy on "rimate Cealth, Ro4ert M# Sao+sk3, S,ien,e 'A Ari+ '%%@"
Vo+# (%C no# @>'' # =?C8=@' DOI" $%#$$'=Hs,ien,e#$$%=?>>
.&tt"HH666#s,ien,e*ag#orgH,ontentH(%CH@>''H=?C#a4stra,t/
(%C S0ggeste! Rea!ing on tra!itiona+ !e2enses o2 ,o*etition as a so0r,e o2 inno1ation" Competition and InnovationA .n
Inverted > $elationship .&tt"HH666#n4er#orgHaersH6A'=A/
(%A See t&e rior essa3 FHistor3 o2 E,ono*3- an! its treat*ent in T&o*as Ma+t&0s, 6&o 1ie6e! t&e 6or+! as 0na4+e to
s0ort t&e o0+ation an! 6as in2+0entia+ in &is 1ie6#
($% )ana!ian e,ono*ist Ke22 R04in *a!e t&is o4ser1ation 6e++ 6it& rese,t to oi+ ,ost tren!s" SW&at 6eIre going to 2in! is
itIs not going to *ake sense to ro!0,e t&ings on t&e ot&er si!e o2 t&e 6or+!, no *atter &o6 ,&ea +a4or ,osts are
t&ere, 6&en itIs so e7ensi1e to transort t&ings#S .&tt"HH666#nr#orgHte*+atesHstor3Hstor3#&Qstor3I!R$%??==A$$/
($$ T&is is *entione! in assing to oint o0t t&e e7tensi1e *o!ern 4reakt&ro0g&s in agri,0+t0ra+ *et&o!s t&at are not
4ase! on tra!itiona+ ara4+e +an! *asses# FVerti,a+ Far*ing-, 2or e7a*+e, &as 4een s&o6n to &a1e i**ense ossi4i+ities
on a g+o4a+ s,a+e, re*o1ing t&e ,o**on regiona+ restri,tions to agri,0+t0ra+ ro!0,tion# S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The
(ertical DarmA Deeding the :orld in the 6,st Century, Di,kson Deso**ier, T&o*as D0nne Dooks , '%$%
75
As 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! in 20rt&er !etai+ in Part III o2 t&is te7t, t&ere is a te,&ni,a++3 e22i,ient train o2
t&o0g&t 6it& rese,t to t&e 0ti+i;ation o2 proximity 6&en it ,o*es to e7tra,tion, ro!0,tion,
!istri40tion an! re,3,+ingH6aste !isosa+# T&e en! res0+t 6o0+! 4e enor*o0s +e1e+s o2 reso0r,e
an! &0*an energ3 reser1ation : reser1ation o2 a capacity 6&i,&, in 2a,t, ,o0+! 4e rea++o,ate! i2
nee! 4e to 20rt&er a!1an,ing ro9e,ts, rat&er t&an s50an!ere! as *ere 6aste 1ia t&e *arket
*o!e+ to!a3#
($'
As a 2ina+ note on t&is s049e,t o2 &o6 ,o*etition +i*its t&e te,&ni,a+ e22i,ien,3 o2 in!0stria+
ro!0,tion, in,reasing 6aste 8 t&e rea+it3 o2 goo! F*0+ti+i,it3- is anot&er iss0e# W&i+e a++
ro!0,tion 43 ,o*eting ,o*anies is t3i,a++3 oriente! aro0n! &istori,a+ statisti,s regar!ing 6&at
t&eir F*arket s&are- is an! &o6 *an3 goo!s t&e3 ,an se++ on a1erage, er region, t&e 1er3 2a,t o2
*0+ti+e ,ororations, 6orking in t&e sa*e genre o2 goo! ro!0,tion, ro!0,ing near+3 identical
ro!0,ts 6it& on+3 *i+! 1ariation, on+3 a!!s to t&e so0r,es o2 0nne,essar3 6aste#
As 6i++ a+so 4e !es,ri4e! in t&e ne7t s048se,tion, t&e i!ea o2, 2or e7a*+e, *0+ti+e ,e++ &one
,o*anies ,o*eting 2or *arket s&are 43 *ere !esign 1ariation, generating ,onse50entia++3
re+ati1e ine22i,ien,ies in !esign !0e to !i22erent strategies to gain ,ost e22i,ien,3, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e
genera+ +a,k o2 compatibility o2 ,o*onents gi1en t&e 2inan,ia+ 4ene2it o2 0s&ing proprietary
standards an! s3ste* ,o*ati4i+ities, ,reates anot&er ,o*+e7 6e4 o2 ine22i,ien,3#
($(

)+ear+3, 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 technical efficiency, one ,o++e,ti1e ,e++ &one ,o*an3, 6orking to
ro!0,e t&e strategi,a++3 4est, *ost a!ata4+e, 0ni1ersa++3 ,o*ati4+e !esign, 6o0+! not on+3 4e
*ore rese,t20+ o2 t&e en1iron*ent, it 6o0+! a+so ,reate a tre*en!o0s ease an! use efficiency as
6e++ sin,e t&e ro4+e* o2 seeking rorietar3 reair arts an! o1er,o*ing ,o*ati4i+it3 ro4+e*s,
6o0+! 4e !ra*ati,a++3 re!0,e!#
It is o2ten arg0e!, &o6e1er, t&at t&e 0rs0it o2 ,o*etition an! t&e ro!0,t 1ariations t&at arise in
t&e 50est 2or *arket s&are 43 ,o*eting 40sinesses is a 6a3 to intro!0,e ne6 i!eas to t&e 04+i,#
Ho6e1er, s0,& a *et&o! ,o0+! a+so 4e a,&ie1e! 43 s3ste*s o2 !ire,t, *ass 2ee!4a,k 2ro* t&e
04+i, 6it& rese,t to 6&at is nee!e!, ,o0+e! 6it& an e*ergent a6areness ,a*aign a4o0t 6&at
is no6 ossi4+e gi1en t&e e*iri,a+ e1o+0tion o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a!1an,e*ent#
G4< T&e se,on! iss0e &ere, as note!, &as to !o 6it& &o6 ,o*etition a22e,ts inno1ation or ,reati1e
!e1e+o*ent itse+2# W&i+e t&e ass0*tion sti++ ersists to!a3 t&at !i22erentia+ re6ar! 2or oneIs
,ontri40tion *oti1ates ot&er eo+e to seek t&at re6ar!, 6&i,& is a+so a ,o**on 90sti2i,ation o2
t&e e7isten,e o2 F,+asses-, *o!ern so,io+ogi,a+ st0!3 2in!s a n0*4er o2 ,on2+i,ting 1ie6s#
($?
T&e
i!ea t&at &0*ans are *oti1ate! in&erent+3 43 a nee! to F4eat- ot&ers 43, 2or e7a*+e, gaining
*ateria+82inan,ia+ re6ar!s in e7,ess o2 ot&ers, is 6it&o0t ,re!i4+e 1in!i,ation, o0tsi!e o2 t&e
int0iti1e 1ie6 !ra6n 2ro* t&e e7isting, &ig&+3 ,o*etiti1e, s,ar,it3 !ri1en *arket ,on!ition in
6&i,& &0*anit3 2in!s itse+2 to!a3, 43 !esign#
Ho6e1er, on,e again, t&e so,io+ogi,a+ !e4ate ,an 4e set asi!e as t&e ,onte7t &ere is &o6
,o*etition re+ates to market = technical efficiency !ire,t+3# In s&ort, t&e ,o*etiti1e s3ste*
seeks secrecy 6&en it ,o*es to 40siness i!eas, o2ten 0ni1ersa++3 against t&e oen 2+o6 o2
kno6+e!ge# T&e 0se o2 patents an! proprietary rights or Ftra!e se,rets- eret0ates not an
a!1an,e o2 inno1ation as *an3 roonents o2 t&e ,o*etiti1e *arket ass0*e : 40t a retar!ation#
($' It is ,riti,a+ to note, as 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in Part III, t&at t&is notion o2 t0rning t&e ine22i,ien,3 or 6aste! reso0r,es an!
energ3 in&erent to t&e *arket e,ono*3 into a,t0a+ ro!0,ti1it3 sits at t&e ,ore o2 &0*an so,iet3Is a4i+it3 not on+3 to
trans,en! t&e s,ar,it38ri!!en en1iron*ent 6e &a1e to!a3, 40t 2ar e7,ee! it 6it& an a40n!an,e#
($( T&e ,+osest t&ing to!a3 6&i,& atte*ts to o1er,o*e t&e ro4+e*s an! 6aste generate! 43 rorietar3 ,o*onents,
*eaning ,o*onents t&at ,an on+3 ,o*e 2ro* t&e *an02a,t0rer, is t&e ISO Stan!ar! S3ste*# Ho6e1er, t&is s3ste*, in
rea+it3, !oes 1er3 +itt+e to o1er,o*e t&e tr0e ro4+e* an! is *ost+3 a4o0t ,o*+ian,e 6it& 4asi, 50a+it3 stan!ar!s, not
0ni1ersa+ a!ata4i+it3 o2 ,o*onents a,ross g+o4a+ in!0str3# .Re2" &tt"HH666#iso#orgHisoH&o*e#&t*+/
($? S0ggeste! Rea!ing" No ContestA The Case .gainst Competition, A+2ie Lo&n, Doston, Doston" Ho0g&ton Mi22+in, $AC=
76
It is 1er3 interesting to t&ink a4o0t 6&at kno6+e!ge *eans, &o6 it generates an! &o6 o!! it is 2or
an3one to rationa++3 ,+ai* Fo6ners&i- o2 an i!ea or in1ention# At no ti*e in &0*an &istor3 &as
an3 sing0+ar in!i1i!0a+ ,0+*inate! an i!ea t&at 6as not serially generate! 43 *an3 4e2ore t&e*#
T&e &istori,a+ ,0+*ination o2 kno6+e!ge is a so,ia+ ro,ess an! t&ere2ore, an3 ,+ai*s o2 o6ners&i
o2 an i!ea 43 a erson or ,ororation is intrinsi,a++3 2a0+t3# T&e ,o**on se*i8e,ono*i, ter* 0se!
to!a3 is F0s02r0,t-, 6&i,& *eans Ft&e +ega+ rig&t o2 0sing an! en9o3ing t&e 2r0its or ro2its o2
so*et&ing 4e+onging to anot&er#F
($@
In rea+it3, &o6e1er, a++ attri40tes o2 e1er3 i!ea in e7isten,e
to!a3, in t&e ast an! 2ore1er in t&e 20t0re, &as 6it&o0t e7,etion a !istin,t+3 social, not ersona+
oint o2 origin#
It 4e,o*es o41io0s t&at t&e notion o2 intellectual property, *eaning o6ners&i o2 *ere t&o0g&ts
an! i!eas, &as *ani2est o0t o2 t&e 1ast erio! o2 &0*an &istor3 6&ere oneIs ,reati1it3 &as
4e,o*e tie! to oneIs ersona+ s0r1i1a+# In an e,ono*i, s3ste* 6&ere eo+eIs i!eas &a1e t&e
,aa,it3 to generate in,o*e 2or t&e* ersona++3, t&e i!ea o2 s0,& o6ners&i 4e,o*es re+e1ant#
A2ter a++, i2 3o0 Fin1ent- so*et&ing in t&e *o!ern s3ste* 6&i,& ,o0+! generate sa+es an! &en,e
&e+ 3o0r ersona+ e,ono*i, s0r1i1a+, it 6o0+! 4e e7tre*e+3 inefficient, in t&e *arket sense o2 t&e
6or!, to a++o6 t&at i!ea to 4e Foen8so0r,e-, sin,e ot&ers, seeking s0r1i1a+ t&e*se+1es, 6o0+!
+ike+3 50i,k+3 sei;e t&at in1ention 2or t&eir o6n 2inan,ia+ e7+oitation#
It is a+so eas3 to see &o6 t&e &eno*enon o2 Fego- &as *ani2est aro0n! t&e i!ea o2 inte++e,t0a+
o6ners&i as 6e++, sin,e t&e 4asis o2 re6ar! in s0,& a s3ste* in1aria4+3 &as a s3,&o+ogi,a+ tie to
oneIs ersona+ sense o2 se+286ort&# I2 a erson Fin1ents- so*et&ing, 2i+es 2or inte++e,t0a+
o6ners&i, e7+oits it 2or ro2it an! t&en *ani2ests a +arge &o0se an! e7tensi1e roert3, t&eir
Fstat0s- as a &0*an 4eing is tra!itiona++3 e+e1ate! as 2ar as t&e stan!ar!s set 43 ,0+t0re : &eHs&e
is ,onsi!ere! a Fs0,,ess-#
Jet, i2 6e 6ere to t&ink a4o0t it in genera+, t&e s&aring o2 kno6+e!ge &as no negati1e re,o0rse
o0tsi!e o2 t&e e,ono*i, re*ise o2 o6ners&i 2or ro2it e7+oitation# T&ere is not&ing to +ose an!,
in!ee!, an enor*o0s a*o0nt to 4e gaine! socially 43 t&e s&aring o2 in2or*ation# )o*ing 4a,k to
t&e rior e7a*+e in t&is essa3 o2 ,o*eting ,e++ &one ,o*anies, 6e 6i++ noti,e t&at 6it&in t&e
,on2ines o2 4oar!roo* *eetings 6&ere o2ten *arketers, !esigners an! engineers ,onsi!er &o6 to
i*ro1e t&eir ro!0,t in genera+, t&e sharing of their ideas is ara*o0nt#
Ho6e1er, i*agine i2 t&at *eeting 6as e7ten!e! to a++ ,o*eting ,e++ &one ,o*anies at on,e,
6&ere not on+3 ,o0+! t&e3 re*o1e t&eir ,ontri1e!, 0ti+it38+ess F*arketing- ang+es !e1ise! to gain
t&e *arket s&are o2 ot&er ,o*etitors Gs0,& as aest&eti, gi**i,kr3<, t&e3 ,o0+! 6ork to ro!0,e
t&e ,0*0+ati1e F4est- in ,on,ert# E7ten!ing e1en *ore so, 6&at i2 a++ !esigns 6ere F04+i,
!o*ain- in t&e sense t&at an3one in t&e 6or+! 6&o &a! an interest to &e+ i*ro1e an i!ea 6as
a4+e toQ
T&e s,&e*ati,s o2 a ,e++ &one !esign ,o0+! 4e oste! 04+i,+3 6it& a s3ste* o2 te,&ni,a+
intera,tion 6&ere eo+e 2ro* a++ aro0n! t&e 6or+! ,o0+! &e+, i2 t&e3 &a! t&e a4i+it3, 6it& t&e
te,&ni,a+ e22i,ien,3 an! 0ti+it3 o2 t&e !esign# W&i+e t&is is an a4stra,t &3ot&eti,a+ e7a*+e, it is
,+ear t&at t&e res0+t o2 s0,& an oen aroa,& to t&e s&aring o2 in2or*ation ,o0+! 2a,i+itate an
explosion o2 ,reati1it3 an! ro!0,ti1it3 ne1er 4e2ore 6itnesse!# As 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in Part III, t&e
re*o1a+ o2 t&e *onetar38*arket s3ste* is ,riti,a+ to t&e 2a,i+itation o2 t&is ,aa,it3#
&aor for %ncome
At t&e ,ore o2 t&e Market S3ste* is t&e se++ing o2 an in!i1i!0a+Is +a4or as a ,o**o!it3# In *an3
6a3s, t&e a4i+it3 o2 t&e Market to e*+o3 t&e o0+ation &as 4e,o*e a *eas0re o2 its integrit3#
Ho6e1er, t&e a!1ent o2 F*e,&ani;ation-, or t&e a0to*ation o2 &0*an +a4or, &as 4e,o*e an e1er8
($@ Us02r0,t !e2ine!" &tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3H0s02r0,t
77
in,reasing oint o2 interference o1er ti*e#
($=
Histori,a++3, t&e a+i,ation o2 *a,&ine te,&no+og3 to
+a4or &as 4een seen as an iss0e o2 not on+3 so,ia+ rogress 40t Fe,ono*i,- rogress, in t&e
*arket sense, *ain+3 !0e to t&e in,rease in ro!0,ti1it3#
T&e 4asi, ass0*tion is t&at *e,&ani;ation Gor *ore 4roa!+3 8 te,&no+ogi,a+ inno1ation< 2a,i+itates
in!0stria+ e7ansion an! &en,e an ine1ita4+e rea++o,ation o2 +a4or !is+a,e! 43 *a,&ine into ne6,
e*erging se,tors# T&is is a ,o**on !e2ense#
($>
Histori,a++3 seaking, t&ere aears to 4e so*e
tr0t& to t&is, 6&ere t&e re!0,tion o2 t&e &0*an 6ork 2or,e in one se,tor, s0,& as 6as t&e ,ase
6it& t&e a0to*ation o2 agri,0+t0re in t&e West, &as 4een o1er,o*e to a !egree 43 t&e
a!1an,e*ent o2 ot&er e*+o3*ent se,tors, s0,& as t&e *o!ern ser1i,e se,tor# Ho6e1er, t&is
ass0*tion t&at te,&no+ogi,a+ inno1ation 6i++ generate ne6 2or*s o2 e*+o3*ent in tandem 6it&
t&ose !is+a,e! 43 it, ,reating an e%uilibrium, is a,t0a++3 1er3 !i22i,0+t to !e2en! 6&en t&e rate of
change o2 inno1ation, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e cost saving interests o2 40siness is taken into a,,o0nt#
($C

As 2or t&e +atter, t&e Fro+e- o2 *e,&ani;ation 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 market efficiency e7ists
a+*ost so+e+3 to assist F,ost8e22i,ien,3-# Ro4oti,s in t&e *o!ern !a3 &a1e 2ar e7,ee!e! t&e
&3si,a+ ,aa,it3 o2 t&e a1erage &0*an 4eing, a+ong 6it& rai!+3 a!1an,ing ,a+,0+ation ro,esses
6&i,& ,ontin0e to 1ast+3 e7,ee! &0*an t&o0g&t# T&e res0+t is t&e a4i+it3 o2 in!0str3 to e*+o3
*a,&ines 6&i,& in1aria4+3 &a1e *ore ro!0,ti1e ,aa,it3 t&an &0*an +a4or, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e
e7tre*e+3 nota4+e 2inan,ia+ in,enti1e o2 re!0,e! +ia4i+it3 2or t&e 40siness o6ners in *an3 6a3s#
W&i+e *a,&ines *ig&t re50ire *aintenan,e, t&e3 !o not nee! &ea+t& ins0ran,e, 0ne*+o3*ent
ins0ran,e, 1a,ations, 0nion rote,tion an! *an3 ot&er attri40tes ,o**on to &0*an e*+o3*ent
to!a3# T&ere2ore, in t&e narro6 +ogi, in&erent to t&e 0rs0it o2 ro2it, it is on+3 nat0ra+ 2or
40sinesses to seek o0t *e,&ani;ation at a++ ti*es, gi1en its +ong ter* ,ost 4ene2its an! &en,e
market efficiency#
As 2ar as t&e s0ggestion t&at an e50i+i4ri0* 6i++ a+6a3s 4e 2o0n! e1ent0a++3 4et6een ne6 +a4or
ro+es an! !is+a,e! +a4or !0e to te,&no+ogi,a+ inno1ation, t&e ro4+e* is t&at t&e rate of change o2
te,&no+ogi,a+ !e1e+o*ent 2ar e7,ee!s t&e rate o2 ne6 9o4 ,reation#
($A
T&is ro4+e* is 0ni50e as it
($= A g+an,e at US &istori,a+ +a4or statisti,s 43 se,tor s&o6s t&e attern o2 *a,&ine a0to*ation re+a,ing &0*an +a4or
!e2initi1e+3# In t&e agri,0+t0ra+ se,tor, a+*ost a++ tra!itiona+ 6ork2+o6 is no6 !one 43 *a,&ine# In $A?A, *a,&ines !i!
=W o2 t&e ,otton i,king in t&e So0t&# D3 $A>', $%%W o2 t&e ,otton i,king 6as !one 43 *a,&ines# .So0r,e" The
Cotton Carvester in $etrospectA )abor *isplacement or $eplacementG, Wi++is Peterson, St Pa0+, $AA$, $8'/ In $C=%,
=%W o2 A*eri,a 6orke! in agri,0+t0re, 6&i+e to!a3 it is +ess t&an (W# .So0r,e" :hy Fob growth is &talled, Fort0ne,
(HCHA( #@'/ In $A@%, ((W o2 US 6orkers 6orke! in Man02a,t0ring, 6&i+e 43 '%%' t&ere 6as on+3 $%W#
.So0r,e"&tt"HH666#0sato!a3#,o*H*one3He,ono*3H'%%'8$'8$'8*an02a,t0reU7#&t*/ T&e US stee+ in!0str3, 2ro*
$AC' to '%%' in,rease! ro!0,tion 2ro* >@* tons to $'%* tons, 6&i+e stee+ 6orkers 6ent 2ro* 'CA,%%% to >?,%%%#
.So0r,e" :ill S4ade in the >&.T fade awayG, Ne+son D# S,&6art;, Fort0ne No1 '?t& '%%(, # $%'/ In '%%(, A++ian,e
)aita+ !i! a st0!3 o2 t&e 6or+!Vs +argest '% e,ono*ies at t&at ti*e, ranging 2ro* t&e erio! o2 $AA@ to '%%', 2in!ing
t&at ($ *i++ion *an02a,t0ring 9o4s 6ere +ost, 6&i+e ro!0,tion a,t0a++3 rose 43 (%W# .So0r,e" >& :eekly +conomic
>pdateA 4anufacturing "ayrolls *eclining BloballyA The >ntold &tory, A++ian,e Dernstein O,t '%%(/ T&is attern o2
increasing ro!0,ti1it3 an! ro2it, ,o0+e! 6it& !e,reasing e*+o3*ent, is a ne6 an! o6er20+ &eno*enon#
($> See t&e s04se,tion on e,ono*ist Da1i! Ri,ar!o in t&e essa3" FHistor3 o2 E,ono*3-
($C E,ono*ist Ste&en Roa,& 6arne! in $AA? t&at -T&e ser1i,e se,tor &as +ost its ro+e as A*eri,aVs 0n4ri!+e! engine o2
9o4 ,reation#- .So0r,e" Inter1ie6, (H$@HA?, note! in 4ook The +nd of :ork 43 Kere*3 Ri2kin, Peng0in # $?(/ E7a*+es
o2 t&is in,+0!e" Fro* $AC(8$AA(, 4anks ,0t (>W o2 t&eir &0*an te++ers, an! 43 t&e 3ear '%%%, A%W o2 a++ 4ank
,0sto*ers 0se! te++er *a,&ines GATMs< .So0r,e" FRetoo+ing Li1es-, Vision, '%%% # ?(/ D0siness &one oerators &a1e
a+*ost a++ 4een re+a,e! 43 ,o*0teri;e! 1oi,e ans6ering s3ste*s, ost o22i,e te++ers are 4eing re+a,e! 43 se+28ser1i,e
*a,&ines, 6&i+e ,as&iers are 4eing re+a,e! 43 ,o*0teri;e! kiosks# M,Dona+!s, 2or e7a*+e, &as 4een ta+king a4o0t
20++ a0to*ation o2 its resta0rants 2or *an3 3ears no6, intro!0,ing kiosks to re+a,e t&e 2ront o2 &o0se sta22, 6&i+e 0sing
a0to*ate! ,ooking too+s, s0,& as 40rger 2+iers, 2or t&e 4a,k o2 &o0se sta22#.So0r,e"
&tt"HH666#te,&!irt#,o*Harti,+esH'%%(%C%$H$(?@'(=UF#s&t*+s/ T&e 2a,t t&at t&e3 &a1enVt !one so is +ike+3 a 04+i,
re+ations iss0e, 2or t&e3 kno6 &o6 *an3 9o4s 6o0+! 4e ,0t in t&e e1ent t&at s0,& a0to*ation s&o0+! 4e a!ote! in t&e
*ost 0nin&i4ite! 6a3##
($A S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The )aw of .ccelerating $eturns, Ra3 L0r;6ei+ .&tt"HH666#k0r;6ei+ai#netHt&e8+a68o28
a,,e+erating8ret0rns/ W&i+e t&e ,onte7t o2 t&is arti,+e regar!ing e7onentia++3 a!1an,ing te,&no+ogi,a+ ,aa,it3 !oes not
re2eren,e *e,&ani;ation, it is ,+ear+3 a7io*ati, to ass0*e its re+e1an,e in t&is 6a3, arti,0+ar+3 6it& rese,t to 6&at
,o0+! 4e ,a++e! F,34ernation-, 6&i,& is t&e ,o*4ination o2 *a,&ines an! ,o*0ters !istin,t+3, ,reating Finte++igen,e- in
78
a+so ass0*es t&at &0*an so,iet3 6o0+! a+6a3s want ne6 e*+o3*ent ro+es# It is &ere 6&ere
s049e,ti1e cultural values s&o0+! 4e ,onsi!ere!# Gi1en t&at o0r ,0rrent so,io+ogi,a+ ,on!ition
!e*an!s &0*an e*+o3*ent as t&e 4a,k4one o2 market sustainability, &en,e *arket e22i,ien,3,
t&e et&i, o2 F6ork- an! its i!entit3 asso,iations, ,0+t0ra++3, &a1e eret0ate! a 2or,e 6&ere t&e
a,t0a+ 20n,tion o2 t&e +a4or ro+e 8 its tr0e utility 8 4e,o*es +ess i*ortant t&an t&e *ere a,t o2
+a4or itse+2#
('%
K0st as market efficiency &as no ,onsi!eration 2or 6&at is a,t0a++3 4eing 4o0g&t an! so+! in
genera+, so +ong as it kees ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion at an a,,eta4+e rate, t&e +a4or ro+es taken on
to!a3 in ro!0,tion are e50a++3 as ar4itrar3 in t&e 1ie6 o2 t&e *arket# In t&eor3, 6e ,o0+! en1ision
a 6or+! 6&ere eo+e are 4eing ai! to !o 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,onsi!ere! Foint+ess- o,,0ations, 6&en
it ,o*es to 0ti+it3, generating &ig& +e1e+s o2 GDP 6it& 1irt0a++3 no tr0e so,ia+ ,ontri40tion# In 2a,t,
e1en to!a3 6e ,o0+! ste 4a,k an! ask o0rse+1es 6&at t&e so,ia+ ro+e o2 *an3 instit0tions rea++3 is
an! er&as ,o*e to t&e ,on,+0sion t&at t&e3 ser1e on+3 to keep moving money aro0n!, not to
,reate or a,t0a++3 ,ontri40te an3t&ing tangi4+e 2or t&e 4ene2it o2 so,iet3#
T&ese are ,o*+e7 &i+oso&i,a+ 50estions as t&e3 ,&a++enge !o*inant tra!itiona+ et&i,s an! t&e
1er3 nat0re o2 6&at Frogress- rea++3 *eans in *an3 6a3s# For instan,e, t&e 2o++o6ing t&o0g&t
e7er,ise is 6ort& ,onsi!ering# I*agine i2 6e 6ere to re1ert o0r so,ia+ s3ste* 4a,k to t&e $=
t&

,ent0r3, 6&ere *an3 *o!ern G'$
st
,ent0r3< te,&no+ogi,a+ rea+ities 6ere si*+3 0n&ear! o2# T&e
o0+ation o2 t&at era 6o0+! nat0ra++3 &a1e e7e,tations o2 6&at 6o0+! 4e te,&ni,a++3 ossi4+e t&at
6o0+! 4e 2ar 4e+o6 6&at is genera++3 a,,ete! as ossi4+e to!a3#
I2 t&is so,iet3 6as a4+e to s0eri*ose, o1ernig&t, t&e *assi1e te,&no+ogi,a+ ,aa,it3 o2 t&e
*o!ern era, t&ere is +itt+e !o04t t&at 1irt0a++3 everything re+ate! to t&e ,ore s0r1i1a+ o2 t&e
o0+ation ,o0+! 4e a0to*ate!# T&e 50estion t&en 4e,o*es, 6&at !o t&e3 no6 !o 6it& t&eir ne68
2o0n! 2ree!o*Q W&at 4e,o*es t&e ,0+t0ra+ 2o,0s o2 t&eir +i1es i2 t&e 4asi, !r0!ger3 o2
20n!a*enta+ s0r1i1a+ 6as re*o1e!Q Do t&e3 in1ent ne6 9o4s si*+3 4e,a0se t&e3 ,anQ Do t&e3
e+e1ate t&e*se+1es, reser1ing an! e*4o!3ing t&is ne6 2ree!o* 43 a+tering t&eir so,ia+ s3ste*
itse+2, re*o1ing t&is re1io0s+3 !e*an!e! F+a4or 2or in,o*e- re50ire*entQ T&ese 50estions get to
t&e root o2 6&at progress an! personalHsocial goals an! success rea++3 are#
Ne1ert&e+ess, a !o*inant ,0+t0ra+ 1a+0e to!a3 is t&at o2 Fearning a +i1ing-, an! t&e a+i,ation o2
*e,&ani;ation, in t&e sense o2 market efficiency, is a,t0a++3 a !o04+e8e!ge! s6or!# W&i+e ,ost8
e22i,ien,3 is in&erent to *e,&ani;ation an! &en,e t&e genera+ i*ro1e*ent o2 ro2it 43 re!0,ing
,osts 2or t&e 40siness o6ners, t&e !is+a,e*ent o2 &0*an 6orkers, kno6n to!a3 as Fte,&no+ogi,a+
0ne*+o3*ent-, a,t0a++3 6orks against market efficiency to t&e e7tent t&at t&ose 0ne*+o3e!
6orkers are no6 unable to contribute to t&e nee!e! ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion t&at o6ers t&e
e,ono*3, sin,e t&e3 &a1e +ost t&eir purchasing power as F,ons0*ers-'
T&is ,ontra!i,tion 6it&in t&e )aita+ist *o!e+ is 0ni50e# Fro* t&e stan! oint o2 market efficiency,
*e,&ani;ation &en,e oses 4ot& a ositi1e an! negati1e o0t,o*e in t&is sense an! 6&en 6e
rea+i;e t&at t&e rate o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ ,&ange 6i++, in a++ ro4a4i+it3, !is+a,e eo+e increasingly
faster t&an ne6 se,tors o2 e*+o3*ent ,an 4e ,reate!, *e,&ani;ation as an in&i4iting 2a,tor to
)aita+is* 4e,o*es e1er *ore aarent# It is, in tota+, !e,reasing market efficiency in t&is
,ir,0*stan,e#
Ho6e1er, on t&e ot&er &an!, 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 technical efficiency, on,e again, 6e see 1ast
i*ro1e*ent an! i**ense ossi4i+ities on *an3 +e1e+s# T&e ro!0,tion ,aa,it3 ena4+e! 43 t&is
a+i,ation ,+ear+3 s&o6s a o6er20+ in,rease in e22i,ien,3 regar!ing not on+3 t&e e22e,t o2
*a,&ines#
('% T&e +ink 4et6een &a1ing a F9o4- an! oneIs se+286ort& &as 4e,o*e in,reasing+3 o6er20+# See" #oblessness .nd
CopelessnessA The )ink 3etween >nemployment .nd &uicide
.&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$$H%?H$@H0ne*+o3*ent8an!8s0i,i!eUnUC?A?'C#&t*+/
79
in!0stria+ ro!0,tion, 40t a+so a genera+ in,rease! e22i,ien,3 o2 t&e goo!s t&e*se+1es 43 e7tension
o2 t&e a,,0ra,3 an! integrit3 in&erent in ro!0,tion# A+so, an i*+i,ation o2 t&is ne6 +e1e+ o2
ro!0,tion e22i,ien,3 is t&at meeting the needs of the global population was never more possible#
It is eas3 to see t&at 6it&o0t t&e inter2eren,e o2 *arket +ogi, on t&is ne6 te,&ni,a+ ,aa,it3, 6&i,&
in1aria4+3 in&i4its its 20++ otentia+, 6&at ,o0+! 4e re+ati1e+3 !ee*e! an Fa40n!an,e- o2 *ost +i2e
s0staining goo!s ,o0+! 4e 2a,i+itate! 2or t&e g+o4a+ o0+ation#
('$
Scarcit) .s Aundance
FS0+3 an! De*an!- is a ,o**on *arket re+ations&i 6&i,& e7resses, in art, &o6 t&e 1a+0e o2
a reso0r,e or goo! is roortiona+ to &o6 *0,& o2 it is in e7isten,e or a,,essi4+e# For e7a*+e,
!ia*on!s are ,onsi!ere! 50antitati1e+3 *ore rare an! &en,e o2 &ig&er 1a+0e t&an 6ater, 6&i,&
,an 4e 2o0n! in a genera+ a40n!an,e on t&e +anet# Like6ise, ,ertain &0*an ,reations, i2 ,reate!
in s&ort s0+3, are a+so s049e,t to t&is !3na*i,, e1en i2 t&e er,etion o2 rarit3 is ,0+t0ra++3
s049e,ti1e, s0,& as 6it& a sing+e ,an1as ainting 43 a reno6ne! artist 6&i,& *ig&t 2et,& *an3,
*an3 ti*es its a,t0a+ reso0r,e 1a+0e in a sa+e#
(''
Fro* t&e stan!oint o2 market efficiency, genera+ s,ar,it3 is a goo! t&ing o1era++# W&i+e e7tre*e
s,ar,it3 is, in!ee!, !esta4i+i;ing 4ot& 2or an in!0str3 or an e,ono*3 as a 6&o+e GFs&ortages-<, t&e
*ost oti*i;e! state 6it&in 6&i,& t&e *arket s3ste* ,an e7ist is in a sort o2 balanced s,ar,it3
ress0re, &en,e t&e ass0ran,e o2 sa+es8ro!0,ing !e*an!# Again, t&e +i2e re50ire*ents o2 &0*ans
are not re,ogni;e! in t&is e50ation#
Meeting &0*an nee!s in t&e 2or* o2 2oo!, &o0sing, +o68stress ,ir,0*stan,es 2or *enta+ &ea+t&,
et,#, is 0tter+3 Fe7terna+- &ere an! &as no !ire,t re+ations&i to market efficiency# Meeting &0*an
nee!s in a !ire,t sense 6o0+!, again, 4e ine22i,ient to t&e *arketIs +ogi, as it 6o0+! re*o1e t&e
s,ar,it3 ress0re t&at 20e+s ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion# P0t anot&er 6a3, t&ere is a nee! 2or imbalance
in or!er to 20e+ t&is !e*an! ress0re an! t&is i*4a+an,e ,an ,o*e in *an3 2or*s#
De4t, 2or e7a*+e, is a 2or* o2 i*ose! s,ar,it3 6&i,& 0ts a erson in a osition to 6&i,& t&e3
*0st o2ten s04*it to +a4or 6&i,& *a3 4e o2 a *ore Fe7+oitati1e- nat0re : *eaning t&e re6ar!
G0s0a++3 t&e 6age< is gross+3 !isroortionate to 6&at is nee!e! to kee a &ea+t&3 stan!ar! o2
+i1ing in oneIs ,ir,0*stan,e# In t&is rese,t, t&e !e4t s3ste* 2a,i+itates a !istin,t 2or* o2 market
efficiency as it 4ene2its t&e e*+o3er sin,e t&e ease o2 +o6ering 6age rates G,ost e22i,ien,3<
nat0ra++3 in,reases as ri1ate !e4t +e1e+s in,rease#
T&e *ore in !e4t eo+e are, t&e *ore +ike+3 t&e3 6i++ s04*it to +o6 6age +a4or an! &en,e
generate *ore ro2it 2or t&e 40siness o6ners# In 2a,t, t&e sa*e +ogi, ,an 4e a+ie! to t&e 0se o2
+ega++3 0nreg0+ate! Fs6eats&o- +a4or in t&e t&ir! 6or+! 6&i,& is 2re50ent+3 Fe7+oite!- 43 Western
,o*anies# E7,essi1e 6ork &o0rs ,o0+e! 6it& notorio0s+3 +o6 6ages are ,o**on 8 3et t&ese
eo+e &a1e +itera++3 no choice 40t to s04*it as t&ere are no ot&er otions 2or s0r1i1a+ in t&eir
region, o2ten !0e to !e4t res0+ting 2ro* a0sterit3 *eas0res#
('(
In 2a,t, t&e reg0+ation o2 t&e *one3 s0+3 in tota+ is 4ase! on a genera+ s,ar,it3 sin,e, as note!
4e2ore, a++ *one3 to!a3 is made out of debt an! t&is !e4t8*one3 is so+! into t&e *arket as a
,o**o!it3 t&ro0g& F+oans-, 6it& t&e *ark80 o2 interest atta,&e! to generate a ro2it 2or t&e
('$ T&is is not a 0toian ,on,et as 1er3 4asi, statisti,a+ e7trao+ations ro1e t&is 1ast i*ro1e*ent o2 e22i,ien,3 an!
ro!0,tion ,aa,it3 on *an3 +e1e+s# A si*+e e7a*+e, 6&i+e not e7&a0sti1e in its 1aria4+es, is t&e o4so+es,en,e o2
F6ork &o0rs- in in!0stria+ 2a,tor3 ro!0,tion# T&e C &o0r !a3 ,o**on to &0*an +a4or ,o0+! *ani2est to near+3 '? &o0r
+a4or 1ia *a,&ine a0to*ation# T&is ,r0!e e7a*+e s&o6s &o6 an Fa40n!an,e- ,an 4e ,reate! o2 ,ore +i2e s0orting
goo!s#
('' E!1ar! M0n,&Is ainting FT&e S,rea*- so+! 2or b$$A *i++ion in '%$'# I2 6e 6ere to ,o*are t&e a,t0a+ *ateria+ 1a+0e
o2 t&e 6ork in &3si,a+ 2or*, it 6as so+! 2or a4o0t $%8$@,%%% ti*es its *ateria+ 1a+0e in aint an! ,an1as#
.&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o#0kH'%$'H%@H%(He!1ar!8*0n,&s8t&e8s,rea*8UnU$?>($'A#&t*+Qre2R0k8,0+t0re/
('( S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H9o&n8erkinsHe,ono*i,8,&aos8+oans8greeU4UA%$A?A#&t*+
80
4anks# Jet, t&is Finterest- ro2it, 6&i,& is *one3 itse+2, is not created in t&e *one3 s0+3 itse+2#
For instan,e, i2 an in!i1i!0a+ takes o0t a +oan 2or $%% !o++ars an! a3s @W interest on t&e +oan,
t&at in!i1i!0a+ is re50ire! to a3 4a,k $%@ !o++ars# D0t, in an e,ono*3 6&ere a++ *one3 ,o*es
into e7isten,e t&ro0g& +oans, 6&i,& is t&e rea+it3, on+3 t&e Frin,ia+- Gb$%%< e7ists in t&e *one3
s0+3 6it& t&e Finterest in,o*e- Gb@< 0n,reate!#
T&ere2ore, t&ere is a+6a3s *ore !e4t in e7isten,e t&an t&ere is *one3 to a3 2or it# F0rt&er*ore,
sin,e t&e oor are resonsi4+e 2or taking *ore +oans in genera+ 2or t&eir &o*eH,arsHet,# t&an t&e
6ea+t&3, 6&o *aintain a 2inan,ia+ s0r+0s, t&is o1era++ !e4t ress0re ten!s to 2a++ on t&e +o6er
,+asses, ,o*o0n!ing t&e in&erent+3 ins0r*o0nta4+e ro4+e* o2 4eing in !e4t an! &en,e 6it&
+i*ite! otions# In t&is *o!e+, 4ankr0t,3, 2or e7a*+e, is not a res0+t o2 so*e oor 40siness
90!ge*ents 8 it is an ine1ita4+e ,onse50en,e 8 +ike a ga*e o2 F*0si,a+ ,&airs-#
('?
So, ,o*ing 4a,k to t&e ,entra+ oint, t&e rea+it3 o2 s,ar,it3 in t&e ,0rrent e,ono*i, s3ste* is a
so0r,e o2 great efficiency in t&e *arket sense 2or i2 eo+e &a! t&eir 4asi, nee! *ets, or i2 t&e3
6ere a4+e to *eet t&ose nee!s 6it&o0t t&e e7terna+ ress0re o2 0nreso+1a4+e !e4t 6&i,& kees
t&e i*4a+an,es 8 ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion, ro2it an! gro6t& 6o0+! s022er# As insi!io0s as it *a3 see*
to o0r int0ition an! &0*anit3, t&at keeing eo+e !eri1e! is a,t0a++3 a ositi1e re,on!ition 2or
t&e 6orkings o2 t&e *arket, t&is is t&e rea+it3#
Nee!+ess to sa3, 2ro* t&e stan!oint o2 technical efficiency, seeing t&e &0*an 4eing as a 4io8
,&e*i,a+ *a,&ine in 0ni1ersa+ nee! o2 4asi, n0trition, sta4i+it3 an! ot&er s3,&oso,ia+
re50ire*ents 6&i,&, i2 0nattaine!, ,an res0+t in si,kness 4ot& &3si,a+ an! s3,&o+ogi,a+, 6e ,an
re,ogni;e t&e !e,o0+e! state o2 &0*anHso,ia+ 6e++84eing 6it& t&is F*arket +ogi,-#
('@
As a 2ina+ oint on t&is iss0e, t&e *arket seeks t&e servicing o2 ro4+e*s at a++ ti*es# In 2a,t, it
,o0+! 4e state! genera++3 t&at technical inefficiency is the driver of market efficiency# Pro4+e*
reso+0tion is not so0g&t 43 t&e *arket as it t&en ,reates an in,o*e 1oi! an! &en,e a +oss o2
*onetar3 gain an! *o1e*ent# T&e res0+t o2 t&is, in art, is a er1erse rein2or,e*ent o2 in,enti1e
to seek or e1en a!1an,e ro4+e*s in genera+# A ,ent0r3 ago t&e i!ea o2 se++ing 4ott+e! 6ater
6o0+! &a1e 4een strange gi1en its genera+, 0no++0te! a40n!an,e# In t&e *o!ern !a3, it is a
*0+ti*i++ion !o++ar in!0str3 ann0a++3, !eri1e! *ost+3 2ro* t&e 6ater o++0tion 6&i,& &as o,,0rre!
!0e to irresonsi4+e in!0stria+ ra,ti,es#
('=
T&e ro2it an! 9o4s no6 asso,iate! 6it& t&is te,&ni,a++3
ine22i,ient rea+it3 o2 reso0r,e o++0tion an! !estr0,tion, &as i*ro1e!, on,e again, t&e e,ono*i,
market efficiency nee!e! to kee ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion going#
Conclusion
4arket efficiency, genera++3 seaking, takes on a F*a,ro- an! F*i,ro- rea+it3# On t&e *a,ro s,a+e,
an3t&ing t&at ,an in,rease sa+es, gro6t& or ,ons0*tion, regar!+ess o2 t&e originating ress0re
2or !e*an! or 6&at is a,t0a++3 4eing 4o0g&t an! so+!, is !ee*e! e22i,ient in t&is ,onte7t# On t&e
*i,ro s,a+e, t&is e22i,ien,3 takes t&e 2or* o2 ena4+ing ,on!itions t&at ,an in,rease ro2it an!
re!0,e in0t ,osts GF,ost e22i,ien,3-< on t&e art o2 40siness#
T&is Fe22i,ien,3- in&erent to )aita+is* oerates 6it&o0t an3 rese,t 2or t&e so,ia+ or
en1iron*enta+ ,osts o2 its ro,ess to kee ,3,+i,a+ ,ons0*tion an! ro2it going an! t&e 6or+! 3o0
see aro0n! 3o0 8 20++ o2 e,o+ogi,a+ !isor!er, &0*an !eri1ation an! genera+ so,ia+ an!
en1iron*enta+ insta4i+it3 8 &as 4een t&e res0+t# On t&e ot&er &an!, technical efficiency, 6&i,& one
,o0+! ,&ara,teri;e as, in 2a,t, a &in!ran,e to market efficiency, seeks to *aintain t&e
en1iron*ent, *aintain &0*an &ea+t& an! essentia++3 kee 4a+an,e in t&e nat0ra+ 6or+!# T&e
re!0,tion o2 6aste, reso+0tion o2 ro4+e*s an! t&e maintaining of alignment 6it& nat0ra+ +a6 is
('? S0ggeste! Rea!ing" :eb of *ebt, E++en Ho!gson Dro6n, T&ir! Mi++enni0* Press, '%%C
('@ P+ease see t&e rior essa3" FP04+i, Hea+t&-
('= S0ggeste! Rea!ing" :ater and .ir "ollution .&tt"HH666#&istor3#,o*Htoi,sH6ater8an!8air8o++0tion/
81
t&e common sense +ogi, e*4o!ie!#
It is 0n2ort0nate to rea+i;e t&at to!a3 6e &a1e t6o opposed s3ste*s o2 e,ono*3 6orking at on,e
: 6orking against ea,& ot&er, in 2a,t# T&e *arket s3ste*, e*4o!3ing its ar,&ai,, tra!itiona+i;e!
+ogi,, is 0tter+3 o0t o2 s3n, 6it& t&e nat0ra+ Gte,&ni,a+< e,ono*3 as it e7ists# T&e res0+t is 1ast
!is,or! an! i*4a+an,e 6it& e1er8*0tating ro4+e*s an! ,onse50en,es 2or t&e &0*an se,ies# It
is ,+ear 6&i,& s3ste* 6i++ F6in- in t&is 4att+e# Nat0re 6i++ ersist 6it& its nat0ra+ r0+es regar!+ess o2
&o6 *0,& 6e t&eori;e t&is or t&at 1a+i!ation o2 t&e 6a3 6e &a1e tra!itiona++3 organi;e! o0rse+1es
on t&is +anet#
Nat0re !oesnVt ,are a4o0t o0r 1ast *onetar3 e,ono*i, i!eas, its t&eories o2 F1a+0e-, so&isti,ate!
2inan,ia+ *o!e+s or !etai+e! e50ations regar!ing &o6 6e t&ink &0*an 4e&a1ior *ani2ests an!
6&3# T&e technical reality is si*+e : +earn, a!at an! a+ign to t&e go1erning +a6s o2 nat0re, or
s022er t&e ,onse50en,es# It is a4s0r! to t&ink t&at t&e &0*an se,ies, gi1en its e1o+0tion 6it&in
t&e sa*e nat0ra+ +a6s to 6&i,& o0r e,ono*i, ra,ti,e Gan! 1a+0es< *0st a+ign, 6o0+! 4e
incompatible 6it& s0,& +a6s# It is *ere+3 an iss0e o2 *at0rit3 an! a6areness to!a3#
As a 2ina+ oint, as 6e++ as a genera+ asi!e, t&ere &as e*erge! a tren! in t&e '$
st
,ent0r3, in t&e
6ake o2 a++ t&e gro6ing an! ersisting e,o+ogi,a+ ro4+e*s, t&at ,+ai*s to seek 6&at is ,a++e! a
FGreen E,ono*3-# So*e &a1e e1en !i1i!e! t&is e,ono*i, 1ie6 into se,tors, in,+0!ing a+i,ations
2or rene6a4+e energ3, e,o840i+!ings, ,+ean transortation an! ot&er ,ategories o2 2o,0s#
('>
It 6i++
4e noti,e! t&at a++ o2 t&ose a6arenesses an! so0g&t a+i,ations are genera++3 in +ine 6it& t&e
technical or s,ienti2i, a6areness erse,ti1e !is,0sse! in t&is essa3#
Sa!+3, as ositi1e as t&e intent o2 t&ese ne6 organi;ations an! 40siness +anners *a3 4e, t&e
ine22i,ien,3 inherent to t&e )aita+ist *o!e+ o2 e,ono*i,s 8 6it& a++ its nee! 2or ,ertain 2or*s o2
,ontri1e! Fe22i,ien,3- to *aintain itse+2 8 i**e!iate+3 o++0tes an! !ee+3 +i*its a++ s0,& atte*ts,
6&i,& e7+ains 6&3 s0,& technical efficiency aroa,&es &a1e sti++ 3et to rea++3 4e a+ie!# T&e sa!
rea+it3 is t&at 6&i+e so*e i*ro1e*ent ,an 4e *a!e, s0,& rogress 6i++ 4e in&erent+3 +i*ite! to
an e1er8in,reasing !egree sin,e, as !es,ri4e!, t&e 1er3 str0,t0ra+ 4asis o2 t&e 6a3 *arket
)aita+is* 6orks is a,ti1e+3 oose! to t&e e22i,ien,ies in&erent in t&e nat0ra+ +a6 1ie6# T&e on+3
+ogi,a+ so+0tion is to ret&ink t&e entire str0,t0re i2 an3 rea+ e22i,ien,3, e+e1ate! roserit3 an!
ro4+e* reso+0tion is to 4e a,&ie1e! in t&e +ong r0n#
$A&,E S/STE1 D%SORDER
FI 4e+ie1e t&at gree! an! ,o*etition are not a res0+t o2 i**0ta4+e &0*an te*era*entT I &a1e ,o*e to t&e
,on,+0sion t&at gree! an! 2ear o2 s,ar,it3 are in 2a,t 4eing ,ontin0o0s+3 ,reate! an! a*+i2ie! as a !ire,t
res0+t o2 t&e kin! o2 *one3 6e are 0sing###T&e !ire,t ,onse50en,e is t&at 6e &a1e to 2ig&t 6it& ea,& ot&er in
or!er to s0r1i1e#-
('C
8Dernar! Lietaer
Thought "enes
Gi1en t&e re+ati1e+3 s+o6 rate o2 ,&ange o2 t&e &0*an 4eing 6it& rese,t to 4io+ogi,a+ e1o+0tion,
t&e 1ast so,ieta+ ,&anges 6&i,& &a1e o,,0rre! o1er t&e ast ?%%% 3ears o2 re,or!e! &istor3 &a1e
o,,0rre! !0e to t&e e1o+0tion o2 kno6+e!ge : &en,e F,0+t0ra+ e1o+0tion-# I2 6e 6ere to sear,& 2or a
*e,&anis* 2or ,0+t0ra+ e1o+0tion, t&e notion o2 t&e F*e*e-
('A
is 0se20+ to ,onsi!er# De2ine! as Fan
('> FGreen E,ono*3- Re2" &tt"HH666#*nn#,o*Hgreen8te,&Hresear,&8inno1ationsH4+ogsH&o68!o83o08!e2ine8t&e8green8
e,ono*3
('C Dernar! Lietaer is an e,ono*ist, a0t&or an! ro2essor *ost nota4+e 2or &is 6ork to &e+ !esign t&e EU ,0rren,3
s3ste*# E0ote 2ro* 9+&U 4agazine, Inter1ie6 6it& Dernar! Lietaer, SDe3on! Gree! an! S,ar,it3S, Sara& 1an Ge+!er
.&tt"HH666#transa,tion#netHressHinter1ie6sH+ietaer%?A>#&t*+/
('A Me*e !e2ine! so0r,e" &tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3H*e*e
82
i!ea, 4e&a1ior, st3+e, or 0sage t&at srea!s 2ro* erson to erson 6it&in a ,0+t0re-, *e*es are
,onsi!ere! to 4e so,io+ogi,a+ or ,0+t0ra+ ana+og0es to genes
((%
, 6&i,& are F20n,tiona+ G4io+ogi,a+<
0nits ,ontro++ing t&e trans*ission an! e7ression o2 one or *ore traits-#
W&i+e genes 4asi,a++3 trans*it 4io+ogi,a+ !ata 2ro* erson to erson t&ro0g& &ere!it3, *e*es
trans*it ,0+t0ra+ !ata 8 i!eas 8 2ro* erson to erson 1ia &0*an ,o**0ni,ation in a++ 2or*s#
(($

W&en 6e re,ogni;e, 2or e7a*+e, t&e o6er o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a!1an,e*ent o1er ti*e an! &o6 it
&as !ra*ati,a++3 ,&ange! o0r +i2est3+es an! 1a+0es an! 6i++ ,ontin0e to !o so, 6e ,an 1ie6 t&is
o1era++, e*ergent &eno*enon as an evolution of ideas, 6it& in2or*ation replicating an!
mutating, a+tering t&e ,0+t0re as ti*e *o1es 2or6ar!#
Gi1en t&is, 6e ,o0+! gest0ra++3 1ie6 t&e &0*an *enta+ state an! its roensities 2or a,tion as a
2or* o2 program' K0st as genes en,o!e a set o2 instr0,tions 6&i,&, in ,on,ert 6it& ot&er genes
an! t&e en1iron*ent ro!0,e se50entia+ res0+ts, t&e ro,essing o2 *e*es 43 t&e inte++e,t0a+
,aa,it3 o2 &0*an 4eings, in ,on,ert, ,reate atterns o2 4e&a1ior in a si*i+ar 6a3# W&i+e F2ree 6i++-
is ,ertain+3 a ,o*+e7 !e4ate to 4e &a! 6it& rese,t to 6&at a,t0a++3 triggers an! *ani2ests
&0*an !e,isions, it is 20n!a*enta++3 ,+ear t&at eo+eIs i!eas are +i*ite! 43 t&eir in0t
Ge!0,ation<# I2 a erson is gi1en +itt+e kno6+e!ge a4o0t t&e 6or+!, t&eir !e,ision ro,ess 6i++ 4e
e50a++3 as +i*ite!#
(('
Like6ise, 90st as genes ,an mutate in 6a3s 6&i,& are !etri*enta+ to t&eir &ost, s0,& as t&e
&eno*enon o2 ,an,er,
(((
so ,an *e*es 6it& rese,t to i!eo+ogi,a+Hso,io+ogi,a+ trans*issions,
generating *enta+ 2ra*e6orks 6&i,& ser1e as !etri*ents to t&e &ost Gor so,iet3<# It is &ere 6&ere
t&e ter* F!isor!er- is intro!0,e!# A !isor!er is !e2ine! as Fa !erange*ent or a4nor*a+it3 o2
20n,tion-
((?
# T&ere2ore, 6&en it ,o*es to so,ia+ oeration, a !isor!er 6o0+! i*+3 instit0tiona+i;e!
i!ea+ogi,a+ 2ra*e6orks 6&i,& are out of alignment 6it& t&e +arger go1erning s3ste*# In ot&er
6or!s, t&e3 are inaccurate 6it& rese,t to t&e ,onte7t in 6&i,& t&e3 atte*t to e7ist, o2ten
,reating i*4a+an,e an! !etri*enta+ !esta4i+i;ation#
O2 ,o0rse, &istor3 is 20++ o2 initia++3 !esta4i+i;ing, transitioning i!eas an! t&is ongoing inte++e,t0a+
e1o+0tion is ,+ear+3 nat0ra+ an! ne,essar3 to t&e &0*an ,on!ition as t&ere is no s0,& t&ing as an
Fa4so+0te- 0n!erstan!ing# Ho6e1er, t&e !i22erentiation to 4e *a!e &ere is t&e 2a,t t&at 6&en i!eas
ersist 2or a +ong eno0g& erio!, t&e3 o2ten ,reate emotional connections on t&e ersona+
GFi!entit3-< +e1e+ an! institutional establishments on t&e ,0+t0ra+ +e1e+, 6&i,& ten! to eret0ate a
kin! o2 circular reinforcement, genera++3 resisting ,&ange an! a!atation#
Re,ogni;ing o0r inte++e,t0a+ e1o+0tion as a ro,ess 6it& no en! an! 4eing oen to ne6 in2or*ation
to &e+ 4etter a+ign o0rse+1es 2or s0staina4+e ra,ti,es is ,+ear+3 a ,ore et&i, nee!e! 4ot& on t&e
ersona+ an! so,ia+ +e1e+ i2 6e e7e,t to kee adapting 2or t&e 4etter in t&e ,onte7t o2 ,0+t0ra+
e1o+0tion# Sa!+3, t&ere are o6er20+ ,0+t0ra+ 2or,es 6&i,& 6ork against t&is interest in t&e 6or+!
to!a3# Str0,t0res, 4ot& i!eo+ogi,a+ an! encoded in t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ in2rastr0,t0re
((@
a,ti1e+3 6ork
((% Gene !e2ine! so0r,e" &tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Hgene
(($ Ri,&ar! Da6kinsI 4ook The &elfish Bene intro!0,e! t&e ter* S*e*eS# Da6kins ,ites as insiration t&e 6ork o2
geneti,ist L# L# )a1a++i8S2or;a, ant&roo+ogist F# T# )+oak an! et&o+ogist K# M# )0++en#
((' T&e in1erse re+ations&i o2 +itera,3Hkno6+e!ge a,,0*0+ation to s0erstitio0s 4e+ie2 is ,+ear# A,,or!ing to t&e Unite!
NationsV Ara4 H0*an De1e+o*ent Reorts, +ess t&an 'W o2 Ara4s &a1e a,,ess to t&e Internet# Ara4s reresent @W o2
t&e 6or+!Vs o0+ation an! 3et ro!0,e on+3 $W o2 t&e 6or+!Vs 4ooks, *ost o2 t&e* re+igio0s# A,,or!ing to resear,&er
Sa* Harris" FSain trans+ates *ore 4ooks into Sanis& ea,& 3ear t&an t&e entire Ara4 6or+! &as trans+ate! into Ara4i,
sin,e t&e nint& ,ent0r3#- It is a7io*ati, to ass0*e t&at t&e gro6t& o2 t&e Is+a*i, Re+igion in Ara4 Nations is se,0re! 43
a re+ati1e +a,k o2 o0tsi!e in2or*ation in t&ose so,ieties#
((( )an,er is a ter* 0se! 2or !iseases in 6&i,& a4nor*a+ ,e++s !i1i!e 6it&o0t ,ontro+ an! are a4+e to in1a!e ot&er tiss0es#
.&tt"HH666#,an,er#go1H,an,ertoi,sH,an,er+i4rar3H6&at8is8,an,er/
((? Disor!er !e2ine! so0r,e" &tt"HH*e!i,a+8!i,tionar3#t&e2ree!i,tionar3#,o*H!isor!er
((@ To ,+ari23 t&e notion o2 Fen,o!e!-, t&is re2ers to str0,t0ra+ attri40tes s0,& as nee!ing, 2or e7a*+e, Fto ,o*ete- in
or!er to s0,,ee! in t&e *arket e,ono*3# It is 40i+t into t&e s3ste*Is 2ra*e6ork, or encoded#
83
against t&is ,riti,a+ ne,essit3 o2 ,0+t0ra+ a!ation# An ana+og3 6o0+! 4e t&e star1ation o2 o0r
4io+ogi,a+ ,e++s 43 re*o1ing o73gen 2ro* t&e en1iron*ent : on+3 in t&is ,ase 6e are restri,ting
o0r 10+nera4i+it3 to learn and adapt, 6it& knowledge 4eing t&e Fo73gen- 43 6&i,& 6e as a se,ies
are a4+e to so+1e ro4+e*s an! ,ontin0e rogress#
T&is !isor!er is, as 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e!, in&erent to t&e Free8Market )aita+ist tra!ition# It is not on+3
t&e a,t0a+ !e,isions 4eing *a!e against t&e interests o2 a!atation, kno6ing+3 or not, t&at
eret0ate !etri*enta+ e22e,ts on *an3 +e1e+s : it is a+so t&e value system : t&e e*+o3*ent o2
Fi!entit3- an! a nor*a+i;e! sense o2 ,0sto*, 6&i,& 4ears a o6er20++3 ro4+e*ati, 2or,e# T&is is
,o*o0n!e! e1en *ore so 6&en t&e 0rose ser1e! Gor aears to 4e ser1e!< 43 s0,& intents
!ire,t+3 ties to o0r survival an! existence# T&ere is not&ing *ore ersona+ to 0s t&an &o6 6e
identify o0rse+1es an! t&e e,ono*i, s3ste* 6e en,o*ass is in1aria4+3 a !e2ining 2eat0re o2 o0r
*enta+ities an! 6or+!1ie6# I2 t&ere is so*et&ing 6rong 6it& t&is s3ste*, t&en it i*+ies t&ere is
so*et&ing 6rong 6it& o0rse+1es, gi1en t&at 6e are t&e ones 6&o eret0ate it#
$alue S)stem Disorder
K0st +ike ,an,er is, in art, an i**0ne s3ste* !isor!er, so,io+ogi,a+ tra!itions 6&i,& ersist 6it&
e1er8in,reasing ro4+e* generation 2or so,iet3 ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! a value system disorder#
((=
T&is
!isor!er &as to !o 6it& a kin! o2 structured psychology 6&ere ,ertain ass0*tions &a1e 4een
gi1en ,re!en,e o1er ti*e 4ase! *ere+3 on t&eir ,0+t0ra+ ersisten,e, ,o0+e! 6it& an in&erent
reinforcement of itself in oeration' T&e +arger t&e so,ia+ ,onte7t o2 t&e !isor!er, o2ten t&e *ore
!i22i,0+t its reso+0tion, not to *ention *ere re,ognition itse+2#
On t&e s,a+e o2 a so,ia+ s3ste*, it 4e,o*es 1er3 !i22i,0+t as t&e so,iet3 as a 6&o+e is ,onstant+3
4eing ,on!itione! into t&e !3na*i,s o2 its o6n 2ra*e6ork, o2ten ,reating o6er20+ self-
preservation rea,tions 6&ene1er its integrit3 is ,&a++enge!# T&ese, 6&at ,o0+! 4e ,a++e! F,+ose!
inte++e,t0a+ 2ee!4a,k *e,&anis*s-, are 6&at ,o*rise t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 arg0*ents in !e2ense
o2 o0r ,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*, 90st as t&e3 &a1e in generations rior# In 2a,t, it aears to
4e a genera+ so,io+ogi,a+ tren! sin,e, again, eo+eIs 1er3 identity is in1aria4+3 asso,iate! 6it& t&e
!o*inant 4e+ie2 s3ste*s an! instit0tions t&e3 are 4orn into#
In t&e 6or!s o2 Ko&n M,M0rtr3, Pro2essor E*erit0s o2 P&i+oso&3 at t&e Uni1ersit3 o2 G0e+&,
)ana!a"
FIn t&e +ast !ark age, one ,an sear,& t&e in50iries o2 t&is eraVs reser1e! t&inkers 2ro* A0g0stine
to.###/O,k&a*, an! 2ai+ to !is,o1er a sing+e age o2 ,riti,is* o2 t&e esta4+is&e! so,ia+ 2ra*e6ork,
&o6e1er rationa++3 ins0orta4+e 2e0!a+ 4on!age, a4so+0te aterna+is*, !i1ine rig&t o2 kings an!
t&e rest *a3 4e# In t&e ,0rrent 2ina+ or!er, is it so !i22erentQ )an 6e see in an3 *e!ia or e1en
0ni1ersit3 ress a aragra& o2 ,+ear 0n*asking o2 a g+o4a+ regi*e t&at ,on!e*ns a t&ir! o2 a++
,&i+!ren to *a+n0trition 6it& *ore 2oo! t&an eno0g& a1ai+a4+e###Q In s0,& a so,ia+ or!er, t&o0g&t
4e,o*es in!isting0is&a4+e 2ro* roagan!a# On+3 one !o,trine is seaka4+e, an! a riest ,aste o2
its e7erts res,ri4es t&e ne,essities an! o4+igations to a++###So,ia+ ,ons,io0sness is in,ar,erate!
6it&in t&e ro+e o2 a kin! o2 ,ere*onia+ +ogi,, oerating entire+3 6it&in t&e re,ei1e! 2ra*e6ork o2
an e7&a0sti1e+3 res,ri4e! reg0+ator3 aarat0s rote,ting t&e ri1i+eges o2 t&e ri1i+ege!#
Met&o!i,a+ ,ensors&i tri0*&s in t&e g0ise o2 s,&o+ar+3 rigor, an! t&e on+3 roo* +e2t 2or sear,&ing
t&o0g&t 4e,o*es t&e ga*e o2 ,o*eting rationa+i;ations#-
((>
S0,& rea,tions are a+so ,o**on 6it& rese,t to esta4+is&e! ra,ti,es in se,i2i, 2ie+!s# For
instan,e, Igna; P# Se**e+6eis G$C$C 8$C=@<, a H0ngarian &3si,ian 6&o !is,o1ere! t&at
0erera+ 2e1er ,o0+! 4e !rasti,a++3 ,0t 43 t&e 0se o2 si*+e &an! 6as&ing stan!ar!s in o4stetri,a+
((= To ,+ari23 t&e &rase, t&e ter* FVa+0e- re2ers to an et&i,a+ re2eren,e in a ersona+ or ,0+t0ra+ sense, genera++3
,onsi!ere! s049e,ti1e# It 4e,o*es a 4asis 2or a,tion# For e7a*+e, a erson 6&o 4e+ie1es in a ,ertain re+igio0s
&i+oso&3 *ig&t esta4+is& values in 2a1or o2 ,ertain 4e&a1iors# A value system is a set o2 ,onsistent 1a+0es an!
*eas0res#
((> The Cancer &tage of Capitalism, Ko&n M,M0rtr3, P+0to Press, $AAA, #=
84
,+ini,s, essentia++3 2ores&a!o6ing t&e no6 20++3 a,,ete! ger* t&eor3 o2 !isease, 6as s&0nne!,
re9e,te! an! ri!i,0+e! 43 &is 2in!ing# It 6asnIt 0nti+ +ong a2ter &is !eat& &is no6 1er3 4asi,
rea+i;ation 6as rese,te!# To!a3, so*e 0se t&e &rase, FT&e Se**e+6eis Re2+e7- as a *eta&or
2or t&e re2+e78+ike ten!en,3 to re9e,t ne6 e1i!en,e or ne6 kno6+e!ge 4e,a0se it ,ontra!i,ts
esta4+is&e! nor*s, 4e+ie2s or ara!ig*s#
((C
O1era++, on,e a gi1en set o2 i!eas is entr0ste! 43 a +arge eno0g& n0*4er o2 eo+e, it 4e,o*es an
Finstit0tion-8 an! on,e t&at instit0tion is *a!e !o*inant in so*e 6a3, s0,& as e7isting 2or a
,ertain erio! o2 ti*e, t&at instit0tion ,o0+! t&en 4e ,onsi!ere! an Festa4+is&*ent-# FInstit0tiona+
esta4+is&*ents- are si*+3 so,ia+ tra!itions gi1en t&e i++0sion o2 er*anen,e an! t&e +onger t&e3
ersist, o2ten t&e stronger t&e !e2ense o2 t&eir rig&t to e7ist 43 t&e *a9orit3 o2 ,0+t0re#
I2 6e e7a*ine t&e instit0tiona+ esta4+is&*ents 6e take 2or grante! to!a3 : 2ro* *a,ros3ste*
attri40tes s0,& as t&e 2inan,ia+ s3ste*, t&e +ega+ s3ste*, t&e o+iti,a+ s3ste* an! *a9or re+igio0s
s3ste*s : to *i,ros3ste* attri40tes s0,& as *ateria+is*, *arriage, ,e+e4rit3, et,# : 6e *0st
re*in! o0rse+1es t&at none o2 t&ese i!eas are a,t0a++3 real in t&e &3si,a+ sense# T&ese are
te*ora+ meme structures 6e &a1e ,reate! to ser1e o0r 0roses gi1en ,on!itions at ,ertain
oints in ti*e an! no *atter &o6 *0,& 6e e*otiona++3 attach to s0,& iss0esT no *atter &o6
+arge an instit0tion *a3 4e,o*eT no *atter &o6 *an3 eo+e *a3 4e+ie1e in s0,& instit0tions 8
t&e3 are sti++ impositions of thought an! transient 43 nat0re#
So, ,o*ing 4a,k to t&e ,onte7t &ere o2 t&e value system disorder, t&e Free8Market )aita+ist
s3ste*, 6&i+e arg0a4+3 4eing !ee+3 !e,o0+e! 2ro* &3si,a+ rea+it3 an! a root so0r,e o2 t&e 1ast
*a9orit3 o2 t&e so,ia+ 6oes in t&e 6or+! to!a3, kees itse+2 in +a,e t&ro0g& a set o2 culturally
reinforced values an! power establishments 0on 6&i,& t&e so,iet3 is 0+ti*ate+3 ,on!itione! an!
genera++3 in,+ine! to !e2en!# T&is is *a!e in,reasing+3 o6er20+ in its ers0asion sin,e t&e
!o*inant 1a+0e s3ste* !isor!er at &an! to!a3 is 4orn o0t o2 ass0*tions re+ating to ,riti,a+
human survival itse+2#
Characteristics of Patholog)
In or!er to ,riti,a++3 e1a+0ate an e7isting 2ra*e6ork o2 t&o0g&t, a 4asi,, *0t0a++3 a,,ete!
4en,&*ark nee!s to 4e generate!# F)0+t0ra+ Re+ati1is*-
((A
is an ant&roo+ogi,a+ notion t&at re2ers
to t&e 2a,t t&at !i22erent ,0+t0ra+ gro0s generate !i22erent er,etions o2 Ftr0t&- or Frea+it3-#
FMora+ Re+ati1is*-,
(?%
6&i,& is a si*i+ar notion, &as to !o 6it& t&e 1arian,e o2 6&at is ,onsi!ere!
F,orre,t- or Fet&i,a+-# O1er t&e ,o0rse o2 &0*an &istor3, t&ese !istin,tions &a1e 4e,o*e
in,reasing+3 narro6 sin,e t&e scientific revolution o2 ,a0sa+ t&o0g&t, 2ro* t&e Renaissan,e on6ar!,
&as in,reasing+3 re!0,e! t&e Fre+ati1e integrit3- o2 1ario0s 4e+ie2s#
T&e 2a,t is, 4e+ie2s are not e%ual in t&eir 1a+i!it3# So*e are *ore tr0e t&an ot&ers an! &en,e so*e
are *ore !3s20n,tiona+ t&an ot&ers in t&e ,onte7t o2 rea+ +i2e# T&e s,ienti2i, *et&o! o2 arri1ing at
,on,+0sions is t&e 0+ti*ate 4en,&*ark 0on 6&i,& t&e integrit3 o2 &0*an 1a+0es ,an 4e *eas0re!
an! t&is *o!ern rea+it3 !e*3sti2ies t&e ,o**on Fre+ati1is*- !e2ense o2 s049e,ti1e &0*an 4e+ie2#
It is not a4o0t Frig&t- an! F6rong- 40t 6&at works or doesn5t work# T&e integrit3 o2 o0r 1a+0es an!
4e+ie2s is on+3 as goo! as &o6 a+igne! t&e3 are 6it& t&e nat0ra+ 6or+!# T&is is t&e common ground
6&i,& 6e a++ s&are#
T&is ,on,et ties in !ire,t+3 6it& s0staina4i+it3 in t&e 4roa! ,onte7t o2 &0*an s0r1i1a+ itse+2 as a
s0staina4+e so,ia+ s3ste* nat0ra++3 *0st &a1e sustainable values to 2a,i+itate an! eret0ate t&e
str0,t0re# Un2ort0nate+3, t&e e1o+0tionar3 4aggage o2 o0r ,0+t0ra+ &istor3 &as *aintaine! 1a+0e
str0,t0res 6&i,& are so o6er20+, 3et so ,+ear+3 !e,o0+e! 2ro* rea+it3, t&at o0r ersona+ an!
((C Genera+ 4iogra&3 o2 Igna; P# Se**e+6eis" &tt"HHse**e+6eis#orgHa4o0tH!r8se**e+6eis84iogra&3H
((A F)0+t0ra+ Re+ati1is*- is a rin,i+e t&at 6as esta4+is&e! as a7io*ati, in ant&roo+ogi,a+ resear,& 43 Fran; Doas in t&e
2irst 2e6 !e,a!es o2 t&e '%t& ,ent0r3#
(?% Si*i+ar to F)0+t0ra+ Re+ati1is*-, FMora+ Re+ati1is*- is genera++3 !e2ine! as" Fan3 o2 se1era+ &i+oso&i,a+ ositions
,on,erne! 6it& t&e !i22eren,es in *ora+ 90!g*ents a,ross !i22erent eo+e an! ,0+t0res#-
85
so,ieta+ ass0*tions o2 &ainess, s0,,ess an! rogress itse+2 ,ontin0e to 4e !ee+3 er1erte!
an! e7ist in !is,or!an,e 6it& t&e go1erning +a6s o2 o0r &a4itat an! &0*an nat0re# T&e &0*an
4eing in!ee! &as a common nature an! 6&i+e not&ing aears $%%W 0ni1ersa+ a,ross t&e se,ies,
,ertain ress0res an! stressors ,an generate, on a1erage, serio0s 04+i, &ea+t& ro4+e*s#
(?$

Like6ise, i2 o0r 1a+0es s0ort 4e&a1iors 6&i,& are not in a,,or!an,e 6it& o0r physical
sustainability on t&e +anet Eart&, t&en nat0ra++3 6e ,an e7e,t e1er in,reasing ro4+e*s on t&at
en1iron*enta+ +e1e+ as 6e++#
(?'
T&e !o*inant 1a+0e s3ste* 6&i,& t&e )aita+ist so,ioe,ono*i, *o!e+ eret0ates is arg0a4+3
!ee+3 pathological to t&e &0*an ,on!ition as t&e *e,&anis*s re+ate! to s0r1i1a+ an! genera+
re6ar! ,o*o0n! e*otiona+ atta,&*ents an! 2or*s o2 se+28reser1ation 6&i,& are essentia++3
roote! in a kin! o2 primitive desperation and fear# T&e 20n!a*enta+ et&os is t&at o2 an anti8so,ia+,
s,ar,it3 !ri1en ress0re 6&i,& 2or,es a++ +a3ers o2 t&e ga*e to 4e genera++3 e7+oitati1e an!
antagonisti, 4ot& o2 ot&ers an! t&e &a4itat# It a+so &as 40i+t8in ress0res to a1oi! so,ia++3 easing
interests !0e to a res0+ting +oss o2 ro2it,
(?(
20rt&ering t&is stress8in!0,e! e*otiona+ !isarit3# T&e
res0+t is a 1i,io0s ,3,+e o2 genera+ a40se, narro68*in!e! se+2is&ness, an! so,ia+ an!
en1iron*enta+ !isregar!#
O2 ,o0rse, &istori,a++3, t&ese ,a0sti, ,&ara,teristi,s are 0s0a++3 !e2en!e! as si*+3 Ft&e 6a3 it is- 8
as t&o0g& o0r e1o+0tionar3 s3,&o+og3 *0st 4e st0,k in t&is state# In 2a,t, i2 t&e to0te!
s3,&o+ogi,a+ !o,trines o2 tra!itiona+ *arket t&eor3 &o+! tr0e GFNeo,+assi,a+ Uti+itarianis*-<
regar!ing o0r aarent +i*its 6it& rese,t to a F6orka4+e- so,ia+ str0,t0re, t&en i*4a+an,e,
en1iron*enta+ !estr0,tion, oression, 1io+en,e, t3rann3, ersona+it3 !isor!ers, 6ar2are,
e7+oitation, se+2is& gree!, 1ain *ateria+is*, ,o*etition an! ot&er s0,& !i1isi1e, in&0*ane an!
!esta4i+i;ing rea+ities are si*+3 inalterable an! t&ere2ore t&e 6&o+e o2 so,iet3 s&o0+! !o not&ing
40t work around s0,& ine1ita4i+ities 6it& 6&ate1er F,ontro+s- 6e ,an 0t in +a,e to F*anage-
t&ese rea+ities o2 t&e &0*an ,on!ition# It is as t&o0g& t&e &0*an 4eing is !ee*e! to &a1e a
se1ere, in,0ra4+e *enta+ !isor!er : a 2ir* retar!ation 8 6&i,& si*+3 ,annot 4e o1er,o*e, so
e1er3t&ing in so,iet3 *0st 4e a+tere! aro0n! it in an atte*t to !ea+ 6it& it#
Jet, t&e *ore 6e +i1e as &0*an 4eingsT t&e *ore &istor3 6e are a4+e to see o2 o0rse+1es o1er
generationa+ ti*eT t&e *ore 6e are a4+e to ,o*are t&e 4e&a1iors o2 !i22erent ,0+t0res a,ross t&e
6or+! an! a,ross &istor3 : t&e *ore ,+ear it 4e,o*es t&at o0r &0*an ,aa,it3 is 4eing inhibited
!ire,t+3 43 an ar,&ai, re6ar! an! s0r1i1a+ str0,t0re 6&i,& ,ontin0es to rein2or,e ri*iti1e,
!eserate 1a+0es an! 6&i+e s0,& 1a+0es *ig&t &a1e ser1e! a ositi1e e1o+0tionar3 ro+e in t&e ast,
t&e resent an! 2ores&a!o6e! 20t0re arg0a4+3 +a3s t&ese 4e&a1iora+ atterns 4are as !etri*enta+
an! 0ns0staina4+e, as t&is o1era++ te7t &as e7resse! at +engt&#
Self!Preser.ation Paral)sis
W&i+e ea,& o2 0s genera++3 6is&es to s0r1i1e an! !o so in a &ea+t&3 state, nat0ra++3 reare! to
!e2en! t&at s0r1i1a+ 6&en nee! 4e, self-preservation in t&e ,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, ,on!ition
0nne,essari+3 e7ten!s t&is ten!en,3 in 6a3s t&at se1ere+3 in&i4it so,ia+ rogress an! ro4+e*
reso+0tion# In 2a,t, it ,o0+! 4e sai! t&at t&is s&ort8ter* reser1ation o,,0rs o2ten at t&e ,ost o2
(?$ P+ease see t&e rior essa3" FDe2ining P04+i, Hea+t&-
(?' A genera+ e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e consumer values re1a+ent in t&e 6or+! to!a3# T&e a,t o2 in,reasing o6ners&i is
,o**on as *ore roert3 is e50ate! to in,rease! s0,,ess an! *ore ,ons0*tion is re+ate! to e,ono*i, gro6t&# Jet,
s0,& an 0n8,onser1ati1e et&i, ,an 4e ,onsi!ere! 0n8s0staina4+e gi1en 6e +i1e on a finite planet 6it& finite resources# In
2a,t, it &as 4een arg0e! 43 *an3 t&at t&e Fstan!ar! o2 +i1ing- o2 t&e Unite! States 6o0+! 4e, in t&e ,0rrent s,&e*e o2
t&ings, te,&ni,a++3 i*ossi4+e to e7ten! to t&e rest o2 t&e 6or+!# A,,or!ing to so*e s0r1e3s" FH0*anit3 is no6 0sing
reso0r,es an! ro!0,ing ,ar4on !io7i!e at a rate @% er,ent 2aster t&an t&e Eart& ,an s0stain###- . More"
&tt"HH666#40siness84io!i1ersit3#e0H!e2a0+t#asQMen0eR?ABNe6sR'(( B
&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%$$H%=H%CHoinionH%C2rie!*an#&t*+ /
(?( It s&o0+! 4e 0n!erstoo! t&at t&e *ore ro4+e*s in t&e 6or+!, t&e *ore t&ere is to ser1i,e an! ,aita+i;e 0on# T&e
*ore tr0e ro4+e* reso+0tion, t&e +ess ,aa,it3 t&ere is to ,aita+i;e an! &en,e +ess to *aintain or in,rease e,ono*i,
gro6t&#
86
long-term integrity'
T&e *ost o41io0s e7a*+e o2 t&is &as to !o 6it& t&e 20n!a*enta+ nat0re o2 seeking an!
*aintaining income, t&e +i2e 4+oo! o2 t&e *arket s3ste* an!, 43 e7tension, &0*an s0r1i1a+# On,e
a 40siness s0,,ee!s in gaining *arket s&are, t3i,a++3 s0orting e*+o3ees a+ong 6it& t&e
o6ners, t&e 40siness nat0ra++3 gra1itates to an interest to preserve t&at in,o*e generating
*arket s&are at a++ ,osts# Dee 1a+0e asso,iations are generate! sin,e t&e 40siness is not 90st an
ar4itrar3 entit3 t&at ro!0,es a goo! or ser1i,e 8 it is no6 a *eans o2 life support 2or e1er3one
in1o+1e!#
T&e res0+t is a ,onstant, so,ia++3 !e4i+itating 4att+e, not on+3 6it& t&e ,o*etitors 6&o a+so seek
t&e sa*e ,ons0*er *arket, 40t 6it& innovation an! change itse+2# W&i+e te,&no+ogi,a+ rogress is
a ,onstant, 2+0i! rogression on t&e s,ienti2i, +e1e+, t&e *arket e,ono*3 sees t&is e*ergen,e as a
t&reat in t&e ,onte7t o2 e7isting, ,0rrent+3 ro2ita4+e i!eas# Vast +e1e+s o2 &istori,a+ F,orr0tion-,
,arte+ an! *onoo+3 generation an! ot&er !e2ensi1e *o1es o2 e7isting 40sinesses ,an 4e 2o0n!
t&ro0g&o0t &istor3, ea,& a,t 6orking to se,0re in,o*e ro!0,tion regar!+ess o2 t&e so,ia+ ,osts#
(??
Anot&er e7a*+e &as to !o 6it& t&e s3,&o+ogi,a+ ne0rosis 40i+t o0t o2 t&e ,re!it84ase! re6ar!
in,enti1e in&erent to t&e *arket s3ste*# W&i+e it is inte++e,t0a++3 ,+ear t&at no sing+e erson
in1ents an3t&ing gi1en t&e rea+it3 t&at a++ kno6+e!ge is serially generate! an! in1aria4+3
cumulative o1er ti*e, t&e *arket e,ono*3Is ,&ara,teristi, o2 Fo6ners&i- ,reates a ten!en,3 not
on+3 to re!0,e in2or*ation 2+o6 1ia atents an! Ftra!e se,rets-, it a+so rein2or,es t&e i!ea o2
Finte++e,t0a+ roert3-, !esite t&e tr0e 2a++a,3 o2 t&e notion itse+2#
On t&e 1a+0e s3ste* +e1e+, t&is &as *0tate! into t&e notion o2 F,re!it- entit+e*ent an! &en,e
o2ten Fego- asso,iations to resente! i!eas or Fin1entions-# In t&e 6or+! to!a3, t&is &eno*enon
&as taken a +i2e o2 its o6n 6it& a ten!en,3 2or *an3 6&o ,ontri40te o2ten seeking stat0s e+e1ating
F,re!it- 2or t&e i!ea, e1en t&o0g& t&e3 are, again, ,+ear+3 art o2 a ,ontin00* +arger t&an
t&e*se+1es# W&i+e are,iation 2or t&e ti*e an! +a4or o2 a gi1en erson 6orking to6ar!s t&e
rogress o2 an i!ea is a ro!0,ti1e so,ia+ in,enti1e an! 20n!a*enta+ to o0r sense o2 0rose in
a,tion, t&e er1ersion o2 inte++e,t0a+ o6ners&i an! a++ its ,ontri1e! attri40tes e7ten! t&is oerant
satis2a,tion into !istortion#
In 2a,t, on t&e +argest s,a+e o2 kno6+e!ge ,0+*ination, s0,& a,ts o2 Fare,iation- ine1ita4+3
4e,o*e irre+e1ant in t&e *e*or3 o2 &istor3# To!a3, 2or instan,e, 6&en 6e 0se a *o!ern ,o*0ter
to assist o0r +i1es, 6e se+!o* t&ink a4o0t t&e t&o0san!s o2 3ears o2 inte++e,t0a+ st0!3 t&at
!is,o1ere! t&e ,ore s,ienti2i, !3na*i,s re+ate!, nor t&e enor*o0s a*o0nt o2 ,0*0+ati1e ti*e
sent 43 1irt0a++3 ,o0nt+ess eo+e to 2a,i+itate t&e Fin1ention- o2 s0,& a too+, in its ,0rrent 2or*#
It is on+3 in t&e ,onte7t o2 manifest ego an! monetary reward security t&at t&is 4e,o*es a
Fnat0ra+- 1a+0e iss0e 6it& rese,t to t&e *arket s3ste*# I2 eo+e !o not ,+ai* F,re!it-, t&e3 6i++
not 4e re6ar!e! an! &en,e t&e3 6i++ not gain s0r1i1a+ 2ro* t&at ,ontri40tion in t&e *arket# So,
t&e ,on!ition &as ,o*o0n!e! t&is ne0rosis 6&i,& is in1aria4+3 sti2+ing to6ar!s rogress 1ia t&e
s&aring o2 kno6+e!ge#
F0rt&er*ore, !isor!ers asso,iate! 6it& *arket Fse+28reser1ation- ,an take *an3 ot&er 2or*s,
in,+0!ing t&e 0se o2 go1ern*ent as a too+
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, t&e o++0tion o2 a,a!e*ia an! in2or*ation itse+2
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(?? A 6e++ esta4+is&e! e7a*+e o2 in&i4ite! rogress 2or t&e *aintaining o2 e7isting ro2it esta4+is&*ents 6as t&e
s0,,ess20+ e22ort *a!e 43 t&e oi+ in!0str3 an!, 43 e7tension, t&e US go1ern*ent to s+o6 rogress to6ar! 20++3 e+e,tri,
1e&i,+es in t&e $AA%s# .S0ggeste! 1ie6ing" FW&o Li++e! t&e E+e,tri, )arQ-"
&tt"HH666#i*!4#,o*Htit+eHtt%?CA%(>Hs3nosis/
(?@ )ororate Lo443ing, 43 its 1er3 nat0re, is a *eans to 0se *one3 to in2+0en,e o+iti,a+ !e,isions# S0ggeste! Rea!ing"
F)ororate Lo443ists T&reaten De*o,ra,3-, K0+io Go!o3, IPS" .&tt"HH666#isne6s#netH'%$'H%CH,ororate8+o443ists8
t&reaten8!e*o,ra,3H/
(?= A 0ni50e e7a*+e o2 t&is 6as t&e '%%> ,ase in 6&i,& Mi,roso2t )ororation, !issatis2ie! 6it& t&e in2or*ation on t&e
87
Gsin,e e!0,ationa+ instit0tions are s0orte! 43 in,o*e as 6e++<, an! e1en ,o**on interersona+
re+ations&is#
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T&e 2ear in&erent to t&e +oss o2 +i1e+i&oo! nat0ra++3 o1erri!es a+*ost e1er3t&ing
an! e1en t&e *ost Fet&i,a+- or F*ora+- erson, 6&en 2a,e! 6it& t&e risk o2 non8s0r1i1a+, ,an
0s0a++3 90sti23 a,tions t&at 6o0+! 4e tra!itiona++3 ,a++e! F,orr0t-# T&is ress0re is ,onstant an! is
t&e so0r,e, in art, o2 t&e 1ast ,o8,a++e! F,ri*ina+it3- an! so,ia+ ara+3sis 6e see to!a3#
Com*etition? E<*loitation and Class Warfare
D0i+!ing on t&e rior oint, e7+oitation, 6&i,& is in&erent to t&e ,o*etiti1e 2ra*e o2 *in!, &as
er*eate! t&e 1er3 ,ore o2 6&at it *eans to Fs0,,ee!- in genera+# We see t&is Ftaking a!1antage-
r&etori, in *an3 2a,ets o2 o0r +i1es# T&e a,t o2 *ani0+ation an! e7+oitation 2or ,o*etiti1e gain
&as 4e,o*e an 0n!er+3ing 2or,e in *o!ern ,0+t0re, e7ten!ing 2ar 4e3on! t&e ,onte7t o2 t&e
*arket s3ste*#
T&e attit0!e o2 seeing ot&ers an! t&e 6or+! as *ere+3 a *eans 2or onese+2 or a arti,0+ar gro0 to
F,on50er- an! kee a&ea! o2 is no6 a !ri1ing s3,&o+ogi,a+ !istortion to 4e 2o0n! in ro*anti,
re+ations&is, 2rien!s&is, 2a*i+3 str0,t0res, nationa+is* an! e1en &o6 6e re+ate to t&e &a4itat 6e
e7ist 6it&in 8 6&ere 6e seek to e7+oit an! !isregar! t&e &3si,a+ en1iron*entIs reso0r,es 2or
s&ort ter* ersona+ gain an! a!1antage# A++ e+e*ents o2 o0r +i1es are ne,essari+3 1ie6e! 2ro* t&e
erse,ti1e o2 F6&at ,an I get o0t o2 it ersona++3Q-
A st0!3 er2or*e! at t&e Deart*ent o2 Ps3,&o+og3 at t&e Uni1ersit3 o2 )a+i2ornia, Derke+e3, in
'%$$ 2o0n! t&at"
F###0er8,+ass in!i1i!0a+s 4e&a1e *ore 0net&i,a++3 t&an +o6er8,+ass in!i1i!0a+s###0er8,+ass
in!i1i!0a+s 6ere *ore +ike+3 to 4reak t&e +a6 6&i+e !ri1ing, re+ati1e to +o6er8,+ass in!i1i!0a+s# In
2o++o680 +a4orator3 st0!ies, 0er8,+ass in!i1i!0a+s 6ere *ore +ike+3 to e7&i4it 0net&i,a+ !e,ision8
*aking ten!en,ies, take 1a+0e! goo!s 2ro* ot&ers, +ie in a negotiation, ,&eat to in,rease t&eir
,&an,es o2 6inning a ri;e, an! en!orse 0net&i,a+ 4e&a1ior at 6ork t&an 6ere +o6er8,+ass
in!i1i!0a+s# Me!iator an! *o!erator !ata !e*onstrate! t&at 0er8,+ass in!i1i!0a+sV 0net&i,a+
ten!en,ies are a,,o0nte! 2or, in art, 43 t&eir *ore 2a1ora4+e attit0!es to6ar! gree!#-
(?C
St0!ies o2 t&is nat0re are 1er3 interesting as t&e3 re1ea+ t&at t&e ,o**on &0*an nat0re
arg0*ent in its e7tre*e ,onte7t, t&at o2 eo+e ine1ita4+3 F4eing ,o*etiti1e an! e7+oitati1e-,
6&en !e2en!ing t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ s3ste*, is 43asse!# )+ass re+ations&is are not geneti,
re+ations&is, e1en t&o0g& t&e n0an,es o2 in!i1i!0a+ roensities ,o0+! 4e arg0e!# T&is st0!3
e7resses a ,0+t0ra+ &eno*enon o1era++ sin,e it is a7io*ati, to ass0*e t&at t&e genera+ attit0!e
o2 !isregar! 2or e7terna+ negati1e ,onse50en,es, or so8,a++e! S0net&i,a+ 4e&a1iorS e7resse! 43
t&e 0er ,+ass, is a res0+t o2 t&e t3e o2 values nee!e! to a,&ie1e t&e osition o2 a,t0a++3 *aking
it to t&e F0er ,+ass-#
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In ,o**on oeti, r&etori,, t&is int0ition &as &e+! tr0e 2or ,ent0ries, 6it& t&e o4ser1ation t&at
t&ose 6&o a,&ie1e Fs0,,ess- in t&e 40siness sense, are o2ten F!esensiti;e!- an! Fr0t&+ess-# T&ere
aears to 4e a genera+ loss of empathy 43 t&ose 6&o a,&ie1e s0,& Fs0,,ess- an! it is int0iti1e+3
o41io0s 6&3 t&is is t&e ,ase, gi1en t&e 1a+0e s3ste* !isor!er o2 competitive disregard in&erent to
t&e *arket s3ste* s3,&o+og3# O1era++, t&e *ore ,aring an! e*at&i, 3o0 are, t&e +ess +ike+3 3o0
are to s0,,ee! 2inan,ia++3 8 no !i22erent 2ro* a genera+ sort 6&ere 3o0 are not going to &e+ an
04+i, en,3,+oe!ia FWikie!ia- 6orke! to &ire an e!itor to ,&ange t&e 04+i, in2or*ation in t&eir 2a1or# .4icrosoft
0ffers Cash for :ikipedia +ditA &tt"HH666#6as&ingtonost#,o*H68
!3nH,ontentHarti,+eH'%%>H%$H'(HAR'%%>%$'(%$%'@#&t*+/
(?> A st0!3 43 a )onne,ti,0t 6ea+t& *anage*ent 2ir* s&o6e! t&at *an3 6i++ get *arrie! si*+3 2or *one3, 6it& t&e
a1erage Yri,eV t&at eo+e 6o0+! *arr3 2or 4eing aro0n! b$#@ *i++ion# .&tt"HH666#3o0rtango#,o*H'%%>'>>CHs0r1e38
*ost8eo+e86o0+!8*arr382or8*one3/
(?C See St0!3" Cigher social class predicts increased unethical behavior, Pi22a, Stan,atoa, )ct[4, Men!o;a8Dentona,
Da,&er Le+tnera, Uni1ersit3 o2 Mi,&igan, '%$' .&tt"HH666#nas#orgH,ontentHear+3H'%$'H%'H'$H$$$C(>($%A/
(?A Re2" FHo6 Wea+t& Re!0,es )o*assion-, Dais3 Gre6a+, &cientific .merican, '%$'
MhttpA22www'scientificamerican'com2article'cfmGidVhow-wealth-reduces-compassionN
88
oosing +a3er a,&ie1e t&eir goa+s 2or it *eans 3o0 are *ore +ike+3 to +ose#
O1era++, t&e +o6er ,+asses are 2o0n! to 4e *ore so,ia++3 &0*ane in *an3 6a3s# For e7a*+e, it
&as a+so 4een 2o0n! t&at t&e oor gi1e a &ig&er er,entage o2 t&eir in,o*e G?#(W< to ,&arit3 t&an
ri,& eo+e G'#$W<# A '%$% st0!3 2o0n! t&at" F###+o6er ,+ass in!i1i!0a+s ro1e! to 4e *ore
genero0s.###/,&arita4+e.###/tr0sting.###/an! &e+20+.###/,o*are! 6it& t&eir 0er ,+ass
,o0nterarts# Me!iator an! *o!erator !ata s&o6e! t&at +o6er ,+ass in!i1i!0a+s a,te! in a *ore
roso,ia+ 2as&ion 4e,a0se o2 a greater ,o**it*ent to ega+itarian 1a+0es an! 2ee+ings o2
,o*assion# I*+i,ations 2or so,ia+ ,+ass, roso,ia+ 4e&a1ior, an! e,ono*i, ine50a+it3 are
!is,0sse!#-
(@%

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A st0!3 ,on!0,te! 43 t&e Chronicle of "hilanthropy 0sing ta78!e!0,tion !ata 2ro* t&e Interna+
Re1en0e Ser1i,e, s&o6e! t&at &o0se&o+!s earning 4et6een b@%,%%% an! b>@,%%% 3ear gi1e an
a1erage o2 >#=W o2 t&eir !is,retionar3 in,o*e to ,&arit3# T&at ,o*ares to ?#'W 2or eo+e 6&o
*ake b$%%,%%% or *ore# In so*e o2 t&e 6ea+t&iest neig&4or&oo!s, 6it& a +arge s&are o2 eo+e
*aking b'%%,%%% or *ore a 3ear, t&e a1erage gi1ing rate 6as '#CW#
(@'

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Success - Status
Un!er+3ing t&e )aita+ist *o!e+ is an i*+ie! ass0*tion t&at t&ose 6&o ,ontri40te t&e *ost *0st
gain t&e *ost# In ot&er 6or!s, it is ass0*e! t&at to 4e,o*e sa3, a 4i++ionaire, 3o0 *0st &a1e
!one so*et&ing i*ortant an! &e+20+ 2or so,iet3# O2 ,o0rse, t&is is ,+ear+3 0ntr0e# T&e 1ast
*a9orit3 o2 e7tre*e+3 6ea+t&3 eo+e originate t&eir 6ea+t& o0t o2 *e,&anis*s 6&i,& are not
so,ia++3 ,ontri40ti1e on an3 !ire,t, ,reati1e +e1e+ 6&en 4roken !o6n an! ana+3;e!#
(@?
T&e a,t o2 engineering, ro4+e* so+1ing an! ,reati1e inno1ation a+*ost a+6a3s o,,0rs on t&e +e1e+
o2 t&e +a4orer in t&e +o6er e,&e+ons o2 t&e ,ororate ,o*+e7, on+3 to 4e ,aita+i;e! 0on 43 t&ose
at t&e to Go6ners< 6&o are ski++e! at t&e ,ontri1e! ga*e o2 generating a F*arket-# T&is is not to
!is,o0nt t&e inte++igen,e or &ar! 6ork o2 t&ose 6&o &o+! 1ast 6ea+t&, 40t to s&o6 t&at t&e re6ar!s
o2 t&e s3ste* are !is+a,e!, a++o,ate! to t&ose 6&o exploit t&e *e,&anis*s o2 t&e *arket, not
t&ose 6&o actually engineer an! ,reate# In 2a,t, one o2 t&e *ost re6ar!e! se,tors o2 t&e g+o4a+
e,ono*3 to!a3 is t&at o2 in1est*ent an! 2inan,e#
(@@
T&is is a ,+assi, e7a*+e as to 4e a F&e!ge
20n!- *anager, *o1ing *one3 aro0n! 2or t&e *ere sake or gaining *ore *one3, 6it& ;ero
,ontri40tion to ,reati1e !e1e+o*ent,
(@=
is one o2 t&e &ig&est ai! o,,0ations in t&e 6or+! to!a3#
Like6ise, t&e 1er3 notion o2 Fs0,,ess- in t&e ,0+t0re to!a3 is *eas0re! 43 *ateria+ 6ea+t&, in an!
o2 itse+2# Fa*e, o6er an! ot&er gest0res o2 attention go &an! in &an! 6it& *ateria+ 6ea+t&# To 4e
oor is to 4e a4&orre!, 6&i+e to 4e ri,& is to 4e a!*ire!# A,ross a+*ost t&e entire so,ia+ se,tr0*,
t&ose o2 &ig& +e1e+s o2 6ea+t& are treate! 6it& i**ense rese,t# Part o2 t&is &as to !o 6it& a
s3ste*8oriente! s0r1i1a+ *e,&anis*, s0,& as t&e ersona+ interest in gaining insig&t into &o6 to
also 4e,o*e s0,& a Fs0,,ess- 8 40t o1era++ it &as *or&e! into a strange 2etis& 6&ere t&e i!ea o2
4eing ri,&, o6er20+ an! 2a*o0s, 43 6&ate1er *eans ne,essar3, is a g0i!ing 2or,e#
(@% FHa1ing Less, Gi1ing More" T&e In2+0en,e o2 So,ia+ )+ass on Proso,ia+ De&a1ior-, #ournal of "ersonality and &ocial
"sychology, '%$%, Vo+# AA, No# @, >>$:>C?, '%$' .&tt"HH666#rot*an#0toronto#,aH&!H2i+eHPi22eta+#!2/
(@$ Re2" &tudyA "oor .re 4ore Charitable Than The :ealthy, NPR, '%$' .&tt"HH666#nr#orgHte*+atesHstor3Hstor3#&Q
stor3I!R$'A%=C'?$/
(@' Re2" The $ich .re )ess Charitable Than the 4iddle ClassA &tudy, )ND), '%$' .&tt"HH666#,n4,#,o*Hi!H?C>'@$?>/
(@( Re2" FA*eri,aIs oor are its *ost genero0s gi1ers-, Frank Gre1eHM,)Lat,&3 ana+3sis, '%%A
.&tt"HH666#*,,+at,&3!,#,o*H'%%AH%@H$AH=C?@=Ha*eri,as8oor8are8its8*ost8genero0s#&t*+/
(@? S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The +ngineers and the "rice &ystem, T&orstein Ve4+en, $A'$
(@@ Re2" FT&e ?% Hig&est8Earning He!ge F0n! Managers-, Nat&an Var!i, Dorbes
M&tt"HH666#2or4es#,o*HsitesHnat&an1ar!iH'%$'H%(H%$Ht&e8?%8&ig&est8earning8&e!ge820n!8*anagers8(H/
(@= T&ere is a ,o**on arg0*ent t&at t&e 2inan,ia+ se,tor is re+e1ant to in!0stria+ ro!0,tion 4e,a0se it 2a,i+itates t&e
,aita+ 43 6&i,& ro!0,tion is originate! 43 in1est*ent# Ho6e1er, t&at 2a,i+itation is a ,ontri1an,e sin,e t&e a,t o2
ro!0,tion in &3si,a+ rea+it3, a4sent t&e )aita+ist *o!e+, &as not&ing to !o 6it& *one3 or in1est*ent at a++ : it &as to
!o 6it& e!0,ation, reso0r,es an! engineering# In1est*ent an! 2inan,e is not real as it !oes not ro!0,e 8 it is not
nee!e! 6it& rese,t to t&e rea+ ,o*onents o2 ro!0,tion#
89
T&e 1a+0e s3ste* !isor!er o2 re6ar!ing, in e22e,t, genera++3 t&e *ost r0t&+ess an! se+2is& in o0r
so,iet3, 4ot& 43 2inan,ia+ *eans an! t&en 43 04+i, a!oration an! rese,t, is one o2 t&e *ost
er1asi1e an! insi!io0s ,onse50en,es o2 t&e in,enti1e s3ste* in&erent to t&e )aita+ist *o!e+# It
not on+3 6orks to 43ass tr0e interests in t3es o2 inno1ation an! ro4+e*8so+1ing 6&i,&
in&erent+3 !o not &a1e *onetar3 ret0rn, it a+so rein2or,es t&e *arket s3ste*Is own existence,
90sti23ing itse+2 43 6a3 o2 &ig& stat0s attain*ent 2or t&ose 6&o F6in- in t&e s3ste*, regar!+ess o2
tr0e ,ontri40tion or t&e so,ia+ an! en1iron*enta+ ,osts#
So,io+ogist T&orstein Ve4+en 6rote e7tensi1e+3 on t&is iss0e, re2erring to t&is 1a+0e F1irt0e- as
predatory"
FAs t&e re!ator3 ,0+t0re rea,&es a 20++er !e1e+o*ent, t&ere ,o*es a !istin,tion 4et6een
e*+o3*ents###T&e F&onora4+e- *an *0st not on+3 s&o6 ,aa,it3 2or re!ator3 e7+oit, 40t &e
*0st a+so a1oi! entang+e*ent 6it& o,,0ations t&at !o not in1o+1e e7+oit# T&e ta*e
e*+o3*ents, t&ose t&at in1o+1e no o41io0s !estr0,tion o2 +i2e an! no se,ta,0+ar ,oer,ion o2
re2ra,tor3 antagonists, 2a++ into !isre0te an! are re+egate! to t&ose *e*4ers o2 t&e ,o**0nit3
6&o are !e2e,ti1e in t&e re!ator3 ,aa,it3T t&at is to sa3, t&ose 6&o are +a,king *assi1eness,
agi+it3, or 2ero,it3###T&ere2ore t&e a4+e84o!ie! 4ar4arian o2 t&e re!ator3 ,0+t0re, 6&o is *in!20+ o2
&is goo! na*e###0ts in &is ti*e in t&e *an+3 arts o2 6ar an! !e1otes &is ta+ents to !e1ising 6a3s
an! *eans o2 !ist0r4ing t&e ea,e# T&at 6a3 +ies &onor#-
(@>
Wi++ia* T&o*son, in &is .n In%uiry into the "rinciples of the *istribution of :ealth 4ost
Conducive to Cuman Cappiness restates t&e rea+it3 o2 t&is asso,iati1e in2+0en,e"
FO0r ne7t osition is, t&at e7,essi1e 6ea+t& excites the admiration and the imitation, and in this
way diffuses the practice of the vices of the rich, amongst the rest of the communityP or produces
in them other vices arising out of their relative situation to the excessively rich' On t&is oint,
not&ing is *ore o41io0s t&an t&e 0ni1ersa+ oeration o2 t&e *ost ,o**on rin,i+e o2 o0r nat0re
: t&at o2 asso,iation# T&e 6ea+t&, as a *eans o2 &ainess.###/is a!*ire! or en1ie! 43 a++T t&e
*anner an! ,&ara,ter ,onne,te! 6it& t&e a40n!an,e o2 t&ese goo! t&ings, a+6a3s strike t&e *in!
in ,on90n,tion 6it& t&e*###-#
(@C
)+asses an! ,+ass 6ar2are are a nat0ra+ o0tgro6t& o2 t&is as t&e 1a+0e asso,iations to 6ea+t& an!
o6er, *ani2est 43 t&e ,0rrent s3ste*, 4e,o*e an iss0e o2 emotional identity o1er ti*e# T&e
stat0s8interest 4egins to take on a +i2e o2 its o6n an! it generates a,tions o2 se+28reser1ation on
t&e art o2 t&e 0er ,+ass 6&i,& seek to *aintain Gor e+e1ate< t&eir stat0s in 6a3s t&at *ig&t not
e1en re+ate to *one3 or *ateria+ 6ea+t& an3*ore# Se+28reser1ation, in t&is ,ase, e7ten!s to a
kin! o2 drug addiction# K0st as a ,&roni, ga*4+er nee!s t&e en!or&in r0s& o2 6inning to 2ee+
goo!, t&ose in t&e 0er ,+ass o2ten !e1e+o si*i+ar ,o*0+sions in re+ations&i to t&e state o2
t&eir er,ei1e! stat0s an! 6ea+t&#
T&e ter* Fgree!- is o2ten 0se! to !i22erentiate 4et6een t&ose 6&o e7+oit *o!est+3 an! t&ose 6&o
e7+oit e7,essi1e+3# Gree! is &en,e a re+ati1e notion, 90st as 4eing Fri,&- is a re+ati1e notion# T&e
ter* FRe+ati1e Deri1ation-
(@A
re2ers to t&e !is,ontent eo+e 2ee+ 6&en t&e3 ,o*are t&eir
ositions to ot&ers an! rea+i;e t&at t&e3 &a1e +ess o2 6&at t&e3 believe t&e*se+1es to 4e entit+e!
to# T&is s3,&o+ogi,a+ &eno*enon kno6s no en! an! 6it&in t&e ,onte7t o2 t&e *ateria+ s0,,ess
in,enti1e s3ste* o2 )aita+is*, its resen,e as a se1ere 1a+0e s3ste* !isor!er is aarent on t&e
+e1e+ o2 *enta+ &ea+t&#
W&i+e *aintaining a nee!s8*eeting, 50a+it3 stan!ar! o2 +i1ing is i*ortant 2or &3si,a+ an! *enta+
(@> FT&e Instin,t o2 Work*ans&i an! t&e Irkso*eness o2 La4or,- in +ssays in 0ur Changing 0rder, T&orstein Ve4+en, #
A(8A?
(@C .n In%uiry into the "rinciples of the *istribution of :ealth 4ost Conducive to Cuman Cappiness, Wi++ia* T&o*son,
Lon!on, Wi++ia* S# Orr, $C@%, #$?>
(@A $elative *eprivationA &pecification, *evelopment, and Integration, Iain Wa+ker, Heat&er K# S*it&, )a*4ri!ge
Uni1ersit3 Press, '%%$, ISDN %8@'$8C%$('8M, Goog+e Print
90
&ea+t&, an3t&ing 4e3on! t&at 4a+an,e in t&e ,onte7t o2 so,ia+ ,o*arison &as t&e ,aa,it3 to
,reate se1ere ne0rosis an! so,ia+ !istortion# Not on+3 is t&ere no F6inning- in t&e en! 6&en it
,o*es to t&e s049e,ti1e er,etion o2 stat0s an! 6ea+t&, it o2ten ser1es to decouple t&ose 2ig0res
2ro* t&e *a9orit3 o2 t&e &0*an e7erien,e, generating a+ienation an! !e&0*ani;ation in *an3
6a3s# T&is e*at&i, +oss &as no ositi1e o0t,o*e on t&e so,ia+ +e1e+# T&e re!ator3 re6ar! 1a+0es
in&erent to t&e *arket s3ste* 1irt0a++3 g0arantee en!+ess ,on2+i,t an! a40se#
(=%
O2 ,o0rse, t&e *3t& is t&at t&is ne0rosis o2 seeking F*ore an! *ore- stat0s an! 6ea+t& is t&e ,ore
!ri1er o2 so,ia+ rogress an! inno1ation# W&i+e t&ere *ig&t 4e so*e 4asi, tr0t& to t&is int0iti1e
ass0*tion, t&e intent, again, is not so,ia+ ,ontri40tion 40t advantage an! financial gain# It is +ike
sa3ing 4eing ,&ase! 43 a a,k o2 &0ngr3 6o+1es rea!3 to eat 3o0 is goo! 2or 3o0r &ea+t& sin,e it is
keeing 3o0 r0nning# W&i+e ,ertain a,,o*+is&*ents are ,+ear+3 o,,0rring, t&e g0i!ing 2or,e
Gintent< again &as +itt+e to !o 6it& t&ose a,,o*+is&*ents an! t&e !etri*enta+ 43ro!0,ts an!
+arger8or!er ara+3sis in&erent n0++i2ies in ,o*arison t&e i!ea t&at t&e 1a+0es o2 ,o*etition,
*ateria+ gree! an! 1ain stat0s is a +egiti*ate so0r,e o2 so,ieta+ rogress#
In 2a,t, ei!e*io+ogist Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson &as e7trao+ate! a ,o*arison o2 6ea+t&3 nations
oriente! 43 t&e in,o*e !isarit3 resent in ea,& o0+ation# It 6as 2o0n! t&at t&ose nations 6it&
t&e +east in,o*e !isarit3 a,t0a++3 6ere more inno1ati1e
(=$
an! 6&en 6e ,onsi!er t&at t&e
,o*etiti1e 1a+0e !ri1e &as a +arge ro+e 6it& rese,t to &o6 se1ere t&e ga 4et6een t&e ri,& an!
oor is, it is a7io*ati, to ,onsi!er t&at t&e 1a+0es o2 ega+itarianis* an! ,o++a4oration &a1e *ore
,reati1e o6er t&an t&e tra!itiona+ e,ono*i, in,enti1e r&etori, 6o0+! ,+ai*#
As a 2ina+ oint in t&is s04se,tion, t&e s049e,t o2 *ateria+is* an! stat0s ,an 4e e7ten!e! to t&e
si*i+ar iss0e o2 vanity as 6e++# W&i+e a *i+! !e1iation 2ro* o0r oint, t&e 1anit384ase! ,0+t0re 6e
&a1e to!a3 2in!s a !ire,t re+ations&i to t&ese !ri1es 2or stat0s an! *eas0res o2 Fs0,,ess- roote!
in t&e s3,&o+ogi,a+ 1a+0e in,enti1es in&erent to t&e )aita+ist s3ste*# Gi1en t&at t&e 1a+0e
s3ste* o2 Fa,50isition- is, in 2a,t, necessary 2or t&e ,ons0*tion *o!e+ to 6ork, it is on+3 nat0ra+
t&at *arketing an! a!1ertising generate dissatisfaction ,ontin0a++3, in,+0!ing in t&e 6a3 6e 2ee+
a4o0t o0r &3si,a+ aearan,e#
In 2a,t, a st0!3 6as ,on!0,te! so*e 3ears ago on t&e is+an! o2 Fi9i, in 6&i,& Western te+e1ision
6as intro!0,e! to a ,0+t0re 6&i,& &a! ne1er e7erien,e! t&e *e!i0* 4e2ore# D3 t&e en! o2 t&e
o4ser1ation erio!, t&e e22e,t o2 *ateria+isti, 1a+0es an! 1anit3 took a o6er20+ to++# A re+e1ant
er,entage o2 3o0ng 6o*en, 2or e7a*+e, 6&o rior &a! e*4ra,e! t&e st3+e o2 &ea+t&3 6eig&t
an! 20++ 2eat0res 4e,a*e o4sesse! 6it& 4eing t&in# Eating !isor!ers 6&i,& 6ere 1irt0a++3 0n&ear!
o2 in t&is ,0+t0re 4egan to srea! an! 6o*en se,i2i,a++3 6ere trans2or*e!#
(='

%deological Polari@ation - (lame
W&en t&e s049e,t o2 6&at &as Fgone 6rong- 6it& t&e 6or+! to!a3 is 4roa,&e! 8 gi1en t&e o1ert3,
e,o+ogi,a+ i*4a+an,e, in&0*anit3, genera+ e,ono*i, !esta4i+i;ation an! t&e +ike 8 a o+ari;e!
!e4ate o2ten ens0es# D0a+ities s0,& as Ft&e Rig&t or t&e Le2t- or FLi4era+ or )onser1ati1e- are
,o**on, i*+3ing t&at in t&e range o2 &0*an ,o*re&ension an! re2eren,e, t&ere is a rigi!
g0i!ing +ine t&at e*4o!ies a++ kno6n ossi4i+ities#
Paire! 6it& t&is is a+so t&e o+!er, 3et sti++ ,o**on !0a+it3 o2 F)o++e,ti1is* 1s Free8Market-# In
s&ort, t&is !0a+it3 ass0*es t&at a++ otions o2 e,ono*i, re2eren,e *0st a!&ere to t&e i!ea t&at
so,iet3 s&o0+! eit&er 4e 4ase! on t&e s0ose! !e*o,rati, 6i++ o2 a++ t&e eo+e in t&e 2or* o2
F2ree8tra!e- : or t&at a s*a++ gro0 o2 eo+e s&o0+! 4e in ,ontro+ an! te++ e1er3one e+se 6&at to
(=% More in t&e essa3" FStr0,t0ra+ )+assis*, t&e State an! )on2+i,t-
(=$ Re2" T&e I*ortan,e o2 E,ono*i, E50a+it3, E4en Harre++, Time, 6KKH Q A+so See" The &pirit )evel 43 Ri,&ar! Wi+kinson
an! Late Pi,kett, Peng0in, Mar,& '%%A
(=' FSt0!3 Fin!s TV A+ters Fi9i Gir+sI Vie6 o2 Do!3-, Eri,a Goo!e, The New 9ork Times, $AAA
.&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H$AAAH%@H'%H6or+!Hst0!382in!s8t18a+ters82i9i8gir+s81ie68o284o!3#&t*+/
91
!o# D0e to t&e !ark &istor3 o2 tota+itarianis* 6&i,& +ag0e! t&e '%
t&
,ent0r3, a 2ear 4ase! 1a+0e
orientation 6&i,& re9e,ts an3t&ing t&at e1en re*ote+3 &ints at t&e aearan,e o2 F,o++e,ti1is*- is
e7tre*e+3 ,o**on to!a3, 6it& t&e re+ate! 6or! Fso,ia+is*- o2ten 0se! in a !erogator3 6a3#
(=(
As note! rior in t&is essa3, eo+eIs sense o2 ossi4i+it3 is !ire,t+3 re+ate! to t&eir kno6+e!ge 8
6&at t&e3 &a1e +earne!# I2 tra!itiona+ e!0,ationa+ an! so,ia+ instit0tions resent a++ so,ioe,ono*i,
1ariation 6it&in t&e ,on2ines o2 s0,& 4o7e! frames of reference, eo+e 6i++ +ike+3 *irror t&is
ass0*tion G*e*e< an! eret0ate it in t&o0g&t an! ra,ti,e# I2 3o0 are not Fa4,-, t&en 3o0
must 4e F73;- 8 t&is is t&e ,o**on thought meme' E1en t&e o+iti,a+ esta4+is&*ent o2 t&e Unite!
States e7ists in t&is ara!ig*, 2or i2 3o0 are not a FRe04+i,an-, 3o0 must 4e a -De*o,rat-, et,#
In ot&er 6or!s, t&ere is a !ire,t in&i4ition o2 ossi4i+it3 an!, in t&is ,onte7t, it o2ten *ani2ests a
1a+0e str0,t0re t&at 40i+!s e*otiona+ atta,&*ents to 2a+se !0a+ities# T&ese 1a+0es are e7tre*e
4arriers to rogress to!a3 on *an3 +e1e+s# In 2a,t, as an asi!e, i2 t&e intention o2 a r0+ing ,+ass
6as to +i*it an3 inter2eren,e 2ro* t&e +o6er ,+asses, t&e3 6o0+! rote,ti1e+3 6ork to +i*it eo+eIs
sense o2 ossi4i+it3#
(=?
For e7a*+e, t&e s0ose! ro4+e* o2 Fstate inter1ention- o2 t&e 2ree8*arket, a ,onstant t&e*e
o2 )aita+ist ao+ogists, essentia++3 sa3s t&at sin,e 1ario0s o+i,ies an! ra,ti,es o2 t&e
go1ern*ent +i*it 2ree8tra!e in so*e 6a3,
(=@
t&is is t&e so0r,e o2 t&e ro4+e* generating *arket
ine22i,ien,3# T&is 4+a*e ga*e a,t0a++3 goes 4a,k an! 2ort& 4et6een t&ose 6&o ,+ai* it is t&e
*arket t&at is t&e ro4+e* an! t&ose 6&o ,+ai* it is t&e StateIs inter2eren,e 6it& t&e *arket#
(==

W&at isnIt ta+ke! a4o0t is t&e !0a+it38s&attering rea+it3 t&at t&e state, in its &istori,a+ 2or*, is an
extension of t&e )aita+ist s3ste* itse+2# T&e go1ern*ent !i! not ,reate t&is s3ste* : t&e s3ste*
,reate! t&e go1ern*ent# A++ so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste*s root t&e*se+1es in t&e 4asis o2 in!0stria+
0n2o+!ing an! 4asi, s0r1i1a+# K0st as Fe0!a+is*, 4eing 4ase! on an agrarian so,iet3, oriente! its
,+ass str0,t0re in re+ations&is to t&e +i1e+i&oo!8ro!0,ing +an!, so !o t&e so8,a++e! F!e*o,ra,ies-
in t&e 6or+! to!a3# T&ere2ore, t&e 1er3 i!ea t&e state go1ern*ent is !eta,&e! or 6it&o0t t&e
in2+0en,e o2 )aita+is* is a 0re+3 a4stra,t t&eor3 6it& no tr0t& in rea+it3# )aita+is* essentia++3
molded t&e go1ern*enta+ aarat0sIs nat0re an! 0n2o+!ing : not t&e ot&er 6a3 aro0n!#
So, 6&en eo+e arg0e t&at go1ern*ent reg0+ation o2 t&e *arket is t&e root o2 t&e ro4+e* an!
t&at t&e *arket s&o0+! 4e F2ree- 6it&o0t str0,t0ra+ or +ega+ in&i4ition, t&e3 are ,on20se! in t&eir
asso,iati1e 0n!erstan!ing# T&e entire +ega+ s3ste*, 6&i,& is t&e ,entra+ too+ o2 go1ern*ent, 6i++
always 4e Fin2i+trate!- an! 0se! to assist in ,o*etiti1e ta,ti,s 43 40siness to *aintain an!
in,rease a!1antage sin,e t&at is t&e 1er3 nat0re o2 t&e ga*e# To e7e,t an3t&ing e+se is to
ass0*e t&at t&ere are a,t0a++3 F*ora+- +i*its to t&e a,t o2 ,o*etition# Jet, t&is is ,o*+ete+3
s049e,ti1e# S0,& *ora+ an! et&i,a+ ass0*tions &a1e no e*iri,a+ 4asis, ese,ia++3 6&en t&e 1er3
nat0re o2 t&e so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste* is oriente! aro0n! o6er, e7+oitation an! ,o*etition 8 a++
,onsi!ere! to 4e, in 2a,t, ideal virtues o2 t&e Fgoo! 40siness*an-, as note! 4e2ore#
I2 a ro2it seeking instit0tion ,an gain o6er in t&e go1ern*ent G6&i,& is t&e e7a,t intent o2
(=( E7a*+e" FPat Ro4ertson" O4a*a A ISo,ia+ist,I Wants To IDestro3I T&e Unite! States-, Paige La1en!er, The Cuffington
"ost, '%$', .&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$'H$'H$?Hat8ro4ertson8o4a*aUnU'(%$''C#&t*+/
(=? M0,& ,ontro1ers3 &as e7iste! 6it& rese,t to ,ontin0a+ !e,+ine o2 Western e!0,ation, se,i2i,a++3 in A*eri,a# )&ar+otte
T&o*son Iser43t, 2or*er Senior Po+i,3 A!1isor in t&e U#S# Deart*ent o2 E!0,ation, &as 6ritten a4o0t 6&at s&e ,a++s
The *eliberate *umbing *own of .merica, )ons,ien,e Press, $AAA
(=@ E7a*+e" $onald $eaganA "rotectionist, S&e+!on L# Ri,&*an, $ACC .&tts"HH*ises#orgH2ree*arketU!etai+#as7Q
,ontro+R?CA/
(== A nota4+e state*ent 43 t&e 2a*o0s e,ono*ist Mi+ton Frie!*an on t&is iss0e" FGo1ern*ent &as t&ree ri*ar3
20n,tions# It s&o0+! ro1i!e 2or *i+itar3 !e2ense o2 t&e nation# It s&o0+! en2or,e ,ontra,ts 4et6een in!i1i!0a+s# It s&o0+!
rote,t ,iti;ens 2ro* ,ri*es against t&e*se+1es or t&eir roert3# W&en go1ern*ent 8 in 0rs0it o2 goo! intentions tries
to rearrange t&e e,ono*3, +egis+ate *ora+it3, or &e+ se,ia+ interests, t&e ,osts ,o*e in ine22i,ien,3, +a,k o2 *oti1ation,
an! +oss o2 2ree!o*# Go1ern*ent s&o0+! 4e a re2eree, not an a,ti1e +a3er#-
92
F,ororate +o443ing-< an! *ani0+ate t&e go1ern*enta+ aarat0s to 2a1or t&eir 40siness or
in!0str3 to gain a!1antage, t&en t&at is si*+3 good business' It is on+3 6&en t&e ,o*etiti1e
atta,ks rea,& eak +e1e+s o2 0n2airness t&at a,tion is taken to reser1e t&e i++0sion o2 F4a+an,e-#
We see t&is 6it& anti8tr0st +a6s an! t&e +ike#
(=>
T&ese +a6s are, in rea+it3, not to rote,t F2ree8
tra!e- or t&e +ike : 40t to sett+e e7tre*e a,ts o2 ,o*etiti1e intent in&erent in t&e *arket +a,e,
6it& a++ si!es 9o,ke3ing 2or a!1antage 43 6&ate1er *eans ossi4+e#
(=C

E1en t&e 1er3 ,onstit0ents o2 a++ go1ern*ents in t&e 6or+! to!a3 are in1aria4+3 o2 t&e ,ororate8
40siness ,+ass# Hen,e, !ee 40siness 1a+0es are ,+ear+3 in&erent in t&e *in!sets o2 t&ose in
o6er# T&orstein Ve4+en 6rote o2 t&is rea+it3 in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3"
FT&e resonsi4+e o22i,ia+s an! t&eir ,&ie2 a!*inistrati1e o22i,ers 8 so *0,& as *a3 at a++ reasona4+3
4e ,a++e! t&e Fgo1ern*ent- or t&e Fa!*inistration- 8 are in1aria4+3 an! ,&ara,teristi,a++3 !ra6n
2ro* t&ese 4ene2i,iar3 ,+assesT no4+es, gent+e*an or 40siness *en, 6&i,& a++ ,o*e to t&e sa*e
t&ing 2or t&e 0rose in &an!T t&e oint o2 it a++ 4eing t&at t&e ,o**on *an !oes not ,o*e 6it&in
t&ese re,in,ts an! !oes not s&are in t&ese ,o0nse+s t&at are ass0*e! to g0i!e t&e !estin3 o2 t&e
nations#-
(=A
So, to arg0e t&at t&e Free8Market is not F2ree- !0e to inter1ention is to *is0n!erstan! 6&at t&e
nat0re o2 F2ree- rea++3 *eans 6it& rese,t to t&e s3ste*# T&e F2ree!o*- is not t&e 2ree!o* o2
e1er3one to 4e a4+e to F2air+3- arti,iate in t&e oen8*arket an! a++ t&e 0toian r&etori, 6e &ear
a4o0t to!a3 43 ao+ogists o2 t&e )aita+ist s3ste* : t&e real freedom is a,t0a++3 t&e 2ree!o* to
!o*inate, s0ress an! 4eat ot&er 40sinesses 43 6&ate1er ,o*etiti1e *eans ossi4+e# In t&is,
no F+e1e+ +a3ing 2ie+!- is ossi4+e# In 2a,t, i2 t&e go1ern*ent !i! not Finter2ere- 43 6a3 o2
*onoo+3Hanti8tr0st +a6s or t&e F4ai+ing o0t- o2 4anks an! t&e +ike 8 t&e entire *arket ,o*+e7
6o0+! &a1e se+28!estr0,te! a +ong ti*e ago# In art, t&is in&erent insta4i+it3 o2 t&e Free8Market is
6&at e,ono*ists +ike Ko&n Ma3nar! Le3nes 4asi,a++3 0n!erstoo!, 40t arg0a4+3 to a +i*ite!
e7tent#
(>%
%ndi.idualit) - Freedom
A++ too o2ten eo+e seak o2 F2ree!o*- in a 6a3 t&at is *ore o2 an in!es,ri4a4+e gest0re t&an a
tangi4+e ,ir,0*stan,e# We &ear t&is r&etori, in t&e o+iti,a+ an! e,ono*i, esta4+is&*ents
,onstant+3 to!a3 6&ere asso,iations o2 F!e*o,ra,3- are *a!e to t&is F2ree!o*-, 4ot& on t&e +e1e+
o2 t&e tra!itiona+ ra,ti,e o2 1oting an! t&e *o1e*ent o2 *one3 itse+2 1ia in!een!ent 2ree8tra!e#
T&ese so,ioo+iti,a+ *e*es are a+so rein2or,e! in a o+ari;e! 6a3, re+ati1e+3, 6&i,& o2ten 0ses
e7a*+es o2 oression an! t&e +oss o2 2ree!o* an! +i4ert3 in rior so,ia+ s3ste*s to !e2en! t&e
,0rrent state o2 a22airs#
T&ese 1a+0es &a1e 4een 20rt&er ,o*o0n!e! 43 t&e ,reati1e 6orks o2 &i+oso&ers, artists an!
6riters 6&o &a1e 4een in2+0entia+ in 20rt&ering 1ario0s i!eo+ogi,a+ notions o2 t&is F2ree!o*-, o2ten
(=> E1en A!a* S*it& in &is 6ritings i*+ies t&at 40siness*en 0se e1er3 *eans at t&eir !isosa+ to a1oi! ,o*etition an!
to se,0re *onoo+ies" SPeo+e o2 t&e sa*e tra!e se+!o* *eet toget&er, e1en 2or *erri*ent an! !i1ersion, 40t t&e
,on1ersation en!s in a ,onsira,3 against t&e 04+i,, or in so*e ,ontri1an,e to raise ri,es#- ..n In%uiry into the
Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, Ne6 Jork, Mo!ern Li4rar3, $A(> # $'C/
(=C E,ono*ist T&o*as Ho!gskin 6rote in t&e ear+3 $A
t&
,ent0r3" FIt is not eno0g&, in t&e e3es o2 +egis+ators, t&at 6ea+t&
&as o2 itse+2 a t&o0san! ,&ar*s, 40t t&e3 &a1e.###/gi1en it a *0+tit0!e o2 ri1i+eges# In 2a,t, it &as no6 0s0re! a++ t&e
o6er o2 +egis+ation, an! *ost ena+ +a6s are no6 *a!e 2or t&e *ere rote,tion o2 6ea+t&#- .Travels in the North of
Bermany, *escribing the "resent &tate of &ocial and "olitical Institutions, the .griculture, 4anufactures, Commerce,
+ducation, .rts and 4anners in That Country, "articularly in the Iingdom of Canover, T&o*as Ho!gskin, T# E!in40rg&,
Ar,&i4a+! )onsta4+e, $C'%, 1o+# ', # ''C/
(=A .n In%uiry into the Nature of "eace and the terms of its "erpetuation, T&orstein Ve4+en, Har1ar! La6, #('=8('>
(>% Le3nesian e,ono*i,s, 0n+ike t&e *ore +i4ertarian, 2ree8*arket +i4eration s,&oo+s o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t, s0,& as t&e
A0strian S,&oo+, sees, in art, go1ern*ent inter1ention as erio!i,a++3 nee!e! to a1oi! ,ertain ro4+e*s# In t&e 6or!s
o2 t&e on+ine D0siness Di,tionar3" FT&is t&eor3 20rt&er asserts t&at 2ree *arkets &a1e no se+284a+an,ing *e,&anis*s
t&at +ea! to 20++ e*+o3*ent# Le3nesian e,ono*ists 0rge an! 90sti23 a go1ern*entIs inter1ention in t&e e,ono*3
t&ro0g& 04+i, o+i,ies t&at ai* to a,&ie1e 20++ e*+o3*ent an! ri,e sta4i+it3#-
.&tt"HH666#40siness!i,tionar3#,o*H!e2initionHLe3nesian8e,ono*i,s#&t*+/
93
at t&e e7ense o2 so,ieta+ 10+nera4i+it3, in,reasing t&is !og*ati, o+ari;ation#
(>$
In s&ort, a great
!ea+ o2 2ear an! e*otiona+ o6er e7ists aro0n! t&e notion o2 so,ia+ ,&ange an! &o6 it *ig&t e22e,t
o0r +i1es in t&e 6a3 o2 +i4ert3 an! in!i1i!0a+it3#
Jet, i2 6e ste 4a,k an! t&ink a4o0t 6&at 2ree!o* *eans a6a3 2ro* t&ese ,0+t0ra+ *e*es, 6e
2in! t&at notions o2 2ree!o* ,an 4e arg0e! as relative gi1en &0*an &istor3, a+ong 6it& standards
of living an! e1en personal expression itse+2# T&ere2ore, in or!er to !e,i!e 6&at 2ree!o* is an!
&o6 to 50a+i23 it, 6e nee! to *eas0re it 2ro* an Ga< &istori,a+ erse,ti1e on one si!e an! 6it&
rese,t to G4< 20t0re ossi4i+it3 on t&e ot&er#
Ga< Histori,a++3, t&e 20n!a*enta+ ,on,ern is 4ase! on t&e 2ear o2 o6er an! t&e a40se o2 o6er#
H0*an &istor3, in art, is ,ertain+3 one o2 eret0a+ o6er str0gg+es# F0e+e! 43 !ee+3 !i1isi1e
re+igio0s an! &i+oso&i,a+ 4e+ie2s an! 1a+0es 6&i,& *ani2este! a49e,t s+a1er3, t&e s0490gation o2
6o*en, erio!i, geno,i!e, rose,0tion 2or &eres3 G2ree see,&, or 6&at 6as an! sti++ is kno6n as
S2reet&o0g&tS<, t&e !i1ine rig&t o2 kings an! t&e +ike, it ,o0+! 4e arg0e! t&at &0*an &istor3 in t&is
,onte7t is a &istor3 o2 !angero0s, 0n2o0n!e! s0erstitions *a!e sa,rosan,t 43 ri*iti1e
1a+0esH0n!erstan!ing in t&ose erio!s o2 ti*e, at t&e e7ense o2 &0*an 6e++84eing an! so,ia+
4a+an,e# T&e 2ear an! s,ar,it3 o2 t&ese ear+ier erio!s aears to &a1e a*+i2ie! t&e 6orst o2 6&at
6e *ig&t ,onsi!er F&0*an nat0re-, o2ten seeking o6er as a 6a3 to a1oi! t&e a40se o2 o6er in a
1i,io0s ,3,+e#
Jet, it is ,riti,a++3 i*ortant to noti,e t&at 6e &a1e 4een in a ro,ess o2 transition a6a3 2ro* t&ese
ar,&ai, 1a+0es an! 4e+ie2s o1era++, 6it& t&e g+o4a+ ,0+t0re an! its instit0tions s+o6+3 e*4ra,ing
s,ienti2i, ,a0sa+it3 an! its *erit 6it& rese,t 6&at is rea+ an! 6&at isnIt# Wit& t&is, ,ertain ositi1e
tren!s &a1e 4e,o*e ,+ear#
We &a1e *o1e! 2ro* t&e F!i1ine-, 0+ti*ate o6er o2 geneti,a++3 !eter*ine! kings an! &arao&s
into a s3ste* o2 1er3 +i*ite!, 3et genera+ 04+i, arti,iation 1ia a so8,a++e! F!e*o,rati, ro,ess-
in *ost o2 t&e 6or+!# H0*an e7+oitation, s0490gation an! a49e,t s+a1er3 &as +ost its ,o**on
!e2enses o2 re+igio0s, ra,ia+ or gen!er s0eriorit3 an! i*ro1e! to t&e e7tent t&at t&e s+a1er3
to!a3 o1era++ takes t&e +ess se1ere 2or* o2 F6age +a4or- 8 in t&e +arger ,onte7t o2 F,+ass-
asso,iations 8 as !eter*ine! 43 oneIs +a,e in t&e economic &ierar,&3# T&e *arket e,ono*3, in a++
its &istori,a+ 2or*s, &as a+so 4een a4+e to o1er,o*e t&e ra,e8+ike F,aste- re!eter*inations as 6e++
sin,e it !oes a++o6 a +e1e+ o2 G+i*ite!< so,ia+ *o4i+it3 in t&e ,o**0nit3 6&ere in,o*e gaine!
2a,i+itates *ore genera+ F2ree!o*-#
(>'
S0,& rogressi1e rea+ities nee! to 4e taken into a,,o0nt as )aita+is*, 6it& a++ its 2+a6s, &as
ser1e! to &e+ i*ro1e ,ertain t&ings in t&e so,ia+ ,on!ition# Jet, 6&at &asnIt ,&ange! is t&e
0n!er+3ing re*ise 6&i,& is sti++ e+itist an! 4igote! in &o6 it 2a1ors one gro0 o1er anot&er, 4ot&
str0,t0ra++3 an! so,io+ogi,a++3# On+3 in t&is ,ase t&e Fgro0- 2a1ore! &as not&ing *0,& to !o 6it&
gen!er, ra,e or re+igion an3*ore : 40t to !o 6it& a kin! o2 2or,e20+ e7e!ien,e an! ,o*etiti1e
*enta+it3 t&at 0s&es itse+2 to t&e to o2 t&e ,+ass &ierar,&3, at t&e ine1ita4+e e7ense o2 ot&ers#
)aita+is*, it ,o0+! 6e++ 4e arg0e!, is rea++3 is a ost8*o!ern s+a1er3 s3ste*, 6it& a ne6 1a+0e
orientation o2 F,o*etiti1e 2ree!o*- &o+!ing it in +a,e# T&is rein1ente! notion o2 F2ree!o*-
(>$ A3n Ran!Is 2a*o0s no1e+ FAnt&e*- is a nota4+e, in2+0entia+ e7a*+e o2 t&is artisti, ,0+*ination o2 1a+0es# It takes +a,e
in a !3stoian 20t0re 6&ere *ankin! &as entere! anot&er !ark age ,&ara,teri;e! 43 irrationa+it3, ,o++e,ti1is*, an!
so,ia+isti, t&inking an! e,ono*i,s# T&e ,on,et o2 in!i1i!0a+it3 &as 4een e+i*inate!# For e7a*+e, t&e 0se o2 t&e 6or!
SIS is 0nis&a4+e 43 !eat&#
(>' So,ia+ Mo4i+it3 is str0,t0ra++3 in&i4ite! in t&e )aita+ist s3ste*, 6it& a 1er3 s*a++ er,entage a,t0a++3 attaining 06ar!
*o4i+it3, statisti,a++3# Mo4i+it3 in t&e Unite! States, &o*e o2 t&e FA*eri,an Drea*-, &as a+so 4een in,reasing+3
!e,+ining# See" FE7,etiona+ U6ar! Mo4i+it3 in t&e US Is a M3t&, Internationa+ St0!ies S&o6-, &cience *aily
.&tt"HH666#s,ien,e!ai+3#,o*Hre+easesH'%$'H%AH$'%A%@$?$A'%#&t*/ A+so See" FHar!er 2or A*eri,ans to Rise Fro*
Lo6er R0ngs-, New 9ork Times, '%$' .&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%$'H%$H%@H0sH&ar!er82or8a*eri,ans8to8rise82ro*8
+o6er8r0ngs#&t*+Qage6ante!Ra++/
94
4asi,a++3 sa3s t&at 6e are a++ F2ree- to ,o*ete 6it& ea,& ot&er an! take 6&at 6e ,an# Jet, as
note! 4e2ore, s0,& a state o2 Foen 2ree!o*-, e7isting 6it&o0t a40se, oression an! str0,t0ra+
a!1antage 8 is ,+ear+3 i*ossi4+e# So, 6&i+e roonents o2 )aita+is* *a3 a!!0,e t&e so,ia+
i*ro1e*ents 6&i,& &a1e o,,0rre! sin,e its a!1ent as e1i!en,e o2 its so,ia+ e22i,a,3, 6e *0st
a,kno6+e!ge t&at its root 2or* is not in t&e interest o2 &0*an 2ree!o*, 40t an e,&o o2 so,ia+
4igotr3 6&i,& &as 4een o++0ting ,0+t0re 2or t&o0san!s o2 3ears, roote! in a genera+ s3,&o+og3 o2
elitism and scarcity#
To!a3, tr0e 2ree!o* is !ire,t+3 re+ate! to t&e amount of money 3o0 &a1e# T&ose 4e+o6 t&e o1ert3
+ine &a1e se1ere +i*itations on ersona+ 2ree!o* as ,o*are! to t&e 6ea+t&3# Like6ise, 6&i+e
roonents o2 t&e Free8Market o2ten ta+k a4o0t F,oer,ion- in t&e ,onte7t o2 state o6er, t&e rea+it3
o2 economic coercion is ignore!# Tra!itiona+ e,ono*i, t&eorists ,onstant+3 0se r&etori, t&at
s0ggests t&at e1er3t&ing is an iss0e o2 choice in t&e Free8Market an! i2 a erson 6is&es to take a
9o4 or not, it is t&eir ,&oi,e#
Jet, t&ose in o1ert3, 6&i,& is t&e *a9orit3,
(>(
2a,e a se1ere re!0,tion o2 ,&oi,e# T&e ress0res o2
t&eir +i*ite! e,ono*i, ,aa,it3 ,reates a o6er20+ state o2 ,oer,ion 43 6&i,& t&e3 not on+3 *0st
take +a4or ro+es t&e3 *ig&t not are,iate to s0r1i1e, t&e3 are o2ten s049e,t to 1ast e7+oitation in
t&e 2or* o2 +o6 6age rates !0e to t&at sa*e !eseration# In 2a,t, genera+ o1ert3, in t&is ,onte7t,
is a 1er3 positive ,on!ition 2or t&e )aita+ist ,+ass 2or it ens0res ,ost8e22i,ien,3 in t&e 2or* o2
,&eaer +a4or#
So again, 6&i+e 6e *a3 &a1e seen so*e so,ieta+ i*ro1e*ent o1er ti*e, t&is i*ro1e*ent is
rea++3 90st a 1ariation o2 a ,o**on t&e*e o2 genera+ e+itis*, e7+oitation an! 4igotr3# T&e +ong
&istor3 o2 ass0*e! reso0r,e s,ar,it3 an! +i*its on ro!0,tion &a1e a+so ,o*o0n!e! t&is i!ea, in
t&e Ma+t&0sian sense,
(>?
6&ere t&e i!ea o2 e1er3one 2in!ing so*e +e1e+ o2 e,ono*i, e50a+it3 6as
!ee*e! si*+3 i*ossi4+e#
G4< Jet, *o!ern s,ien,e an! t&e e7onentia+ !e1e+o*ent o2 te,&ni,a+ a+i,ation, a+ong 6it& a
!eeer a6areness o2 o0r &0*an ,on!ition,
(>@
&as oene! t&e !oor to 20t0re ossi4i+ities 2or so,ia+
i*ro1e*ent an!, in 2a,t, a 20rt&er e+e1ation o2 2ree!o* in 6a3s ne1er 4e2ore seen# T&is
a6areness resents a ro4+e* sin,e t&e ossi4i+it3 o2 a,&ie1ing t&is ne6 +e1e+ is !ee+3 in&i4ite!
43 t&e 1a+0es an! esta4+is&*ents set 2ort& 43 t&e tra!itiona+ )aita+ist so,ia+ or!er# In ot&er
6or!s, t&e *arket s3ste* si*+3 ,annot 2a,i+itate t&ese i*ro1e*ents 4e,a0se t&e nat0re o2 t&eir
,0+*ination is against t&e 1er3 *e,&anis*s o2 t&e s3ste*#
For e7a*+e, t&e e22i,ien,3 *a!e ossi4+e on t&e te,&ni,a+, s,ienti2i, +e1e+ to!a3, i2 ,orre,t+3
a+ie!, ,o0+! ro1i!e a &ig& stan!ar! o2 +i1ing 2or e1er3 &0*an on eart&,
(>=
,o0+e! 6it& t&e
re*o1ing o2 !angero0s an! *onotono0s +a4or t&ro0g& t&e a+i,ation o2 ,34ernate!
*e,&ani;ation#
(>>
In t&e 6or+! to!a3, t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 eo+e sen! *ost o2 t&eir +i2e 6orking
an o,,0ation an! s+eeing# Man3 o2 t&ese o,,0ations are not en9o3e!
(>C
an! are arg0a4+3
irrelevant 6it& rese,t to tr0e ersona+ or so,ia+ ,ontri40tion an! !e1e+o*ent#
So, i2 6e 6is& to t&ink a4o0t 6&at 2ree!o* *eans on a 4asi, +e1e+, it *eans 4eing a4+e to !ire,t
(>( W&i+e t&e o1ert3 +ine stan!ar! is re+ati1e 4ase! on t&e region o2 a+i,ation, o1er @%W o2 t&e 6or+! as o2 a '%%@
Wor+! Dank St0!3 +i1e on +ess t&an '#@% a !a3, or a4o0t bA$'#%% a 3ear#
.&tt"HH666#g+o4a+iss0es#orgHarti,+eH'=Ho1ert382a,ts8an!8stats/
(>? See t&e se,tion on Ma+t&0s an! Ri,ar!o in t&e essa3 FHistor3 o2 E,ono*3-#
(>@ )+ari2i,ation" So,ia++3 ,a0sa+ or psychosocial e22e,ts o2 t&e &0*an8so,iet3 re+ations&i &a1e ro1en so*e o6er20+
rea+ities a4o0t t&e origins o2 a4errant or !estr0,ti1e 4e&a1ior# P+ease see t&e essa3 FDe2ining P04+i, Hea+t&- 2or *ore
e7+anation#
(>= A !etai+e! e7trao+ation 6i++ 4e resente! in Part III o2 t&is te7t#
(>> A !etai+e! e7trao+ation 6i++ 4e resente! in Part III o2 t&is te7t#
(>C Re2" New &urvey" Ma9orit3 o2 E*+o3ees Dissatis2ie!, Dorbes, &usan .dams 6K,6
MhttpA22www'forbes'com2sites2susanadams26K,62K12,<2new-survey-maFority-of-employees-dissatisfied2N
95
3o0r +i2e in t&e 6a3 3o0 6is&, 6it&in reason#
(>A
Deing a4+e to +i1e 3o0r +i2e 6it&o0t 6orr3ing a4o0t
3o0r 4asi, s0r1i1a+ an! &ea+t&, nor t&at o2 3o0r 2a*i+3, is t&e 2irst ste# Like6ise, t&e +a4or 2or
in,o*e s3ste* is one o2 t&e *ost F0n2ree- instit0tions t&at ,o0+! e7ist to!a3 not on+3 6it& rese,t
to t&e in&erent e,ono*i, ,oer,ion, 40t a+so 6it& rese,t to t&e ,ororate str0,t0re itse+2, 6&i,& is
50ite +itera++3 a to8!o6n, &ierar,&i,a+ !i,tators&i#
Sa!+3, e1en 6it& t&ese ossi4i+ities resent an! rea+, t&e value system disorder 40i+t 2ro* t&e
)aita+ist *o!e+ an! its rat&er aranoi! 2ear o2 an3t&ing o0tsi!e o2 it, &as an! 6i++ ,ontin0e to
2ig&t t&ese ossi4i+ities 2or *ore e+e1ate! states o2 2ree!o*# In 2a,t, t&e 1er3 i!ea o2 ro1i!ing
4asi, so,ia+ s0ort in t&e 2or* o2 F6e+2are- or t&e +ike is atta,ke!, in art, on t&e 4asis o2 its
a1oi!an,e o2 2a,i+itating t&e oen *arket : t&e 1er3 *arket t&at, in rea+it3, +ike+3 ,reate! t&e
i*o1eris&e! state o2 t&ose 6&o nee! s0,& assistan,e#
As a 2ina+ note on t&e s049e,t o2 F2ree!o*-, )aita+ist t&eor3, 4ot& &istori,a+ an! *o!ern, is !e1oi!
o2 an3 re+ations&i to t&e Eart&Is reso0r,es an! its go1erning e,o+ogi,a+ +a6s# Aart 2ro* t&e *ost
ri*iti1e a6areness o2 s,ar,it3, 6&i,& is a *arker o2 t&e ,o**on Fs0+3 an! !e*an!- 1a+0e
t&eor3, t&e s,ienti2i, nat0re o2 t&e 6or+! is a4sent in t&is *o!e+ 8 it is Fe7terna+-# T&is o*ission,
aire! 6it& t&e e7+oitation an! ,ost re!0,ing rea+it3 in&erent to t&e in,enti1e s3ste* o2 t&e
*arket, is 6&at &as generate! t&e 1ast en1iron*enta+ ro4+e*s, 2ro* soi+ !e+etion, to o++0tion,
to !e2orestation, to 1irt0a++3 e1er3t&ing e+se 6e ,an t&ink o2 on t&e e,o+ogi,a+ +e1e+# In ana+3;ing
t&e ear+3 !e1e+o*ent o2 t&is &i+oso&3, 6e ,an +ogi,a++3 se,0+ate a4o0t &o6 t&is ,a*e to 4e#
Gi1en t&e +arge+3 agrarian 4ase o2 ro!0,tion an! t&e *ini*a+is* o2 ear+3 F&an!i,ra2t- t3e goo!
ro!0,tion, o0r ,aa,it3 at t&at ti*e to negati1e+3 a22e,t t&e en1iron*ent 6as in&erent+3 +i*ite!#
We si*+3 !i! not ose as *0,& o2 a t&reat sin,e t&e 1ast e!i2i,e o2 in!0str3 as 6e kno6 it to!a3
&a! not e1o+1e!#
T&is !e1e+o*ent re1ea+s t&at 0n!er t&e s0r2a,e o2 )aita+is* is an o+! erse,ti1e 6&i,& is
gro6ing in,reasing+3 out of date 6it& e1er8o,,0rring reer,0ssions res0+ting as o0r te,&no+ogi,a+
,aa,it3 in,reases o0r a4i+it3 to a22e,t t&e 6or+!# A ara++e+ 6o0+! 4e t&e instit0tion o2 6ar#
)o*etiti1e 1a+0es an! 6ar2are 6ere a to+era4+e rea+it3 6&en t&e !a*age !one 6as +i*ite! to
ri*iti1e *0skets ,ent0ries ago# To!a3, 6e &a1e n0,+ear 6eaons 6&i,& ,an !estro3
e1er3t&ing#
(C%
So, taking an e1o+0tionar3 1ie6, )aita+is* &as 4een a ra,ti,e an! 1a+0e
orientation t&at !i! &e+ rogress in ,ertain 6a3s, 40t a++ tren! e1i!en,e no6 s&o6s t&at t&e
in&erent i**at0rit3 o2 t&e s3ste* 6i++ +ea! to e1er in,reasing ro4+e*s i2 it ersists#
The 01ar#eti@ation2 of &ifeA
As a 2ina+ oint o2 t&is essa3, t&e tren! o2 t&e e1er in,reasing marketization of life &as ,reate! a
!ee !istortion o2 1a+0es in t&e 6or+!# Sin,e F2ree!o*- &as 4een ,0+t0ra++3 asso,iate! 6it&
F!e*o,ra,3- an! !e*o,ra,3 in t&e e,ono*i, sense &as 4een asso,iate! 6it& t&e a4i+it3 to 403
an! se++, t&e commodification o2 90st a4o0t e1er3t&ing one ,an t&ink o2 &as 4een o,,0rring#
Tra!itiona+ 1a+0es an! r&etori, o2 rior generations &a1e o2ten 1ie6e! t&e 0se o2 *one3 in so*e
6a3s as so*et&ing o2 a F,o+!- ne,essit3, 6it& so*e e+e*ents o2 o0r +i1es ,onsi!ere! Fsa,re!- an!
not 2or sa+e# T&e a,t o2 rostit0tion, 2or e7a*+e, in 6&i,& eo+e se++ inti*a,3 2or *one3 is a
sit0ation 6&ere ,0+t0ra+ 1a+0es 0s0a++3 2in! a+ienation# In *ost ,o0ntries t&e a,t is i++ega+, e1en
t&o0g& t&ere is +itt+e +ega+ 90sti2i,ation sin,e se70a+ engage*ent itse+2 is +ega+# It is on+3 6&en t&e
e+e*ent o2 0r,&ase ,o*es into +a3, is it !ee*e! rere&ensi4+e#
(>A Nat0ra++3, t&ere ,an 4e no F0re- 2ree!o* in t&e nat0ra+ 6or+! 6&i,& is go1erne! 43 t&e +a6s o2 nat0re, nor ,an
0n+i*ite! 2ree!o* e7ist in a so,ia+ ,on!ition t&at !ea+s 6it& +i2e stan!ar! re50ire*ents 2or so,ia+ sta4i+it3# For e7a*+e,
one is not F2ree- to *0r!er anot&er in a !ire,t sense# S0,& so,ia+ ,ontra,ts an! 1a+0es e7ist aro0n! not a40sing ot&ers
4e,a0se t&e3 ease i*4a+an,e an! !esta4i+i;ation#
(C% A+4ert Einstein 6as 50ote! as sa3ing SI kno6 not 6it& 6&at 6eaons Wor+! War III 6i++ 4e 2o0g&t, 40t Wor+! War IV
6i++ 4e 2o0g&t 6it& sti,ks an! stones#S .The New 8uotable +instein, A+i,e )a+ari,e, Prin,eton Uni1ersit3 Press# '%%@
#$>(/
96
Ho6e1er, s0,& san,tities t&at &a1e 4een ,0+t0ra++3 eret0ate! are 4e,o*ing in,reasing+3
o1ert0rne! 43 t&e *arket *in!set# To!a3, 6&et&er +ega+ or not, near+3 an3t&ing ,an 4e 4o0g&t or
so+!#
(C$
Jo0 ,an 403 t&e rig&t to 43ass ,ar4on e*issions reg0+ations,
(C'
3o0 ,an 0gra!e 3o0r
rison ,e++ 2or a 2ee,
(C(
403 t&e rig&t to &0nt en!angere! ani*a+s,
(C?
an! e1en 403 3o0r 6a3 into a
restigio0s 0ni1ersit3 6it&o0t *eeting testing re50ire*ents#
(C@
It 4e,o*es a strange state 6&en so*e o2 t&e *ost nor*a+, nat0ra+ a,ts o2 &0*an +i2e 4e,o*e
in,enti1i;e! 43 *one3 as 6e++, s0,& as &o6 it is 4eing 0se! to en,o0rage ,&i+!ren to rea!,
(C=
or
en,o0rage 6eig&t +oss#
(C>
Ps3,&o+ogi,a++3, 6&at !oes it *ean 2or a ,&i+! 6&en t&e3 are rein2or,e!
6it& *one3 2or t&eir *ost 4asi, a,tionsQ Ho6 6i++ t&is a22e,t t&eir 20t0re sense o2 re6ar!Q T&ese
are i*ortant 50estions in a world for sale, 6it& t&e g0i!ing 1a+0e rin,i+e t&at it is on+3 6&en
one makes money 2ro* an a,tion, is t&at a,tion 6ort& !oing#
S0,& market values aear as a ,+ear so,ia+ !istortion as t&e 1er3 essen,e o2 &0*an initiati1e an!
e7isten,e is 4eing trans2or*e!# W&i+e 6e *ig&t not take *0,& e7tre*e ,on,ern o1er see*ing+3
tri1ia+ iss0es s0,& as t&e 2a,t one ,an 0r,&ase a,,ess to t&e ,aroo+ +ane 6&i+e !ri1ing so+o
(CC
, t&e
+arger *ani2estation o2 a ,0+t0re 40i+t on t&e e!i2i,e o2 e1er3t&ing 4eing 2or sa+e, is t&e
dehumanization o2 so,iet3 as e1er3one an! e1er3t&ing is re!0,e to a *ere ,o**o!it3 2or e7+oit#
To!a3, as s&o,king as it is, t&ere are a,t0a++3 more slaves in t&e 6or+! t&an anytime in human
history# H0*an tra22i,king &as an! ,ontin0es to 4e a *assi1e in!0str3 2or ro2it, se++ing *en,
6o*en an! ,&i+!ren into 1ario0s ro+es#
T&e US Deart*ent o2 State &as 04+is&e! FIt is esti*ate! t&at as *an3 as '> *i++ion *en,
6o*en, an! ,&i+!ren aro0n! t&e 6or+! are 1i,ti*s o2 6&at is no6 o2ten !es,ri4e! 6it& t&e
0*4re++a ter* F&0*an tra22i,king#- T&e 6ork t&at re*ains in ,o*4ating t&is ,ri*e is t&e 6ork o2
20+2i++ing t&e ro*ise o2 2ree!o*^2ree!o* 2ro* s+a1er3 2or t&ose e7+oite! an! t&e 2ree!o* 2or
s0r1i1ors to ,arr3 on 6it& t&eir +i1es#-
(CA
In t&e en!, 6&i+e *ost eo+e 6&o 4e+ie1e in t&e Free8Market )aita+ist s3ste* 6o0+! et&i,a++3
stan! in o0trage at t&ese 1ast &0*an a40ses o,,0rring in t&e 6or+!, 0s0a++3 *aking !istin,tions
4et6een F*ora+ an! Fa*ora+- 2or*s o2 tra!e, t&e 2a,t o2 t&e *atter is t&at t&e ,o**o!i2i,ation
,on,et itse+2 ,an !ra6 no o49e,ti1e +ines an! s0,& Fe7tre*e- rea+ities are, in tr0t&, si*+3 a
matter of degree 6it& rese,t to a+i,ation# Fro* a 0re+3 &i+oso&i,a+ stan!oint, t&ere is no
te,&ni,a+ !i22eren,e 4et6een an3 2or* o2 *arket e7+oitation# T&e s3,&o+og3 in&erent : t&e value
system disorder : &as an! 6i++ ,ontin0e to eret0ate a re!ator3 !isregar! 6it&in t&e ,0+t0re an!
it is on+3 6&en t&at structural mechanism is re*o1e! 2ro* o0r 1er3 aroa,& to so,ieta+
organi;ation, 6i++ t&e a2ore*entione! iss0es 2in! reso+0tion#
(C$ S0ggeste! Rea!ing" :hat 4oney Can5t 3uyA The 4oral )imits of 4arkets, Mi,&ae+ K# San!e+, Farrar, Stra0s an! Giro07,
'%$'
(C' T&is ,an 4e 1ie6e! on+ine 6it& rese,t to t&e EU at 666#oint,ar4on#,o*
(C( FFor bC' a Da3, Dooking a )e++ in a @8Star Kai+-, New 9ork Times, Ari+ 'A, '%%>
(C? FSa1ing t&e R&ino T&ro0g& Sa,ri2i,e-, Dren!an Dorre++, 3loomberg 3usinessweek, De,e*4er A, '%$%
(C@ FAt Man3 )o++eges, t&e Ri,& Li!s Get A22ir*ati1e A,tion" Seeking Donors-, Danie+ Go+!en, :all &treet' #ournal,
Fe4r0ar3 '%, '%%(
(C= FIs )as& t&e Ans6er-, A*an!a Ri+e3, Time, Ari+ $A, '%$%, #??8?@
(C> FPa3ing eo+e to +ose 6eig&t an! sto s*oking-, Le1in G# Vo+, Issue 3rief, L#D# Instit0te o2 Hea+t& E,ono*i,s,
Uni1ersit3 o2 Penns3+1ania, 1o+# $?, '%%A
(CC FPa3ing 2or VIP Treat*ent in a Tra22i, Ka*-, :all &treet #ournal, K0ne '$ '%%>
(CA Tra22i,king in Persons Reort '%$', US Deart*ent o2 State .&tt"HH666#state#go1H9HtiHr+sHtirtH'%$'H$A'(@$#&t*/
97
STR,CT,RA& C&ASS%S1? T+E STATE AND WAR
FMan is t&e on+3 Patriot# He sets &i*se+2 aart in &is o6n ,o0ntr3, 0n!er &is o6n 2+ag, an! sneers at t&e ot&er
nations, an! kees *0+tit0!ino0s 0ni2or*e! assassins on &an! at &ea13 e7ense to gra4 s+i,es o2 ot&er
eo+eIs ,o0ntries, an! kee t&e* 2ro* gra44ing s+i,es o2 &is# An! in t&e inter1a+s 4et6een ,a*aigns &e
6as&es t&e 4+oo! o2 &is &an!s an! 6orks 2or St&e 0ni1ersa+ 4rot&er&oo! o2 *anS8 6it& &is *o0t&#-
(A%
8 Mark T6ain
O.er.iew
H0*an ,on2+i,t &as 4een a ,onsistent ,&ara,teristi, o2 so,iet3 sin,e t&e 4eginning o2 re,or!e!
&istor3# W&i+e 90sti2i,ations o2 t&is &a1e range! 2ro* ass0*tions o2 i**0ta4+e &0*an
roensities to6ar!s aggression an! territoria+it3, to t&e re+igio0s notion o2 o+ari;e! *eta&3si,a+
o6ers at 6ork, s0,& as 2or,es o2 Fgoo!- an! Fe1i+-, &istor3 &as re1ea+e! t&at ,ases o2 ,on2+i,t
genera++3 &a1e a rationa+ ,orre+ation to environmental circumstances an!Hor cultural conditions#
Fro* t&e i**e!iate, 2ear20+ stress rea,tion o2 o0r F2ig&t or 2+ig&t- roensit3,
(A$
to t&e ,a+*,
,a+,0+ate! +anning o2 strategi, nationa+ 6ar2are, t&ere is a+6a3s a reason 2or s0,& ,on2+i,t an! t&e
genera+ 04+i,Is interest to re!0,e ,on2+i,t nat0ra++3 re50ires 6e 20++3 assess ,a0sa+it3 as !ee+3 as
6e ,an to ,onsi!er tangi4+e so+0tions#
T&is essa3 6i++ e7a*ine t6o genera+ ,ategories o2 F6ar2are-" Fi*eria+ 6ar2are- an! F,+ass
6ar2are-# W&i+e er&as see*ing+3 !i22erent, it 6i++ 4e arg0e! t&at t&e root s3,&o+ogi,a+
*e,&anis*s o2 t&ese t6o ,ategori;ations are 4asi,a++3 t&e sa*e, a+ong 6it& &o6 so*e o2 t&e
a,t0a+ *e,&anis*s o2 F4att+e- are a,t0a++3 *0,& *ore e+0si1e or ,o1ert t&an *an3 re,ogni;e#
O1era++, t&e ,entra+ t&esis is t&at t&e so0r,e o2 t&ese see*ing+3 i**0ta4+e rea+ities resi!es 6it&in
t&e socioeconomic premise itse+2 8 in t&e ,onte7t o2 a ,ertain rein2or,e! s3,&o+og3 an! &en,e
so,io+ogi,a+ s,&e*ata 8 not rigi! !eter*inations in o0r genes or +a,k o2 so*e *ora+ atit0!e#
P0t anot&er 6a3, t&ese resent rea+ities are not 20e+e! 43 i!eo+ogi,a++3 iso+ate! gro0s s0,& as, 2or
e7a*+e, a rog0e ,o0ntr3Vs go1ern*ent or so*e e7,etiona++3 Fgree!3- 40siness *enta+it3 : 40t
rat&er 43 t&e *ost 20n!a*enta+, 0n!er+3ing 1a+0es in&erent to 1irt0a++3 e1er3oneIs +i1es in t&e
,0rrent so,ioe,ono*i, ,on!ition 6e eret0ate as ,0+t0ra++3 Fnor*a+-# T&e on+3 !i22eren,e is t&e
degree to 6&i,& t&ese 1a+0es are &arnesse! an! 2or 6&at 0rose#
%m*erial War3 Rise of the State
T&e Neo+it&i, Re1o+0tion so*e $',%%% 3ears ago
(A'
*arke! a i1ota+ t0rning oint 2or &0*an
so,iet3 as it transitione! 0s 2ro* a+*ost e7,+0si1e+3 F+i1ing o22 t&e +an!- 8 +i*ite! to t&e &a4itatIs
nat0ra+ regeneration : to an a,,e+erating tren! o2 en1iron*enta+ ,ontro+ an! reso0r,e
*ani0+ation# T&e !e1e+o*ent o2 agri,0+t0re an! t&e ,reation o2 +a4or8easing too+s 6as t&e
4eginning o2 6&at ,an 4e o4ser1e! to!a3, 6&ere t&e se,tr0* o2 t&e &0*an ,aa,it3 to 0ti+i;e
science 2or t&e a+teration o2 t&e 6or+! 2or o0r a!1antage aears 1irt0a++3 0n+i*ite!#
(A(
Ho6e1er, t&is initia++3 s+o6 te,&no+ogi,a+ a!atation &as set in *otion ,ertain atterns an!
,&anges 6&i,& &a1e arg0a4+3 generate! *an3 o2 t&e ro4+e*s 6e re,ogni;e as a++ too ,o**on
to!a3# An e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e &o6 i*4a+an,e t&ro0g& re+ati1e o1ert3 an! e,ono*i, strati2i,ation
&as taken &o+! as an aarent ,onse50en,e o2 t&is ne6 ,aa,it3# In t&e 6or!s o2 ne0ros,ientist
(A% :hat is 4anG .nd other Irreverent +ssays, FManIs +a,e in t&e ani*a+ 6or+!-, Mark T6ain, $CA=, #$@>
(A$ FT&e 2ig&t8or82+ig&t resonse- Gor t&e a,0te stress resonse< 6as 2irst !es,ri4e! 43 A*eri,an &3sio+ogist Wa+ter
Dra!2or! )annon# His t&eor3 states t&at ani*a+s rea,t to t&reats 6it& a genera+ !is,&arge o2 t&e s3*at&eti, ner1o0s
s3ste*, ri*ing t&e ani*a+ 2or 2ig&ting or 2+eeing#
(A' So*eti*es a+so ,a++e! t&e Agri,0+t0ra+ Re1o+0tion, it 6as t&e 6or+!Is 2irst &istori,a++3 1eri2ia4+e re1o+0tion in
agri,0+t0re# It 6as t&e 6i!e8s,a+e transition o2 *an3 &0*an ,0+t0res 2ro* a +i2est3+e o2 &0nting an! gat&ering to one o2
agri,0+t0re an! sett+e*ent 6&i,& s0orte! an in,reasing+3 +arge o0+ation an! t&e 4asis 2or *o!ern so,ia+ atterns
to!a3#
(A( S0ggeste! Rea!ing" +xponentially .ccelerating Information Technologies Could "ut an +nd to Corporations
.&tt"HHs,ien,erogress#orgH'%$$H%=He7onentia++38gro6ing8in2or*ation8te,&no+og386i++80t8an8en!8to8,ororationsH/
98
an! ant&roo+ogist Dr# Ro4ert Sao+sk3" FH0nter8gat&erers .&a!/ t&o0san!s o2 6i+! so0r,es o2
2oo! to s04sist on# Agri,0+t0re ,&ange! a++ t&at, generating an o1er6&e+*ing re+ian,e on a 2e6
!o;en 2oo! so0r,es###Agri,0+t0re a++o6e! 2or t&e sto,ki+ing o2 s0r+0s reso0r,es an! t&0s,
ine1ita4+3, t&e 0ne50a+ sto,ki+ing o2 t&e*, strati2i,ation o2 so,iet3 an! t&e in1ention o2 ,+asses#
T&0s it &as a++o6e! 2or t&e in1ention o2 o1ert3#-
(A?
Like6ise, t&e rat&er no*a!i, +i2est3+e o2 t&e &0nter8gat&erer s+o6+3 4e,a*e re+a,e! 6it& sett+e!,
rote,tionist tri4es an! t&en e1ent0a++3 +o,a+i;e! ,it38t3e so,ieties# In t&e 6or!s o2 Ri,&ar! A#
Ga4rie+ in t&e 6ork . &hort Cistory of :ar" FT&e in1ention an! srea! o2 agri,0+t0re ,o0+e! 6it&
t&e !o*esti,ation o2 ani*a+s in t&e 2i2t& *i++enni0* D#)# are a,kno6+e!ge! as t&e !e1e+o*ents
t&at set t&e stage 2or t&e e*ergen,e o2 t&e 2irst +arge8s,a+e, ,o*+e7 0r4an so,ieties# T&ese
so,ieties, 6&i,& aeare! a+*ost si*0+taneo0s+3 aro0n! ?%%% D#)# in 4ot& Eg3t an!
Mesoota*ia, 0se! stone too+s, 40t 6it&in @%% 3ears stone too+s an! 6eaons ga1e 6a3 to
4ron;e# Wit& 4ron;e *an02a,t0re ,a*e a re1o+0tion in 6ar2are#-
(A@
T&is is a+so t&e erio! t&at t&e ,on,et o2 t&e Fstate- as 6e kno6 it an! t&e er*anen,e o2 t&e
Far*e! 2or,e- e*erge!# Ga4rie+ ,ontin0es" FT&ese ear+3 so,ieties ro!0,e! t&e 2irst e7a*+es o2
state8go1erning instit0tions, initia++3 as ,entra+i;e! ,&ie2!o*s an! +ater as *onar,&ies###At t&e
sa*e ti*e, ,entra+i;ation !e*an!e! t&e ,reation o2 an a!*inistrati1e str0,t0re ,aa4+e o2
!ire,ting so,ia+ a,ti1it3 an! reso0r,es to6ar! ,o**0na+ goa+s###T&e !e1e+o*ent o2 ,entra+ state
instit0tions an! a s0orting a!*inistrati1e aarat0s ine1ita4+3 ga1e 2or* an! sta4i+it3 to
*i+itar3 str0,t0res# T&e res0+t 6as t&e e7ansion an! sta4i+i;ation o2 t&e 2or*er+3 +oose an!
0nsta4+e 6arrior ,astes###D3 '>%% D#)# in S0*er t&ere 6as a 20++3 arti,0+ate! *i+itar3 str0,t0re
an! stan!ing ar*3 organi;e! a+ong *o!ern +ines# T&e stan!ing ar*3 e*erge! as a er*anent
art o2 t&e so,ia+ str0,t0re an! 6as en!o6e! 6it& strong ,+ai*s to so,ia+ +egiti*a,3# An! it &as
4een 6it& 0s e1er sin,e#-
(A=
%m*erial War3 %llusions
FI*eria+is*- is !e2ine! as" Ft&e o+i,3, ra,ti,e, or a!1o,a,3 o2 e7ten!ing t&e o6er an!
!o*inion o2 a nation ese,ia++3 43 !ire,t territoria+ a,50isitions or 43 gaining in!ire,t ,ontro+ o1er
t&e o+iti,a+ or e,ono*i, +i2e o2 ot&er areas#-
(A>
W&i+e tra!itiona+ ,0+t0re *ig&t genera++3 t&ink o2 i*eria+ 6ar as a 1ariation o2 6ar in genera+,
ass0*ing ot&er 2or*s o2 ar*e!, nationa+ ,on2+i,t, it is arg0e! &ere t&at t&e root 4asis o2 all
nationa+ 6ars are a,t0a++3 i*eria+ in nat0re# T&e +itera++3 t&o0san!s o2 6ars in re,or!e! &0*an
&istor3 &a1e &a! to !o *ost+3 6it& t&e a,50isition o2 reso0r,es or territor3, 6&ere one gro0 is
eit&er 6orking to e7an! its o6er an! *ateria+ 6ea+t&, or 6orking to rote,t itse+2 2ro* ot&ers
tr3ing to ,on50er an! a4sor4 t&eir o6er an! 6ea+t&#
E1en *an3 &istori,a+ ,on2+i,ts 6&i,& on t&e s0r2a,e aear to 4e 2or t&e 0roses o2 0re i!eo+og3
are o2ten a,t0a++3 &i!!en i*eria+ e,ono*i, *o1es# T&e )&ristian )r0sa!es o2 t&e $$
t&
,ent0r3, 2or
e7a*+e, are o2ten !e2ine! as stri,t+3 re+igio0s ,on2+i,ts or e7ressions o2 i!eo+ogi,a+ 2er1or# Jet, a
!eeer in1estigation re1ea+s a o6er20+ 0n!ertone o2 tra!e e7ansion an! reso0r,e a,50isition,
0n!er t&e g0ise o2 t&e Fre+igio0s- 6ar#
(AC
T&is is not to sa3 t&at re+igions &a1e not 4een a so0r,e o2
tre*en!o0s ,on2+i,t &istori,a++3, 40t to s&o6 t&at t&ere is o2ten an o1ersi*+i2i,ation 2o0n! in
*an3 &istori,a+ te7ts, 6it& t&e e,ono*i, re+e1an,e o2ten *isse! or ignore!# Regar!+ess, t&e
notion o2 t&e F*ora+- ,r0sa!e as a 2or* o2 cover 2or nationa+, e,ono*i, i*eria+is* ,ontin0es to
(A? :hy Eebras *on5t Bet >lcers, Ro4ert Sao+sk3, W# H# Free*an, $AAC, #(C(
(A@ . &hort Cistory of :arA The +volution of :arfare and :eapons, Ri,&ar! A Ga4rie+, Strategi, St0!ies Instit0te, U#S#
Ar*3 War )o++ege, )&ater $, $AA'
(A= I4i!#
(A> FI*eria+is*- !e2inition so0r,e" &tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Hi*eria+is*
(AC Re2" +conomic *evelopment of the North .tlantic Community, D0!+e3 Di++ar!, Prenti,e8Ha++, Ne6 Kerse3, $A=>, #(8
$>C#
99
t&is !a3#
(AA

In 2a,t, t&ere is a !ee+3 coercive ten!en,3 6itnesse! t&ro0g&o0t &istor3 6&en it ,o*es to
gaining 04+i, s0ort 2or t&e a,t o2 nationa+ 6ar2are# For instan,e, a ,0rsor3 re1ie6 o2 &istor3 6i++
2in! t&at a++ Fo22ensi1e- a,ts o2 6ar, *eaning 6ar initiated 43 a gi1en o6er 2or 6&ate1er reason
Gnot a resonse to !ire,t in1asion<, originate 2ro* t&e ,onstit0ents an! asso,iates o2 t&e
governmental body 8 not t&e ,iti;enr3# Wars ten! to 4egin 6it& so*e kin! o2 anno0n,e!
s0ggestion e*anating 2ro* state o6erT t&en 20e+e! 43 t&e corporate-state s0orte! *e!ia
?%%
T
6it& t&e ,iti;enr3 s+o6+3 groo*e! to are,iate t&e s0ggestion# It a+so &e+s t&e state a great !ea+
i2 t&ere is so*e 2or* o2 e*otiona++3 striking ro1o,ation as 6e++, 6&i,& ,an 4e *ani0+ate! to
20rt&er 90sti23 t&e inten!e! 6ar#
?%$
S0,& ta,ti,s 2or t&e *ani0+ation o2 a ,iti;enr3 ,an take *an3 2or*s# T&e 0se o2 2ear, &onor
Gre1enge<, atrioti, aterna+is*,
?%'
*ora+it3, an! t&e F,o**on !e2ense- are +ike+3 t&e *ost
,o**on +o3s# In 2a,t, in1aria4+3 a++ a,ts o2 6ar are 90sti2ie! as F!e2ensi1e- in t&e 04+i, s&ere,
e1en i2 t&ere is no rationa+, tangi4+e 04+i, t&reat to 4e 2o0n!# Jet, t&ere is, in!ee!, a ,ore tr0t& to
t&is notion o2 F!e2ensi1e- 6ar,
?%(
sin,e a,ts o2 i*eria+ *o4i+i;ation are 4ase! on a 1er3 rea+, 3et
o4s,0re 2or* o2 e,ono*i, an!Hor o+iti,a+ 2ear : t&e 2ear o2 losing control or power# In ot&er
6or!s, 6&i+e t&ere *a3 not 4e a !ire,t, i**e!iate t&reat to a gi1en, aggressor nation : t&e +ong
ter* ,o*etiti1e nee! to ,ontin0a++3 re-secure its e7isting o6er 2ro* ossi4+e future +oss is a
1er3 rea+ an! 2o0n!e! 2ear# So, in e22e,t, t&is F!e2ense- is t&at o2 e+itist, 0er,+ass se+28
reser1ation an! &en,e 0s0a++3 morally unFustifiable to t&e 04+i, in its tr0e ter*sT &en,e t&ese
+o3s are 0se! instea! to gain 04+i, aro1a+#
?%?

(AA T&e 0se o2 re+igion to generate o+iti,a+ s0ort 2or i*eria+ a,ts o2 6ar is 50ite ,o**on &istori,a++3# E1en in t&e
Unite! States to!a3, a genera+ 0n!ertone o2 re+igio0s 6ar or o2 a,ting on t&e 4e&a+2 o2 FGo!- &as ,onsistent+3 4een
*a!e 43 o+iti,ians 6it& rese,t to re,ent *i+itar3 a,tions# Is+a*i, an! Ke6is& states aear to !o t&e sa*e t&ing,
a+ong 6it& states# T&e Israe+i8Pa+estinian ,on2+i,t, 2or e7a*+e, 6&i,& is genera++3 a,kno6+e!ge! as a !ee+3 re+igio0s
,on2+i,t 2or F&o+3- territor3, re1ea+s, 0on ,+oser inse,tion, t&at re+igion, 6&i+e er&as a rea+ 2a,tor in t&e 04+i, *in!
o1era++, is a,t0a++3 not t&e root o2 t&e ,on2+i,t# T&e rea+ root aears to 4e e+ite i*eria+is* an! reso0r,e a,50isition in
genera+, 6it& re+igion 0se! as *eans to 2oster an! *aintain 04+i, s0ort# S0ggeste! Rea!ing"
&tt"HH666#t&e9akartag+o4e#,o*Hg+o4e4e3on!Hisrae+8a+estine8not8a8re+igio0s8,on2+i,tH@@C(@(
?%% &tate supported media is ,o**on+3 !e2ine! as *e!ia ro!0,e! 43 !ire,t 20n!ing 2ro* a ,o0ntr3Is go1ern*ent# W&i+e
t&is is sti++ ,o**on in t&e 6or+! an! o2ten s049e,t to state roagan!a, in t&e Unite! States, a si*i+ar 3et *ore
o4s,0re 2or* &as e*erge! 8 so*et&ing 6e ,o0+! ,a++ corporate-state supported media# )ororate statis* is a 2or* o2
S,ororatis*S 6&ose a!&erents &o+! t&at t&e ,ororate gro0 is t&e 4asis o2 so,iet3 an! t&e state# T&e oeti, tra!ition
o2 t&e S2ree ressS in t&e US, 4eing 6it&o0t Sreg0+ationS or Sinter2eren,eS, is a +ong stan!ing 1a+0e an! ass0*tion# Jet,
6&en 6e 2a,tor in t&e rea+it3 o2 t&e in,reasing ,on,entration o2 *a9or *e!ia o0t+ets, s0,& as t&e 2a,t t&at as o2 '%$'
si7 ,ororations ,ontro+ A%W o2 t&e*X 8 ,o0+e! 6it& t&e 4asi, 0n!erstan!ing t&at t&ere is +itt+e to no searation
4et6een t&e go1ern*ent an! its ,ororations 43 !e2a0+t in t&e )aita+ist roote! so,ioe,ono*i, *o!e+ 4et6een t&e
go1ern*ent an! its ,ororations 8 it is !i22i,0+t to !e2en! t&e i!ea t&at t&e *ost !o*inant ne6s o0t+ets e7ist 6it&o0t
i!eo+ogi,a+ in2+0en,e to6ar!s reser1ing t&e stat0s 50o sin,e t&e3 are so 4o0n! 0 6it& it# Wit& rese,t to t&e initiation
o2 6ar, a statisti,a+ re1ie6 o2 &istori,a+ *e!ia 2or t&e ast $%% 3ears 6i++ s&o6 a !ee s0ort 43 a++ *a9or ne6s o0t+ets
to6ar!s t&e go1ern*entIs interests# .X&tt"HH666#40sinessinsi!er#,o*Ht&ese8=8,ororations8,ontro+8A%8o28t&e8*e!ia8
in8a*eri,a8'%$'8=/
?%$ For*er US Nationa+ Se,0rit3 A!1isor Z4ignie6 Dr;e;inski 0n!erstoo! t&is 6e++, an! state! in &is 2a*o0s 6ork The
Brand ChessboardA .merican "rimacy .nd Its Beostrategic Imperatives" ST&e attit0!e o2 t&e A*eri,an 04+i, to6ar!
t&e e7terna+ ro9e,tion o2 A*eri,an o6er &as 4een *0,& *ore a*4i1a+ent# T&e 04+i, s0orte! A*eri,aIs
engage*ent in Wor+! War II +arge+3 4e,a0se o2 t&e s&o,k e22e,t o2 t&e Kaanese atta,k on Pear+ Har4or# GDasi, Dooks
P04+is&ing, $AAC, # '?8@< F###as A*eri,a 4e,o*es an in,reasing+3 *0+ti8,0+t0ra+ so,iet3, it *a3 2in! it *ore !i22i,0+t to
2as&ion a ,onsens0s on 2oreign o+i,3 iss0es, e7,et in t&e ,ir,0*stan,e o2 a tr0+3 *assi1e an! 6i!e+3 er,ei1e! !ire,t
e7terna+ t&reat#SGDasi, Dooks P04+is&ing, $AAC, #'$$<
?%' T&e ter* aterna+is* is !e2ine! as " Fa s3ste* 0n!er 6&i,& an a0t&orit3 0n!ertakes to s0+3 nee!s or reg0+ate
,on!0,t o2 t&ose 0n!er its ,ontro+#- .&tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Haterna+is*/ T&e ter* Fatrioti,
aterna+is*- !enotes t&e ass0*tion t&at a so1ereign nation kno6s 4etter t&an anot&er an! &en,e it 6orks to
in2+0en,e an! take ,ontro+ o2 t&e nation 2or t&e s0ose! 4ene2it o2 its eo+e#
?%( In t&e *o!ern !a3, t&e ter* Free*ti1e 6ar- is ,o**on+3 0se! to 90sti23 an a,t o2 aggression 43 t&e ,+ai* it is a
!e2ensi1e *o1e to t&6art a +oo*ing atta,k o2 so*e kin! 43 t&e target#
?%? For*er US Nationa+ Se,0rit3 A!1isor Z4ignie6 Dr;e;inski e7resses t&is Faterna+isti, !e2ense- ,+ear+3 in &is 6ork The
Brand ChessboardA .merican "rimacy .nd Its Beostrategic Imperatives' He states 6it& rese,t to t&e nee! 2or A*eri,a
to essentia++3 re*ain in ,ontro+ o2 t&e 6or+!" SA*eri,a is no6 t&e on+3 g+o4a+ s0ero6er, an! E0rasia is t&e g+o4eIs
,entra+ arena# Hen,e, 6&at &aens to t&e !istri40tion o2 o6er on t&e E0rasian ,ontinent 6i++ 4e o2 !e,isi1e
100
E,ono*ist an! so,io+ogist T&orstein Ve4+en, in &is 2a*o0s $A$> 6ork .n In%uiry Into The Nature
0f "eace .nd The Terms 0f Its "erpetuation 6rote t&e 2o++o6ing on t&e s049e,t o2 04+i,
ers0asion" FAn3 6ar+ike enterrise t&at is &oe20+ to 4e entere! on *0st &a1e t&e *ora+ san,tion
o2 t&e ,o**0nit3 or o2 an e22e,ti1e *a9orit3 in t&e ,o**0nit3# It ,onse50ent+3 4e,o*es t&e 2irst
,on,ern o2 t&e 6ar+ike states*an to 0t t&is *ora+ 2or,e in train 2or t&e a!1ent0re on 6&i,& &e is
4ent# An! t&ere are t6o *ain +ines o2 *oti1ation###t&e reser1ation or 20rt&eran,e o2 t&e
,o**0nit3Is *ateria+ interest, rea+ or 2an,ie! 8 an! 1in!i,ation o2 t&e nationa+ &onor# To t&ese
s&o0+! er&as 4e a!!e! a t&ir!, t&e a!1an,e*ent an! eret0ation o2 t&e nations culture#-
?%@
T&is +ast oint on t&e eret0ation o2 t&e nationIs culture is 4est e7e*+i2ie! 6it& t&e ,o**on,
*o!ern Western i*eria+ ,+ai*s o2 seeking to srea! FFree!o* an! De*o,ra,3-# T&is ,+ai* takes
a paternal osition, ositing t&e i!ea t&at t&e ,0rrent o+iti,a+ ,+i*ate o2 a targete! nation is
si*+3 too in&0*ane an! inter1ention to F&e+- its ,iti;ens 4e,o*es a F*ora+ o4+igation- o2 t&e
in1a!ing o6er#
Ve4+en )ontin0es" FAn3 Patriotis* 6i++ ser1e as 6a3s an! *eans to 6ar+ike enterrise 0n!er
,o*etent *anage*ent, e1en i2 .t&e eo+e are/ not &a4it0a++3 rone to a 4e++i,ose te*er#
Rig&t+3 *anage!, or!inar3 atrioti, senti*ent *a3 rea!i+3 4e *o4i+i;e! 2or 6ar+ike a!1ent0re 43
an3 reasona4+3 a!roit an! sing+e8*in!e! 4o!3 o2 states*en 8 o2 6&i,& t&ere is a40n!ant
i++0stration#-
?%=
F###it is .a+so/ 50ite a sa2e genera+i;ation t&at 6&en &osti+ities &a1e on,e 4een got
2air+3 0n!er6a3 43 t&e intereste! states*an, t&e atrioti, senti*ent o2 t&e nation *a3 ,on2i!ent+3
4e ,o0nte! on to 4a,k t&e enterrise, irrese,ti1e o2 t&e *erits o2 t&e 50arre+-#
?%>
In A*eri,an, t&e &rase FII* against t&e 6ar 40t s0ort t&e troos-
?%C
is ,o**on a*ong t&ose
6&o oose a gi1en ,on2+i,t 40t 6is& to 4e 1ie6e! as sti++ rese,t20+ o2 t&eir ,o0ntr3 in genera+#
T&is &rase is 0ni50e as it is a,t0a++3 irrationa+# To +ogi,a++3 Fs0ort t&e troos- 6o0+! *ean to
s0ort t&e role of being a Ftroo-, &en,e t&e a,ts t&at are re50ire! 43 t&at ro+e# T&e i*+i,it
gest0re, o2 ,o0rse, is t&at one s0orts t&e nee! 2or 6ar an! &en,e s0orts t&e *en an! 6o*en
o2 t&e ar*e! 2or,es 6&o assist t&at nee!# Jet, t&e state*ent itse+2 is 20++3 ,ontra!i,tor3 an! e7ists
as a 2or* o2 F!o04+et&ink-
?%A
as to !isagree 6it& t&e e7isten,e o2 a ,ertain 6ar is to 6&o++3
!isagree 6it& a,tions o2 t&ose 6&o engage it# It is si*i+ar to sa3ing FII* against ,an,er ki++ing
eo+e 40t I s0ort ,an,erIs rig&t to +i2e-#
T&e ar*e! 2or,es &a1e &istori,a++3 4een &e+! in &ig& 04+i, estee* 43 a ,iti;enr3 an! t&is is
,ontin0a++3 g+ori2ie! 43 t&e go1ern*ent to t&e e7tent t&at t&e ass0*tion o2 F&onor- takes on an
irrationa+ +i2e o2 its o6n# In 2a,t, it is ,o*o0n!e! s3,&o+ogi,a++3 43 a 40i+t8in ceremonialism#
Honor is 2or*a+i;e! t&ro0g& a6ar!s, *eta+s, ara!es, ost0res o2 rese,t an! ot&er a!orn*ents
6&i,& i*ress t&e 04+i, as to t&e s0ose! 1a+0e o2 t&e a,tions o2 t&e so+!iers an! &en,e t&e
instit0tion o2 6ar# T&is 20rt&er rein2or,es t&e ,0+t0ra+ taboo 6&ere to ins0+t an3 e+e*ent o2 t&e 6ar
aarat0s is seen as s&o6ing !isrese,t 2or t&e sa,ri2i,e o2 t&e ar*e! 2or,es#
Fro* t&e stan!oint o2 tr0e rote,tion an! ro4+e* reso+0tion, as 6o0+! 4e t&e F&onora4+e- ,ase
i*ortan,e to A*eri,aIs g+o4a+ ri*a,3 an! to A*eri,aIs &istori,a+ +ega,3#S GDasi, Dooks P04+is&ing, $AAC, #$A?< STo
0t it in a ter*ino+og3 t&at &arkens 4a,k to t&e *ore 4r0ta+ age o2 an,ient e*ires, t&e t&ree gran! i*erati1es o2
i*eria+ geostrateg3 are to re1ent ,o++0sion an! *aintain se,0rit3 !een!en,e a*ong t&e 1assa+s, to kee tri40taries
+iant an! rote,te!, an! to kee t&e 4ar4arians 2ro* ,o*ing toget&er#S GI4i!#, #?%< SHen,e2ort&, t&e Unite! States
*a3 &a1e to !eter*ine &o6 to ,oe 6it& regiona+ ,oa+itions t&at seek to 0s& A*eri,a o0t o2 E0rasia, t&ere43
t&reatening A*eri,aIs stat0s as a g+o4a+ o6er#S GI4i!#, #@@<
?%@ .n In%uiry Into the Nature of "eace and the Terms of Its "erpetuation, T&orstein Ve4+en, E,&o Li4rar3, $A$> #$=
?%= I4i!# #>
?%> I4i!# #$=
?%C Re2" Can 9ou &upport the Troops but Not the :arG Troops $espond .&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*Ha0+8
rie,k&o22H,an83o08s0ort8t&e8trooU4U'=$A'#&t*+/
?%A FDo04+et&ink- a ter* ,oine! 43 George Or6e++ 6&i,& !es,ri4es t&e a,t o2 si*0+taneo0s+3 a,,eting t6o *0t0a++3
,ontra!i,tor3 4e+ie2s as ,orre,t#
101
o2 a 2ire2ig&ter 6&o sa1es a ,&i+! 2ro* a 40rning 40i+!ing, t&is a!*iration is 6arrante!# T&e
se+2+ess, a+tr0isti, osition o2 0tting oneIs +i2e at risk 2or t&e 4ene2it o2 anot&er is nat0ra++3 a no4+e
a,t# Ho6e1er, in t&e ,onte7t o2 &istori,a+ 6ar2are, t&e ersona+ a+tr0is* o2 a so+!ier !oes not
90sti23 4roa! a,ts o2 nationa+, i*eria+ aggression, no *atter &o6 6e++8intentione! t&e so+!iers
*a3 4e#
F0rt&er*ore, t&is 2ear8oriente! power preservation 43 t&e esta4+is&e! go1ern*enta+ aarat0s
a+so nat0ra++3 generates a Fs0486ar- against t&e !o*esti, ,iti;enr3 itse+2, a+*ost a+6a3s a*+i2ie!
in ti*es o2 6ar# T&ose 6&o ,&a++enge or oose a gi1en nationa+ ,on2+i,t &a1e &istori,a++3 4een *et
6it& !ire,t oression an!, 43 ,0+t0ra+ e7tension, 04+i, resent*ent# T&e ,o**on 3et a*4ig0o0s
+ega+ 1io+ations o2 Ftreason-
?$%
an! Fse!ition-
?$$
are &istori,a+ e7a*+es o2 t&is, a+ong 6it& t&e
attern o2 s0sen!ing t&e rig&ts o2 ,iti;ens !0ring ti*es o2 6ar, so*eti*es e1en in,+0!ing 2ree
see,&#
?$'
So,ia++3, t&e 0se o2 Fatriotis*-, as note! 4e2ore, is a+so 1er3 ,o**on to t&e e22e,t t&at t&ose 6&o
!o not s0ort a 6ar are o2ten !is*isse! as not s0orting t&e nationa+ ,iti;enr3 43 e7tension,
,reating a+ienation# More re,ent+3, t&ose in oosition an! er&as engaging in rotest a,tions
&a1e 4een ,onsi!ere! Fterrorists- 43 t&e state,
?$(
a o6er20+ in,ri*ination 6it& se1ere +ega+
,onse50en,es i2 !ee*e! tr0e 43 t&e a0t&orities#
Ho6e1er, t&is Fs0486ar- ,an 4e !e,onstr0,te! into an e1en !eeer *e,&anis* 8 6&at ,o0+! 4e
,a++e! a kin! o2 social control in s0ort o2 i*eria+ intent# In *an3 ,o0ntries to!a3, eit&er 43
o4+igation 2ro* 4irt&
?$?
or 43 ers0asion to +ega++3 4in!ing ,ontra,ts
?$@
t&e ress0re or *oti1ation
to 9oin t&e *i+itar3 itse+2 is manipulative on *an3 +e1e+s# A!1ertising ta,ti,s s0,& as F*one3 2or
,o++ege- or Fersona+ a,,o*+is&*ent- are ,o**on, arg0a4+3 targeting t&e +o6er r0ngs o2 t&e
e,ono*i, &ierar,&3#
?$=
T&e Unite! States is on re,or! 2or &a1ing at ti*es sent 4i++ions a 3ear
Gb?#> 4i++ion in '%%A< on g+o4a+ 04+i, re+ations in assist 04i, i*age an! re,r0it*ent#
?$>
%m*erial War3 Source
W&en t&e tra!itiona+, roagan!i;e! i++0sions in !e2ense o2 t&e a,t o2 organi;e! &0*an *0r!er
an! reso0r,e t&e2t &a1e 4een o1erri!!en, !is*issing s0,& s&a++o6 90sti2i,ations as aterna+
atriotis*, &onor an! rote,tionis*, 6e 2in! t&at 6ar to!a3 is a,t0a++3 an in&erent ,&ara,teristi,
o2 t&e roertie!, s,ar,it38!ri1en business s3ste*# It 6o0+! 4e 2a+se to sa3 t&at 6ar is a ro!0,t
o2 )aita+is* in an! o2 itse+2 sin,e t&e ra,ti,e o2 6ar re!ates )aita+is* e7tensi1e+3# Ho6e1er,
6&en 6e !e,onstr0,t t&e re*ise itse+2 6e see t&at 6ar is, in!ee!, a ,entra+, i**0ta4+e 2eat0re o2
)aita+is* as it is si*+3 a *ore so&isti,ate! *ani2estation o2 t&ese sa*e, !i1isi1e, ,o*etiti1e,
ar,&ai, 1a+0es an! ra,ti,es#
?$% FTreason- is !e2ine! as" Ft&e o22ense o2 atte*ting 43 o1ert a,ts to o1ert&ro6 t&e go1ern*ent o2 t&e state to 6&i,&
t&e o22en!er o6es a++egian,e- .&tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Htreason/
?$$ FSe!ition- is !e2ine! as" Fin,ite*ent o2 resistan,e to or ins0rre,tion against +a620+ a0t&orit3- .&tt"HH666#*erria*8
6e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Hse!ition/
?$' Fro* Wor+! War IIIs Kaanese8A*eri,an Intern*ent ,a*s 6&i,& i*risone! o1er $'>,%%% US ,iti;ens,
.&tt"HH666#0s&istor3#orgH0sH@$e#as/ to t&e s0sension o2 ,i1i+ +i4erties as s0,& as F&a4eas ,or0s-,
.&tt"HH666#sa+on#,o*H'%%AH%?H$$H4agra*U(H/ to t&e rose,0tion 2or *ere see,&, .&tt"HH666#&istor3#,o*Ht&is8
!a38in8&istor3H0s8,ongress8asses8se!ition8a,t/ rig&ts 1io+ations !0ring 6arti*e is an &istori,a+ ,onstant#
?$( A re,ent e7a*+e o2 t&is 6as t&e FO,,03 Mo1e*ent- 0rising 6&i,& 6as +ater re1ea+e! to 4e ,onsi!ere! a ossi4+e
Fterrorist t&reat- 43 t&e FDI# .&tt"HH666#90sti,eon+ine#orgH,o**entar3H24i82i+es8o6s#&t*+/
?$? Israe+, 2or e7a*+e, en2or,es near 20++ ,ons,rition o2 its ,iti;ens#
.&tt"HH666#a+9a;eera#,o*Hne6sH*i!!+eeastH'%$'H%>H'%$'>C@($$C@A$?A@#&t*+/
?$@ Re2" :hy Is Betting 0ut of the >'&' .rmy &o ToughG .&tt"HHnation#ti*e#,o*H'%$'H%@H%?H6&38is8getting8o0t8o28t&e8
08s8ar*38so8to0g&H/
?$= Re2" 4ilitary recruiters target isolated, depressed areas
.&tt"HHseatt+eti*es#,o*H&t*+Hnation6or+!H'%%'=$'@?'Ure,r0its%A#&t*+/
?$> So0r,e" "entagon &pending 3illions on "$ to &way :orld 0pinion
.&tt"HH666#2o7ne6s#,o*Ho+iti,sH'%%AH%'H%@Hentagon8sen!ing84i++ions8r8s6a386or+!8oinionH/
102
K0st as a ,ororation ,o*etes 6it& ot&er ,ororations o2 t&e sa*e genre 2or in,o*e s0r1i1a+,
in1aria4+3 seeking *onoo+3 an! ,arte+ 6&en it ,an, a++ go1ern*ents on t&e +anet are
20n!a*enta++3 re*ise! on t&e sa*e 2or* o2 s0r1i1a+ 43 e7tension# Using A*eri,a as a ,ase
st0!3, in '%$$ t&e ,o0ntr3 gaine! a4o0t b'#( tri++ion in 2e!era+ in,o*e ta7 re1en0es a+one#
?$C

T&ese re1en0es are i*ortant to t&e oeration o2 6&at is, in e22e,t, t&e business institution kno6n
as FA*eri,a-, in t&e sa*e 6a3 t&e ann0a+ earnings o2 Mi,roso2t a22e,t its a4i+it3 to 20n,tion#
A*eri,a is, in tr0t&, a corporation in 20n,tion an! 2or*, 6it& a++ t&e registere! 40sinesses e7isting
in its !o*esti, +ega+ 6e4 to 4e ,onsi!ere! subsidiaries o2 t&is parent instit0tion 6e tra!itiona++3
,a++ t&e FUS go1ern*ent-#
T&ere2ore, a++ a,tions o2 t&e US go1ern*ent, a+ong 6it& a++ ,o*eting go1ern*ents in t&e 6or+!,
*0st nat0ra++3 kee an a,0te business acumen in oeration# Ho6e1er, 6&at searates t&is Farent
,ororation- GA*eri,a< 2ro* its s04si!iar3 se,tors G,ororations< is t&e s,a+e o2 its ,aa,it3 to
reser1e itse+2 an! kee a ,o*etiti1e e!ge# Its ne,essit3 to reser1e t&e ,ore !ri1ers o2 its
e,ono*3 is ,r0,ia+ an! a ,0rsor3 g+an,e at &istor3 regar!ing &o6 t&e US 6as a4+e to gain an!
*aintain its stat0s o2 a g+o4a+ Fe*ire-, s&o6s t&is 40siness a,0*en ,+ear+3# T&e *ani2estation is
rea++3 +itt+e !i22erent in rin,i+e t&an &o6 a se,i2i, ,ororation seeks to gain a ,o**er,ia+
*onoo+3# On+3 in t&is ,ase t&e i!ea+ o2 global monopoly Ge*ire< is not restri,te! 43 +ega+
*an!ate as is ,o**on+3 ,+ai*e! 43 t&e !o*esti, +ega+ restaint 8 it is 2or,e20++3 e7e,0te! in t&e
t&eater o2 i*eria+ 6ar#
In 2a,t, interesting+3 eno0g& 40t not 0ne7e,te!+3, t&e 1er3 a,t o2 t&is se+28reser1ation t&ro0g&
*i+itar3 *ig&t &a1e itself 4e,o*e a o6er20++3 +0,rati1e 40siness 1ent0re 6&i,& o2ten i*ro1es
t&e e,ono*i, state o2 t&e nation an! &en,e ro2its to its ,ororate ,onstit0ents# To!a3, 6e ,an
e7ten! t&ese e,ono*i, 4ene2its to t&e *assi1e *i+itar3 e7en!it0res
?$A

?'%
a+ong 6it& t&e
re,onstr0,tion o2 6ar8torn areas 43 t&e ,on50ering statesI ,o**er,ia+ s04si!iaries,
?'$
t&e s+o6
ro!!ing o2 a ,o0ntr3Is integrit3 t&ro0g& tra!e tari22s, san,tions an! !e4t i*ositions 2or t&e sake
o2 o0+ation s0490gation 2or t&e 4ene2it o2 trans,ontinenta+ in!0stries
?''

?'(
an! *an3 ot&er
*o!ern Fe,ono*i, 6ar- ,on1entions#
T&is oint 6as +ike+3 4est e7resse! 43 one o2 A*eri,aIs *ost !e,orate! ar*3 o22i,ers o2 t&e '%
t&

,ent0r3" Ma9or Genera+ S*e!+e3 D# D0t+er#
?'?
D0t+er 6as t&e a0t&or o2 a 2a*o0s 4ook re+ease!
a2ter Wor+! War I tit+e! SWar is a Ra,ketS, an! state! t&e 2o++o6ing 6it& rese,t to t&e 40siness o2
6ar" FWar is a ra,ket# It a+6a3s &as 4een# It is ossi4+3 t&e o+!est, easi+3 t&e *ost ro2ita4+e,
s0re+3 t&e *ost 1i,io0s# It is t&e on+3 one internationa+ in s,oe# It is t&e on+3 one in 6&i,& t&e
ro2its are re,kone! in !o++ars an! t&e +osses in +i1es#-
?'@

He a+so 6rote in $A(@"
FI sent (( 3ears an! 2o0r *ont&s in a,ti1e *i+itar3 ser1i,e an! !0ring t&at erio! I sent *ost o2
*3 ti*e as a &ig& ,+ass *0s,+e *an 2or Dig D0siness, 2or Wa++ Street an! t&e 4ankers# In s&ort, I
6as a ra,keteer, a gangster 2or ,aita+is*# I &e+e! *ake Me7i,o an! ese,ia++3 Ta*i,o sa2e 2or
?$C So0r,e" Dederal $evenues by &ource .&tt"HH666#&eritage#orgH2e!era+40!getH2e!era+8re1en0e8so0r,es/
?$A Re2" The 61 4ost (icious Ira% :ar "rofiteers .&tt"HH666#40siness0n!it#,o*Ht&e8'@8*ost81i,io0s8ira586ar8
ro2iteers/
?'% Re2" Ten Companies "rofiting 4ost from :ar .&tt"HH'?>6a++st#,o*H'%$'H%'H'CHten8,o*anies8ro2iting8*ost82ro*8
6arH/
?'$ Re2" .dvocates of :ar Now "rofit Drom Ira%5s $econstruction .&tt"HHarti,+es#+ati*es#,o*H'%%?H90+H$?HnationHna8
a!1o,ates$?/
?'' Re2" *eadly &anctions $egimeA +conomic :arfare against Iran .&tt"HH666#g+o4a+resear,&#,aH!ea!+38san,tions8
regi*e8e,ono*i,86ar2are8against8iranH@(%@A'$/
?'( Re2" Confessions of an +conomic Cit 4anA Cow the >'&' >ses Blobalization to Cheat "oor Countries 0ut of Trillions
.&tt"HH666#!e*o,ra,3no6#orgH'%%?H$$HAH,on2essionsUo2UanUe,ono*i,U&itU*an/
?'? Re2" 3anana :arsA 4aFor Beneral &medley 3utler .&tt"HH*i+itar3&istor3#a4o0t#,o*Ho!H$A%%sHHDanana8Wars8Ma9or8
Genera+8S*e!+e38D0t+er#&t*/
?'@ :ar is a $acket, S*e!+e3 D# D0t+er, Wi++ia* H H022 P04+is&ing, $A(@, )&ater $, #$
103
A*eri,an oi+ interests in $A$?# I &e+e! *ake Haiti an! )04a a !e,ent +a,e 2or t&e Nationa+ )it3
Dank 4o3s to ,o++e,t re1en0es in# I &e+e! in t&e raing o2 &a+2 a !o;en )entra+ A*eri,an re04+i,s
2or t&e 4ene2it o2 Wa++ Street# I &e+e! 0ri23 Ni,arag0a 2or t&e Internationa+ Danking Ho0se o2
Dro6n Drot&ers in $A%'8$A$'# I 4ro0g&t +ig&t to t&e Do*ini,an Re04+i, 2or t&e A*eri,an s0gar
interests in $A$=# I &e+e! *ake Hon!0ras rig&t 2or t&e A*eri,an 2r0it ,o*anies in $A%(# In
)&ina in $A'> I &e+e! see to it t&at Stan!ar! Oi+ 6ent on its 6a3 0n*o+este!# Looking 4a,k on it,
I *ig&t &a1e gi1en A+ )aone a 2e6 &ints# T&e 4est &e ,o0+! !o 6as to oerate &is ra,ket in t&ree
!istri,ts# I oerate! on t&ree ,ontinents#-
?'=
Ko&n A# Ho4sonIs G$C@C8$A?%< *on0*enta+ 6ork ImperialismA . &tudy !es,ri4e! t&e ten!en,3 as
a Fso,ia+ arasiti, ro,ess 43 6&i,& a *one3e! interest 6it&in t&e state, 0s0ring t&e reins o2
go1ern*ent, *akes 2or i*eria+ e7ansion in or!er to 2asten e,ono*i, s0,kers into 2oreign 4o!ies
so as to !rain t&e* o2 t&eir 6ea+t& in or!er to s0ort !o*esti, +070r3#-
?'>
No6, *an3 6o0+! t&ink a4o0t t&ese a,ts o2 a40se as a 2or* o2 F,orr0tion- 40t t&is reasoning is
!i22i,0+t to 90sti23 in t&e 4roa! 1ie6# T&e et&i,a+ an! *ora+ arg0*ent o2 F2air- an! F0n2air- &as no
,ogent integrit3 within t&e s3ste* 2ra*e6ork in&erent to )aita+is*# T&is is one o2 t&e
0n2ort0nate 2ai+0res o2 rea+i;ation 43 t&ose 6&o are a,ti1e in t&e *essage o2 F6or+! ea,e- or
Fanti86ar- a,ti1is* 40t 3et sti++ !e2en! t&e ,o*etiti1e *arket *o!e+# In ot&er 6or!s, F6or+!
ea,e- aears si*+3 not a ossi4i+it3 6it&in t&e ,0rrent+3 a,,ete! *o!e+ o2 e,ono*i, ra,ti,e#
E1er3 ste o2 t&e a+i,ation o2 g+o4a+ )aita+is*, starting 2ro* its E0roean in,etion, &as 4een
asso,iate! 6it& 1ast 1io+en,e, e7+oitation an! s0490gation# E0roean ,o+onia+is*,
?'C
t&e ,at0re
o2 A2ri,an Fs+a1es- 2or 0se an! sa+e, t&e 2or,e! s0490gation o2 ,o0nt+ess ,o+onia+ eo+es, an! t&e
,reation o2 ri1i+ege! san,t0aries o2 ro2iteering an! o6er 2or t&e *an3 go1ern*ent8,reate! or
go1ern*ent8rote,te! 40sinesses, on+3 to0,&es t&e s0r2a,e o2 its in&erent ,&ara,ter as a F6ar
s3ste*- o2 t&o0g&t#
T&orstein Ve4+en, again 6riting 2ro* $A$>, *akes t&e !ire,t ,onne,tion to 6&at &e ,a++e! t&e
Fe,0niar3- or *onetar3 2o0n!ation o2 6ar" FIt &as aeare! in t&e ,o0rse o2 t&e arg0*ent t&at
t&e reser1ation o2 t&e resent e,0niar3 +a6 an! or!er, 6it& a++ its in,i!ent o2 o6ners&i an!
in1est*ent, is in,o*ati4+e 6it& an 0n6ar+ike state o2 ea,e an! se,0rit3# T&is ,0rrent s,&e*e o2
in1est*ent, 40siness, an! .In!0stria+/ sa4otage, s&o0+! &a1e an are,ia4+3 4etter ,&an,e o2
s0r1i1a+ in t&e +ong r0n i2 t&e resent ,on!itions o2 6ar+ike rearation an! nationa+ Finse,0rit3-
6ere *aintaine!, or i2 t&e ro9e,te! ea,e 6ere +e2t in a so*e6&at ro4+e*ati, state, s022i,ient+3
re,ario0s to kee nationa+ ani*osities a+ert.###/-#
?'A
So, i2 t&e ro9e,tors o2 t&is ea,e at +arge are
in an3 !egree in,+ine! to seek ,on,essi1e ter*s on 6&at t&e ea,e *ig&t &oe20++3 4e *a!e
en!0ring, it s&o0+! e1i!ent+3 4e art o2 t&eir en!ea1ors 2ro* t&e o0tset to 0t e1ents in train 2or
t&e resent a4ate*ent an! e1ent0a+ a4rogation o2 t&e rig&ts o2 o6ners&i an! o2 t&e ri,e8s3ste*
in 6&i,& t&ese rig&ts take e22e,t#-
?(%
F0rt&er e1i!en,e o2 t&is ,onte7t ,an 4e 2o0n! in t&e *ore *o!ern 2or*s o2 indirect violence'
T&ese in,+0!e Fe,ono*i, 6ar2are- aroa,&es, as *entione! 4e2ore, 6&i,& ,an ser1e as ,o*+ete
a,ts o2 aggression in an! o2 t&e*se+1es, or as a art o2 a ro,e!0ra+ re+0!e to tra!itiona+ *i+itar3
a,tion# E7a*+es ,o*e in t&e 2or* o2 tra!e tari22s, san,tions, !e4t 43 ,oer,ion, an! *an3 ot&er
+esser kno6n, ,o1ert *et&o!s to 6eaken a ,o0ntr3#
?($
?'= Origina++3 in )ommon &ense, $A(@# Rero!0,e! in Hans S,&*i!tIs 4averick 4arineA Beneral &medley *' 3utler and
the Contradictions of .merican 4ilitary Cistory# Uni1ersit3 Press o2 Lent0,k3, $AAC #'($
?'> ImperialismA . &tudy, K#A# Ho4son, Uni1ersit3 o2 Mi,&igan Press, Ann Ar4or, $A=@, #(=>
?'C Re2" Western )o+onia+is* !e2ine!" .&tt"HH666#4ritanni,a#,o*HED,&e,ke!Htoi,H$'='(>H,o+onia+is*8Western/
?'A .n In%uiry Into the Nature of "eace and the Terms of Its "erpetuation, T&orstein Ve4+en, D#W# H04s,&, $A$> #(==8
(=>
?(% I4i!# #(=>
?($ Re2" 0ur +conomic :arfare .&tt"HH666#2oreigna22airs#,o*Harti,+esH>%$='Her,38684i!6e++Ho0r8e,ono*i,86ar2are/
104
G+o4a+ 2inan,ia+ instit0tions s0,& as t&e Wor+! Dank an! IMF &a1e &ea13 1este! state an! &en,e
40siness interests 4e&in! t&e* an! t&e3 &a1e t&e o6er to a++o,ate !e4t to F4ai+o0t- s022ering
,o0ntries at t&e e7ense o2 t&e 50a+it3 o2 +i2e o2 its ,iti;enr3, o2ten taking ,&arge o2 nat0ra+
reso0r,es or in!0stries t&ro0g& se+e,t ri1ati;ation or ot&er *anners 6&i,& ,an 6eaken a
,o0ntr3Is a4i+it3 to t&e e22e,t t&at it 4e,o*es re+iant on ot&ers, to t&e a!1antage o2 ,o**er,ia+
o0tsi!ers#
?('
T&is is si*+3 a *ore ,o1ert *anner o2 s0490gation t&an 6as seen, sa3, 6it& t&e Dritis& E*ireIs
i*eria+ e7ansion t&ro0g& its FEast In!ia )o*an3- 8 t&e ,o**er,ia+ 2or,e t&at took a!1antage
o2 t&e ne6+3 ,on50ere! regiona+ reso0r,es an! +a4or in Asia in t&e $>
t&
,ent0r3#
?((
Ho6e1er, 0n+ike
Dritis& e*ire e7ansion, A*eri,an e*ire e7ansion !i! not gain its stat0s t&ro0g& *i+itar3
a,tion a+one, e1en t&o0g& s0,& a resen,e is sti++ enor*o0s g+o4a++3#
?(?
Rat&er, t&e 0se o2 ,o*+e7
e,ono*i, strategies t&at reositione! ot&er ,o0ntries into s0490gation to US e,ono*i, B geo8
e,ono*i, interests 6as *a!e ,o**on#
?(@
Class War3 %nherent Ps)cholog)
Mo1ing on to t&e F,+ass 6ar- t&is notion &as 4een note! in &istori,a+ +iterat0re 2or ,ent0ries 4ase!
art+3 on ass0*tions o2 &0*an nat0re, art+3 on ass0*tions o2 a +a,k o2 ,aa,it3 o2 t&e Eart&
an! ro!0,tion *eans to *eet e1er3oneIs nee!s an! art+3 on t&e *ore re+e1ant a6areness t&at
t&e s3ste* o2 *arket )aita+is* ine1ita4+3 guarantees ,+ass !i1ision an! i*4a+an,e !0e to its
in&erent *e,&anis*s, 4ot& str0,t0ra++3 an! s3,&o+ogi,a++3#
Fo0n!ing Free8Market e,ono*ist Da1i! Ri,ar!oIs state*ent t&at FI2 6ages s&o0+! rise###t&en###
ro2its 6o0+! ne,essari+3 2a++-
?(=
is a si*+e a,kno6+e!g*ent o2 t&e str0,t0ra+ ass0ran,e o2 ,+ass
,on2+i,t as t&e wage re+ates to t&e +o6er F6orking ,+ass- an! t&e profits t&e 0er F,aita+ist ,+ass-
an! as one gains, t&e ot&er +oses# Like6ise, e1en A!a* S*it& in &is ,anoni,a+ The :ealth of
Nations ,+ear+3 e7resses t&e nat0re o2 o6er reser1ation on t&e 4e&a1iora+ Gs3,&o+ogi,a+< +e1e+,
stating" F)i1i+ go1ern*ent, so 2ar as it is instit0te! 2or t&e se,0rit3 o2 roert3, is in rea+it3
instit0te! 2or t&e !e2ense o2 t&e ri,& against t&e oor, or o2 t&ose 6&o &a1e so*e roert3 against
t&ose 6&o &a1e none at a++#-
?(>
Ho6e1er, t&e tr0e use o2 go1ern*ent 2or t&e 0roses o2 t&e 0er or 40siness ,+ass see*s to 4e
st044orn+3 ignore! 43 S*it&, Ri,ar!o an! e1en *an3 o2 to!a3Is e,ono*ists, 6&o see* 0na4+e or
0n6i++ing to take into a,,o0nt resent8!a3 e1ents# E1en t&e *ost ,o**itte!, +aisse;82aire *arket
e,ono*ist sti++ e7resses t&e nee! 2or go1ern*ent an! its +ega+ aarat0s to e7ist as so*et&ing o2
a Fre2eree- to kee t&e ga*e F2air-# Ter*s s0,& a F,ron38,aita+is*- are o2ten 0se! 0n!er t&e
ass0*tion t&at F,o++0sion- 4et6een a go1ern*enta+ ,onstit0en,3 an! t&e seemingly !eta,&e!
,ororate instit0tions is o2 an 0net&i,a+ or F,ri*ina+- nat0re#
Jet again, as note! 4e2ore, it is i++ogi,a+ to ass0*e t&at t&e nat0re o2 go1ern*ent is an3t&ing e+se
at its ,ore t&an a 1e&i,+e to s0ort t&e 40sinesses t&at ,o*rise t&e 6ea+t& o2 t&at ,o0ntr3# T&e
?(' As note! 43 resear,& 43 t&e STWR regar!ing t&e Wor+! Dank" FIn *ost o2 its ,+ient ,o0ntries, it is 1irt0a++3 t&e on+3
!oor6a3 to a,,ess internationa+ tra!e, !e1e+o*ent 2inan,e an! ri1ate in1est*ent ,aita+# It !eri1es its o6er an!
o+i,3 agen!as 2ro* its 6ea+t&iest s&are&o+!ers 88go1ern*ents t&at ,o*rise t&e G8>###6&o ro0tine+3 0se t&e Dank to
se,0re +0,rati1e tra!e an! in1est*ent !ea+s in !e1e+oing ,o0ntries 2or t&eir rese,ti1e transnationa+ ,ororations
GTN)s<#-
Re2" I4D, :orld 3ank = Trade .&tt"HH666#st6r#orgHi*286or+!84ank8tra!eH,ororate8o6er8an!8in2+0en,e8in8t&e86or+!8
4ank#&t*+/
?(( Re2" +ast India Company .&tt"HH666#4ritanni,a#,o*HED,&e,ke!Htoi,H$>==?(HEast8In!ia8)o*an3/
?(? As o2 '%$$, t&e US *i+itar3 e7ists in o1er $?% ,o0ntries, 6it& an esti*ate! ==%P 4ases# Re2"
&tt"HH666#o+iti2a,t#,o*Htr0t&8o8*eterHstate*entsH'%$$HseH$?Hron8a0+Hron8a0+8sa3s80s8&as8*i+itar38ersonne+8
$(%8nationH
?(@ Re2" :hy the *eveloping :orld Cates the :orld 3ank .&tt"HHte,&#*it#e!0HV$''HN$$H,o+$$arek#$$,#&t*+/
?(= The "rinciples of "olitical +conomy and Taxation, Da1i! Ri,ar!o, $C'$, Dent E!ition, $A=',#=?
?(> .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, $>>=, ar# V#$#'
105
40siness aarat0s rea++3 is t&e ,o0ntr3 in te,&ni,a+ 2or*, regar!+ess o2 t&e s0r2a,e ,+ai* t&at a
F!e*o,rati,- ,o0ntr3 is organi;e! aro0n! t&e interests o2 t&e ,iti;enr3 itse+2# In 2a,t, it ,an 4e 6e++
arg0e! t&at no go1ern*ent in re,or!e! &istor3 &as e1er o22ere! its ,iti;ens a +egiti*ate +a,e in
go1ernan,e or +egis+ation an! 6it&in t&e ,onte7t o2 *o!ern )aita+is*, 6&i,& is sti++ a
*ani2estation o2 ,ent0ries o+! 1a+0es an! ass0*tions 6it& a ,+ear e+itis* in intent, it is
interesting &o6 t&is *3t& o2 F!e*o,ra,3- eret0ates itse+2 to!a3 in t&e 6a3 t&at it !oes#
To 20rt&er t&is oint, one o2 t&e ar,&ite,ts o2 t&e US )onstit0tion o2 t&e Unite! States, Ka*es
Ma!ison, e7resse! &is ,on,ern 1er3 ,+ear+3 regar!ing t&e nee! to oress t&e o+iti,a+ o6er o2
t&ose in t&e +o6er ,+asses# He state!" FIn Eng+an!, at t&is !a3, i2 e+e,tions 6ere oen to a++ ,+asses
o2 eo+e, t&e roert3 o2 +an!e! rorietors 6o0+! 4e inse,0re# An agrarian +a6 6o0+! soon take
+a,e# I2 t&ese o4ser1ations 4e 90st, o0r go1ern*ent o0g&t to se,0re t&e er*anent interests o2
t&e ,o0ntr3 against inno1ation# Lan!&o+!ers o0g&t to &a1e a s&are in t&e go1ern*ent, to s0ort
t&ese in1a+0a4+e interests, an! to 4a+an,e an! ,&e,k t&e ot&er# T&e3 o0g&t to 4e so ,onstit0te! as
to protect the minority of the opulent against the maFority# T&e senate, t&ere2ore, o0g&t to 4e t&is
4o!3T an! to ans6er t&ese 0roses, t&e3 o0g&t to &a1e er*anen,3 an! sta4i+it3#-
?(C

So, starting 6it& t&is a6areness t&at t&e 1er3 re*ise o2 g+o4a+ F!e*o,ra,3- is !ee+3 in&i4ite! 43
t&e )aita+ist in,enti1e s3ste* to ,o*etiti1e+3 *aintain o6er on t&e +e1e+ o2 t&e state to assist
t&e 0er ,+ass in reser1ing o+iti,a+ an!, 43 e7tension, 2inan,ia+ o6er, a ,+earer i,t0re o2 &o6
!ee t&is ,+ass 6ar r0ns is o4taine!# Like+3 t&e *ost striking ase,t o2 t&is is &o6 s0,&
*e,&anis*s o2 ,+ass !i1ision e7ist in o0r e1er3 !a3 +i1es 40t 3et go 0nseen sin,e t&e3 are
str0,t0ra++3 built in to t&e 2inan,ia+, o+iti,a+ an! +ega+ aarat0s itse+2#
Class War3 Structural 1echanisms
In t&e *o!ern !a3, 6it& ?% er,ent o2 t&e +anetIs 6ea+t& 4eing o6ne! 43 $ er,ent o2 t&e 6or+!Is
o0+ation,
?(A
6e 2in! t&at 4ot& in ter*s o2 system structure an! incentive psychology, o6er20+
*e,&anis*s e7ist to *aintain an! e1en a,,e+erate t&is gross+3 !isroortionate g+o4a+ 6ea+t&
i*4a+an,e# Nee!+ess to sa3, gi1en t&e 2inan,ia+ 4asis o2 e1er3t&ing in t&e 6or+! to!a3, 6it& great
6ea+t& ,o*es great power' Hen,e, as !es,ri4e! rior, t&is o6er ena4+es a *ore ro40st strateg3
2or ,o*etiti1e gain an! se+28reser1ation an! ,onse50ent+3 it &as &en,e e7ten!e! into t&e 1er3
structure o2 t&e so,ia+ s3ste* itse+2, ass0ring t&at t&e 0er ,+ass &as great ease in *aintaining
t&eir 1ast 6ea+t& se,0rit3, 6&i+e t&e +o6er ,+asses 2a,e enor*o0s str0,t0ra+ 4arriers to attaining
an3 4asi, +e1e+ o2 2inan,ia+ se,0rit3#
So*e *e,&anis*s o2 t&is ,+ass 6ar oppression are 2air+3 o41io0s# For instan,e, t&e !e4ate o1er
ta7ation, an! &o6 t&ere &as 4een an &istori,a+ 2a1oring o2 t&e ,ororate ri,& o1er t&e 6orking
oor, is one e7a*+e#
??%
T&e arg0*ent o2 t&e esta4+is&*ent 0s0a++3 re1o+1es aro0n! t&e i!ea t&at
sin,e t&e ri,& are a+so t&e Fo6ners&i ,+ass- an! are art+3 resonsi4+e 2or t&e generation o2
genera+ e*+o3*ent, t&e3 s&o0+! 4e gi1en *ore 2inan,ia+ 2ree!o*#
??$
As an asi!e, it is eas3 to see
t&at t&ere is 1er3 +itt+e tr0e *erit in t&is one8si!e! arg0*ent sin,e t&e 2inan,ia+ oression
t&ro0g& 04i, ta7ation is a,t0a++3 limiting t&e 0r,&asing o6er o2 t&e genera+ 04+i,, ,reating an
arg0a4+3 *ore o6er20+ i*e!i*ent to e,ono*i, gro6t& t&an t&e *ere +i*iting o2 t&e ,o22ers o2
t&e ,ororate Fe*+o3ers-#
??'
T&e on+3 e7,etion to t&is, 6&i,& trans,en!s t&e arg0*ent o2 t&e
ri,& as F9o4 ,reators-, is t&e a!1ent o2 plutonomy, 6&i,& 6i++ 4e a!!resse! to6ar!s t&e en! o2 t&is
essa3#
?(C Notes of the &ecret *ebates of the Dederal Convention of ,L<L, Ro4ert Jates, A+ston M3gatt, #$C(
?(A Re2" 0ne percent holds -H percent of global wealth .&tt"HH666#ra6stor3#,o*HrsH'%$$H%@H($Hone8er,ent8&o+!s8(A8
er,ent8o28g+o4a+86ea+t&H/
??% Re2" "oor .mericans "ay *ouble The &tate, )ocal Tax $ates 0f Top 0ne "ercent
.&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$'H%AH'$Hoor8a*eri,ans8state8+o,a+8ta7esUnU$A%(AA(#&t*+/
??$ Re2" *on5t Tax the #ob Creators .&tt"HH666#,n4,#,o*Hi!H?C'A%(?>HDon%(AtUTa7Ut&eUKo4U)reatorsURo*ne3/
??' Re2" "rivate *ebt Iills the +conomy .&tt"HH666#g+o4a+resear,&#,aHri1ate8!e4t8ki++s8t&e8e,ono*3H@(%(C?'/
106
)+ass 2a1oring ta7ation asi!e, 2o0r ot&er *ore ,riti,a+ str0,t0ra+ 2a,tors 6i++ 4e !is,0sse!" Ga<
De4t, G4< Interest, G,< In2+ation an! G!< In,o*e !isarit3#
Ga< De4t is a *is0n!erstoo! so,ia+ ra,ti,e in t&at *ost ass0*e !e4t is an option in so,iet3 to!a3#
In rea+it3, t&e entire 2inan,ia+ s3ste* is 40i+t o0t o2 !e4t, 50ite +itera++3# A++ *one3 is 4ro0g&t into
e7isten,e t&ro0g& +oans in t&e *o!ern e,ono*3, ,o*ing 2ro* ,entra+ an! ,o**er,ia+ 4anks 6&o
essentia++3 ,reate t&e *one3 o0t o2 !e*an! itse+2#
??(
T&is 4asi, *e,&anis* o2 *onetar3 ,reation is
a o6er20+ 2or,e o2 e,ono*i, oression# Ho0se&o+! !e4t to!a3 ten!s to ,onsist o2 ,re!it ,ar!
+oans, &o0sing +oans, ,ar +oans an! st0!ent Ge!0,ationa+< +oans# T&ose in t&e +o6er ,+asses
nat0ra++3 &o+! &ig&er +e1e+s o2 t&is consumer !e4t t&an t&e 0er ,+ass sin,e t&e 1er3 nat0re o2
4eing 0na4+e to a3 o0trig&t 2or 4asi, so,ia+ sta+es, s0,& a ,ar or &o*e, 2or,es t&e nee! 2or
4anks +oans#
T&e res0+t is t&at t&e ress0re o2 !e4t is ,onstant in t&e +i1es o2 t&e 1ast *a9orit3#
???

??@

??=
T&e
genera+ 6age an! in,o*e rates 4eing 6&at t&e3 are on a1erage, nat0ra++3 as +o6 as ossi4+e to
assist 6it& t&e !o*inant )aita+ist et&os o2 ,ost8e22i,ien,3 0on 6&i,& t&e entire so,iet3 is
engineere!, t&e 6age in,o*e *a!e 43 t&e a1erage e*+o3ee ten!s to on+3 4are+3 *eet t&e 4asi,
+oan ser1i,ing re50ire*ents 6&i+e in ,on,ert 6it& *eeting 4asi,, e1er3!a3 s0r1i1a+ nee!s# Hen,e a
2or* o2 Fr0nning in +a,e- is ,onstant an! t&e ossi4i+it3 o2 so,ia+ *o4i+it3 0 t&e ,+ass &ierar,&3 is
!ee+3 i*e!e!, +et a+one t&e !i22i,0+t3 o2 si*+3 getting o0t o2 !e4t itse+2#
??>
G4< Interest" )o0+e! 6it& !e4t is t&e ro2it attri40te asso,iate! t&e sa+e o2 *one3 itse+2# Sin,e t&e
)aita+ist *arket e,ono*3 s0orts t&e genera+ ,o**o!i2i,ation o2 1irt0a++3 e1er3t&ing, it is no
s0rrise t&at *one3 itse+2 is so+! into e7isten,e 2or ro2it an! t&is ,o*es in t&e 2or* o2 interest#
W&et&er it is a ,entra+ 4ank ,reating *one3 in e7,&ange 2or go1ern*ent se,0rities or a
,o**er,ia+ 4ank *aking a *ortgage +oan to an a1erage erson, interest 2ees are a+*ost a+6a3s
atta,&e!#
As *entione! in re1io0s essa3s, t&is ,reates t&e ,on!ition 6&ere *ore !e4t is generate! t&an
a,t0a+ *one3 in ,ir,0+ation to ,o1er it# W&en a +oan is *a!e, on+3 6&at is ter*e! t&e Frin,ia+- is
ro!0,e!# T&e *one3 s0+3 o2 an3 ,o0ntr3 ,onsists o2 t&is rin,ia+ in 2or*, 6&i,& is t&e
aggregate 1a+0e o2 a++ +oans *a!e G*one3 ,reation<# T&e interest 2ee, on t&e ot&er &an!, is not in
e7isten,e# T&is *eans t&at, on t&e so,ia+ +e1e+, a++ t&ose taking interest 4earing +oans *0st 2in!
*one3 2ro* t&e preexisting *one3 s0+3 in or!er to ,o1er it 6&en a3ing t&e +oan 4a,k# In t&is
ro,ess, sin,e a++ interest ai! is 4eing 0++e! 2ro* t&e rin,ia+, it is a *at&e*ati,a+ e1ent0a+it3
t&at ,ertain +oans si*+3 ,annot 4e reai!# T&ere si*+3 isnIt eno0g& *one3 in t&e s3ste* at an3
one ti*e#
??C
T&e res0+t is an e1en *ore o6er20+ !o6n6ar! ,+ass ress0re on t&ose &o+!ing s0,& 4asi,,
,o**on +oans sin,e t&ere is a+6a3s t&is 4asi, scarcity in t&e *one3 s0+3 itse+2 an! e1er3one
6orking to ser1i,e t&eir +oans &a1e to ,onten! 6it& t&e ine1ita4+e rea+it3 t&at so*eone is going to
??( For 20++ treat*ent on t&e ,reation o2 *one3, see" 4odern 4oney 4echanics, Fe!era+ Reser1e Dank o2 )&i,ago, $A=$
??? Re2" >'&' Credit Card *ebt Brows, Dewer .mericans 4ake "ayments 0n Time
.&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$'H$$H$AH0s8,re!it8,ar!8!e4t8gro6sUnU'$@C%$%#&t*+/
??@ Re2" *rowning In 4edical *ebtG Diling Dor 3ankruptcy Could 3e 9our )ife $aft
.&tt"HHarti,+es#40sinessinsi!er#,o*H'%$'8%$8'>Hne6sH(%==A>$?U$U4ankr0t,382i+ers8*e!i,a+8!e4t8,re!it8s,ore/
??= Re2" The *ebt That :on5t Bo .way .&tt"HH666#,n4,#,o*Hi!H?%=C%A%@/
??> S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HH666#t&eat+anti,#,o*H40sinessHar,&i1eH'%$(H%$Ht&e8a*eri,an8&o0se&o+!8is8!igging8o0t8o28
!e4t8in8t&e86orst8ossi4+e86a3H'>'=@>H
??C A ,o**on o49e,tion to t&is ana+3sis is t&e ass0*tion t&at interest income is a+so o0t0t into t&e *one3 s0+3
t&ro0g& sa1ings a,,o0nts, )#D#s an! ot&er s0,& in1est*ents# Ho6e1er, t&is ass0*es t&at t&at *one3 is 4eing created
!0ring t&e ti*e o2 a3*ent# T&is is not tr0e# Interest in,o*e a3*ents are generate! 43 t&e e7isting ro2its o2 t&e
2inan,ia+ instit0tion so t&e ass0*tion !oes not ,&ange t&e e50ation# T&e interest 2ee re50ire! 2or a3*ent si*+3
!oesnIt e7ist in t&e *one3 s0+3#
107
2ai+ to *eet t&eir +oan rea3*ent in t&e +ong r0n# Dankr0t,3 is a ,o**on res0+t in t&ose
seg*ents o2 so,iet3 t&at get t&is Fs&ort en! o2 t&e sti,k-# E1en *ore tro04+ing is &o6 t&e 4anking
*e,&anis* rea,ts to t&ose 6&o are 0na4+e to 20+2i++ t&eir +oan o4+igation# T&e +oan ,ontra,t an!
+ega+ s3ste* s0ort t&e o6er o2 4anks, in *ost ,ase, to Freossess- t&e &3si,a+ roert3 o2
t&ose 6&o ,annot a3#
??A
I2 6e t&ink !ee+3 a4o0t t&is a4i+it3 to Freossess-, it is arg0a4+3 an in!ire,t 2or* o2 theft# I2 it is
ine1ita4+e t&at so*e 6i++ s0,,0*4 to not *eeting t&eir +oan rea3*ent !0e to t&e in&erent
s,ar,it3 in t&e *one3 s0+3, 6it& t&e ossi4+e res0+t o2 t&e &3si,a+ roert3 o4taine! 2ro* t&at
+oane! *one3 4eing reossesse! 43 t&e 4ank 1ia ,ontra,t0a+ agree*ents, t&en t&e 4ankIs
a,50isition o2 s0,& tr0e, &3si,a+ roert3 is ine1ita4+e o1er ti*e# T&is *eans t&e 4anks, 6&i,&
are a+6a3s o6ne! 43 *e*4ers o2 t&e 0er ,+ass to 4e s0re, are taking &o0ses, ,ars an! roert3
o2 t&e +o6er ,+asses, si*+3 4e,a0se t&e *one3 t&e3 ,reate! o0t o2 t&in air in t&e 2or* o2 a +oan is
not 4eing ret0rne! to t&e*# T&is is, in essen,e, a ,o1ert 2or* o2 &3si,a+ 6ea+t& trans2er 2ro* t&e
+o6er to t&e 0er ,+ass#
Ho6e1er, ret0rning to t&e s049e,t o2 interest itse+2, s0,& rea+ities are o2 +itt+e !ire,t ,on,ern to t&e
0er ,+ass# Gi1en t&e 6ea+t& s0r+0s in&erent to t&eir 2inan,ia+ stat0s, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e +a,k o2
ne,essit3 to e1en take +oans *ost o2 t&e ti*e !0e to t&is s0r+0s, t&e s,ar,it3 ress0re in&erent to
t&e *one3 s0+3 !0e to interest 2ees a+6a3s 2a++s on t&e s&o0+!ers o2 t&e +o6er ,+asses# At t&e
sa*e ti*e, t&e 6ea+t&3 are a,t0a++3 20rt&er ,+ass8rote,te! as t&e &eno*enon o2 investment
income 1ia interest earne! 2ro* +arge sa1ings a,,o0nts, ,erti2i,ates o2 !eosit an! ot&er *eans,
t0rns t&is 1e&i,+e o2 so,ia+ oression 2or t&e oor into a 1e&i,+e o2 2inan,ia+ a!1antage 2or t&e
ri,&#
?@%

G,< In2+ation is genera++3 !e2ine! as FT&e rate at 6&i,& t&e genera+ +e1e+ o2 ri,es 2or goo!s an!
ser1i,es is rising, an!, s04se50ent+3, 0r,&asing o6er is 2a++ing#-
?@$
Un2ort0nate+3 t&is ,o**on
!e2inition gi1es no insig&t into its tr0e ,a0sa+it3# W&i+e t&ere &as 4een !e4ate as to t&e tr0e
,a0ses o2 in2+ation in !i22erent e,ono*i, s,&oo+s,
?@'
t&e FE0antit3 T&eor3 o2 Mone3-
?@(
&as 4een
ro1en as t&e *ost re+e1ant# In s&ort, t&is t&eor3 si*+3 re,ogni;es t&at t&e *ore *one3 in
,ir,0+ation, t&e *ore in2+ation or rising ri,es# In ot&er 6or!s, a++ t&ings 4eing e50a+, i2 6e !o04+e
t&e *one3 s0+3, ri,e +e1e+s 6i++ a+so !o04+e, et,# T&e ne6 *one3 !i+0tes t&e 1a+0e o2 t&e
e7isting *one3 in a 1ariation o2 t&e s0+38!e*an! t&eor3 o2 1a+0e#
T&e ,onse50en,e o2 t&is is 6&at 6e ,o0+! ,a++ a F&i!!en ta7- on eo+eIs sa1ings an! 2i7e! in,o*e
rates# For e7a*+e, +et 0s ass0*e t&e in2+ation rate is (#@W a 3ear# I2 3o0 &a1e b(%,%%%, in ten
3ears it 6i++ on+3 403 a4o0t b'$,%%% 6ort& o2 goo!s#
?@?
W&i+e t&is *ig&t aear to &a1e an e50a+
e22e,t 2or t&e 6&o+e o2 so,iet3, t&e rea+it3 is t&at it !ee+3 e22e,ts t&e oor *0,& *ore t&an t&e
ri,& 6&en it ,o*es to s0r1i1a+# A erson 6it& ( *i++ion !o++ars in sa1ings is not *0,& &in!ere! 43
t&e (#@W +oss o2 0r,&asing o6er# Ho6e1er, a erson 6it& on+3 b(%,%%% in sa1ings, 6orking to
er&as 0t a !o6na3*ent on a &o*e in t&e 20t0re, is !ee+3 a22e,te! 43 t&is &i!!en ta7#
??A It is interesting to oint o0t as an asi!e t&at 4anking instit0tions 43 6&i,& +oans are o4taine! 2or a 0r,&ase 8 s0,& as
a &o*e : are a4+e to take t&e full roert3 regar!+ess o2 t&e 1a+0e ai! in rior# E1en i2 AAW o2 t&e +oan is ai! o22, t&e3
,an sti++ take $%%W o2 t&e roert3 i2 t&e 2ina+ a3*ents are not *a!e#
?@% For e7a*+e, a erson 6&o !eosits b$ *i++ion into a )#D# at (W interest ann0a++3 6i++ generate b(%,%%% a 3ear *ere+3
2or t&at !eosit a+one# In ter*s o2 er,entage, (W *a3 not see* as t&at !ra*ati,# In ter*s o2 a4so+0te 1a+0e,
,o*are! to t&e in,o*e o2 t&e 1ast *a9orit3, it is 50ite !ra*ati,#
?@$ FIn2+ation- !e2ine! so0r,e &tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Hter*sHiHin2+ation#asNa7;;'K39*RKs
?@' S0ggeste! rea!ing 4acroeconomicsA Theory and "olicy, Ro4ert K# Gor!on, -Mo!ern t&eories o2 in2+ation- M,Gra68Hi++,
$ACC
?@( FE0antit3 T&eor3 o2 Mone3- !e2ine! so0r,e" &tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Harti,+esH%@H%$%>%@#asNa7;;'K39*RKs
?@? (#@W ann0a+ !ere,iation a2ter $% 3ears# Origina+ Va+0e b(%,%%%# Jear $" b'C,A@%T Jear '" b'>,A(>T Jear (" b'=,A=%T
Jear ?" b'=,%$>T Jear @" b'@,$%>T Jear =" b'?,''AT Jear >" b'(,(C$T Jear C" '',@=(T Jear A" b'$,>>?T Jear $%
b'$,%$'
108
In t&e ,onte7t o2 structural classism, 6&ere 2i7e! attri40tes o2 t&e s3ste* itse+2 assist in t&e
oression o2 t&e oor an! &e+ing o2 t&e ri,&, t&e *e,&anis* o2 t&is &i!!en ta7 in a+so
i**0ta4+3 40i+t in# T&e s,ar,it3 in t&e *one3 s0+3 to *eet !e4t o4+igations 2or,e ne6 +oans
,onstant+3 in t&e e,ono*3# )o0+e! 6it& t&at is t&e no6 g+o4a++3 0ti+i;e! *onetar3 e7ansion
ro,ess kno6n as t&e Dractional $eserve )ending s3ste*#
?@@
)ontrar3 to o0+ar 4e+ie2, *ost +oans are not gi1en 2ro* a 4ankIs e7isting !eosits# T&e3 are
in1ente! in rea+ ti*e, +i*ite! on+3 43 a set er,entage o2 t&eir e7isting !eosits#
?@=
In s&ort, !0e to
t&is ro,ess o1er ti*e, it is ,0rrent+3 ossi4+e t&at 2or e1er3 b$%,%%% !eosite!, a4o0t bA%,%%%
,an 4e ,reate! 2ro* it t&ro0g& t&e ro,ess o2 ongoing +oans an! !eosits a,ross t&e entire
4anking s3ste*#
?@>
T&is pyramiding o2 *one3, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e interest ress0re t&at ,reates
s,ar,it3 in t&e *one3 s0+3, re1ea+s t&at t&e s3ste* is inherently in2+ationar3#
G!< In,o*e !i22eren,es a,ross so,iet3 a+so &a1e 4ot& a s3,&o+ogi,a+ an! str0,t0ra+ ,a0sa+it3#
Ps3,&o+ogi,a++3, t&e3 are !ri1en, in art, 43 t&e 4asi, ro2it an! ,ost reser1ation in,enti1e
ne,essar3 to re*ain ,o*etiti1e an! 20n,tiona+ in t&e *arket# In *an3 6a3s t&is in,enti1e ,o0+!
4e ,onsi!ere! cognitively structural, as t&ere is a 4e&a1iora+ t&res&o+! 6&i,& a++ +a3ers in t&e
*arket e,ono*3 *0st a!&ere 6&en it ,o*es to s0r1i1a+# In t0rn, t&is interest o2 se+28reser1ation
t&o0g& ,ost8e22i,ien,3 an! *a7i*i;ing ro2its, 6&i+e 4asi, to t&e )aita+ist ga*e at its ,ore, s&o6s
a ,+ear ten!en,3 to e7ten! as an o1era++ s0r1i1a+ &i+oso&3 or &0*an 1a+0e s3ste* in genera+#
In ot&er 6or!s, so,ia+ 1a+0es 4e,o*e a+tere! 43 t&is e,ono*i, nee! 2or ,onstant se+28reser1ation
an! 1er3 o2ten it *ani2ests itse+2 into 4e&a1ior 6&i,&, in a4stra,tion, *ig&t 4e ,on!e*ne! as
Fe7,essi1e-, Fse+2is&- or Fgree!3- 8 6&en, in 2a,t, s0,& !ee*e! ,&ara,teristi,s are *ere e7tensions
or matters of degree 6it& rese,t to t&is 4asi, ,on!itioning to Fsta3 a&ea!-#
T&ere2ore, t&e o1era++ tren! o2 in,reasing in,o*e ine50a+it3 in genera+ s&o0+! not 4e a s0rrise#
?@C

W&i+e t&e Unite! States, 6it& its !ee+3 ,o*etiti1e nat0re, is a &ig&+ig&t o2 e7tre*e ,+ass
ine50a+it3 to!a3,
?@A
t&e tren! is sti++ 1er3 *0,& a g+o4a+ &eno*enon#
?=%
W&i+e t&e !e4ate a4o0t
&istori,a+ tren!s 1s ,0rrent tren!s ,an 4e *a!e regar!ing 6&3 t&is erio! o2 ti*e, t&e ear+3 '$
st

,ent0r3, is s&o6ing s0,& e7tensi1e in,reases in t&e 6ea+t& ga : 6e *ig&t ,on,+0!e t&at ,ertain
structural factors &a1e *a!e t&eir 6a3 into t&e s3ste* an! t&ese 2a,tors are assisting t&e
!isarit3# We *a3 a+so ,on,+0!e t&at t&ese *e,&anis*s are not anomalies o2 t&e s3ste* 8 40t
rat&er reresent a nat0ra+ evolution o2 )aita+is* t&ro0g& ti*e#
For e7a*+e, t&e 1ast in,o*e no6 ,o*ing 2ro* F,aita+ gains- is a ,ase in oint# W&i+e see*ing+3
?@@ For a 20++ treat*ent on t&e Fra,tiona+ Reser1e Len!ing, see" 4odern 4oney 4echanics, Fe!era+ Reser1e Dank o2
)&i,ago, $A=$
?@= To 50ote 4odern 4oney 4echanics, a te7t ro!0,e! 43 t&e Fe!era+ Reser1e Dank o2 )&i,ago" FO2 ,o0rse, t&e3 .t&e
4anks/ !o not rea++3 a3 o0t +oans 2ro* t&e *one3 t&e3 re,ei1e as !eosits# I2 t&e3 !i! t&is, no a!!itiona+ *one3 6o0+!
4e ,reate!# W&at t&e3 !o 6&en t&e3 *ake +oans is to a,,et ro*issor3 notes in e7,&ange 2or ,re!its to t&e 4orro6ersI
transa,tion a,,o0nts###Reser1es are 0n,&ange! 43 t&e +oan transa,tions# D0t t&e !eosit ,re!its ,onstit0te ne6
a!!itions to t&e tota+ !eosits o2 t&e 4anking s3ste*- .4odern 4oney 4echanics, Fe!era+ Reser1e Dank o2 )&i,ago,
$A=$/
?@> To 50ote 4odern 4oney 4echanics" FT&e tota+ a*o0nt o2 e7ansion t&at ,an take +a,e###)arrie! t&ro0g& to
t&eoreti,a+ +i*its, t&e initia+ b$%,%%% o2 reser1es !istri40te! 6it&in t&e 4anking s3ste* gi1es rise to an e7ansion o2
bA%,%%% in 4ank ,re!it G+oans an! in1est*ents< an! s0orts a tota+ o2 b$%%,%%% in ne6 !eosits 0n!er a $% er,ent
reser1e re50ire*ent#- .4odern 4oney 4echanics, Fe!era+ Reser1e Dank o2 )&i,ago, $A=$/
?@C S0ggeste! Rea!ing" >'&' Income Ine%ualityA It5s :orse Today Than It :as in ,LL/
.&tt"HH666#t&eat+anti,#,o*H40sinessHar,&i1eH'%$'H%AH0s8in,o*e8ine50a+it38its86orse8to!a38t&an8it86as8in8
$>>?H'='@(>H/
?@A Re2" The >ne%ual &tate of .mericaA a $euters series .&tt"HH666#re0ters#,o*Hs049e,tsHin,o*e8
ine50a+it3H6as&ington/
?=%Re2" Income Ine%uality .round the :orld Is a Dailure of Capitalism
.&tt"HH666#t&eat+anti,#,o*H40sinessHar,&i1eH'%$$H%@Hin,o*e8ine50a+it38aro0n!8t&e86or+!8is8a82ai+0re8o28
,aita+is*H'(CC(>H/
109
a *inor n0an,e o2 genera+ in,o*e, so*e e,ono*i, ana+3sts &a1e !ee*e! ,aita+ gains to 4e t&e
Fke3 ingre!ient o2 in,o*e !isarit3 in t&e US-#
?=$
)aita+ gains are !e2ine! as F.t/&e a*o0nt 43
6&i,& an assetIs se++ing ri,e e7,ee!s its initia+ 0r,&ase ri,e# A rea+i;e! ,aita+ gain is an
in1est*ent t&at &as 4een so+! at a ro2it#-
?='
Its *ost ,o**on ,onte7t is 6it& rese,t to t&e
se++ing o2 sto,ks, 4on!s, !eri1ati1es, 20t0res an! ot&er a4stra,t Ftra!ing- 1e&i,+es#
It &as 4een 2o0n! t&at in t&e Unite! States a+one, t&e to %#$ er,ent o2 t&e o0+ation earns
a4o0t &a+2 o2 a++ ,aita+ gains,
?=(
an! s0,& gains a,,o0nt 2or a4o0t =% er,ent o2 t&e in,o*e o2 t&e
to ?%% ri,&est ,iti;ens#
?=?
T&e ,+ass *e,&anis* o2 ,aita+ gains is interesting 4e,a0se it is a
ri1i+ege! 2or* o2 in,o*e# W&i+e t&e sto,k *arket *ig&t 4e 0se! 2or ,onser1ati1e *0t0a+ 20n! an!
retire*ent in1est*ent 43 t&e genera+ 04+i,, it is rea++3 an 0er ,+ass ersonIs ga*e 6&en it
,o*es to s04stantia+ ret0rns !0e to t&e &ig& +e1e+ o2 ,aita+ initia++3 nee!e! to 2a,i+itate s0,& &ig&
1a+0e ret0rns# Like t&e e+itis* o2 &ig& +e1e+ interest in,o*e, ,aita+ gains is a ,+ass se,0ring
*e,&anis* 20e+e! 43 ree7isting s04stantia+ 6ea+t&#
T&en 6e &a1e t&e !i22eren,es in in,o*e 6it& rese,t to oneIs osition in t&e ,ororate &ierar,&3#
In a st0!3 er2or*e! 43 t&e )ana!ian )entre 2or Po+i,3 A+ternati1es, it 6as 2o0n! t&at )ana!aIs
to )EOs *ake an a1erage 6orkerIs 3ear+3 sa+ar3 in - hours#
?=@
In t&e Unite! States, a,,or!ing to
resear,& 43 t&e +conomic "olicy Institute Ft&e a1erage ann0a+ earnings o2 t&e to $ er,ent o2
6age earners gre6 $@= er,ent 2ro* $A>A to '%%>T 2or t&e to %#$ er,ent t&e3 gre6 (='
er,ent# In ,ontrast, earners in t&e A%t& to A@t& er,enti+es &a! 6age gro6t& o2 (? er,ent, +ess
t&an a tent& as *0,& as t&ose in t&e to %#$ er,ent tier# Workers in t&e 4otto* A% er,ent &a!
t&e 6eakest 6age gro6t&, at $> er,ent 2ro* $A>A to '%%>#-
?==
T&e3 ,ontin0e" FT&e +arge in,rease in 6age ine50a+it3 is one o2 t&e *ain !ri1ers o2 t&e +arge
06ar! !istri40tion o2 &o0se&o+! in,o*e to t&e to $ er,ent, t&e ot&ers 4eing t&e rising
ine50a+it3 o2 ,aita+ in,o*e an! t&e gro6ing s&are o2 in,o*e going to ,aita+ rat&er t&an 6ages
an! ,o*ensation# T&e res0+t o2 t&ese t&ree tren!s 6as a *ore t&an !o04+ing o2 t&e s&are o2 tota+
in,o*e in t&e Unite! States re,ei1e! 43 t&e to $ er,ent 4et6een $A>A an! '%%> an! a +arge
in,rease in t&e in,o*e ga 4et6een t&ose at t&e to an! t&e 1ast *a9orit3# In '%%>, a1erage
ann0a+ in,o*es o2 t&e to $ er,ent o2 &o0se&o+!s 6ere ?' ti*es greater t&an in,o*es o2 t&e
4otto* A% er,ent G0 2ro* $? ti*es greater in $A>A<, an! in,o*es o2 t&e to %#$ er,ent 6ere
''% ti*es greater G0 2ro* ?> ti*es greater in $A>A<#-
?=>

Si*i+ar atterns ,an 4e 2o0n! in ot&er in!0stria+i;e! nations# In 2a,t, in '%$( e1en )&ina &as 4een
!is,0ssing t&eir gro6ing in,o*e ga ro4+e* 6it& roosa+s to ease t&e !isarit3#
?=C
T&e
Organi;ation for +conomic Co-operation and *evelopment in a '%$$ reort 2o0n! t&at ,o0ntries
6it& &istori,a++3 +o6 +e1e+s o2 in,o*e ine50a+it3 &a1e e7erien,e! signi2i,ant in,reases o1er t&e
ast !e,a!e#
?=A

?>%
?=$ Re2" The Top K',J 0f The Nation +arn Calf 0f .ll Capital Bains
.&tt"HH666#2or4es#,o*HsitesHro4ert+en;nerH'%$$H$$H'%Ht&e8to8%8$8o28t&e8nation8earn8&a+28o28a++8,aita+8gainsH/
?=' F)aita+ Gain- !e2ine! so0r,e" .&tt"HH666#in1estor6or!s#,o*H>%=H,aita+Ugain#&t*+/
?=( Re2" Capital gains tax rates benefiting wealthy feed growing gap between rich and poor
.&tt"HH666#6as&ingtonost#,o*H40sinessHe,ono*3H,aita+8gains8ta78rates84ene2iting86ea+t&38are8rote,te!84384ot&8
artiesH'%$$H%AH%=HgIEA!K*SLLUstor3#&t*+/
?=? Re2" 8uestioning the *ogma of Tax $ates .&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%$$H%CH'%H40sinessH50estioning8t&e8!og*a8o28
+o6er8ta7es8on8,aita+8gains#&t*+Qage6ante!Ra++BUrR%/
?=@ Re2" Top Canadian C+0s make average workerTs salary in three hours of first working day of year
.&tt"HH40siness#2inan,ia+ost#,o*H'%$'H%$H%(Hto8,ana!ian8,eos8*ake8a1erage86orkers8sa+ar38in8t&ree8&o0rsH/
?== Re2" C+0 pay and the top ,J .&tt"HH666#ei#orgH04+i,ationHi4(($8,eo8a38to8$8er,entH/
?=> I4i!#
?=C Re2" China Issues "roposal to Narrow Income Bap .&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%$(H%'H%=H6or+!HasiaH,&ina8iss0es8
+an8to8narro68in,o*e8ga#&t*+/
?=A Re2" &ociety at a Blance 6K,, - 0+C* &ocial Indicators
.&tt"HH666#oe,!#orgHso,ia+Hso,ia+o+i,iesan!!ataHso,iet3atag+an,e'%$$8oe,!so,ia+in!i,ators#&t*/
?>% Re2" ,K Countries :ith The :orst Income Ine%ualityA 0+C* .&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$$H%@H'(H$%8
110
)a0sa+it3 in t&e 2or* o2 ,+ear+3 !e2ine! str0,t0ra+ *e,&anis*s are *ore !i22i,0+t to in !o6n 6it&
rese,t to t&is genera+ tren! o2 e*+o3*ent re+ate! in,o*e i*4a+an,e# T&e ,o*4ination o2 t&e
s3,&o+ogi,a+ in,enti1e o2 se+28reser1ation an! se+28*a7i*i;ation in&erent to t&e 1a+0e s3ste* o2
)aita+is*, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e e1er8,&anging +ega+, ta7 an! 2inan,ia+ o+i,3 re+ate! 1aria4+es in +a3,
a+ong 6it& t&e 4asi, strategi, e!ge *aintaine! 43 t&e 0er ,+asses !0e to t&eir e7isting 6ea+t&
se,0rit3, ,reates a ,o*+e7, s3nergisti, *e,&anis* o2 ,+ass reser1ation an! e7terna+ oression#
A s04t+e 3et re1ea+ing statisti,a+ oint to a+so note is &o6 !0ring re,ent re,essions in t&e Unite!
States, t&e 6ea+t& ga &as a,t0a++3 widened'
/L,
It is a7io*ati, to ,on,+0!e t&at i2 t&e s3ste* o2
e,ono*3 6as 6it&o0t str0,t0ra+ inter2eren,e in 2a1or o2 t&e 6ea+t&3, a nationa+ re,ession on t&e
s,a+e o2 t&e 6&at o,,0rre! 2ro* '%%> on6ar! s&o0+! &a1e a22e,te! *ost e1er3one negati1e+3,
regar!+ess o2 so,ia+ ,+ass# Jet, it 6as reorte! in '%$% t&at Ft&e 6ea+t&iest @ er,ent o2 A*eri,ans,
6&o earn *ore t&an b$C%,%%%, a!!e! s+ig&t+3 to t&eir ann0a+ in,o*es +ast 3ear###Fa*i+ies at t&e
b@%,%%% *e!ian +e1e+ s+ie! +o6er#-
?>'
As a 2ina+ oint on t&e iss0e o2 in,o*e ine50a+it3, it is i*ortant to note &o6 nationa+ e,ono*i,
gro6t& o2ten re+ates to t&ose o2 t&e 0er ,+ass itse+2, re!0,ing t&e genera+ e,ono*i, re+e1an,e o2
t&e +o6er ,+asses# T&e ter* F+0tono*3- is aroriate in t&is ,ase# A F+0tono*3- is !e2ine! as
FE,ono*i, gro6t& t&at is o6ere! an! ,ons0*e! 43 t&e 6ea+t&iest 0er ,+ass o2 so,iet3#
P+0tono*3 re2ers to a so,iet3 6&ere t&e *a9orit3 o2 t&e 6ea+t& is ,ontro++e! 43 an e1er8s&rinking
*inorit3T as s0,&, t&e e,ono*i, gro6t& o2 t&at so,iet3 4e,o*es !een!ent on t&e 2ort0nes o2 t&at
sa*e 6ea+t&3 *inorit3#-
?>(
Per&as t&e 4est 6a3 to !es,ri4e t&e nat0re o2 +0tono*3 an! its re+e1an,e to t&e *o!ern !a3, is
to ,onsi!er t&e 6or!s o2 t&ose 6&o e*4ra,e it# In '%%@, )itigro0, a o6er20+ g+o4a+ 4anking
instit0tion, ro!0,e! a series o2 interna+ *e*os on t&e s049e,t an! t&e3 6ere 50ite ,an!i! in t&eir
ana+3sis an! ,on,+0sions#
T&e3 state!" -T&e 6or+! is !i1i!ing into t6o 4+o,s 8 t&e P+0tono*3 an! t&e rest# T&e U#S#, UL, an!
)ana!a are t&e ke3 +0tono*ies 8 e,ono*ies o6ere! 43 t&e 6ea+t&3#-
?>?
FIn a +0tono*3 t&ere is
no s0,& ani*a+ as Ft&e U#S# ,ons0*er- or Ft&e UL ,ons0*er-, or in!ee! t&e FR0ssian ,ons0*er-#
T&ere are ri,& ,ons0*ers, 2e6 in n0*4er, 40t !isroortionate in t&e giganti, s+i,e o2 in,o*e an!
,ons0*tion t&e3 take# T&ere are t&e rest, t&e Fnon8ri,&-, t&e *0+tit0!ino0s *an3, 40t on+3
a,,o0nting 2or s0rrising+3 s*a++ 4ites o2 t&e nationa+ ie#-
?>@
FWe s&o0+! 6orr3 +ess a4o0t 6&at
t&e a1erage ,ons0*er 8 sa3 t&e @%t& er,enti+e 8 is going to !o, 6&en t&at ,ons0*er is G6e t&ink<
+ess re+e1ant to t&e aggregate !ata t&an &o6 t&e 6ea+t&3 2ee+ an! 6&at t&e3 are !oing# T&is is
si*+3 a ,ase o2 *at&e*ati,s, not *ora+it3#-
?>=
Wit& '%W o2 t&e A*eri,an o0+ation ,ontro++ing C@W o2 t&e ,o0ntr3Is 6ea+t&,
?>>
it is ,+ear t&at
t&ose 0ti+i;ing t&at C@W are *ore i*ortant to t&e GDP or gro6t& o2 t&e e,ono*3#
W&at t&is *eans is t&at t&e 2inan,ia+ s3ste* &as +itt+e in,enti1e to ,are a4o0t t&e a,tions or
2inan,ia+ 6e++84eing o2 *ost o2 t&e 04+i,#
,o0ntries86it&86orst8in,o*e8ine50a+it3UnUC=@C=A#&t*+Ns'>C'??Btit+eR$U)&i+e/
?>$ U#S# )ens0s !ata re1ea+e!"-T&e to8earning '% er,ent o2 A*eri,ans : t&ose *aking *ore t&an b$%%,%%% ea,& 3ear
: re,ei1e! ?A#? er,ent o2 a++ in,o*e generate! in t&e U#S#, ,o*are! 6it& t&e (#? er,ent *a!e 43 t&e 4otto* '%
er,ent o2 earners, t&ose 6&o 2e++ 4e+o6 t&e o1ert3 +ine, a,,or!ing to t&e ne6 2ig0res# T&at ratio o2 $?#@8to8$ 6as an
in,rease 2ro* $(#= in '%%C an! near+3 !o04+e a +o6 o2 >#=A in $A=C# At t&e to, t&e 6ea+t&iest @ er,ent o2 A*eri,ans,
6&o earn *ore t&an b$C%,%%%, a!!e! s+ig&t+3 to t&eir ann0a+ in,o*es +ast 3ear, t&e !ata s&o6# Fa*i+ies at t&e b@%,%%%
*e!ian +e1e+ s+ie! +o6er#- .&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$%H%AH'CHin,o*e8ga86i!ens8,ens0s8UnU>?$(C=#&t*+/
?>' Re2" Income Bap :idensA Census Dinds $ecord Bap 3etween $ich .nd "oor
.&tt"HH666#&022ingtonost#,o*H'%$%H%AH'CHin,o*e8ga86i!ens8,ens0s8UnU>?$(C=#&t*+/
?>( FP+0tono*3- !e2ine! so0r,e" .&tt"HH666#in1estoe!ia#,o*Hter*sHH+0tono*3#asNa7;;'L?6DO)$/
?>? "lutonomyA 3uying )uxury, +xplaining Blobal Imbalance, )itigro0 Interna+ Me*o, O,to4er $=
t&
'%%@, #$
?>@ I4i!#, #'
?>= The "lutonomy &ymposium O $ising Tides )ifting 9achts, )itigro0 Interna+ Me*o, Sete*4er 'A, '%%=, #$$
?>> Re2" :ealth, Income, and "ower .&tt"HHso,io+og3#0,s,#e!0H6&or0+esa*eri,aHo6erH6ea+t&#&t*+/
111
It ,ontin0es" Ft&e &eart o2 o0r +0tono*3 t&esis .is/ t&at t&e ri,& are t&e !o*inant so0r,e o2
in,o*e, 6ea+t& an! !e*an! in +0tono*3 ,o0ntries s0,& as t&e UL, US, )ana!a an! A0stra+ia###
Se,on!+3, 6e 4e+ie1e t&at t&e ri,& are going to kee getting ri,&er in ,o*ing 3ears, as ,aita+ists
Gt&e ri,&< get an e1en 4igger s&are o2 GDP as a res0+t, rin,ia++3, o2 g+o4a+i;ation# We e7e,t t&e
g+o4a+ oo+ o2 +a4or in !e1e+oing e,ono*ies to kee 6age in2+ation in ,&e,k, an! ro2it *argins
rising : goo! 2or t&e 6ea+t& o2 ,aita+ists, re+ati1e+3 4a! 2or !e1e+oe! *arket
0nski++e!Ho0tso0r,e8a4+e +a4or# T&is 4o!es 6e++ 2or ,o*anies se++ing to or ser1i,ing t&e ri,&#-
?>C

Wit& rese,t to t&e re+e1an,e o2 t&e rest o2 t&e o0+ation, t&e *e*o states"
FWe see t&e 4iggest t&reat to +0tono*3 as ,o*ing 2ro* a rise in o+iti,a+ !e*an!s to re!0,e
in,o*e ine50a+it3, srea! t&e 6ea+t& *ore e1en+3, an! ,&a++enge 2or,es s0,& as g+o4a+i;ation
6&i,& &a1e 4ene2ite! ro2it an! 6ea+t& gro6t&#-
?>A
FO0r ,on,+0sionQ T&e t&ree +e1ers go1ern*ents
an! so,ieties ,o0+! 0++ on to en! +0tono*3 are 4enign# Proert3 rig&ts are genera++3 sti++ inta,t,
ta7ation o+i,ies ne0tra+ to 2a1ora4+e, an! g+o4a+i;ation is keeing t&e s0+3 o2 +a4or in s0r+0s,
a,ting as a 4rake on 6age in2+ation#-
?C%

?C$
W&i+e +0tono*3 itse+2 *ig&t not e7a,t+3 4e a so0r,e o2 ,+ass ,on2+i,t it is ,ertain+3 a res0+t#
)&r3stia Free+an!, a0t&or o2 P+0to,rats" T&e Rise o2 t&e Ne6 G+o4a+ S0er8Ri,& an! t&e Fa++ o2
E1er3one E+se *akes a oint a4o0t t&e nat0re o2 t&is 2ra*e! s3,&o+og3 in&erent to t&ose o2 t&e
o0+ent *inorit3"
FJo0 !onIt !o t&is in a kin! o2 ,&ort+ing, s*oking 3o0r ,igar, ,onsiratoria+ t&inking 6a3# Jo0 !o it
43 ers0a!ing 3o0rse+2 t&at 6&at is in 3o0r o6n ersona+ se+28interest is in t&e interests o2
e1er34o!3 e+se# So 3o0 ers0a!e 3o0rse+2 t&at, a,t0a++3, go1ern*ent ser1i,es, t&ings +ike
sen!ing on e!0,ation, 6&i,& is 6&at ,reate! t&at so,ia+ *o4i+it3 in t&e 2irst +a,e, nee! to 4e ,0t
so t&at t&e !e2i,it 6i++ s&rink, so t&at 3o0r ta7 4i++ !oesnIt go 0# An! 6&at I rea++3 6orr3 a4o0t is,
t&ere is so *0,& *one3 an! so *0,& o6er at t&e 1er3 to, an! t&e ga 4et6een t&ose eo+e at
t&e 1er3 to an! e1er34o!3 e+se is so great, t&at 6e are going to see so,ia+ *o4i+it3 ,&oke! o22
an! so,iet3 trans2or*e!#-
/<6
%n Conclusion
A great !ea+ *ore ,o0+! 4e sai! 6it& rese,t to t&e *0+ti8+e1e+ 4att+ing o,,0rring on t&e +anet
Eart&, *ost+3 ,entri, to 2inan,ia+ an! *arket o6er an! its instit0tiona+ reser1ation# Fro*
&3si,a+ 1io+en,e to s04t+e +ega+ *ani0+ation, t&e t&e*e is ,onsistent an! !o*inant#
It ,o0+! e1en 4e arg0e! t&at progress itself &as 6ar 6age! against it sin,e esta4+is&e! ,ororate
instit0tions 6&o *aintain o6er20+ *arket s&are in a gi1en in!0str3, 6i++ o2ten 6ork to r0t&+ess+3
s&0t !o6n an3t&ing t&at ,an ,o*ete 6it& t&e*, e1en i2 t&e ro!0,t is rogressi1e+3 4etter or
*ore s0staina4+e in 0ti+it3#
?C(
)&ange an! rogress itse+2, in rea+ ter*s, are not rea!i+3 6e+,o*e!
in t&e ,aita+ist s3ste* as it o2ten !ist0r4s t&e s0,,ess o2 esta4+is&e! instit0tions# T&e in,re!i4+3
s+o6 rate o2 a+i,ation o2 ne6, s0staina4i+it3 i*ro1ing te,&no+ogi,a+ *et&o!s is a ,ase in
oint#
?C?
?>C $evisiting "lutonomyA The $ich Betting $icher, )itigro0 Interna+ Me*o, Mar,& @t&, '%%=, #$$
?>A The "lutonomy &ymposium O $ising Tides )ifting 9achts, )itigro0 Interna+ Me*o, Sete*4er 'A, '%%=, #$$
?C% "lutonomyA 3uying )uxury, +xplaining Blobal Imbalance, )itigro0 Interna+ Me*o, O,to4er $=
t&
'%%@, #'?
?C$ For a *ore !etai+e! ana+3sis o2 t&ese !o,0*ents 43 )itigro0, see"
&tt"HH666#insi!erio6a#,o*HenHoinionHin!e7#,2*Qa,tionR!is+a3Bne6sIDR$>>=$
?C' National "ublic $adio GO,to4er $@, '%$'< SA Start+ing Ga Det6een Us An! T&e* In
IP+0to,ratsIS.&tt"HH666#nr#orgH'%$'H$%H$@H$='>AA@$'Ha8start+ing8ga84et6een80s8an!8t&e*8in8+0to,rats/
?C( A 6e++ esta4+is&e! e7a*+e o2 in&i4ite! rogress 2or t&e *aintaining o2 e7isting ro2it esta4+is&*ents 6as t&e
s0,,ess20+ e22ort *a!e 43 t&e oi+ in!0str3 an!, 43 e7tension, t&e U#S# go1ern*ent to s+o6 rogress to6ar! 20++3 e+e,tri,
1e&i,+es in t&e $AA%s# .S0ggeste! 1ie6ing" FW&o Li++e! t&e E+e,tri, )arQ-"
&tt"HH666#i*!4#,o*Htit+eHtt%?CA%(>Hs3nosis/
?C? Re2" 0il Biants )oath to Dollow 0bamaTs Breen )ead .&tt"HH666#n3ti*es#,o*H'%%AH%?H%CH40sinessHenerg38
en1iron*entH%Cgreenoi+#&t*+Qage6ante!Ra++BUrR%/
112
In 2a,t, on t&e ,ororate +e1e+, t&ere is not on+3 a eret0a+ 6ar to re!0,e s0,& ,o*etition 40t
t&ere is a+so t&e ongoing e7+oitation o2 t&e 04+i, in genera+# A!a* S*it& a,t0a++3 *a!e t&is
oint in &is The :ealth of Nations, stating" FT&e interest o2 t&e !ea+ers, &o6e1er, in an3 arti,0+ar
4ran,& o2 tra!e or *an02a,t0res, is a+6a3s in so*e rese,ts !i22erent 2ro*, an! e1en oosite to,
t&at o2 t&e 04+i,.###/To narro6 t&e ,o*etition is a+6a3s t&e interest o2 !ea+ers.###/D0t to narro6
t&e ,o*etition###,an ser1e on+3 to ena4+e t&e !ea+ers, 43 raising t&eir ro2its a4o1e 6&at t&e3
nat0ra++3 6o0+! 4e, to +e13, 2or t&eir o6n 4ene2it, an a4s0r! ta7 0on t&e rest o2 t&eir 2e++o68
,iti;ens#-
?C@
On t&e nationa+ +e1e+, Fea,e- to!a3 see*s to 4e *ere+3 a a0se 4et6een ,on2+i,ts on t&e stage o2
g+o4a+ ,i1i+i;ation# T&ere is a 6ar going on so*e6&ere 1irt0a++3 a++ t&e ti*e an! 6&en t&ere isnIt,
t&e *a9or o6ers are 40s3 40i+!ing *ore a!1an,e! 6eaons an!Hor se++ing o22 t&e o+! ones to
ot&er ,o0ntries 6&o are ost0ring in t&e sa*e 6a3, a++ 0n!er t&e na*e o2 not on+3 rote,tion 40t
in t&e na*e o2 Fgoo! 40siness- as 6e++#
?C=
E1en nations t&e*se+1es &a1e taken on a 2or* o2 ,+ass &ierar,&3 6it& !o*inant $
st
6or+! nations
s0490gating oor (r! 6or+! nations# )o**on gra!ient ter*s s0,& as s0ero6ers, o6ers, s048
o6ers an! 1assa+ states ,an 4e 2o0n! in &istori,a+ +iterat0re 6it& rese,t to t&e nationa+ ,+ass
&ierar,&3 an! t&e str0,t0ra+ *e,&anis*s 6&i,& kee t&is gra!ient in 2or* are not 1er3 !i22erent in
intent t&an 6&at kees t&e so,ia+ ,+asses in or!er#
For e7a*+e, 6&i+e t&e !e4t an! interest s3ste*s, as !es,ri4e!, !o 1er3 6e++ to kee !o6n6ar!
ress0re on t&e +o6er ,+asses, str0,t0ra++3 +i*iting roserit3 an! so,ia+ *o4i+it3, t&e sa*e e22e,t
o,,0rs to reress a nation 1ia t&e Wor+! Dank an! Internationa+ Monetar3 F0n!#
?C>
E1en Ko&n
A!a*s, t&e se,on! resi!ent o2 t&e Unite! States ointe! t&is o0t 6it& &is state*ent" FT&ere are
t6o 6a3s to ,on50er an! ens+a1e a ,o0ntr3# One is 43 t&e s6or!# T&e ot&er is 43 !e4t#-
?CC
On t&e 4roa!est s,a+e, t&e rea+ 6ar 4eing 6age! is on ro4+e* reso+0tion an! &0*an &ar*on3#
T&e rea+ 6ar is on a 4a+an,e o2 o6er an! so,ia+ 90sti,e# T&e rea+ 6ar, in e22e,t, is on t&e
instit0tion o2 e,ono*i, e50a+it3#
?CA

?A%
In t&e 6or!s o2 2or*er s0re*e ,o0rt 90sti,e, Lo0is D#
Dran!eis" SWe ,an &a1e !e*o,ra,3 in t&is ,o0ntr3, or 6e ,an &a1e great 6ea+t& ,on,entrate! in
t&e &an!s o2 a 2e6, 40t 6e ,anIt &a1e 4ot&#S
?A$
A++ a,ross t&e 6or+! to!a3 eo+e ta+k a4o0t t&e nee! 2or e50a+it3# Most +iterate eo+e in t&e 6or+!
&a1e no rese,t 2or gen!er or ra,ia+ 4ias# T&e i!ea o2 4eing se7ist or ra,ist &as 4e,o*e a !ee+3
a4&orre! 1ie6, e1en t&o0g& it 6as not t&at +ong ago in t&e Western 6or+! s0,& ,0+t0ra+ 1ie6s
6ere ,onsi!ere! Fnor*a+-# T&ere aears to 4e a ,o0rse o2 e1o+0tion 6&i,& 6is&es to e50a+i;e
so,iet3 6&i,& is, 43 !e2inition, 6&at t&e 0n!er+3ing gest0re o2 F!e*o,ra,3- is s0ose! to !enote#
Jet, in t&e *i!st o2 a++ t&is, t&e *ost oressi1e 2or* o2 segregate! &0*an s022ering ,ontin0es
+arge+3 0nnoti,e! in its tr0e ,onte7t# To!a3, it is not ra,e, gen!er or ,ree! 6&i,& kees one *ost
oresse! : it is t&e instit0tion o2 ,+ass# It is no6 an iss0e o2 Fri,&- an! Foor- an!, +ike ra,is*,
t&ese i!eo+ogi,a+ an! 0+ti*ate+3 str0,t0ra+ 2or*s o2 oression !is,ri*inate an! !i1i!e t&e &0*an
?C@ .n In%uiry into the Nature and Causes of the :ealth of Nations, A!a* S*it&, Mo!ern Li4rar3 Rerint, $A(>, Ne6
Jork, #'@%
?C= Re2" The >'&'A .rms 4erchant to the *eveloping :orld .&tt"HHnation#ti*e#,o*H'%$'H%CH'CHt&eres8no840siness8+ike8
t&e8ar*s840siness8'H
?C> Re2" &tructural .dFustmentOa 4aFor Cause of "overty .&tt"HH666#g+o4a+iss0es#orgHarti,+eH(Hstr0,t0ra+8a!90st*ent8a8
*a9or8,a0se8o28o1ert3/
?CC E0ote" &tt"HH666#9o&n8a!a*s8&eritage#,o*H50otesH
?CA Re2" 5+xtreme5 "overty in >& Cas 4ore Than *oubled, &tudy &ays .&tt"HH666#*one3ne6s#,o*HE,ono*3HE7tre*e8
Po1ert38USH'%$'H%(H%=Hi!H?($='>/
?A% Re2" 0f the ,J, by the ,J, for the ,J .&tt"HH666#1anit32air#,o*Hso,iet3H2eat0resH'%$$H%@Hto8one8er,ent8
'%$$%@/
?A$ As 50ote! 43 Ra3*on! Lonergan in 4r' #ustice 3randeis, Breat .merican G$A?$<, #?'
113
se,ies in !ee+3 o6er20+ an! !estr0,ti1e 6a3s#
In t&e 4roa! 1ie6, t&is t&eatre o2 *0+ti!i*ensiona+ 6ar2are 8 tr0+3 a world at 6ar 6it& itse+2 : is
6&o++3 0ns0staina4+e# It is 4e,o*ing *ore an! *ore ,+ear, gi1en t&e a,,e+erating so,ia+ ro4+e*s
at &an!, t&at t&e et&os o2 a++8o0t ,o*etition an! narro6 se+28reser1ation at t&e e7ense o2
ot&ers 8 6&et&er on t&e ersona+, ,ororate, ,+ass, i!eo+ogi,a+ or nationa+ +e1e+ 8 6i++ not 4e t&e
so0r,e o2 an3 reso+0tion or +ong ter* &0*an roserit3# It is going to take a ne6 t3e o2 t&inking
to o1er,o*e t&ese so,io+ogi,a+ tren!s an! at t&e &eart o2 s0,& !ra*ati, ,0+t0ra+ ,&ange rests t&e
,&ange o2 t&e so,ioe,ono*i, re*ise itse+2#
PART %%%
%NTROD,CT%ON TO S,STA%NA(&E T+O,"+T
A,tion is t&e ro!0,t o2 t&e 50a+ities in&erent in Nat0re#
It is on+3 t&e ignorant *an 6&o, *is+e! 43 ersona+ egotis*, sa3s" II a* t&e !oer#I
?A'
8T&e D&aga1a! Gita
Socioeconomic S*ectrum
As a++0!e! to in rior essa3s, s0staina4+e ra,ti,es ,an on+3 ,o*e a4o0t 43 a 1a+0e re8orientation
to6ar!s sustainable thought# W&i+e t&e notion o2 s0staina4i+it3 is o2ten re!0,e! to an e,o+ogi,a+
,onte7t, t&e rea+ iss0e 0n!er t&e s0r2a,e is cultural# T&is &en,e 4e,o*es a ro,ess o2 e!0,ation# It
is t&e erse,ti1e o2 T&e Zeitgeist Mo1e*ent t&at t&e e,ono*i, s3ste* 0ti+i;e! in a so,iet3 is t&e
greatest in2+0en,e on t&e 1a+0es an! 4e+ie2s o2 its eo+e# For instan,e, !ee+3 roote! in e1en t&e
see*ing+3 searate o+iti,o8re+igio0s !o,trines o2 o0r ti*e, resi!es an 0n!er,0rrent o2 1a+0es set
2ort& 43 e,ono*i, ass0*tions#
?A(

T&e ter* Fso,ioe,ono*i,-, 6&i,& is t&e so,ia+ s,ien,e t&at +inks t&e e22e,ts o2 e,ono*i, a,ti1it3 to
ot&er so,ia+ ro,esses,
?A?
,o0+! &a1e its *eaning *ore se,i2i,a++3 e7ten!e! to a+so in,+0!e
re+igio0s 1ie6s, o+iti,a+ 4iases, *i+itar3 initiati1es, tri4a+ +o3a+ties, ,0+t0ra+ ,0sto*s, +ega+ stat0tes
an! ot&er ,o**on so,ieta+ &eno*ena# It aears t&at t&e 1er3 2a4ri, o2 o0r +i1es an! &en,e o0r
1a+0e s3ste* is 4orn, *ost !o*inant+3, 2ro* t&e ,0+t0ra+ er,etion o2 o0r s0r1i1a+, so,ia+
re+ations&is an! i!eas o2 ersona+Hso,ia+ s0,,ess#
Moreo1er, it is ,riti,a+ to restate t&at o+iti,a+ s3ste*s, 6&i,& *ost in t&e 6or+! sti++ see* to a6ar!
riorit3 o2 i*ortan,e 6&en it ,o*es to t&e state o2 a22airs in so,iet3, are, at 4est, secondary in
re+e1an,e Gi2 not, in 2a,t, entire+3 o4so+ete< 6&en t&e tr0e ra*i2i,ations o2 t&e e,ono*i, str0,t0re
are 2a,tore! in# In 2a,t, as 6i++ 4e arg0e! in 20t0re essa3s, Fo+iti,a+- go1ernan,e as 6e kno6 it is
rea++3 not&ing *ore t&an an o0tgro6t& o2 economic inefficiency# Ver3 2e6 6o0+! ,are *0,& a4o0t
F6&o 6as in o6er- or ot&er s0,& tra!itiona+ notions i2 t&e3 ,+ear+3 0n!erstoo! t&e ro,ess o2
e,ono*i, 0n2o+!ing an! 6ere a4+e to ,ontri40te an! gain 6it&o0t ,on2+i,t# T&ere2ore, t&ere is no
greater iss0e o2 i*ortan,e t&an t&e s3ste* o2 e,ono*i, 0n2o+!ing 6&en it ,o*es to t&e ,on!0,t
an! sta4i+it3 o2 &0*an 4eings on 4ot& t&e ersona+ an! so,ia+ +e1e+#
E*hemerali@ation
?A' The 3hagavad Bita, )&ater (, Verse '>, Trans+ation" S&ri P0ro&it S6a*i
?A( An e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&is O+! Testa*ent s,rit0re 6&i,& see*s to i*+3 t&at t&e Foor- 6i++ a+6a3s e7ist no *atter
6&at so,iet3 !oes" FT&ere 6i++ a+6a3s 4e oor eo+e in t&e +an!# T&ere2ore I ,o**an! 3o0 to 4e oen&an!e! to6ar!
3o0r 4rot&ers an! to6ar! t&e oor an! nee!3 in 3o0r +an!#- 8De0terono*3 $@"$$
?A? FSo,ioe,ono*i,- is !e2ine! as" Fo2, re+ating to, or in1o+1ing a ,o*4ination o2 so,ia+ an! e,ono*i, 2a,tors- .So0r,e"
&tt"HH666#*erria*86e4ster#,o*H!i,tionar3Hso,ioe,ono*i,/
114
Genera++3 seaking, an e,ono*i, s3ste* e7ists to *eet t&e Fnee!s an! 6ants-
?A@
o2 t&e
o0+ation# T&e !egree 43 6&i,& it is a4+e to !o so !een!s on t&e state o2 usable resources an!
t&e technical strategy 0ti+i;e! to &arness t&ose reso0r,es 2or a gi1en 0rose#
In t&is ,onte7t, nota4+e engineer an! t&inker R# D0,k*inster F0++er arg0e! t&at tr0e e,ono*i,
F6ea+t&- is not *one3 or e1en t&e *ateria+ o0t,o*e o2 a gi1en ro!0,tion#
?A=
Rat&er, tr0e 6ea+t&
is t&e +e1e+ o2 energ3Hro!0,tion efficiency enabled, ,o0+e! 6it& kno6+e!ge !e1e+o*ent t&at
20rt&ers t&e intelligent management o2 t&e Eart&Is reso0r,es# In t&is 1ie6, &e !e2ine! an!
e7resse! a tren! ter*e! Fe&e*era+i;ation-
?A>
6&i,& tra,ks &0*anit3Vs te,&ni,a+ a4i+it3 to
in,reasing+3 !o F*ore 6it& +ess-#
Histori,a++3 seaking, e&e*era+i;ation is, in gest0re, a ,ontra!i,tion o2 t&e sti++ !ee+3 &e+!
FMa+t&0sian-
?AC
,onsi!eration 6&i,&, in art, ,+ai*s t&at &0*anit3 is 2ore1er o0t o2 4a+an,e 6it&
nat0re an! t&ere 6i++ a+6a3s 4e a se,tion o2 t&e o0+ation t&at must s022er, as t&e a1ai+a4+e
reso0r,es si*+3 !o not a!! 0 to *eet e1er3oneIs nee!s#
As note! in rior essa3s, t&is 6or+!1ie6 is e1er8aarent in t&e e,ono*i, s3ste* 6e sti++ e*4ra,e
to!a3 g+o4a++3, 2orging !ee str0,t0ra+ 4iases
?AA
6&i,& &a1e ine1ita4+3 2a1ore! one F,+ass- o2
eo+e o1er anot&er in s0r1i1a+ a!1antage# In ot&er 6or!s, a F6ar ga*e- &as ,0+*inate!, 40i+t o0t
o2 t&e ass0*tion o2 0ni1ersa+, eret0a++3 rein2or,e! s,ar,it3, 6&i,& *o1es 2or6ar! to!a3 on its
o6n *o*ent0*, +arge+3 a4sent o2 its origina+ ,a0sa+ reasoning#
T&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 6&at 6e !e2ine as F,orr0tion- to!a3, *ore o2ten t&an not, 2in!s its
s3,&o+ogi,a+ root in t&is ,o*etiti1e a6areness 4ot& on t&e ersona+ +e1e+, t&e ,ororate
G40siness< +e1e+ B on t&e +e1e+ o2 go1ern*ent in t&e 2or* o2 6ar, t3rann3 an! se+28reser1ing
,o++0sion# In 2a,t, it ,an 4e 6e++ arg0e! t&at t&e 1er3 notion o2 Fet&i,a+- in a 6or+! !e,i!e!+3
6orking to gain at t&e e7ense o2 ot&ers 4e,o*es a &ig&+3 re+ati1e an! a+*ost ar4itrar3
!istin,tion#
Jet, t&is tren! o2 e&e*era+i;ation, &a1ing in,rease! rai!+3 2ro* t&e '%
t&
,ent0r3Is a+*ost
s0!!en in!0stria+Hs,ienti2i, a!1an,e*ents, !ee+3 ,&a++enges t&is rote,tionist, e+itist, s,ar,it38
!ri1en 6or+!1ie6, s0ggesting ne6, ara!ig* s&i2ting ossi4i+ities 2or &0*an organi;ation#
T&ese ossi4i+ities, in art, statisti,a++3 re1ea+ t&at 6e are no6 a4+e to take ,are o2 t&e entire
6or+!Is o0+ation at a stan!ar! o2 +i1ing 0nkno6n to t&e 1ast *a9orit3 o2 &0*anit3 to!a3#
@%%

?A@ )ons0*tion atterns in *o!ern so,iet3 &a1e s&o6n an in,reasing+3 ar4itrar3 nat0re 6it& rese,t to &0*an F6ants-,
s0,& as t&e o6er20+ s&i2t in 1a+0es 6&i,& o,,0rre! in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3 6it& t&e a+i,ation o2 *o!ern Western
a!1ertising# H0*an Fnee!s-, &o6e1er, are 4asi, ne,essities, +arge+3 s&are! 43 a++ &0*ans, 6&i,& *aintain &3si,a+ an!
s3,&o+ogi,a+ &ea+t&# W&i+e *an3 sti++ arg0e s049e,ti1e interretations o2 s0,& ter*s, Fnee!s- are essentia++3 stati, an!
F6ants- are essentia++3 1aria4+e# Genera++3 seaking, F6ants- are a ,onse50en,e o2 oneIs 1a+0e s3ste* an! are
,0+t0ra++3 !eri1e!# T&ere2ore, Fnee!s- are &en,e o2 greater riorit3 in *eeting t&an F6ants-#
?A= F0++er States" FWea+t&###is in&erent+3 regenerati1e# E7eri*enta++3 !e*onstrate! 6ea+t& is" energ3 ,o*o0n!e! 6it&
inte++e,tIs kno6&o6#- Fro* >topia or 0blivion, R# D0,k*inster F0++er, Danta* Press, NJ, $A=A, #'CC
?A> E&e*era+i;ation, a ter* ,oine! 43 R# D0,k*inster F0++er, is t&e a4i+it3 o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a!1an,e*ent to !o S*ore an!
*ore 6it& +ess an! +ess###S o1er ti*e# T&is tren! ,an 4e noti,e! in *an3 areas o2 in!0stria+ !e1e+o*ent, 2ro*
,o*0ter ro,essing GMooreIs +a6< to t&e rai! a,,e+eration o2 &0*an kno6+e!ge Gin2or*ation te,&no+og3<# A ,o**on
e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e ,o*0tation o6er an! si;e re+ations&is o2 ,o*0ters o1er ti*e# T&e ENIA) ,o*0ter o2 t&e
$A?%s ,o1ere! $C%% s50are 2eet o2 2+oor sa,e, 6eig&e! (% tons, ,ons0*e! $=% ki+o6atts o2 e+e,tri,a+ o6er an! ,ost
a4o0t b= Mi++ion in *o!ern 1a+0e# To!a3, an ine7ensi1e, o,ket si;e ,e++ &one ,o*0tes s04stantia++3 2aster t&an
ENIA)# Hen,e, +ess *ateria+ an! 3et *ore o6er# .&tt"HHin1entors#a4o0t#,o*Ho!Hestartin1entionsHaHEnia,#&t*/
?AC Ma+t&0sianis* is a erse,ti1e +inke! to e,ono*ist an! ,+eri, T&o*as R# Ma+t&0s 6&i,&, in s&ort, &as to !o 6it& t&e
nee! to ,ontro+H+i*it o0+ation gro6t& !0e to an e*iri,a+ ass0*tion o2 re+ati1e reso0r,e s,ar,it3# I!eas s0,& as Snot
&e+ing t&e oorS as Sit on+3 gi1es 2a+se &oeS an! t&e +ike are ,o**on to t&is 1ie6# .S0ggeste! Rea!ing" .n +ssay on
the "rinciple of "opulation, T&o*as Ma+t&0s, $>AC/
?AA See rior essa3" &tructural Classism, The &tate and :ar
@%% W&i+e t&is rea+it3 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in t&e 2o++o6ing essa3 FPost8S,ar,it3 Tren!s, )aa,it3 an! E22i,ien,3-, &ig&+ig&ting
t&e a,,e+erating e22i,ien,3 o2 transortation, energ3, in!0stria+ !esign, 2oo! ,0+ti1ation te,&no+og3 an! t&e +ike, t&e
115
Ho6e1er, in or!er 2or t&is ne6 rea+it3 o2 efficiency to 4e &arnesse!, t&e ar,&ai, 4arriers ingraine!
in o0r e1er3!a3 6a3 o2 +i2e, se,i2i,a++3 o0r er,etion o2 e,ono*i,s, nee! to 4e ree1a+0ate! an!
+ike+3 o1er,o*e entire+3#
As note! in rior essa3s, t&e ter* F0toia- ,o**on+3 arises as a e9orati1e ter* a*ongst t&ose
6&o ten! to !is*iss +arge s,a+e so,ia+ i*ro1e*ent !0e to eit&er a ,3ni,is* o2 so8,a++e! F&0*an
nat0re- or an o0trig&t !is4e+ie2 in &0*anit3Is te,&ni,a+ ,aa,it3 to no6 a!90st great+3 6it& ne6
te,&ni,a+ *eans#
For e7a*+e, an o49e,tion ,o**on to t&e ,0rrent ,0+t0re, se,i2i,a++3 t&e F6ea+t&3- First Wor+!
nations, rests in t&e 1a+0e o2 6&at ,o0+! 4e ter*e! t&e F1io+en,e o2 *ass a,50isition-# At its root,
t&is 1ie6 takes t&e Ma+t&0sian ,on,et o2 nee!8oriente! reso0r,e ins022i,ien,3 an! transoses it to
ass0*e a ress0re o2 ac%uisitive irrationality#
In ot&er 6or!s, it ass0*es &0*an 4eings e*iri,a++3 &a1e infinite *ateria+ F6ants- an! e1en i2,
sa3, e1er3 &0*an 4eing ,o0+! e7ist 6it& 6&at t&e West to!a3 6o0+! !ee* an 0er ,+ass +i2est3+e,
6it& no one 2a++ing s&ort, an e+e*ent o2 o0r s3,&o+og3 6o0+! ne1er 4e satis2ie! in t&e *ateria+
sense an! t&e interest in F*ore an! *ore- *ateria+ gain 6o0+! t&0s a+6a3s ,reate a !esta4i+i;ing
i*4a+an,e in so,iet3# T&ere2ore, t&e e7isten,e o2 F&a1es- an! F&a1e nots- is er,ei1e! to 4e a
,onse50en,e o2 o0r in&erent, stat0s8!ri1en s3,&o+og3 an! gree!, not a1ai+a4i+it3 o2 reso0r,es an!
*eans#
To t&e e7tent t&at t&is is a,t0a++3 tr0e is !04io0s at 4est gi1en t&e e7tre*e ,0+t0ra+ ,on!ition 6e
2in! o0rse+1es in to!a3, ,o*are! 6it& t&e &istori,a+ 2a,t t&at o0tsi!e o2 Western Gaka )aita+isti,<
in2+0en,e, t&e ,on,et o2 F1ain *ateria+ s0,,ess- is 2ar 2ro* 0ni1ersa+ 2or t&e &0*an 4eing#
@%$
In
tr0t&, t&e re+ations&i o2 Fs0,,ess- an! Froert3- &a1e 4een ,0+t0ra++3 *an02a,t0re! 4ase! 0on
s3ste* ne,essit3 an! is no6 a sta+e 1a+0e o2 o0r ,ons0*er84ase! so,iet3#
@%'
In a 6or+! no6 !ri1en 43 Fe,ono*i, gro6t&- to kee e*+o3*ent at a reasona4+e +e1e+T in a 6or+!
6&i,& o1ert+3 raises t&ose 6it& great 2inan,ia+ 6ea+t& as a *eas0re o2 s0,,essT in a 6or+! t&at
a,t0a++3 re6ar!s 4e&a1iors o2 &0*an in!i22eren,e an! r0t&+ess ,o*etition 2or *arket s&are
Grat&er t&an &onest so,ia+ ,ontri40tion 2or o1era++ &0*an 4etter*ent<T it is no *3ster3 as to 6&3
t&e i!ea o2 a sing+e &0*an o6ning, sa3, a ?%% roo* *ansion on @%%,%%% a,res o2 ri1ate +an!
6it& @% ,ars an! 2i1e +anes arke! in t&e 2ront 3ar! &as 4e,o*e art o2 an i!ea+, ,o1ete! 1ision
o2 ersona+ Gan! so,ia+< s0,,ess#
Jet, 2ro* t&e erse,ti1e o2 tr0e &0*an s0staina4i+it3, t&is 1ie6 is pure violence an! e7ists in
near+3 t&e sa*e ,ategor3 o2 one 6&o &oar!s 2oo! an! reso0r,es &e or s&e !oesnIt nee! an!
re20ses to a++o6 ot&ers a,,ess 2or t&e sake o2 a4stra,t rin,i+e#
@%(
I2 6e i*agine a s*a++ is+an! o2
2o++o6ing ,on,+0sion 43 R# D0,k*inster F0++er in $A=A is 6ort& stating 2or &istori,a+ re2eren,e" F.Man/ !e1e+oe! s0,&
intense *e,&ani;ation in Wor+! War I t&at t&e er,entage o2 tota+ 6or+! o0+ation t&at 6ere in!0stria+ F&a1es- rose 43
$A$A to t&e 2ig0re o2 =W# T&at 6as a 1er3 a4r0t ,&ange in &istor3###D3 t&e ti*e o2 Wor+! War II '%W o2 a++ &0*anit3
&a! 4e,o*e in!0stria+ F&a1es-###At t&e resent *o*ent t&e roortion o2 F&a1es- is at ?%W o2 &0*anit3###i2 6e 0 t&e
er2or*an,es###o2 reso0r,es 2ro* t&e resent +e1e+ to a &ig&+3 2easi4+e o1era++ e22i,ien,3 o2 $'W .*ore/###.a++ &0*anit3
,an 4e ro1i!e! 2or/-# Fro* >topia or 0blivion, R# D0,k*inster F0++er, Danta* Press, NJ, $A=A, #$@(8$@@
@%$ Gi1en t&at t&e Fin2inite 6ant- ass0*tion o2 &0*an ,ra1ing is sti++ a ,ore ,o*onent o2 t&e *onetar38*arket 4ase!
e,ono*i, 1ie6 o2 s,ar,it3 an! reso0r,e ine50it3, it is interesting &o6 t&e 1er3 4asis o2 its ass0*tion i*+ies an
e*iri,a+ irrationa+it3 o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior# It 6o0+! &a1e to 4e irrationa+ gi1en t&e 4asi, kno6+e!ge o2 &0*anit3
!een!en,e on t&e Eart&Is 2inite reso0r,es# )ontra!i,tion o2 t&is ass0*tion is re+ete in &0*an &istor3, se,i2i,a++3
6it& ,0+t0res t&at !e1e+oe! in +ess in!0stria+i;e! so,ieties, in *ore !ire,t asso,iation 6it& t&e +an!, o0tsi!e o2 t&e
in2+0en,e o2 o0r no6 ,o**on ,ons0*er ,0+t0re# Ear+3 Nati1e A*eri,an ,0+t0res, 2or e7a*+e, &e+! t&e 1a+0e o2 4a+an,e
as a 1irt0e rat&er t&an a,50isition# S0ggeste! Rea!ing" The Cigh "rice of 4aterialism, Ti* Lasser, A Dra!2or! Dook,
'%%(
@%' S0ggeste! Rea!ing" "ropaganda, E!6ar! Derna3s, Ig P04+is&ing, $A'C
@%( T&e so,ia++3 !esta4i+i;ing ra*i2i,ations o2 a so,iet3 6it& great 6ea+t& i*4a+an,e 6ere 4est re,ent+3 e7e*+i2ie! 43 t&e
rise o2 6&at 6as g+o4a++3 re,ogni;e! as t&e FO,,03 Wa++ Street- rotests # .&tt"HHo,,036a++st#orgH/ Wea+t& i*4a+an,e
116
ten eo+e 6ere t6o eo+e !e,i!e to e7tra,t an! &oar! $,%%%W *ore t&an t&e3 nee! to 4e
&ea+t&3, +ea1ing eig&t eo+e to +i1e in a49e,t o1ert3 an!Hor !3ing 8 6o0+! 3o0 2in! t&is
arrange*ent an a,t o2 Fersona+ 2ree!o*- 43 t&ose t6o 8 or an a,t o2 so,ia+ 1io+en,e against t&e
eig&tQ
T&is is 4ro0g&t 0 &ere to !is*iss t&e F0toian a40n!an,e 2a++a,3- rea,tion ,o**on to *an3
regar!ing, in art, t&e i*+i,ations o2 e&e*era+i;ation# K0st as 6e as a g+o4a+ so,iet3 are
rea+i;ing t&e in&erent &3si,a+ +i*itations o2 o0r in!0stria+ 4e&a1iors, s+o6+3 a!90sting a6a3 2ro*
e,o+ogi,a++3 !esta4i+i;ing ,onse50en,es, t&e 0n!erstan!ing t&at an Fin2inite 6ants-84ase! 1a+0e
orientation is e%ually as !etri*enta+ to so,ia+ 4a+an,e is ,riti,a+ to rea+i;e#
S)stem &imitation
W&en it ,o*es to ,0+t0ra+ &i+oso&ies, t&e &0*an o0+ation *0st gain, in art, a ,+ear
0n!erstan!ing o2 its +i*itations an! !eri1e its e7e,tations an! 1a+0es 2ro* t&is &3si,a+ rea+it3#
T&e +i*itations i*ose! 43 o0r en1iron*ent e7ist irrese,ti1e o2 &0*an 1a+0es, interests, 6ants
or e1en nee!s in a4stra,tion# I2 6e 6ere to re*o1e &0*anit3 2ro* +anet Eart& an! o4ser1e t&e
Eart&Is nat0ra+ e,o+ogi,a+ oerations 6it& t&e ,a0sa+, s,ienti2i, 0n!erstan!ings 6e &a1e to!a3, 6e
6o0+! 6itness a s3nergisti,Hs3*4ioti, s3ste* go1erne! 43 t&e 0ni1ersa+ !3na*i,s o2 nat0re#
Hen,e, no *atter 6&at 6e t&ink a4o0t o0rse+1es, o0r intentions or o0r F2ree!o*s-
@%?
, on,e 6e are
+a,e! into t&is system of physical law 6e are 4o0n! to it regar!+ess o2 o0r 4e+ie2s or t&e ,0+t0ra+
nor*s 6e &a1e taken 2or grante!, or 6&i,& &a1e 4een i*ose! as Sine1ita4+eS or Si**0ta4+eS 43
o0r 1ario0s ,0+t0res# I2 6e ,&oose to +earn an! a+ign 6it& t&e +ogi, in&erent, 6e 2in! s0staina4i+it3
an! &en,e sta4i+it3# I2 6e ,&oose to ignore or 2ig&t t&ese re8e7isting r0+es, 6e 6i++ ine1ita4+3
!e,rease sta4i+it3 an! ro4+e*s 6i++ arise, as is t&e near8,onstant state o2 a22airs to!a3 in t&e
ear+3 '$
st
,ent0r3#
T&is a6areness o2 nat0ra+ +i*itations, as 6e &a1e ,o*e to 0n!erstan! t&e* to!a3 1ia t&e
s,ienti2i, *et&o!, e7resses er&as t&e *ost ro2o0n! s&i2t in &0*an F+o3a+ties- in &istor3# In
s&ort, 6e no6 0n!erstan! t&at 6e eit&er a+ign 6it& t&e nat0ra+ 6or+!, or 6e s022er# Sa!+3, t&is 2ir*
re2erentia+ asso,iation sti++ stan!s at o!!s 6it& *an3 ,o**on &i+oso&ies to!a3, s0,& as
esta4+is&e! re+igio0s an! o+iti,a+ erse,ti1es# Re*arka4+3 a+so, it is a ,o**on re9oin!er to +a4e+
t&is 1er3 2ir*+3 4ase! rea+i;ation as Stota+itarianS or S4+a,k8an!86&iteS, a see*ing+3 rigi! an!
ar4itrar3 i*osition 0on &0*an +i2e, rat&er t&an si*+3 t&e 0n!enia4+e, s,ienti2i,a++3
!e*onstra4+e state o2 a22airs#
Intrig0ing+3, t&e near+3 ara!o7i,a+ 0n,& +ine o2 t&e 6&o+e ,onsi!eration o2 nat0ra+ +a6 is t&at
6it&in t&is rationa+ F4o7- o2 s3ste* +i*itation 6e !e2ine as t&e Fgo1erning +a6s o2 nat0re- our
range of possibility within these boundaries via the scientific method also reveals an ever-
increasing technical efficiency and incredible potential to create an abundance to meet human
needs, globally'
F0rt&er*ore, sin,e &0*anit3 is t&e on+3 se,ies on Eart& 6it& t&e *enta+ ,aa,it3 to a+terHa22e,t
its e,os3ste* in tr0+3 ro2o0n! 6a3s, t&is ne,essit3 2or a+ign*ent 4e,o*es ,riti,a+ 2or se,ies
s0staina4i+it3, 04+i, &ea+t& an! tr0e ro4+e* so+1ing a!1an,e*ent# Not&ing ,o0+! 4e *ore
!angero0s t&an a 6or+! ,0+t0re t&at, gi1en t&e e7onentia+ in,rease in o0r ,aa,it3 to a22e,t
&as 4e,o*e re,ogni;e! in,reasing+3 as +ess o2 an iss0e o2 s049e,ti1e F*ora+ 2airness- 40t rat&er an iss0e o2 !ire 04+i,
&ea+t& an! so,ia+ sta4i+it3#
@%? T&e 6or! FFree!o*s- is in arent&esis !0e to t&e ro+i2i, ,0+t0ra+ 0se# Patrioti, s+ogans a4o0t F2ree!o*- an! F+i4ert3-,
4orn o0t o2, in art, t&e &istori,a+ ro4+e* o2 t3rann3 an! go1ern*ent a40se, e7ist to!a3 o2ten ,reating an a+*ost
ne0roti, an! *is+ea!ing 1ie6 o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior# In rea+it3, t&ere is no s0,& t&ing as 0ni1ersa+ 2ree!o* in t&e 6or+! as
6e are 4o0n! 43 rigi! &3si,a+ +a6s# T&e ,0+t0ra+ notion o2 F2ree!o*-, as *ost roagate! 43 t&e )aita+ist i!eo+og3,
,an 4e arg0e! as intrinsi,a++3 !angero0s to se,ies s0staina4i+it3 in *an3 6a3s 8 se,i2i,a++3 6it& rese,t to its a4so+0te
ignoring o2 +arger or!er s3nergisti, s3ste* 2a,tors, ass0*ing t&e 2a++a,3 t&at a !eta,&e!, se+28interest 4ase! 0rs0it
se,0res so,ia+ an! e,o+ogi,a+ 4a+an,e#
117
e,o+ogi,a+ an! so,ia+ 4a+an,e 6it& te,&no+og3, *is0n!erstan!s its o6er an! e22e,ts# In *an3
6a3s, &0*anit3 is 2a,e! 6it& an educational race against time 6it& rese,t to its ,0rrent
immaturity in &an!+ing t&e in,re!i4+e, ne6 2o0n! o6ers it &as rea+i;e! 1ia s,ien,e an!
te,&no+og3#
@%@
As an asi!e, it is i*ortant to re*e*4er t&at 6&en it ,o*es to t&e &istor3 o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t
itse+2, t&e 2ra*e o2 re2eren,e &as &a! *ore to !o 6it& assumptions of human behavior t&an
inte++igent reso0r,e *anage*ent an! genera+ &3si,a+ s,ien,eHnat0ra+ +a6 0n!erstan!ings#
@%=

W&i+e o0r *ost innate 4e&a1iora+ re2+e7es an! geneti, roensities are ,ertain+3 re+e1ant to t&e
,onse50en,es o2 a so,ioe,ono*i, s3ste* an! are 1er3 *0,& a art o2 t&e e50ation, ass0*tions
o2 &0*an 4e&a1ior ,annot rationa++3 4e &e+! as a str0,t0ra+ starting oint o2 an e,ono*i, s3ste*#
H0*ans are a conse%uence o2 t&e sa*e e,o+ogi,a+ s3ste* ,on!itions an! not t&e ot&er 6a3
aro0n!#
So, in ,on,+0sion to t&is intro!0,tion, i2 t&e 0rose o2 a so,ia+ s3ste* is to ,reate an e1er
in,reasing stan!ar! o2 +i1ing, 6&i+e a+so *aintaining en1iron*enta+ an! so,ia+ 4a+an,e to ass0re
6e !o not re!0,e t&is 50a+it3 in t&e 20t0re !0e to ossi4+e res0+ting ,onse50en,es o2 irresonsi4+e
,&oi,es 8 s0,& as reso0r,e !e+etion, o++0tion, !isease, negati1e stress, F6ea+t&- i*4a+an,e an!
ot&er iss0es : it t&en 4e,o*es ,riti,a+ to 4ase o0r *et&o!o+og3 on t&e *ost re+e1ant set o2
te,&ni,a+ ara*eters 6e ,an, oriente! aro0n! t&e ,0rrent state o2 scientific awareness on 4ot& an
e,o+ogi,a+ an! &0*an +e1e+#
TR,E ECONO1%C FACTORS
T&e 6or+! &as ,&ange! 2ar *ore in t&e ast $%% 3ears t&an in an3 ot&er
,ent0r3 in &istor3# T&e reason is not o+iti,a+ or e,ono*i, 40t te,&no+ogi,a+ 8
te,&no+ogies t&at 2+o6e! !ire,t+3 2ro* a!1an,es in 4asi, s,ien,e#
@%>
8Ste1en Ha6king
O.er.iew
In Greek, economy *eans t&e *anage*ent o2 a &o0se&o+!#
@%C
T&e !e2ining 50a+itati1e attri40te o2
an e,ono*3 is its +e1e+ o2 Fe22i,ien,3-# As oose! to t&e ra,ti,e o2 F*arket e22i,ien,3- ,o**on
to!a3, t&is 2or* o2 e22i,ien,3 re+ates to physical systems : not t&e inter86orkings o2 F*one3-, t&e
F*arket- an! ot&er arg0a4+3 ,0+t0ra+ ,ontri1an,es#
@%A
In t&is ro,ess o2 &3si,a+ e1a+0ation, 6e ine1ita4+3 en! 0 6it& a set o2 interre+ate! ,o*onents
aroriate+3 ,a++e! economic factors# Again, t&ese ,o*onents, 0n+ike t&e 1ast 2inan,ia+ t&eories
in +a3 in t&e *o!ern 6or+! to!a3, &a1e not&ing to !o 6it& t&e a,t o2 ,o**er,e or t&e +ike#
Rat&er, t&e3 2a,tor in t&e actual te,&ni,a+ ro,esses, &en,e tren!s, otentia+s an! *eas0re*ent
re50ire*ents, nee!e! 2or oti*i;e! s3ste* organi;ation o2 in!0stria+ e7tra,tion, ro!0,tion,
!istri40tion, !esign, re,3,+ing roto,o+s an! t&e +ike#
Ho6e1er, 2or t&e sake o2 ,o*re&ension, e1en t&o0g& t&is *anner o2 e,ono*i, t&o0g&t is a 1ast
!eart0re 2ro* t&e tra!itiona+ *onetar384ase! e,ono*i, t&eories 6e en!0re to!a3, t&is essa3 6i++
sti++ 2ra*e t&ese resource-based e,ono*i, ,o*onents in t&e ,onte7t o2 tra!itiona+
F*i,roe,ono*i,- an! F*a,roe,ono*i,- ,ategori,a+ !istin,tions, as 6o0+! 4e 2o0n! in ,o**on
@%@ Later in &is +i2e, astrono*er )ar+ Sagan *a!e a 1i!eo ,o**entar3 6&i,& ,an 4e 2o0n! in +ater re+eases o2 &is PDS
series S)os*osS, stating Gara&rase! &ere<"SIt is a+*ost as t&o0g& t&ere is a Go! an! &e &as gi1en &0*anit3 t&e
,&oi,e to 0se t&e o6er o2 s,ien,e to i*ro1e +i2e] or !estro3 it# It is 0 to 0s#S
@%= See rior essa3" Cistory of +conomy
@%> Ste1en Ha6king, . 3rief Cistory of $elativity, Ti*e Maga;ine, De,e*4er ($
st
, $AAA
@%C T&e ter* Ie,ono*3I in Greek .Oikono*ia/ *eans S*anage*ent o2 a &o0se&o+!T t&ri2t-# Hen,e to Ea,onaoa*i;e, or
FIn,rease E22i,ien,3-#
@%A See Essa3" 4arket +fficiency vs Technical +fficiency
118
te7t4ooks 6it& rese,t to *onetar3 e,ono*i,s#
T&e macroeconomic components &a1e to !o 6it& t&e +argest ossi4+e &3si,a+ s3ste* !egree
asso,iations 6e ,an ,o*re&en!# T&e microeconomic components re+ate to se,i2i, in!0stries or
se,tors, 0s0a++3 asso,iate! 6it& sing0+ar goo! ro!0,tion, regiona+ !istri40tion an! regenerati1e
se,i2i,s# GT&is 6i++ 4e e7an!e! 0on *ore so +ater in t&is essa3#<
D3 system e7tension, macroeconomic ,o*onents nat0ra++3 go1ern t&e +ogi, re+ate! to t&e
microeconomic components as 6e++# For e7a*+e, t&e *a,roe,ono*i, attri40te o2 global resource
management, &as a 0ni1ersa+ 4earing on t&e roer 0n2o+!ing o2 *i,roe,ono*i, oerations s0,&
as ro!0,t !esign e22i,ien,3 G6&i,& in1aria4+3 0se s0,& g+o4a+ reso0r,es<#
Ho6e1er, 4e2ore t&ese ,o*onent 2a,tors are a!!resse!, a 20rt&er !is,0ssion o2 systems is in
or!er, a+ong 6it& a !e,+aration o2 6&at o0r so,ieta+ goals a,t0a++3 are#
"eneral S)stems Theor)
Beneral &ystems Theory is an i!ea +ike+3 *a!e *ost 2a*o0s 43 4io+ogist L0!6ig Von Derta+an223#
He state!" F###t&ere e7ist *o!e+s, rin,i+es, an! +a6s t&at a+3 to genera+i;e! s3ste*s or t&eir
s04,+asses, irrese,ti1e o2 t&eir arti,0+ar kin!, t&e nat0re o2 t&eir ,o*onent e+e*ents, an! t&e
re+ations&is or S2or,esS 4et6een t&e*# It see*s +egiti*ate to ask 2or a t&eor3, not o2 s3ste*s o2
a *ore or +ess se,ia+ kin!, 40t o2 0ni1ersa+ rin,i+es a+3ing to s3ste*s in genera+# -
@$%
W&i+e a
great !ea+ o2 inte++e,t0a+ ,o*+e7it3 an! e+a4oration &as 4een 0t 2or6ar! 43 s3ste*s t&eorists
t&ro0g&o0t t&e 3ears, t&e 4asi, re,ognition is rat&er si*+e an! int0iti1e+3 eas3 to gras#
T&e &0*an 4o!3, 2or e7a*+e, is ,o*ose! o2 1ario0s s3ste* inter,onne,tions 6&i,& not on+3
nati1e+3 reg0+ate se,i2i, ro,esses 2or a gi1en 0rose Gs0,& as t&e &eart an! its ro+e in 4+oo!
,ir,0+ation<, t&ese s3ste*s a+6a3s &a1e s*a++er an! +arger degree relationships as 6e++# In t&e
,ase o2 t&e &eart, t&e blood it ,ir,0+ates &as its o6n set o2 !e2ine! ,&e*i,a+ roerties an! s3ste*
4e&a1iors Gs*a++er !egree s3ste* re+ations&i< 6&i+e t&e &eart itse+2 is a+so a ,o*onent art o2
t&e tota+ &0*an organ array G+arger !egree s3ste* re+ations&i< an! &en,e ,onne,ts 6it&, 2or
e7a*+e, t&e lungs 6&i,& assist in o73gen !istri40tion t&ro0g&o0t t&e blood stream#
E7ten!ing t&is e7a*+e to larger degree re+ations&is, t&is &0*an s3ste* is ,onne,te! to an
e,o+ogi,a+ s3ste*,
@$$
6&i,& in1aria4+3 &as a !ire,t ,orre+ation to &0*an &ea+t&# For instan,e, oor
in!0stria+ *et&o!s e7isting 6it&in t&is e,o+ogi,a+ s3ste* ,an intro!0,e, 2or e7a*+e, o++0tion into
t&e air, ,a0sing ,on!itions 6&i,& *ig&t set t&e stage 2or +0ng ro4+e*s or ot&er !etri*ents to
&0*an &ea+t&#
O2 ,o0rse, s3ste* re+ations&is to &0*an &ea+t& are not on+3 F&3si,a+- in t&e tra!itiona+ sense o2
t&e ter*, t&e3 are a+so psychologically an! sociologically ,a0sa+# S,ien,e &as ,o*e to 4etter
0n!erstan! &o6 &0*an +earning an! 4e&a1iora+ roensities are generate! t&ro0g& 4ot& geneti,
an! en1iron*enta+ in2+0en,es, in1aria4+3 engaging a +arger s3ste*s ,onte7t# For e7a*+e, as
note! in rior essa3s, a!!i,tion ro4+e*s, s0,& as 6it& !r0gs or a+,o&o+, ,an o2ten 4e 2o0n! +inke!
to ear+3 +i2e stress an! e*otiona+ +oss#
@$'
In tr0t&, t&e 1er3 4asis 2or understanding public health is
a systems recognition, without exception'
No6, 4in!ing a++ s3ste*s are 6&at ,o0+! 4e ter*e! Fgenera+i;e! go1erning rin,i+es-# In s,ienti2i,
@$% L0!6ig Von Derta+an223, Beneral &ystem theoryA Doundations, *evelopment, .pplications, Ne6 Jork" George Dra;i++er,
$A>=, #('
@$$ E,o+og3 is !e2ine! as" t&e 4ran,& o2 4io+og3 !ea+ing 6it& t&e re+ations an! intera,tions 4et6een organis*s an! t&eir
en1iron*ent, in,+0!ing ot&er organis*s# .&tt"HH!i,tionar3#re2eren,e#,o*H4ro6seHe,o+og3/
@$' Dr# Ga4or Mat[ in &is 6ork In the $ealm of Cungry Bhosts GNort& At+anti, Dooks, '%$'< resents an enor*o0s a*o0nt
o2 resear,& regar!ing &o6 Ie*otiona+ +ossI o,,0rring at 3o0ng ages a22e,ts 4e&a1ior in +ater +i2e, se,i2i,a++3 t&e
roensit3 2or a!!i,tions#
119
ter*s, a Fgenera+i;e!- rin,i+e or t&eor3 is a 2o0n!ationa+ ,&ara,teristi, or ass0*tion 6&i,&
go1erns an entire s3ste*# A nota4+e, ongoing 50est o2 *o!ern s,ien,e &as 4een t&e sear,& 2or
0ni1ersa++3 go1erning rin,i+es t&at a+3 to a++ kno6n s3ste*s in t&e 0ni1erse, as gest0re! in
t&e rior 50otation 43 L0!6ig Von Derta+an223#
W&i+e a great !ea+ o2 t&eoreti,a+ !e4ate e7ists 6it& rese,t to t&e ,o*+e7 4e&a1ior o2 ,ertain
s3ste*s, G2in!ing ,+as&es o2 erse,ti1e 4et6een, 2or e7a*+e, F,+assi,a+ *e,&ani,s- an!
F50ant0* *e,&ani,s-< t&e 0n!erstan!ings re+e1ant to e22i,ient e,ono*i, organi;ation 8 a s3ste*
design inten!e! to oti*i;e &0*an 6e++84eing an! +ong ter* e,o+ogi,a+Hso,ia+ s0staina4i+it3 8 nee!
not get +ost in s0,& a4stra,tion# T&0s, t&e e,ono*i, re+ations&is resente! in t&is essa3 are 2air+3
o41io0s an! eas3 to 1a+i!ate#
Ho6e1er, +et it 4e state! t&at 6&en t&e systems worldview is tr0+3 0n!erstoo! in its ro2o0n!
ra*i2i,ation o2 i**0ta4+e inter,onne,te!ness an! &en,e inter!een!en,eH,o8resonsi4i+it3 o2
+itera++3 e1er3t&ing in t&e kno6n 0ni1erse, tra!itiona+ ,0+t0ra+ notions 4ase! on &0*an or so,ia+
!i1ision 8 s0,& as re+igio0s +o3a+t3, ra,e +o3a+t3, ,+ass, nation states, atriotis* an! ot&er
*ani2estations 4orn 2ro* a 6or+! arg0a4+3 ignorant o2 t&is rea+it3 in t&e ast : ,an ,reate not&ing
40t ,on20sion, *a+a!90st*ent an! ,on2+i,t in t&e +ong8ter*#
Rea+i;ing an! stri1ing to think in t&e ,onte7t o2 inter,onne,te! s3ste*s is ,riti,a+ 2or inte++e,t0a+
!e1e+o*ent, &en,e ,reating an e!0,ationa+ i*erati1e 2or eo+e to a+so +earn *ore as
Fgenera+ists- as oose! to rigi! Fse,ia+ists-, 6&i,& is t&e ,0rrent attern !0e to t&e str0,t0re o2
o0r tra!itiona+ +a4or ro+es# Sa!+3, o0r e!0,ationa+ s3ste* to!a3 &as 4een s&ae! an! str0,t0re!
not to ,reate 6e++8ro0n!e! 0n!erstan!ings o2 t&e 6or+!, 40t rat&er !ire,ts 2o,0s to iso+ate! an!
narro6 se,ia+ties, 6&i,& re!0,e s3ste*s ,o*re&ension ,onse50ent+3#
@$(
So, ret0rning to t&e se,i2i, ,onte7t o2 t&e ,reation o2 an e,ono*i, *o!e+, t&is s3ste* re+e1an,e
in&erent+3 ,reates an essentia++3 Fse+28generating- ,a0sa+it3 t&at re!0,es s049e,ti1it3 great+3#
W&en 6e re+ate ,0rrent 0n!erstan!ings o2 t&e human system to t&e ecological system, 6e 2in! a
ro,ess o2 o49e,ti1e ,a+,0+ation 6it& rese,t to 6&at is ossi4+e an! s0staina4+e, 4ot& in t&e
genera+ str0,t0re o2 in!0stria+ ro,esses an! t&e value structure o2 so,iet3 itse+2#
In t&e en!, on,e t&is rea+it3 is 0n!erstoo!, kno6ing t&at 6e *a3 ne1er &a1e an a4so+0te
0n!erstan!ing o2 t&e tota+, 0ni1ersa+ go1erning s3ste*, o0r task is &en,e to !eri1e an e,ono*i,
*o!e+ t&at 4est superimposes 0on s0,& kno6n roerties an! re+ations&is o2 t&e &3si,a+ 6or+!,
a!ating an! a!90sting as e22i,ient+3 as ossi4+e, as ne6 2ee!4a,k Gin2or*ation< ,ontin0es to
ro1e 1a+i!# P0t anot&er 6a3, t&e ,reation o2 an e,ono*i, *o!e+ is rea++3 a ro,ess o2 str0,t0ra+
a+ign*ent 6it& t&e e7isting e,o+ogi,a+ s3ste* a+rea!3 in +a3 on t&e +anet eart&# T&e !egree to
6&i,& 6e are a4+e to a,&ie1e t&is, !e2ines o0r s0,,ess#
Social "oals
W&i+e !i1erse g+o4a+ ,0+t0res to!a3 s&o6 *an3 0ni50e 2eat0res an! interests, t&ere is sti++ a 4asi,,
1irt0a++3 0ni1ersa+ set o2 s&are! needs 6&i,& re1o+1e aro0n! s0r1i1a+# In ,on,ert, t&is essentia++3
,o*rises t&e 4asis o2 F04+i, &ea+t&-, in its 4roa!est !e2inition#
De+o6 is a +ist o2 genera+, see*ing+3 o41io0s so,ia+ Fgoa+s- 6&i,& t&is ne6 e,ono*i, *o!e+ 6o0+!
6ork to *eet, 6it& !etai+e! e7+anations 2o++o6ing# O1era++, t&e3 are ,o*onent goa+s o2 t&e
0rs0it to increase %uality of life 2or t&e 6&o+e o2 &0*anit3, 6&i+e *aintaining tr0e s0staina4i+it3 in
t&e +ong r0n#
@$( S0ggeste! Rea!ing" FE!0,ation an! t&e Market Mo!e+-, Ko&n M,M0rtr3, #ournal of "hilosophy of +ducation
Vo+0*e '@, Iss0e ', s '%A:'$>, $AA$ On+ine" &tt"HHon+ine+i4rar3#6i+e3#,o*H!oiH$%#$$$$H9#$?=>8
A>@'#$AA$#t4%%=?'#7Ha4stra,t
120
Goa+s"
G$< Oti*i;e! In!0stria+ E22i,ien,3T A,ti1e P0rs0it o2 FPost8S,ar,it3 A40n!an,e-#
G'< Maintain Oti*i;e! E,o+ogi,a+H)0+t0ra+ Da+an,e B S0staina4i+it3#
G(< De+i4erate Li4eration o2 H0*anit3 2ro* Monotono0sHDangero0s La4or#
G?< Fa,i+itate a,ti1e S3ste* A!atation to E*erging Varia4+es#
G$< Oti*i;e! In!0stria+ E22i,ien,3T A,ti1e P0rs0it o2 FPost8S,ar,it3 A40n!an,e-"
Un+ike t&e ,0rrent, str0,t0ra+ e,ono*i, *an!ate to preserve inefficiency 2or t&e sake o2 *onetar3
,ir,0+ation, e,ono*i, gro6t& an! o6er reser1ation
@$?
, t&is goa+ seeks to oti*i;e, 4ot&
te,&ni,a++3 an! str0,t0ra++3, a++ in!0stria+ ro,esses to 6ork to6ar!s an! ,reate 6&at ,o0+! 4e
gest0ra++3 ter*e! a "ost-&carcity .bundance#
In s&ort, a "ost-&carcity .bundance is an i!ea+i;e! state 6&i,& e+i*inates s,ar,it3 o2 a gi1en
reso0r,e or ro,ess, 0s0a++3 43 *eans o2 oti*i;e! e22i,ien,3 regar!ing ro!0,tion !esign an!
strategi, 0se# Nee!+ess to sa3, t&e i!ea o2 a,&ie1ing universal ost8s,ar,it3 8 *eaning an
a40n!ant a*o0nt o2 e1er3t&ing 2or e1er3one 8 is rig&t20++3 an i*ossi4i+it3, e1en in t&e *ost
oti*isti, 1ie6s# T&ere2ore, t&is ter*, as 0se! &ere, rea++3 &ig&+ig&ts a point of focus#
@$@
)o**on e7a*+es o2 ,0rrent ost8s,ar,it3 rea+ities, 6&i,& 6i++ 4e a!!resse! at +engt& in a +ater
essa3,
@$=
in,+0!e t&e statisti,a++3 ro1en a4i+it3 to generate an a40n!an,e o2 n0trition 2or t&e
6or+!Is o0+ation, an a40n!an,e o2 energ3 2or resonsi4+e &0*an 0se, an a40n!an,e o2 !o*i,i+es
to s&e+ter, at a &ig& +e1e+ o2 50a+it3, e1er3 2a*i+3 on eart&, a+ong 6it& an a40n!an,e o2 goo!s,
4ot& nee!s84ase! Gi#e# too+s< an! reasonable
1,L
6ant 4ase! G+070r3Hse,ia+t3 ite*s< to 2a,i+itate an
e1er8easing an! i*ro1ing 50a+it3 o2 +i2e 0nkno6n 43 +ike+3 AAW o2 &0*anit3 to!a3#
T&ese an! *an3 ot&er ossi4i+ities &a1e 4een ro1en as statisti,a+ rea+ties 2or t&e Eart&Is ,0rrent
o0+ation an! 4e3on!, a,,o*+is&e! t&ro0g& 6&at D0,k*inster F0++er gest0ra++3 ,a++e! t&e
FDesign8S,ien,e Re1o+0tion-
@$C
, or t&e re8!esign o2 o0r so,ia+ in2rastr0,t0re to ena4+e t&is ne6
an! ro2o0n! e22i,ien,3#
Nee!+ess to sa3, t&is so,ieta+ re!esign s0ggests a ra!i,a+ !eart0re 2ro* ,0rrent so,ia+ nor*s an!
esta4+is&e! tra!itions, in,+0!ing t&e 1er3 nat0re o2 o0r so,ioe,ono*i,Hgo1ern*enta+ str0,t0re
itse+2# GT&e ,o*+e7 s049e,t o2 transition 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in a +ater essa3#
@$A
<
G'< Maintain Oti*i;e! E,o+ogi,a+ Da+an,e B S0staina4i+it3"
Maintaining en1iron*enta+ s0staina4i+it3 is o2 o41io0s i*ortan,e gi1en t&e &0*an se,ies &as no
in!een!en,e 2ro* its &a4itat an! is stri,t+3 s0orte! 43 it# In 2a,t, e1o+0tion itse+2 re1ea+s t&at
6e are a,t0a++3 generated from the habitat, 20rt&er e7ressing t&e !ee+3 s3*4ioti,Hs3nergisti,
,onne,tion#
An3 negati1e !ist0r4an,e o2 t&ese inter,onne,te! e,o+ogi,a+ s3ste*s 6i++ +ike+3 res0+t in
roortiona+ negati1e !ist0r4an,es o2 o0r 6e++84eing o1er ti*e# T&ere2ore, *aking s0re t&e
e,ono*i, s3ste* in ra,ti,e &as a str0,t0ra+, 40i+t8in rese,t 2or t&ese nat0ra+ or!ers is ,riti,a+ to
04+i, &ea+t& an! s0staina4i+it3 in t&e +ong ter*# T&is ase,t itse+2 is, in 2a,t, a ga0ge o2 an
@$? See essa3" 4arket +fficiency vs Technical +fficiency
@$@ T&e *atter o2 !egree, in 2a,t, 4e,o*es ar4itrar3# E1en i2 on+3 ossi4+e 6it& a 2e6 reso0r,e sets, it !oes not ,&ange t&e
goa+ an! i*ortan,e o2 t&e 0rs0it o2 ost8s,ar,it3# So,ia+ i*ro1e*ent in genera+ &as 4een 4ase! 0on s0,&
a++e1iations#
@$= See Essa3" "ost-&carcity Trends, Capacity and +fficiency
@$> T&e &3si,a++3 0ns0staina4+e, e7,essi1e roert3 an! F&oar!ing- *enta+it3 ,o**on to t&e ,0rrent ,0+t0reIs i!ea+ o2
&ig& so,ia+ stat0s an! s0,,ess to!a3 nee!s a++e1iation#
@$C S0ggeste! Rea!ing" R# D0,k*inster F0++er, Critical "ath, St# MartinIs Press, $AC$
@$A See Essa3" Transition = The Cybrid +conomy
121
e,ono*i, s3ste*Is o6n ra,ti,a+ 1a+i!it3 as a +i2e8s0ort str0,t0re#
It is 6ort& reiterating t&at t&e ,0rrent *arket *o!e+ o2 e,ono*i,s *aintains +itera++3 no structural
acknowledgment o2 t&ese nat0ra+ or!er +a6s# T&e *arket si*+3 assumes s0,& 4a+an,e 6i++ 4e
*aintaine! t&ro0g& 6&at are rig&t+3 !ee*e! metaphysical *e,&anis*s re+ate! to *onetar38
*arket !3na*i,s a+one#
@'%
A 2a+se ass0*tion#
G(< De+i4erate Li4eration o2 H0*anit3 2ro* Monotono0sHDangero0sHIrre1erent La4or"
As 6i++ 4e !es,ri4e! in te,&ni,a+ !etai+ in a +ater essa3
@'$
6it& rese,t to t&e o6er20+,
e&e*era+i;ation oriente! tren! o2 6&at is ter*e! mechanization G*eaning t&e a+i,ation o2
*a,&ines, !is+a,ing +a4or ro+es ,o**on+3 &e+! 43 &0*ans< t&e nee! 2or &0*an toi+ an! s022ering
in *onotono0s, irre+e1ant or !angero0s o,,0ations &as 4e,o*e in,reasing+3 +ess nee!e!#
T&is ne6 te,&ni,a+ rea+it3 &as a+so ,reate! tren!s 6&i,& 6ere on,e 0ni*agina4+e, s0,& as t&e 2a,t
t&at t&e a+i,ation o2 a0to*ation &as ro1en to no6 4e *ore e22i,ient t&an &0*an +a4or, *aking
t&e ersistent tra!ition o2 Fearning a +i1ing- an in,reasing+3 irresonsi4+e so,ia+ ,on1ention gi1en
t&at 6e ,an no6 !o more with less people in 1irt0a++3 e1er3 se,tor to!a3#
Like6ise, it is a+so i*ortant to ,onsi!er t&e attern o2 &0*an e*+o3*ent o1er generationa+
ti*e, re,ogni;ing t&at t&e ,0rrent so,ia+ !etri*ent o2 F0ne*+o3*ent- is entire+3 *ani2est 2ro*
t&e a+i,ation o2 te,&no+og3 to +a4or#
@''
T&e great *3t& o2 t&e '%
t&
,ent0r3, roagate! 43 *arket
e,ono*ists is t&at te,&no+og3 ,reates 9o4s in t&e sa*e roortion as 9o4s are taken a6a3 43 it#
@'(

T&is is no6 ro1en as statisti,a++3 in,orre,t as t&e e7onentia+ in,rease in in2or*ation te,&no+og3
an! its trans+ation into e1er8a!1an,ing *a,&ine e22i,ien,3 ro1es t&e 2a++a,3 o2 t&is on,e
seemingly tr0e o4ser1ation#
@'?
To!a3, t&e '$
st
,ent0r3 +a4or ,risis s&o6s no sign o2 s04si!ing
@'@

an! 6i++ on+3 2in! reso+0tion t&ro0g& a restr0,t0ring o2 in!0stria+ +a4or *et&o!s, a+tering t&e F6ork
2or a +i1ing- tra!ition !ra*ati,a++3#
@'=
G?< Fa,i+itate a,ti1e S3ste* A!atation to E*erging Varia4+es"
@'% See Essa3" Cistory of +conomy 6&ere A!a* S*it&Is notion o2 t&e FIn1isi4+e Han!- is !is,0sse!#
@'$ See Essa3" "ost-&carcity Trends, Capacity and +fficiency
@'' T&is state*ent 6o0+! +ike+3 4e !is0te! 43 e,ono*ists to!a3, 6it& t&e ,+ai* o2 So0tso0r,ingS an! ot&er iss0es 4ro0g&t
into t&e e50ation Ga+ong 6it& ot&er narro6, tr0n,ate! !istin,tions<# In tr0t&, +ooking at &0*an +a4or 6it&o0t 4or!ers,
on t&e g+o4a+ s,a+e, o1er generationa+ ti*e, 6e see t&at it &as 4een te,&no+og3 an! on+3 te,&no+og3 t&at &as s&i2te!
4ot& ro!0,tion *et&o!s an! 6&at is o2 interest to ro!0,e# I2 t&is rogress 6as not seen, &0*anit3 6o0+! ne1er &a1e
e7erien,e! t&e Neo+it&i, Re1o+0tion an! &en,e 6o0+! sti++ 4e &0nting an! gat&ering in a ri*iti1e 6a3#
@'( T&is ass0*tion is art o2 6&at &as 4een &istori,a++3 ter*e! t&e FT&e L0!!ite Fa++a,3-# It is 6ort& noting t&at e1en i2
one 6ere to entertain t&e L0!!ite Fa++a,3Is ,+ai* t&at ne6 9o4s are ,reate! to e50a++3 ,o*ensate 2or !is+a,e! +a4or in
a no68*e,&ani;e! se,tor, in,reasing+3 it is 4e,o*ing rea+i;e! t&at s0,& 9o4s arg0a4+3 &a1e +itt+e to no a,t0a+ re+e1an,e
to t&e 1ia4i+it3 an! 20n,tion o2 +i2e8s0ort# Hen,e, t&e Sne6 9o4s ,reate!S in1aria4+3 ser1e as a kin! o2 6aste o2 &0*an
energ3# It is one t&ing to er2or* a,ts o2 interest in oneIs +i2e, on oneIs o6n a,,or!# It is anot&er to 4e ,oer,e! into
s0,& *eaning+ess +a4or si*+3 4e,a0se 3o0 *0st S6ork 2or a +i1ingS#
S0ggeste! Rea!ing" Da1i! Grae4er, 0n the "henomenon of 3ullshit #obs, Strike Maga;ine, '%$(
. &tt"HH666#strike*ag#orgH40++s&it89o4sH /
@'? T&e iss0e &ere is t&e rate o2 te,&no+ogi,a+ a,,e+eration# One &0n!re! 3ears ago, t&is rate o2 ,&ange 6as *0,& +ess
rai!, 6&i+e to!a3 t&e rate o2 ,&ange is in,reasing e7onentia++3 2or6ar!# W&i+e so,ia+ s&i2ts in in!0str3 an! +a4or 6ere
a4+e to !3na*i,a++3 ,o*ensate 2or t&is ,&ange in t&e ast !0e to t&e re+ati1e+3 s+o6 a,e, as ti*e *o1es 2or6ar!, it
6i++ 4e,o*e e1er *ore !i22i,0+t to *aintain S+a4or 2or in,o*eS as 6e kno6 it in t&e ,0rrent tra!ition# T&is is a+so
4e,a0se t&e e7onentia+ gro6t& ,0r1e re!0,es t&e ,ost o2 *a,&ine a0to*ation too+s o1er ti*e, setting 0 a genera+
ine1ita4i+it3 t&at &0*an +a4or in a ,ertain se,tor 6i++ not on+3 4e o0t!one in er2or*an,e 43 *a,&ine 40t t&e3 6i++ 4e
,&eaer in t&e +ong r0n# S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HH666#k0r;6ei+ai#netHt&e8+a68o28a,,e+erating8ret0rns
@'@ Ne6s an! statisti,a+ reorts on an e*erging G+o4a+ Une*+o3*ent )risis &a1e 4een ro+i2i, in t&e ear+3 '$st ,ent0r3,
se,i2i,a++3 6it& 3o0ng a!0+ts# S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HH666#e,ono*ist#,o*Hne6sHinternationa+H'$@>==@>8aro0n!8
6or+!8a+*ost8(%%*8$@8'?83ear8o+!s8are8not86orking86&at8&as8,a0se!
@'= S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HH666#2or4es#,o*HsitesHsing0+arit3H'%$'H%>H$AH,o0+!8a0to*ation8+ea!8to8,&roni,8
0ne*+o3*ent8an!re68*,a2ee8so0n!s8t&e8a+ar*H
122
W&i+e t&is goa+ *ig&t see* *ore a4stra,t t&an rior goa+s, a,kno6+e!ging t&e e*ergent rea+it3 o2
inte++e,t0a+ an! in!0stria+ e1o+0tion is ,riti,a+# We *0st structurally a++o6 2or a!atation#
T&e aggregate inte++e,t0a+ ,0+*ination o2 &0*an kno6+e!ge is an!, as t&e tren!s ,0rrent+3 s&o6,
6i++ a+6a3s 4e, in,o*+ete# Man3 ra,ti,es 6&i,& *ig&t 4e !ee*e! s0staina4+e or in a,,or! 6it&
04+i, &ea+t& to!a3, *ig&t 1er3 6e++ 4e 2o0n! to 4e !etri*enta+ in a re+ati1e or a4so+0te sense in
t&e 20t0re# An e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e !e,a!es ast o2 oi+ ,o*40stion# W&i+e +itt+e negati1e
retroa,tions 6ere 2o0n! !0ring its ear+3 0se, to!a3 t&ere is a strong 0s& to *o1e a6a3 2ro*
&3!ro,ar4on energ3 0se !0e to t&e gro6ing ,onse50en,es res0+ting 2ro* its e*+o3*ent as t&e
ri*ar3 energ3 so0r,e 2or so,iet3 : ese,ia++3 gi1en t&e ,0rrent state o2 *ore ,+ean an! *ore
a40n!ant a+ternati1es#
T&ere2ore, t&e in!0stria+He,ono*i, s3ste* *0st 4e !3na*i,a++3 0!ata4+e, ena4+ing rai! error
,orre,tion an! i*ro1e*ent as rogress 0n2o+!s# Again, t&is t3e o2 2+e7i4i+it3 is ,0rrent+3 *issing
in t&e *arket e,ono*3 to!a3, sin,e an3 s0,& ,&anges o2ten &a1e a !esta4i+i;ing e22e,t on t&e
ro2ita4i+it3 o2 re+ate! in!0stries# )&ange in genera+ is e7tre*e+3 s+o6 in t&e *o!ern erio! in t&is
regar! !0e to t&e paralysis t&at originates 2ro* t&e reser1ation o2 *arket s&are an! gro0
o6er# It ,an 4e 6e++ arg0e! t&at rogress is o2ten detrimental to e7isting ro2it s,&e*es#
1acroeconomic Factors3
In tra!itiona+, *arket84ase! e,ono*i, t&eor3, macroeconomics !ea+s 6it& t&e 4roa!est in2+0en,es
an! o+i,ies 6&i,& a22e,t, in art, t&e !3na*i,s an! ro4a4+e o0t,o*es o2 t&e microeconomic
,on!ition# T&is 0s0a++3 re+ates to gro6t& *eas0res, e*+o3*ent +e1e+s, interest rates, nationa+
!e4ts, ,0rren,ies an! t&e +ike#
In t&e ,onte7t o2 a NLRDE, 6e ,an a+so esta4+is& e,ono*i, ,o*onents 6&i,& ,o0+! 4e
,ategori,a++3 t&o0g&t a4o0t in t&e sa*e 6a3, on+3 t&is ti*e it &as to !o 6it& t&e +argest or!er
governing ress0res o2 t&e &3si,a+ 6or+! !ire,t+3, a+ong 6it& &o6 t&ese physical principles re+ate
to t&e *ore F*i,roe,ono*i,- a,tions o2 goo! ro!0,tion, !esign, !istri40tion an! t&e +ike# In
ot&er 6or!s, it is an o1erar,&ing rule structure, s0orte! 43 essentia++3 &3si,a+ s,ien,e, to
ens0re tr0e e,ono*i, e22i,ien,3 is *aintaine! an! oti*i;e!#
At t&e ,ore o2 t&e *a,roe,ono*i, Gan!, 43 e7tension, *i,roe,ono*i,< aroa,& rests t&e *et&o!
o2 t&o0g&t an! ana+3sis itse+2# T&is is FT&e S,ienti2i, Met&o!-#
@'>
It is o2ten sai! t&at not&ing in
s,ien,e ,an 4e ro1en, on+3 !isro1en# T&is is t&e 4ea0t3 o2 t&e *et&o! as its in&erent sketi,is*
o2 its o6n ,on,+0sions, i2 0nin&i4ite! 43 &0*an 4ias, ,an ass0re ,ontin0a+ rogress an!
a!90st*ent# S,ien,e gi1es a 1e&i,+e to arrive at conclusions, not F*ake t&e*-, an! it is t&is
system-based logic 6&ere a++ e,ono*i, !e,isions are to 4e oriente! regar!ing 4ot& ossi4i+ities
an! restri,tions#
@'C
In&erent to T&e S,ienti2i, Met&o! in t&e ,onte7t o2 F*a,roe,ono*i, o+i,3- 2or a NLRDE are 6&at
6e ,o0+! ,onsi!er +arth-wide re,ognitions# T&ese ,o*onents &a1e to !o essentia++3 6it& t&e
2o++o6ing"
G$< G+o4a+ Reso0r,e Manage*ent
G'< G+o4a+ De*an! Assess*ent
G(< G+o4a+ Pro!0,tion an! Distri40tion Proto,o+s#
T&ese t&ree 2a,tors are ,onsi!ere! F*a,roe,ono*i,- sin,e t&e3 e*4o!3 ,ore, near 0ni1ersa+
in2rastr0,t0re ,onsi!erations, regar!+ess o2 6&at a gi1en ro!0,tion se,i2i,a++3 entai+s or 6&ere it
is on t&e +anet# GIt s&o0+! a+so 4e i**e!iate+3 re,ogni;e! t&at t&e ,on,et o2 a Fnationa+
@'> See Aen!i7 D 2or an Introduction to The &cientific 4ethod
@'C See Essa3" The &cientific :orldview
123
e,ono*3- is no +onger 1ia4+e in t&is erse,ti1e, nor 6as it e1er, in tr0t&, te,&ni,a++3 seaking#<
56; "loal Resource 1anagement3
G+o4a+ Reso0r,e Manage*ent is t&e ro,ess o2 tra,king reso0r,e 0se an! &en,e 6orking to re!i,t
an! a1oi! s&ortages an! ot&er ro4+e*s# In e22e,t, it is no !i22erent t&an t&e +ogi, 0n!er+3ing *ost
,o**on in1entor3 s3ste*s 6e *ig&t 2in! in t&e ,o**er,ia+ arena to!a3# Ho6e1er, t&is s3ste*
&as to !o ri*ari+3 6it& tra,king t&e rate o2 nat0ra+ generation to *aintain dynamic e%uilibrium
16H
#
A++ kno6n nat0ra+ reso0r,es 8 6&et&er +0*4er, ,oer ore, 6ater, oi+, et,# 8 &a1e t&eir o6n rates o2
nat0ra+ regeneration, i2 an3# In ,ertain ,ases, s0,& as t&e state o2 ,ertain *eta+s or *inera+s,
regeneration rates are so +arge s,a+e t&at it 6o0+! 4e *ore aroriate to si*+3 ass0*e a 2inite
s0+3 o0trig&t#
@(%
O1era++, t&is ro,ess 6o0+! 4egin 6it& a tota+ Eart& s0r1e3 to 6&ate1er !egree
te,&ni,a++3 ossi4+e, tra,ke! in rea+8ti*e to 6&ate1er !egree te,&ni,a++3 ossi4+e#
T&e ,ata+og0e o2 tra,ke! reso0r,e ,o*onents 6o0+! in,+0!e a++ 2or*s, 2ro* 4ioti, reso0r,es s0,&
as trees, to a4ioti, reso0r,es s0,& as iron ores an! t&e +ike# Po++0tion an! ot&er e,o+ogi,a+
!ist0r4an,es o2 reso0r,e integrit3 6o0+! a+so 4e a,,o0nte! 2or# W&i+e s0,& a tota+ s3ste*s
aroa,& to t&is Eart&86i!e reso0r,e a,,o0nting an! tra,king s3ste* *ig&t see* +ike a !i22i,0+t
task, it is a,t0a++3 1er3 2easi4+e in t&e *o!ern !a3, 6it& s0,& te,&no+og3 a+rea!3 4eing e*+o3e!
43 rese,ti1e in!0stries in t&e ,ororate setting#
5>; "loal Demand Assessment"
G+o4a+ De*an! Assess*ent is t&e ro,ess o2 rea+i;ing t&e !e*an!s o2 t&e &0*an o0+ation# In
s&ort, t&is ro,ess 6o0+! 4e 4roken 0 into a series o2 regiona+ s0r1e3s, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e re+ease
o2 04+i,ations 6&i,& in2or* t&e 04+i, as to ne6 !esigns ossi4+e in ,ons0*er or in!0stria+
ro!0,tion#
W&ereas 2ro* t&e ,0rrent ,0+t0ra+ ra,ti,e, 6&i,& ,onsists o2 04+i, a!1ertising 43 ro2it seeking
,ororations, o2ten i*ose stat0sH1anit3 oriente! 1a+0es on t&e o0+ation in *an3 rese,ts
rat&er t&an ser1ing to assist t&e* 6it& e7isting nee!s, t&e ro,ess o2 engage*ent in a NLRDE
!ea+s e7+i,it+3 6it& ,reating a6areness o2 ne6 te,&ni,a+ ossi4i+ities as t&e3 e*erge, 6&i+e a+so
a++o6ing 04+i, ,onsens0s to !e,i!e 6&at is o2 interest to ro!0,e an! 6&at isnIt#
@($

T&is ,o0+! 4e ter*e! t&e F*arket- o2 a NLRDE# In *an3 6a3s, it ,an a+so 4e ,onsi!ere! t&e
*e,&anis* o2 so,ieta+ Fgo1ernan,e- itse+2 sin,e t&is t3e o2 so,ia+ intera,tion to6ar!s !e,ision
*aking !oes not &a1e to 4e restri,te! to *ere goo! !esign an! ro!0,tion#
@('
A2ter a++, at t&e ,ore
o2 an3 so,iet3 are really t&e te,&ni,a+ *e,&anis*s 6&i,& ena4+e or!er, 6e++84eing an! 50a+it3 o2
+i2e#
We o2ten 2orget 6&at t&e 0rose o2 a go1ern*ent rea++3 is in t&e *o!ern !a3# At its ,ore, it is a
*eans to assist e,ono*i, organi;ation to i*ro1e +i2e, ease stress an! ,reate sa2et3# T&e ro4+e*
is t&at go1ern*ent to!a3 &as ne,essari+3 t0rne! into a s3ste* o2 essentia++3 organi;e! ,orr0tion
an! F*a2ia- t3e rote,tionis* rat&er t&an a 2a,i+itator o2 +i2e s0ort#
In t&is ne6 aroa,&, a 0re+3 te,&ni,a+Hintera,ti1e s3ste* is esta4+is&e! 6&i,& 6orks, in gest0re,
si*i+ar to &o6 t&e notion o2 F!ire,t !e*o,ra,3-
@((
&as 4een roose! to 6ork in t&e *o!ern !a3,
@'A D3na*i, E50i+i4ri0* is !e2ine! as" FA ,on!ition in 6&i,& a++ a,ting in2+0en,es are ,an,e++e! 43 ot&ers, res0+ting in a
sta4+e, 4a+an,e!, or 0n,&anging s3ste*#- So0r,e" &tt"HH666#t&e2ree!i,tionar3#,o*H!3na*i,Pe50i+i4ri0*
@(% For e7a*+e, *eta+s s0,& as ,oer are no6 6i!e+3 a,,ete! to &a1e originate! in stars, 6it& t&e eart& ,o++e,ting
t&ese *ateria+s as it 2or*e!#
@($ To!a3, it is on+3 t&ro0g& ri,e an! ro2ita4i+it3 t&at !e*an! is a,,esse!# Ver3 rare+3 is t&e 04+i, in1ite! to arti,iate
in 20t0re !esigns#
@(' T&is 6i++ 4e a!!resse! 20rt&er in t&e essa3" The Industrial Bovernment
@(( Un+ike FReresentati1e De*o,ra,3- 6&ere e+e,te! reresentati1es *ake !e,isions, Dire,t De*o,ra,3 a++o6s
124
6&ere !e,ision8*aking ro,esses in1o+1e gro0 arti,iation in a direct 6a3, goa+ 43 goa+# Wit&
t&e e7onentia+ in,rease in ,o*0ter84ase! ,a+,0+ation o6er, t&is t3e o2 aggregate so,ieta+
Ft&inking- is no6 ossi4+e#
T&e !etai+s o2 t&is intera,ti1e s3ste*, a+ong 6it& an e7ansion o2 an integra+ ,on,et ter*e! as
Fa0to*ate! !esign- or t&e ,a+,0+ation o2 utility-based systems Gin t&is ,onte7t t&e system 4eing a
goo! in 50estion<, 6i++ 4e a!!resse! in a 2o++o6ing essa3#
@(?
Ho6e1er, +et it 4e state! t&at a++
!esigns &a1e a 40i+t8in +ogi, to6ar!s 6&at 6orks, 6&at is s0staina4+e an! 6&at re!0,es negati1e
retra,tions Gor ro4+e*s<# It is t&is ne6, te,&ni,a+ re2erentia+ 4en,&*ark t&at g0i!es t&e ro,ess
o2 in!0stria+ !esign#
No6, a 2ina+ note 6ort& *entioning in assing is t&at in t&e ,0rrent *arket e,ono*3, t&e !e*an!
assess*ent ro,ess is or,&estrate! in a !ee+3 &a&a;ar! *anner 1ia 6&at is tra!itiona++3 ter*e!
t&e Fri,e *e,&anis*-#
@(@
Man3 in tra!itiona+ e,ono*i, s,&oo+s &a1e e1en arg0e! t&at t&e
!3na*i, 1aria4i+it3 o2 &0*an interests *ake it te,&ni,a++3 impossible to ,a+,0+ate s0,& !e*an!
6it&o0t t&e ri,e *e,&anis*# W&i+e t&is *a3 &a1e 4een so*e6&at tr0e in t&e ear+3 '%
t&
,ent0r3
6&en t&ese ,+ai*s 6ere *a!e, t&e age o2 a!1an,e! ,o*0ter ,a+,0+ation, ,o0+e! 6it& *o!ern
sensing an! tra,king te,&no+og3, &a1e re*o1e! t&is 4arrier o2 ,o*+e7it3#
@(=
5:; 5a; "loal Production - 5; Distriution Protocols3
G+o4a+ Pro!0,tion an! Distri40tion Proto,o+s a!!ress t&e reasoning 43 6&i,& t&e o1era++ in!0stria+
s3ste* is to 4e +ai! o0t in t&e ,onte7t o2 Eart& s0r2a,e in2rastr0,t0re# T&is si*+e notion &as to !o
6it& 6&ere t&ese 2a,i+itates are +o,ate! an! 6&3# A 4asi, e,ono*i, 2a,tor to ,onsi!er &ere is 6&at
6e 6i++ ,a++ t&e FPro7i*it3 Strateg3-#
In t&e ,0rrent s3ste*, t&e roert3 orientation 2or,es 2a,i+ities 2or ro!0,tion an! !istri40tion to
4e s,attere! an! rat&er ran!o* in +a,e*ent# T&e a!1ent o2 g+o4a+i;ation an! t&e ,onstant sear,&
2or ,ost e22i,ien,3 43 ,ororations 1ia ,&ea +a4or an! reso0r,es ,reates enor*o0s ine22i,ien,3
an! 6aste, not to *ention a 4asis 2or in&0*ane +a4or e7+oitation an! ot&er ro4+e*s#
In a NLRDE, t&e organi;ation o2 g+o4a+ in!0stria+ ro,esses is 4ase! on oti*i;ing e22i,ien,3 at a++
ti*es, ,reating a network o2 2a,i+ities, +ogi,a++3 4ase! aro0n! 2a,tors re+ate! to t&e purpose o2
t&ose 2a,i+ities# T&is is a,t0a++3 si*+e to ,onsi!er sin,e t&e 1aria4+es re+ate! ,an 4e 50anti2ie! in
i*ortan,e 2air+3 easi+3# Sin,e t&e s&ortest !istan,e 4et6een t6o oints is a straig&t +ine, ,o0+e!
6it& t&e *o!ern te,&ni,a+ ,aa,it3 to ro!0,e *an3 goo!s 6it&o0t t&e nee! 2or regiona+
,on!itions Gi#e# a!1an,e!, en,+ose! 2oo! ro!0,tion s3ste*s<, a ,ore ,on,ern to re!0,e energ3
an! 6aste is to +o,a+i;e, as *0,& as ossi4+e#
5:a; "loal Production Protocols3 T&e 4est 6a3 to e7ress t&is is to ro1i!e a se,i2i, e7a*+e
43 6&i,& 1ariations ,an 2in! a ,o**on ,onte7t# We 6i++ 0se t&e e7a*+e o2 t&e te7ti+e in!0str3,
se,i2i,a++3 t&e *an02a,t0ring o2 ,+ot&ing#
To!a3, ACW o2 t&e ,+ot&ing A*eri,ans 6ear is i*orte!, *ost+3 2ro* )&ina#
@(>
Most ,+ot&es are
sti++ *a!e 2ro* ,otton to!a3# W&ere !oes )&ina +ike to get a great !ea+ o2 its ,ottonQ T&e Unite!
in!i1i!0a+s to 1ote on iss0es# T&is asso,iation is 0se! +oose+3 &ere as t&e tra!itiona+ notion o2 !ire,t !e*o,ra,3 is too
ri*iti1e# T&e s0ggeste! s3ste* &as to !o 6it& 04+i, arti,iation in ,0*0+ati1e !esign o2 goo!s to *eet nee!s, in
art#
@(? See essa3" The Industrial Bovernment
@(@ L0!6ig 1on Mises in &is 2a*o0s 6ork +conomic Calculation in the &ocialist Commonwealth arg0es t&at t&e Fri,e
*e,&anis*- is t&e on+3 ossi4+e *eans to 0n!erstan! &o6 to Fe22i,ient+3- ,reate an! *o1e goo!s aro0n! an e,ono*3#
T&is ,riti,is* o2 an3 kin! o2 F+anne!- s3ste* &as 4een to0te! as sa,rosan,t 43 *an3 to!a3 an! as a 1in!i,ation o2 t&e
,aita+ist s3ste*#
@(= See essa3" The Industrial Bovernment
@(> So0r,e" &tt"HHa4,ne6s#go#,o*HD0sinessHMa!eInA*eri,aH*a!e8a*eri,a8,+ot&es8,+ot&ing8*a!e80saHstor3Q
i!R$($%C'@C
125
States#
@(C
So, to!a3, t&e Unite! States ro!0,es a ,ore ra6 ,o**o!it3 2or t&e te7ti+e in!0str3,
s&is to )&ina to *ake t&e ,+ot&es, on+3 to &a1e it s&ie! 4a,k to t&e US 6&en !one#
We ,an 0se o0r i*agination 6it& rese,t to t&e *i++ions o2 4arre+s o2 oi+ a+one 6aste! o1er ti*e on
t&is *o1e*ent o2 *ateria+s, 6&en s0,& &ar1esting an! ro!0,tion ,o0+! 4e +o,a+i;e! 1er3 easi+3#
Again, t&is is a ro!0,t o2 t&e *arket e,ono*3Is interna+ e,ono*i, *e,&anis*s 6&i,& &a1e no
regard 2or tr0e, Eart&+3 e,ono*i, re+ations&is 8 6&i,& re50ire &3si,a+ e22i,ien,3 an! 6aste
re!0,tion 8 not 2inan,ia+ e22i,ien,3 an! a re!0,tion o2 *onetar3 ,osts# T&is is a ,+ear !is,onne,t#
5:; "loal Distriution Protocols3 T&e sa*e 4asi, +ogi, a+ies to ost8ro!0,tion
!istri40tion# On,e goo!s are ,reate!, t&e3 are to 4e *a!e a1ai+a4+e regiona++3 in t&e *ost e22i,ient
6a3 ossi4+e, 4ase! on demand an! proximity#
On,e esta4+is&e! er regiona+ nee!s, !istri40tion &as t&ree 4asi, ,o*onents"
(4$< Fa,i+it3 Lo,ation
(4'< Met&o! o2 A,,ess
(4(< Tra,kingHFee!4a,k#
:6; Facilit) &ocation3
Fa,i+it3 Lo,ation is 4ase! on +ogi,a+ ro7i*it3 o2 a o0+ation ,on,entration# T&is is 4est
e7e*+i2ie! 6it& t&e ,0rrent ra,ti,e to!a3 o2 G0s0a++3< +a,ing gro,er3 stores in a1erage
,on1enien,e a4o0t a ,o**0nit3, t&o0g& e1en t&is strateg3 is o2ten ,o*ro*ise! 43 t&e *arketIs
in&erent +ogi,#
@(A
Ho6e1er, ot&er te,&no+ogi,a+ 2a,tors ,o0+! ,o*e into +a3 to ease t&e *o1e*ent
o2 goo!s an! re!0,e 6aste, a+ong 6it& *ore ,on1enient a,,ess# W&i+e +o,a+ 2a,i+ities ,ontaining
t&e *ost ,o**on+3 nee!e! goo!s *ig&t e7ist in ,+ose ro7i*it3 aro0n! a ,o**0nit3, !e+i1er3
s3ste*s, s0,& as a0to*ate! pneumatic tube str0,t0res 2or *e!i0*8si;e! ro!0,ts, ,o0+! 4e
insta++e! into &o*es in t&e sa*e *anner as +0*4ing is 40i+t into a &o*e to!a3#
Ot&er 1ariations ,o0+! in,+0!e s3ste*s o2 a,,ess 4ase! on se,i2i,, regiona+ nee!s, s0,& as t&e
,ase 6it& re,reationa+ a,ti1ities# A,,ess 2a,i+ities ,an 4e +a,e! on +o,ation 2or 1ario0s interests,
s0,& as sorts reso0r,es, s0+3ing nee!e! e50i*ent at t&e ti*e an! +a,e o2 0se#
:>; 1ethod of Access3
Met&o! o2 A,,ess is 4est !es,ri4e! as a s&are! F+i4rar3- s3ste*# T&is isnIt to i*+3 t&at a++ ite*s
retrie1e! *0st 4e Fret0rne!- to t&ese a,,ess 2a,i+ities, 40t to s&o6 t&at t&e3 can be 2or
,on1enien,e# It is ,ertain+3 a 6e+,o*e! ra,ti,e sin,e t&is ro,ess o2 Fs&aring- is a o6er20+
ena4+er o2 4ot& a preservation e22i,ien,3, 40t a+so a public access e22i,ien,3# In ot&er 6or!s, 2e6er
goo!s are nee!e! to *eet t&e interests o2 *ore o2 t&e o0+ation t&ro0g& s&aring s3ste*s, as
,o*are! to t&e $"$ 0ni1ersa+ roert3 s3ste* ra,ti,e! to!a3#
A ,o**on e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e se,ia+i;e! too+ nee!s 6&i,& are 0se! re+ati1e+3 sarse+3 in t&e
o0+ation# Pro!0,tion e50i*ent 2or a se,i2i, ro9e,t an! re,reation e50i*ent 6&i,& *ig&t 4e
0se! on+3 a 2e6 ti*es a 3ear, are si*+e e7a*+es# On t&e ot&er si!e o2 t&e se,tr0*, e1er3!a3
nee!s, s0,& as ersona+ ,o**0ni,ation te,&no+og3 an! t&e +ike, are *a!e a1ai+a4+e in t&e sa*e
6a3, 6it& an e7e,tation o2 ret0rn +ike+3 on+3 6&en t&e ite* 2ai+s, so it ,an 4e re,3,+e! or
reaire!# T&is ,on,et o2 *o1ing 2ro* a property-oriented to an access-oriented society is a
o6er20+ notion# To!a3, ,ertain Frenta+- in!0stries &a1e a+rea!3 seen t&e 2r0its o2 t&is ,on,et in
@(C So0r,e" &tt"HH666#4+oo*4erg#,o*Hne6sH'%$'8%=8$@H,&ina8sai!8to84038$8*i++ion8tons8o2808s8,otton82or8reser1es8
$8#&t*+
@(A S0ggeste! Rea!ing" &tt"HHe!#te!#,o*H+essonsH6&38!o8,o*etitors8oen8t&eir8stores8ne7t8to8one8anot&er89a,8!e8
&aan
126
t&e 2or* o2 ,on1enien,e, e1en in a *arket s3ste*#
@?%
Again, ,o*aring to t&e ,0rrent *o!e+, t&ese 2a,i+ities e7ist +ike Fstores- !o to!a3, 6it& regiona+
!e*an! !3na*i,a++3 ,a+,0+ate! to ens0re s0+3 a40n!an,e an! a1oi! s&ortages an! o1err0ns#
T&e !i22eren,e is t&at not&ing is Fso+!- an! t&e et&os is o2 an strategi,a++3 e22i,ient, intera,ti1e
s3ste* o2 s&aring, 6it&, again, ret0rns o,,0rring a+so 6&en ro!0,t +i2e e7ires or 6&en t&e goo!
is no +onger nee!e!#
As an asi!e, t&ere is a ,o**on rea,tion to t&is i!ea t&at ro4+e*s s0,& as F&oar!ing- or so*e
kin! o2 a40se 6o0+! ens0e# T&is ass0*tion is 4asi,a++3 s0eri*osing current *onetar38*arket
,onse50en,es on t&e ne6 *o!e+, erroneo0s+3# Peo+e in t&e s,ar,it3 !ri1en 6or+! to!a3 &oar! an!
rote,t i*0+si1e+3 6&en t&e3 &a1e so*et&ing to 2ear or 6is& to e7+oit goo!s 2or t&eir *arket
1a+0e# In t&e NLRDE, t&ere is no resa+e 1a+0e in t&e s3ste* sin,e t&ere is no *one3#
@?$
T&ere2ore,
t&e i!ea o2 &oar!ing an3t&ing 6o0+! 4e an in,on1enien,e rat&er t&an an a!1antage#
@?'
::; Trac#ing'Feedac#3
Tra,king an! Fee!4a,k, as i*+ie! a4o1e, is an integra+ art o2 keeing t&e s3ste*, 4ot& regiona+
an! g+o4a+, as 2+0i! as ossi4+e 6&en it ,o*es to not on+3 t&e *eeting o2 regiona+ !e*an! t&ro0g&
a!e50ate s0+3, 40t a+so keeing a,e 6it& ,&anges in e7tra,tionHro!0,tionH!istri40tion
te,&no+og3 an! ne6 !e*an!s# Nat0ra++3, t&ese 2a,tors are &ig&+3 s3nergisti,# Sensor s3ste*s,
rogra*s an! ot&er reso0r,e tra,king te,&no+og3 &a1e 4een rai!+3 !e1e+oing 2or 1ario0s
in!0stria+ 0ses#
@?(
Mo!ern ,o**er,ia+ in1entor3 s3ste*s are a+rea!3 50ite a!1an,e! in t&e roer
,onte7t 6&en it ,o*es to !e*an! an! !istri40tion# T&e iss0e is *ere+3 its s,a+a4i+it3 in ,ertain
,onte7ts to a,,o0nt 2or a++ ne,essar3 attri40tes#
In ,on,+0sion to t&is se,tion on *a,roe,ono*i, 2a,tors, t&e o1erar,&ing ,onsi!eration is efficiency
on all levels an! t&is &as its o6n ,a0sa+ +ogi, as note! 4e2ore, 6&en ,onsi!ere! in t&e +arger
e,o+ogi,a+ an! &3si,a+ s3ste* inter,onne,ti1it3 in&erent to t&e nat0ra+ 6or+!# T&is e22i,ien,3 &as
to !o 6it& 6aste re!0,tion an! *eeting &0*an nee!s, a+6a3s oriente! in its ossi4i+ities 43 t&e
,0rrent state o2 te,&no+og3 1ia t&e s,ienti2i, *et&o!#
1icroeconomic Factors3
Gi1en t&ese so8,a++e! macroeconomic ,on,ets, it is i*ortant to restate t&at t&e 0n!er+3ing
rin,i+es regar!ing oti*0* e22i,ien,3, ro!0,ti1it3 an! s0staina4i+it3 are t&e sa*e t&ro0g&o0t
t&e 6&o+e *o!e+, 2ro* to to 4otto*# T&is is, again, t&e train of thought ,o*ing 2ro* t&e
s,ienti2i, *et&o!, ,a+,0+ate! 6it&in t&e near8e*iri,a+ 2ra*e6ork o2 nat0ra+ +a6 +ogi, itse+2#
No6, 6&i+e tra!itiona+ *arket84ase! e,ono*i, t&eor3 ,onsi!ers F*i,roe,ono*i,s- as so*et&ing o2
a st0!3 o2 t&e 4e&a1ior o2 in!i1i!0a+s, &o0se&o+!s an! 40sinesses *aking !e,isions aro0n!
*arkets, ri,e !eter*inations an! ot&er 2a,tors 4ase! essentia++3 aro0n! t&e *o1e*ent o2 *one3
in 1ario0s 6a3s, t&e *i,roe,ono*i, ,onte7t o2 a NLRDE is 50ite !i22erent#
Mi,roe,ono*i, ,onsi!erations in t&is ne6 *o!e+ re1o+1e aro0n! t&e a,t0a+ *et&o!s o2 goo!
!esign an! ro!0,tion itse+2# T&is is 4asi,a++3 organi;e! aro0n! t6o 2a,tors3
@?% Dike an! )ar s&aring s3ste*s are ,o**on e7a*+es# T&e FZi)ar- is a ,o*an3 t&at ro1i!es +o,a+i;e! a,,ess to ,ar
renta+s in a regiona+ ,onte7t, 4ase! on nee!# Like6ise, E0roe &as seen a rise in on8+o,ation street 4ike renta+s as 6e++,
6it& 1ario0s !o,kingHa,,ess stations strategi,a++3 +o,ate! aro0n! a ,it3#
@?$ A s0**ari;e! e7+anation o2 6&3 a *onetar3 e,ono*3 is str0,t0ra++3 in,o*ati4+e 6it& t&e +e1e+ o2 e22i,ien,3 an!
goa+s o2 t&is ne6 *o!e+ is !etai+e! in t&e essa3" SPost8S,ar,it3 Tren!s, )aa,it3 an! E22i,ien,3S
@?' T&e s049e,t o2 see*ing+3 0nre!i,ta4+e, &0*an 4e&a1iora+ a4erration Gi#e# F,ri*e-< is a!!resse! in t&e essa3
SLi2est3+e, Free!o* an! T&e H0*anit3 Fa,torS
@?( S0ggeste! Rea!ing" C" invents a central nervous system for earth' &tt"HH666#2ast,o*an3#,o*H$@?C=>?H&8
in1ents8,entra+8ner1o0s8s3ste*8eart&8an!89oins8s*arter8+anet8s6eestakes
127
$< Pro!0,t Design E22i,ien,3
'< Means o2 Pro!0,tion E22i,ien,3
G6; Product Design Efficienc) re+ates to t&e integrit3 o2 !esign itse+2# To!a3, ,ost e22i,ien,3 an!
t&e res0+ting te,&ni,a+ ine22i,ien,ies, ,o0+e! 6it& t&e ,ororate ro,ess o2 ,o*etition an! t&e
1ast 0nne,essar3 !0+i,ation o2 se,i2i, goo!s, &as ,reate! a ,+i*ate o2 0nne,essar3 6aste an!
+i*ite! ro!0,t +i2esans# T&ere are a+so, as 6i++ 4e !is,0sse! in greater !etai+ in a *o*ent, 2e6
40i+t8in re,3,+ing roto,o+s, i2 an3, !0ring t&ese ro!0,tion !esigns as 6e++# T&is is i*ortant
4e,a0se a!1an,e! re,3,+ing 6o0+! assist in *ore reser1ation o2 *ateria+s in t&e +ong r0n, a!!ing
to +ong8ter* e22i,ien,3#
Like6ise, proprietary te,&no+ogies, ser1ing t&e interest to reser1e *arket s&are 2or a arti,0+ar
40siness, &a1e ,reate! an en1iron*ent 6&ere t&ere is 1er3 +itt+e ,o*ati4i+it3 o2 ,o*onent arts
a,ross *0+ti+e *an02a,t0rers o2 t&e sa*e 4asi, ro!0,ts#
T&ere2ore, 2o0r ,o*onent 2a,tors are re+e1ant &ere"
$a< Oti*i;e! E22i,ien,3
$4< Oti*i;e! A!ata4i+it3
$,< Uni1ersa+ Stan!ar!i;ation
$!< Integrate! Re,3,+ing Proto,o+s
6a; O*timi@ed Efficienc)3
Oti*i;e! E22i,ien,3 si*+3 *eans t&at an3 goo! ro!0,e! is !one so 6it& t&e intention to +ast as
+ong as ossi4+e, in t&is *ost strategi, *anner ossi4+e# T&e notion o2 strategic is i*ortant &ere
2or t&is is not to i*+3 t&at a++, 2or e7a*+e, ,o*0ter en,+os0res s&o0+! 4e *a!e o0t o2 titani0*,
si*+3 4e,a0se it is 1er3 strong# On,e again, t&is is a synergistic design calculation 6&ere t&e
notion o2 t&e F4est- *ateria+ 2or a gi1en 0rose is a+6a3s re+ati1e to ara++e+ ro!0,tion nee!s
6&i,& a+so *ig&t re50ire t&at t3e o2 *ateria+# T&ere2ore, t&e !e,ision to 0se a se,i2i, *ateria+ is
to 4e assesse! not on+3 2or its 0se 2or t&e se,i2i, goo!, 40t a+so 43 ,o*aring it to t&e nee!s o2
ot&er ro!0,tions 6&i,& re50ire si*i+ar e22i,ien,3# Not&ing e7ists o0tsi!e t&is s3ste*8,entri,
,o*arison# A++ in!0stria+ !e,isions are *a!e 6it& ,onsi!eration o2 t&e +argest s3ste* !egree o2
re+e1an,e#
T&is interest to ,reate t&e Fstrategi,a++3 4est- is ,riti,a+ to &0*an s0staina4i+it3, ese,ia++3 6&en it
&as 4een reorte! t&at 6e are 0sing o0r nat0ra+ reso0r,es to!a3 faster t&an t&e +anet is
generating t&e*, !0e to s0,& ine22i,ien,ies#
@??
T&e *o!ern Ft&ro6a6a3- ,0+t0re is not on+3 !ri1en
43 a &e!onisti,, s&ort8sig&te! 1a+0e s3ste* i*ose! 43 *o!ern a!1ertising an! ,0rrent *eas0res
o2 F6ea+t&- an! Fs0,,ess-, it is a+so nee!e! to *aintain t&e ai! +a4or s3ste*, a i1ota+ art o2
keeing t&e *arket e,ono*3 going#
6; O*timi@ed Ada*tailit)3
Oti*i;e! A!ata4i+it3 is rea++3 a s048,o*onent o2 FOti*i;e! E22i,ien,3- in t&e ,onte7t o2 !esign
engineering# To!a3, 2ro* a0to*o4i+es to ,e++ &ones, e22i,ien,3 in,reasing te,&no+ogi,a+
a!1an,e*ents ,ontin0e rai!+3# Jet, e1en 6it& t&is rai! rate o2 ,&ange, ot&er +arger or!er
attri40tes re*ain t&e sa*e 2or re+ati1e+3 +onger erio!s o2 ti*e, as er &istori,a+ tren!s# In ot&er
6or!s, !i22erent ro!0,tion ,o*onents &a1e !i22erent rates o2 ,&ange an! t&is *eans a s3ste*
o2 Fa!ata4i+it3- an! a,ti1e F0!ating- ,an 4e 2ores&a!o6e! t&ro0g& tren! ana+3sis, 6it& t&e
res0+ting e7e,tations built into an e7isting !esign to t&e 4est !egree ossi4+e#
An e7a*+e 6o0+! 4e t&e rate o2 ,&ange o2 a ,o*0ter s3ste*Is ,&i ro,essor G)PU<# T&e
a!1an,e*ent o2 ,&i o6er &as 4een a,,e+erating rai!+3 !0e to MooreIs +a6# As a res0+t, *an3
@?? So0r,e" &tt"HH666#,4sne6s#,o*HC(%$8'%@U$='8@>?(?@'@Hreort8,ons0*tion8o28eart&s8reso0r,es80ns0staina4+eH
128
so2t6are a+i,ations, as t&e3 i*ro1e to e*4ra,e t&ese ne6 see!s ena4+e!, 6i++ not 6ork on
,o*0ter s3ste* 6it& o+!er ,&is# T&is t3i,a++3 2or,es t&e 0ser to 403 a ne6 ,o*0ter s3ste*,
e1en t&o0g& t&e on+3 tr0e iss0e is t&e )PU, not t&e 6&o+e s3ste*# W&i+e ot&er 2a,tors ,an ,o*e
into +a3 s0,& as s3ste* ,o*ati4i+it3 6it& t&e ne6 ,&i, se+!o* !o eo+e 0!ate t&ese ,&is
a+one, e1en t&o0g& it is 2easi4+e#
T&is kin! o2 a!ata4i+it3 is ,riti,a+ to!a3 on a++ +e1e+s, 6&i,& a++0!es to t&e ne7t e,ono*i,
,o*onent, FUni1ersa+ Stan!ar!i;ation-#
6c; ,ni.ersal Standardi@ation3
Uni1ersa+ Stan!ar!i;ation is a set o2 oti*i;e! roto,o+s, generate! 2ro* *ass in!0stria+ 2ee!4a,k
in a ,o++a4orati1e 6a3 t&at 6orks to ,reate 0ni2or*, 0ni1ersa+ ,o*ati4i+it3 o2 a++ ,o*onents
asso,iate! to a gi1en goo! genre# To!a3, t&is +a,k o2 stan!ar!i;ation is a so0r,e o2 not on+3 great
6aste, 40t great insta4i+it3 in t&e 20n,tioning o2 ,o**on goo!s, sin,e t&e ,o*etiti1e et&os an!
rorietar3 intent restri,ts e22i,ien,3 in a o6er20+ 6a3#
T&is ra,ti,e &as 4een 90sti2ie! 0n!er t&e g0ise o2 Frogress- in !esign 6it& t&e re*ise t&at
,o*eting ,ororations, in,enti1i;e! 43 2inan,ia+ gain, 6i++ Fo0t!o- ea,& ot&er an! &en,e 4e *ore
ro!0,ti1e 6it& a!1an,e*ent# W&i+e t&ere *ig&t 4e so*e tr0t& to t&is, t&e retar!ation, 6aste an!
insta4i+it3 ,a0se! !oes not 90sti23 t&e ra,ti,e# F0rt&er*ore, it &as, an! 6i++ a+6a3s 4e, t&e
s&aring o2 in2or*ation in t&e +ong r0n t&at &as +e! to a!1an,e*ent, 4ot& ersona+ an! so,ieta+#
)reating a resear,& !ata4ase o2 kno6n ,o*onent arts 43 in!0str3, a,ti1e+3 s&are! a,ross t&e
6or+! as a oint o2 !esign re2eren,e an! 2ee!4a,k in t&e ,reation o2 ,o**on arts an! goo!s, is
not a !i22i,0+t task an! ,ertain+3 6o0+! not in&i4it te,&no+ogi,a+ a!1an,e*ent or ingen0it3# I2
an3t&ing, it 6o0+! resent *ore !i1erse in2or*ation an! erse,ti1es an! &en,e 4etter !e,isions
,o0+! 4e *a!e 2aster#
6d; %ntegrated Rec)cling Protocols3
T&is si*+3 *eans t&at t&e ,0rrent state o2 ,o*onent an! *ateria+ re0se is oti*i;e! !ire,t+3
an! strategi,a++3 ,onsi!ere! in t&e 1er3 !esign o2 t&e ro!0,t itse+2# Again, t&is !oes not &aen in
t&e *o!ern !a3, in an3 e22i,ient 6a3# A s0r1e3 o2 +an!2i++s in t&e 6or+! 2in!s *an3 0se20+
,o*onent arts 6&i,& &a1e 4een !is,ar!e! in asso,iation 6it& +arger s3ste*s Ggoo!s<# Sin,e a
nor*a+ ,ororation 6&o *akes s0,& ite*s rare+3 en,o0rages t&e* to 4e ret0rne! 2or !ire,t
rero,essing, t&is is t&e ine1ita4+e o0t,o*e#
F0rt&er*ore, 6&i+e tra!itiona+ +asti,, g+ass, aer an! ot&er re,3,+ing s3ste*s are in +a,e 6it&
*o!erate e22i,ien,3, t&is ro,ess is rea++3 ,r0!e an! ine22e,ti1e in ,o*arison to !ire,t, in!0str3
,onne,te! regeneration# In a NLRDE, oti*i;e! re,3,+ing ,onsi!erations to re0se *ateria+s,
re2or*e! or not, 6o0+! 4e stan!ar!# In t&e en!, F+an!2i++s- 6o0+! not e7ist in t&is aroa,& as
t&ere is a 6a3 to re0se 1irt0a++3 everything 6e ro!0,e, i2 6e &a! t&e interest to !o so#
G>; 1eans of Production Efficienc)3
Means o2 Pro!0,tion E22i,ien,ies as an e,ono*i, ,o*onent re2er to t&e a,t0a+ too+s an! *et&o!s
0se! in in!0stria+ ro!0,tion itse+2# W&i+e t&is ,o0+! a+so 4e ,onsi!ere! a *a,roe,ono*i, 2a,tor in
*an3 6a3s, it is ,onsi!ere! *i,roe,ono*i, 4ase! on t&e 2a,t t&at it re+ates to !ire,t, se,i2i,
ro!0,tion as 6e++, a+ong 6it& &0*an +a4or ro+es#
T&e *eans o2 ro!0,tion o2 an3t&ing is !ire,t+3 re+ate! to t&e state o2 te,&no+og3# Fro* t&e
Neo+it&i, Re1o+0tion, 6it& t&e a!1ent o2 stone too+s, to t&e 4irt& o2 F,34ernation- to!a3 an!
Ft&inking- *a,&ines t&at ,an assess, e7e,0te an! ro4+e* so+1e, t&e ,ore 2o0n!ation o2 a++ F+a4or-
&as 4een an engage*ent 6it& a1ai+a4+e, assisting te,&no+ogi,a+ too+s#
129
T&e tren! &as 4een an easing o2 +a4or o1era++, 6it& a genera+ re!0,tion o2 t&e &0*an 6ork2or,e in
ea,& se,tor as re+ate! to ,aa,it3# T6o &0n!re! 3ears ago, t&e agri,0+t0ra+ in!0str3 e*+o3e!
*ost o2 t&e eo+e in t&e Unite! States# To!a3, on+3 a 1er3 s*a++ 2ra,tion is 6orking in agri,0+t0re
!0e to *a,&ine a+i,ation an! a0to*ation# T&is &eno*enon an! tren! o2 F*e,&ani;ation- is
i*ortant 4e,a0se to!a3 it is ,&a++enging t&e 1er3 4asis o2 t&e +a4or 2or in,o*e s3ste*, a+ong
6it& 2ores&a!o6ing ro!0,ti1it3 *o1ing to6ar!s a oint o2 6&at ,o0+! 4e ter*e! Fost8s,ar,it3-#
To!a3, 6e are *ore ro!0,ti1e 6it& +ess eo+e in an3 gi1en se,tor, re+ati1e to ti*e an! ,aa,it3,
!0e to t&e a+i,ation o2 *a,&ine te,&no+og3# In *an3 6a3s, t&is rea+it3 *arks one o2 t&e *ost
signi2i,ant s&i2ts in o0r so,ia+ e1o+0tion, ,&a++enging t&e 1er3 2a4ri, o2 o0r ,0rrent so,ia+ s3ste*,
re1ea+ing i**ense ossi4i+ities 2or t&e 20t0re as 2ar as t&e ,reation o2 a strategic abundance#
So, in a NLRDE, t&is a4i+it3 is maximized, re!0,ing t&e &0*an 6ork 2or,e as 6e kno6 it 43 a
+i4era+ a+i,ation an! e7ansion o2 a0to*ation, in,reasing ro!0,ti1it3 1ast+3# H0*an +a4or
in1o+1e*ent, 6&i+e sti++ ne,essar3 e1en in *ore a!1an,e! &ases, is re!0,e! to 4roa! o1ersig&t o2
t&ese a0to*ate! s3ste*s as t&e3 are esta4+is&e!# Fa,tories are a+so no +onger 4o0n! 43
tra!itiona+ restri,tions !0e to an eig&t &o0r +ong, 2i1e !a3 a 6eek s,&e!0+e sin,e t&ere is no
reason, gi1en t&e *assi1e re!0,tion o2 &0*an ,ontri40tion ossi4+e# T&ese s3ste*s ,o0+! no6
20n,tion '? &o0rs a !a3, se1en !a3s a 6eek, i2 nee!e!#
As an asi!e, t&e 50estion is o2ten ose!" FHo6 *an3 eo+e are nee!e! to o1ersee 2+0i!
oerations an! &an!+e ro4+e* reso+0tionQ- T&is kin! o2 50estion ,an 4e ans6ere! 43 assessing
,0rrent statisti,a+ tren!s, a1eraging t&e* an! t&en e7trao+ating t&e* 2or6ar!#
Ho6e1er, t&ere is a ,o**on ,on20sion 4et6een F6ork- in t&e sense o2 ,o**on !r0!ger3 43
6&i,& t&e *onetar3 in,enti1e is a ,o**on re6ar!, an! t&e F6ork- 6&i,& a++ &0*ans, !0e to 0re
,reati1e interest an! ,ontri40ti1e intent, er2or* as 6e++# A !ee 1a+0e s&i2t ass0*e! 43 TZM is
t&at rogress in t&e ,+assi, !istin,tion o2 F6ork- 6i++ *or& into a t3e o2 so,ia+ ,ontri40tion t&at is
a,t0a++3 o2 en9o3*ent an! interest to eo+e# To!a3, a++ a,ross t&e 6or+!, t&e &0*an interest to
e7+ore, ,reate an! i*ro1e e7ists, regar!+ess o2 t&e *onetar3 i*osition#
Ho6e1er, !0e t&e ,onstant ress0re 2or in,o*e in t&e ,0rrent *o!e+, near+3 a++ s0,& a,ts ass0*e
t&e nee!e! ,onte7t o2 a 0rs0it o2 *one3 2or s0r1i1a+# It ,o0+! 4e arg0e! t&at t&is &as o++0te! t&e
*ore nat0ra+ &0*an in,enti1e s3ste* to e7+ore, +earn an! ,reate, 6it&o0t s0,& a ress0re#
T&at note!, t&e notion o2 F6ork- t&en in t&e ,onte7t o2 o1erseeing oerations, reairing s3ste*s
an! ot&er *aintenan,e 6o0+! +ike+3 not 4e re!0,e! to t&e t3e o2 !r0!ger3 6e so o2ten
,onsi!ere! t&e F6ork- rea+it3 in t&e *o!ern !a3# Rat&er, t&e a,t is rese,te! as a 2or* o2 ersona+
,ontri40tion 2or ersona+ an! so,ia+ gain, sin,e e1er3 a,t engage! in t&is t3e o2 s3ste* &as a
!ire,t ersona+ 4ene2it to t&e eo+e 6orking to kee it oerating s*oot&+3#
Again, t&is in,enti1e is a+*ost non8e7istent in t&e ,0rrent *o!e sin,e t&e ,aita+ist s3ste* is
!esigne! 2or a++ t&e ,ore ro2it 4ene2its to go to t&e owners o2 t&e 40sinesses, 6it& t&e 2r0its o2
ro!0,tion o2ten ne1er re+ating to t&e 6orker in a !ire,t sense, a4sent *ere 6age re6ar!s# To!a3,
e*+o3eeHo6ner re+ations e7ist as so*et&ing o2 a F,+ass 6ar-, 6it& ani*osit3 4et6een t&e gro0s
a ,o**on o,,0rren,e#
@?@
In t&is t&is ne6 aroa,&, a++ a,ts o2 ,ontri40tion 4ene2it t&e erson
er2or*ing t&e a,t, an! t&e ,o**0nit3 at +arge# T&e3 are ,onne,te! !ire,t+3#
T&at 4eing 0n!erstoo!, on+3 a 1er3 s*a++ 2ra,tion o2 t&e o0+ation 6o0+! 4e Fre50ire!-, as it
6ere, to engage in *aintaining t&e ,ore s3ste*s, +ike+3 a4o0t @W o2 t&e o0+ation 6&en
in!0stria+ *et&o!s rea,& *o!ern ossi4i+ities# T&is @W ,o0+! t&en 4e 4roken80 a,ross t&e
o0+ation# So, i2 a gi1en o0+ation o2 a ,it3 region is @%,%%% eo+e, t&e in!0stria+ s3ste* 6o0+!
re50ire '@%% eo+e, ass0*ing a tra!itiona+ 6ork 6eek o2 eig&t &o0rs a !a3 2or 2i1e !a3s er
@?@ See Essa3" &tructural Classism, the &tate and :ar
130
6eek# T&is trans+ates into $%%,%%% &o0rs 4eing 6orke! a 6eek# In ter*s o2 t&e tota+ o0+ation
t&is 6ork resonsi4i+it3 a*o0nts to a *0t0a+ o4+igation o2 ea,& erson F6orking- on+3 t6o &o0rs a
6eek#
)+ear+3, t&is is a &3ot&eti,a+ as in s0,& an a!1an,e! s3ste*, a s3ste* t&at ser1es e1er3one,
&0*an 1a+0es 6o0+! ,&ange great+3 an! *an3 6o0+! +ike+3 4e &onore! to take on *ore &o0rs,
re!0,ing t&e o4+igation o2 ot&ers# On,e again, 6e are ta+king a4o0t 4are4ones *aintenan,e &ere,
as oose! to an i**ersi1e S9o4S as is ,0rrent+3 0n!erstoo! an! re50ire!# In rea+it3, a 2ree
so,iet3 o2 t&is nat0re ,o0+! ,reate an er0tion o2 ,reati1e a!1an,e*ent an! rogress ne1er 4e2ore
seen, 6it& eo+e 6orking to ,ontri40te in 1ast, ro40st 6a3s# W&3Q De,a0se, again, s0,&
in!i1i!0a+s 6o0+! a+so 4e &e+ing t&e*se+1es !ire,t+3 in t&e ro,ess# An3 in1ention, or
4reakt&ro0g& in e22i,ien,3 ser1es t&e entire ,o**0nit3 in t&is *o!e+# Se+28interest 4e,o*es so,ia+
interest#
So, to ,on,+0!e t&is oint, t&is ne6 *eans o2 ro!0,tion is a4o0t 2o,0sing ,ore +a4or on tr0e
te,&ni,a+ ro!0,ti1it3 t&at &as a !ire,t so,ia+Hersona+ ret0rn, 6it& t&e *ost +i4era+ 2o,0s on
a0to*ation an! s0,& e22i,ien,3 in,reasing te,&no+og3 an! a0to*ation as *0,& as ossi4+e#
Conclusion
As 6it& an3t&ing o2 t&is 4re1it3, 6e &a1e an ine1ita4+e in,o*+eteness# Ot&er 2a,tors, 4ot& *a,ro
an! *i,ro, ,o0+! 4e e7resse! in 20rt&er !etai+# Ho6e1er, i2 one 2o++o6s t&is 4asi, train o2 t&o0g&t,
a train o2 t&o0g&t go1erne! 43 s,ienti2i, +ogi, to ens0re oti*i;e! physical efficiency an!
sustainability, t&ese ot&er ara*eters ine1ita4+3 *ake t&e*se+1es kno6n#
In s&ort, t&e o0t,o*e o2 t&is NLRDE s3ste* re50ires t&e sa*e t3e o2 rese,t20+ engage*ent as
6it& an3 ot&er nat0ra+ s3ste*# K0st as o0r 0n!erstan!ing o2 t&e 2orest an! its regeneration an!
4io!i1ersit3 &as +e! a 4asi, &i+oso&3 to engage t&is e,os3ste* 6it& rese,t to its 10+nera4i+ities
to ens0re its +ong8ter* integrit3, t&e sa*e +ogi, a+ies to t&e NLRDE as a 6&o+e#
T&is so,ia+ *o!e+ is an atte*t to mirror t&e nat0ra+ 6or+! in t&e *ost !ire,t 6a3 ossi4+e an!
,o0+! 4e ,onsi!ere! a Fnat0ra+ s3ste*- 90st +ike an3t&ing e+se 6e 2in! in nat0re, s0,& as an
e,os3ste*# Wo0+! it e1er 4e er2e,tQ No# D0t t&e +ogi,a+ 2o0n!ation is t&ere 2or ,onstant
i*ro1e*ent, 2ar 4e3on! t&e state o2 a22airs to!a3#
T&e 2o++o6ing s0**ar3 tree, as a genera+ o0t+ine 2or t&is essa3, &as 4een generate! 2or re1ie6"
NLRDE" An E,ono*i, Mo!e+ O1er1ie6"
8S3ste* GSo,ia+< Goa+s
G$< Oti*i;e! In!0stria+ E22i,ien,3T A,ti1e P0rs0it o2 FPost8S,ar,it3- A40n!an,e#
G'< Maintain Oti*i;e! E,o+ogi,a+H)0+t0ra+ Da+an,e B S0staina4i+it3#
G(< De+i4erate Li4eration o2 H0*anit3 2ro* Monotono0sHDangero0s La4or#
G?< Fa,i+itate a,ti1e S3ste* A!atation to E*erging Varia4+es#
8Ma,roe,ono*i, )o*onents
Ga< G+o4a+ Reso0r,e Manage*ent
G4< G+o4a+ De*an! Assess*ent
8)reating a6areness o2 ne6 te,&ni,a+ ossi4i+ities
8P04+i, ,onsens0s to !e,i!e 6&at is o2 interest to ro!0,e
G,< G+o4a+ Pro!0,tion an! Distri40tion Proto,o+s
8G+o4a+ Pro!0,tion
8Strategi, Lo,a+i;ation
8G+o4a+ Distri40tion
8Fa,i+it3 Lo,ation
8Met&o! o2 A,,ess
131
8Tra,king B Fee!4a,k
8Mi,roe,ono*i, )o*onents
Ga< Se,i2i, Goo! E22i,ien,3
8Oti*i;e! e22i,ien,3
8Oti*i;e! a!ata4i+it3
8Uni1ersa+ stan!ar!i;ation
8Integrate! Re,3,+ing Proto,o+s
G4< Means o2 Pro!0,tion E22i,ien,3
8A+ie! Me,&ani;ation