Avantaje si dezav

Distillation
Removes a broad
range of
contaminants and
therefore useful as
a first purification
step.
Reusable
Contaminants are
carried to some extent
into the condensate.
Requires careful
maintenance to
ensure purity.
Consumes large
amounts of tap water
(for cooling) and
electrical energy (for
heating).
Not environment-
friendly.
Ion Exchange
Removes
dissolved
inorganics (ions)
effectively
allowing resistivity
levels above !".#
$%&cm ' () *C to
be reached
(corresponding
roughly to less
than ! ppb total
ionic
contamination in
water).
Regenerable (by
acid and bases in
+service
deioni,ation- or by
electrodeioni,ation
).
Relatively
inexpensive initial
capital investment.
.imited capacity/
once all ion binding
sites are occupied
ions are no longer
retained (except when
operating in an
electodeioni,ation
process).
0oes not effectively
remove organics
particles pyrogens or
bacteria.
Chemically
regenerated 01 beds
can generate organics
and particles.
2ingle use +virgin-
resins require good
pretreated water
quality to be
economically efficient.
Activated Carbon
Removes
dissolved organics
and chlorine
effectively.
.ong life due to
high binding
capacity.
Microporous
Filters
2creen filters are
absolute filters that
remove all
particles and
microorganisms
greater than their
pore si,e.
3fficient operation
throughout their
lifetime unless
they are damaged.
$aintenance is
limited to
replacement.
hey will clog when the
surface is covered by
contaminants.
4herefore they
should be used as a
last purification step
as a type of
insurance.
5ill not remove
dissolved inorganics
organics or pyrogens.
Not regenerable.
Ultrafiltration
3ffectively
removes most
particles
pyrogens
en,ymes
microorganisms
and colloids above
their rated si,e
retaining them
above the
ultrafilter surface.
3fficient operation
throughout their
lifetime unless
they are damaged.
4heir lifetime can
5ill not remove
dissolved inorganics
or organic
substances.
$ay clog when
challenged by an
excessive level of
high-molecular-weight
contaminants.
0oes not efficiently
remove ions and
particulates.
.imited capacity due
to a high but limited
number of binding
sites.
Can generate carbon
fines.
be extended by a
regular water flush
at high speed.
Reverse Osmosis
3ffectively
removes all types
of contaminants to
some extent
(particles
pyrogens
microorganisms
colloids and
dissolved
inorganics) and is
therefore useful as
a first purification
step.
Requires minimal
maintenance.
6peration
parameters
(pressure
temperature flow
rate ionic
re7ection) are easy
to monitor.
.1mited flow rates per
surface unit require
either large
membrane surfaces
or an intermediate
storage device to
satisfy user demand.
Requires good
pretreatment to avoid
rapid membrane
damage by water
contaminants/ scaling
(CaC68 deposits on
the surface) fouling
(deposits of organics
or colloids on the
surface) or piercing
(R6 membrane cut by
hard particulates).
Elix Continuous
Deioniation
Removes
dissolved
inorganics
effectively
allowing resistivity
above
) %&cm ' ()* to
be reached (which
corresponds to a
total ionic
contamination
level in water of
approximately )#
ppb).
3nvironment-
Removes only a
limited number of
charged organics.
Requires feed by
good quality water
(for instance reverse
osmosis-treated
water) for
economically efficient
operation.
friendly/
& no chemical
regeneration
& no chemical
disposal
& no resin disposal
1nexpensive to
operate.
2afe/ no heating
element.
Ultraviolet !U"#
Radiation
3ffective saniti,ing
treatment.
6xidation of
organic
compounds (!")
nm and ()9 nm) to
reach water 46C
levels below )
ppb.
:hotooxidation of
organics is a polishing
step able to decrease
the 46C level only by
a limited value.
4he C6
(
produced
during photooxidation
decreases the water;s
resistivity.
<= light will not affect
ions particles or
colloids.