12 1 Franke 2

13
Institution of Engineers Australia, 2011

* Paper S10-067 submitted 31/08/10; accepted for publication
after review and revision 9/11/10.

Corresponding author Dr Steffen Franke can be contacted at
steffen.franke@auckland.ac.nz.
Bolted and dowelled connections in Radiata pine and
laminated veneer lumber using the European yield model
*
S Franke
and P Quenneville
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
ABSTRACT: Connections with mechanical fasteners are important for all cases of timber
structures. The failure of these connections may occur in either ductile or brittle manner. For the
calculation of the ductile failure strength or the load carrying capacity, the European yield model
(EYM) is used in many standards and accepted as a very accurate model. In the current New
Zealand timber standard NZS 3603:1993 (Standards New Zealand, 1993) and the Australian one
AS1720.1-1997 (Standards Australia, 1997), the design concept for bolted or dowelled connections
is not based on the EYM, and depends only on the diameter, the timber thickness and the species
group. The most important parameters for the EYM are the fastener yield moment and the timber
embedment strength, but embedment strength values are not available for New Zealand Radiata
pine or laminated veneer lumber (LVL). To obtain the missing information and to implement the
EYM into the New Zealand and Australian standards, embedment tests parallel, perpendicular and
under various load-to-grain angles with different dowel diameters in Radiata pine lumber and LVL
were conducted and compiled to build a database of embedment strength values. This paper includes
the latest results of the investigations with dowel diameters extended up to 30 mm. Furthermore,
different international testing standards are compared and their evaluation methods are used. The
test results are also compared with the corresponding results using the Eurocode 5 formulas, and
show that adjusted formulas of the Eurocode 5 can be used to predict the load carrying capacity
of bolted and dowelled connections in Radiata pine lumber and LVL. Design examples comparing
the current methods from the New Zealand/Australian design standards and the proposed method
adopted from the EYM of the European design standard are given as well.
1 INTRODUCTION
For all connections, it is important to predict the
failure strength as accurately as possible. This
includes both the ductile and, in some cases
especially in timber construction, the brittle failure
as well. For the calculation of the ductile failure
strength, the European yield model (EYM) is used
in many standards and accepted as a very accurate
model. It forms the basis of the European timber
standard Eurocode 5, EN 1995-1-1:2004 (CEN, 2004).
The development of this approach is based on a
multitude of embedment and joint tests with different
European and North American wood species by
many researchers. Furthermore, a continuous
adaptation and improvement was reported overseas
(Hbner et al, 2008). The most important parameters
for the EYM are the fastener yield moment and the
timber embedment strength, which are known for
most of the softwoods and tropical hardwoods.
In the current New Zealand and Australian timber
standards NZS 3603:1993 (Standard New Zealand,
1993) and AS1720.1-1997 (Standards Australia, 1997),
the design concept for bolted connections is not based
on the EYM, and depends only on the diameter, the
timber thickness and species group. They use slightly
different factors, but are similar in the general design
methods. Both do not predict the different types of
failure and can lead to an overestimating of the joint
strength. Embedment strength values, which can be
used for the Johansens yield theory to estimate the
yield strength of joints, are not available for New
Zealand Radiata pine. Furthermore, no formulas are
available for the design of joints with the engineered
wood product laminated veneer lumber (LVL), which
use becomes more important in structural members.
To implement the EYM design concept in the current
New Zealand and Australian design standards
for mechanical connections, it is thus essential to
investigate the material behaviour and to determine
Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol 12 No 1
S10-067 Franke.indd 13 27/06/11 4:48 PM
14
Australian Journal of Structural Engineering Vol 12 No 1
Bolted and dowelled connections in Radiata pine and laminated ... Franke & Quenneville
the embedment values for Radiata Pine lumber and
also for Radiata pine LVL, which are main products
used in New Zealand and Australian constructions.
The second important parameter, the fastener yield
moment capacity, depends only on the ultimate
tensile strength of the steel of the fastener and can
be adopted from the Eurocode 5 formulas.
To obtain the missing information about the
embedment strength, almost 950 embedment tests
parallel, perpendicular and under various load-to-
grain angles with different dowel diameters with
NZ Radiata pine lumber and LVL were conducted,
analysed and their results compiled to build a
database of embedment strength values that can be
used to implement the EYM into the New Zealand
or Australian standards. Further comprehensive
data about the connection behaviour that are useful
and needed in fnite element (FE) calculations are
also provided.
The embedment strength was evaluated using
the 5%-offset method according to the ASTM
D5764-97a (ASTM International, 2007), the extended
proportional limit load following the DIN 52192:1979
(DIN, 1979) and the maximum load, which is either
the ultimate load or the load at 5 mm displacement,
according to EN 383:1993 (CEN, 1993) and ISO/DIS
10984-2 (ISO, 2008), respectively. For the embedment
strength from Radiata pine lumber, results from tests
conducted in Auckland and from other researchers
were used. The paper also compares the results
with the predicted embedment failure results
calculated using the current formulas of Eurocode 5
for European spruce. Moreover, a comparison of the
different available test standards used to determine
the dowel embedment strength is presented.
Finally, design examples of a connection showing the
design procedures and differences of the current New
Zealand timber standard NZS 3603:1993 (Standard
New Zealand, 1993) and the adjusted EYM adopted
from the European timber standard Eurocode 5,
EN 1995-1-1:2004 (CEN, 2004) are included. The
results according to the Australian design standard
AS1720.1-1997 (Standards Australia, 1997) are similar
and not calculated specifcally. The examples also
serve to highlight some of the shortcomings of the
New Zealand and Australian design approaches.
Movable crosshead
Spherical loading block
Loading apparatus
Specimen
Dowel
Stationary cross head
LVDT
Fig ure 1: Test configuration full-hole
test, ASTM D 5764-97a (ASTM
International, 2007).
LVDT
Movable crosshead
Loading apparatus
Dowel
Specimen
Stationary cross head
Fig ure 2: Test configuration half-hole
test, ASTM D 5764-97a (ASTM
International, 2007).

Full-hole test Half-hole test
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 Steel apparatus 3 Test piece 2 Fastener
4 Displacement gauge attached to the test piece
Fig ure 3: Test configuration, ISO/DIS 10984-2
(ISO, 2008).
2 EMBEDMENT TESTS
2.1 Testing standards
There are different test standards for testing the
embedment strength of wood for dowel-type
fasteners; the ASTM D 5764-97a (ASTM International,
2007), the ISO/DIS 10984-2 (ISO, 2008) and EN
383:1993 (CEN, 1993). A summary and comparison
of the specifc procedures are given below.
2.1.1 ASTM D 5764-97a (2007)
The ASTM standard allows the choice of a full-hole
or a half-hole testing setup, as shown in fgures 1 and
2. The minimum specimen dimensions are 38 mm or
2d in thickness, and the maximum of 50 mm or 4d in
width and length, independent of the load-to-grain
angle, where d is the dowel diameter.
The test is conducted as to reach the maximum load
in 1 to 10 minutes, using a constant rate of testing
of usually 1.0 mm/minute. There is no further
information about the loading procedure. The results
are given as the yield load, determined using the
5%-offset method, the proportional limit load and the
ultimate load. The embedment strength, calculated
from the yield load, is given by:
yield
h
F
f
dt
= (1)
2.1.2 ISO/DIS 10984-2
The tests according to this international standard
shall be carried out using a full-hole test shown in
fgure 3(a), but it is a requirement of the test to avoid
S10-067 Franke.indd 14 27/06/11 4:48 PM
15
bending of the fastener under test. Thus it also allows
the use of the half-hole test shown in fgure 3(b). The
minimum specimen dimensions for tests parallel
and perpendicular to grain can be found in fgure 4.
The loading procedure to be used consists of one
preload cycle from 0.4F
max,est
to 0.1F
max,est
and the
force is to be increased or decreased at a constant
rate. The maximum load is to be reached within 300
120 s. The standard includes formulas to calculate
the embedment strength, where F
max
is either the
ultimate load or the load at 5 mm displacement,
and the foundation modulus as below, where w is
the displacement:
max
h
F
f
bt
= (2)
( )
, ,
,mod 0.4 0.1
0.4 0.4
4 3
h est h est
i F F
f f
K
w w w
= =
(3)
2.1.3 EN 383:1993 or DIN EN 383:2007
The European testing standard is equal to the ISO/
DIS 10984-2 (ISO, 2008), except that it does not allow
the half-hole test alternative.
2.2 Test series and specimen
2.2.1 Radiata pine LVL
The embedment tests series conducted include a
total of 494 tests with LVL and a dowel diameter d
a
1
a
1
a
1
a
1
l
5
l
5
a
3
a
2
Compression
perpendicular to grain
Tension
parallel to grain
Compression
parallel to grain
l
4
l
3
l
2
l
2
a d
a a d
1
2 3
= 3
= = 5
l l l d
l d
l d
1 2 3
4
5
= = = 7
= 30
= 10
Fig ure 4: Sizes of test specimen, ISO/DIS
10984-2 (ISO, 2008).
of 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 30 mm. They also comprise
load-to-grain angles of 0, 22.5, 45, 67.5 and 90.
In addition to this, a test series with two dowels
were conducted to investigate the influence of
dowel spacing on the embedment strength for load-
to-grain angles of 0 and 90 for selected dowel
diameters. For this, the minimum distance of 3d was
used for the bolt spacing. As a result of the splitting
observed on the specimens with both one and two
dowels for the 90 loading angle, further tests were
done using specimen having twice the end distance
requirement. The labelling of each test is based to
the following defnition:
LVL-E0-1x12-01
where LVL is the wood product (Radiata pine, LVL); E
is the kind of test (embedment), 0 is the load-to-grain
angle (0), 1 is the number of bolts, 12 is the bolt
diameter (12 mm), and 01 is the specimen number.
The tests were conducted according to the ASTM D
5764-97a (ASTM International, 2007) as a half-hole
test (fgures 2 and 5), which involves pushing a bolt so
that no bending effects are observed. All specimens
were cut from billets of 46 mm thickness, so that for
all test series, a constant thickness of 46 mm and
a constant height of 70 mm were used. The width
of the specimens depends on the dowel diameter,
the number of dowels and the load-to-grain angle.
Perpendicular to the grain, the width of the specimen
is 10d for 1 dowel and 13d for two dowels.
The density of the specimens, coming from the North
Island of New Zealand, covers a small range between
550 and 640 kg/m
3
, with a mean of about 600 kg/m
3

and a coeffcient of variation less than 2.5 %, as shown
on fgure 6. This refects the homogenisation of the
material properties throughout the engineered wood
product LVL. The specimens were conditioned to 20C
and 65% relative humidity until mass consistency was
reached. The moisture content was measured to 10.8%
on average. The specifcations, number, sizes and
densities of all groups are shown in table 1.
2.2.2 Radiata pine lumber
To obtain the embedment strength values of Radiata
pine lumber and to compare it with the test results
width w
F
thickness t
h
e
i
g
h
t

h
Load to grain angle
Fig ure 5: Definition of embedment test variables and photo of test specimen during the test.
S10-067 Franke.indd 15 27/06/11 4:48 PM
16

Fig ure 6: Density distribution over all tests for Radiata pine lumber and LVL.
Table 1: Number, sizes and densities of embedment tests with Radiata pine LVL.
Group name
Diameter
d (mm)
Load-to-grain
angle ()
No. of
dowel
No. of
specimen
Width/height/
thickness w/h/t (mm)
Density (kg/m
3
)
Mean COV
LVL-E0-1x6
6
0.0 1 20 120/70/46 601 2.2%
LVL-E45-1x6 45.0 1 10 90/70/46 606 2.0%
LVL-E90-1x6 90.0 1 20 70/70/46 605 2.9%
LVL-E0-1x8
LVL-E0-2x8
8
0.0
1
2
32
12
120/70/46
150/70/46
608
610
2.0%
3.5%
LVL-E22.5-1x8 22.5 1 6 110/70/46 619 2.2%
LVL-E45-1x8 45.0 1 6 100/70/46 585 2.2%
LVL-E67.5-1x8 67.5 1 6 90/70/46 619 2.2%
LVL-E90-1x8
LVL-E90-2x8
90.0
1
2
32 (+2)
6 (+2)
80/70/46
104/70/46
599
603
1.9%
2.1%
LVL-E0-1x12
LVL-E0-2x12
12
0.0
1
2
32
12
120/70/46
150/70/46
599
603
1.9%
2.1%
LVL-E22.5-1x12 22.5 1 6 120/70/46 607 2.0%
LVL-E45-1x12 45.0 1 6 120/70/46 611 1.9%
LVL-E67.5-1x12 67.5 1 6 120/70/46 602 2.1%
LVL-E90-1x12
LVL-E90-2x12
90.0
1
2
32 (+2)
6 (+2)
120/70/46
150/70/46
571
596
0.8%
3.7%
LVL-E0-1x16
LVL-E0-2x16
16
0.0
1
2
12
6
120/70/46
150/70/46
600
574
3.5%
2.0%
LVL-E22.5-1x16 22.5 1 6 130/70/46 587 2.2%
LVL-E45-1x16 45.0 1 6 140/70/46 586 1.4%
LVL-E67.5-1x16 67.5 1 6 150/70/46 601 2.9%
LVL-E90-1x16
LVL-E90-2x16
90.0
1
2
12 (+2)
6 (+2)
160/70/46
208/70/46
613
608
1.9%
1.5%
LVL-E0-1x20
LVL-E0-2x20
20
0.0
1
2
12
6
120/70/46
150/70/46
587
585
3.8%
3.0%
LVL-E22.5-1x20 22.5 1 6 140/70/46 586 3.4%
LVL-E45-1x20 45.0 1 6 160/70/46 581 2.0%
LVL-E67.5-1x20 67.5 1 6 180/70/46 584 2.0%
LVL-E90-1x20
LVL-E90-2x20
90.0
1
2
12 (+2)
6 (+2)
200/70/46
260/70/46
604
588
1.5%
1.4%
LVL-E0-1x25
25
0.0 1 20 120/70/46 607 2.6%
LVL-E45-1x25 45.0 1 20 140/70/46 594 2.5%
LVL-E90-1x25 90.0 1 20 250/70/46 604 1.5%
LVL-E0-1x30
30
0.0 1 20 120/70/46 608 2.9%
LVL-E45-1x30 45.0 1 20 140/70/46 546 3.4%
LVL-E90-1x30 90.0 1 20 300/70/46 607 2.2%
Total or average 494 599 2.4%
S10-067 Franke.indd 16 27/06/11 4:48 PM
17
from LVL, 270 tests with dowel diameters of 6, 8,
25 and 30 mm and results of 184 embedment tests
(Suffad, 2008; Mills, 2008) with dowel diameters
of 10, 16 and 20 mm were used. All tests were also
carried out following the ASTM D 5764-97a (ASTM
International, 2007) procedure as a half-hole test. In
both research studies (Suffad, 2008; Mills, 2008), only
load-to-grain angles of 0 and 90 were investigated
and the yield strengths with the 5%-offset method
were evaluated. For the tests conducted with 6, 8, 25
and 30 mm dowels, the same sizes and evaluation
methods as used with the LVL tests were used. The
preparation and conditioning of the specimens were
carried out in the same manner as described for the
tests with LVL. Referring to fgure 5, the details of
the specimens are shown in table 2. The distribution
of the density is shown in fgure 6.
2.3 Evaluation methods of
the embedment strength
For each test, the following characteristics, as shown
in fgure 7, were evaluated by means of the load-
displacement curves: the stiffness or slip modulus K
(as the slope of the linear elastic behaviour between
approximately 10% and 40% of the maximum load);
the slope/stiffness T after the yield point (as the
slope of a line ftted to the load-displacement); the
proportional limit load F
prop
; the yield load F
5%
; and
the maximum load F
max
, either as the ultimate load
(mostly for = 0 and 22.5) or the load at 5 mm
displacement (mostly for 45). The proportional
Table 2: Number, sizes and densities of embedment tests with Radiata pine lumber.
Group name
Diameter
d (mm)
Load-to-grain
angle ()
No. of
dowel
No. of
specimen
Width/height/
thickness w/h/t (mm)
Density (kg/m
3
)
Mean COV
RP-E0-1x6
6
0 1 30 120/70/45 447 4.7%
RP-E45-1x6 45 1 15 90/70/45 518 3.2%
RP-E90-1x6 90 1 30 60/70/45 461 7.8%
RP-E0-1x8
8
0 1 30 120/70/45 439 4.0%
RP-E45-1x8 45 1 15 100/70/45 528 2.9%
RP-E90-1x8 90 1 30 80/70/45 415 5.5%
RP-E0-1x10
10
0 1 32 45/90/45 525 12.5%
RP-E90-1x10 90 1 35 120/80/45 512 11.8%
RP-E0-1x16
16
0 1 31 45/90/45 531 11.3%
RP-E90-1x16 90 1 27 120/80/45 506 10.3%
RP-E0-1x20
20
0 1 30 45/90/45 524 12.0%
RP-E90-1x20 90 1 29 120/80/45 517 11.0%
RP-E0-1x25
25
0 1 20 120/70/45 522 11.9%
RP-E45-1x25 45 1 20 160/70/45 495 11.7%
RP-E90-1x25 90 1 20 250/70/45 532 6.5%
RP-E0-1x30
30
0 1 20 120/70/45 557 10.2%
RP-E45-1x30 45 1 20 160/70/45 523 4.0%
RP-E90-1x30 90 1 20 300/70/45 541 6.3%
Total or average 454 505 8.2%
[mm] u Displacement
0.1 F
5 mm
F
5 %
F
5 mm
2/3 K
1
1
1
K
T
5 mm 0.05 -offset d
L
o
a
d

[
k
N
]

F
u
0
Fig ure 7: Evaluating methods for embedment
strength.
limit load is defned as the contact point of the test
data and a line with a slope of 2/3K according to
DIN 52192:1979 (DIN, 1979). The 5%-offset method,
according to EN 383:1993 (CEN, 1993) and ISO
10984-2 (ISO, 2008), respectively, was adopted to
evaluate the yield load. The embedment strength
is calculated to the 5% yield embedment strength
f
h,,5%
and the maximum embedment strength f
h,,max

in this paper, respectively, where is the load-
to-grain angle. The intersection point of the line
of the linear elastic part with the x-axis is used to
calculate the initial slip u
0
, which is used to correct
all load displacement curves in further evaluations,
comparisons or discussions. All presented results
are per fastener.
S10-067 Franke.indd 17 27/06/11 4:48 PM
18
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Embedment behaviour
3.1.1 General
Typical load-displacement curves for the series
with one 16 mm dowel and different load-to-grain
angles are shown in fgure 8. The curves represent
the average curve of each group. For all dowel
diameters, the curves show a linear increase of
the load up to the proportional limit. After the
yielding point, the curves are almost constant for
= 0 or increasing slightly for = 22.5 and 45,
but increase signifcantly for =67.5 and 90. The
same behaviour could be observed for all dowel
diameters for load-to-grain angles of 45 and
more, whereas the behaviour parallel to the grain
signifcantly depends on the dowel diameter, as
shown in fgure 9 and explained in section 3.1.2.
For the tests with two dowels, the same behaviour
with almost twice the load of one dowel test was
always observed.
3.1.2 Splitting
The behaviour parallel to the grain depends
signifcantly on the dowel diameter due to splitting
effects that were observed for different deformations
depending on the dowel diameter. The larger the
diameter, the earlier the splitting occurs, which then
leads to a load decrease and the shorter the load
plateau is. Because of this behaviour that affects
the yield embedment results using the 5%-offset
method, additional tests with larger specimens were
carried out for every dowel diameter to investigate
the infuence on the embedment behaviour and thus
the embedment results. The larger specimens used
are constantly 200 mm wide, 115 mm heigh and 45
mm thick. Regardless of the dowel diameter, the
curves of these larger specimens all show a constant
load level after yielding and splitting occurred at
much larger deformations in comparison to the
smaller ones, as shown in fgure 10. The evaluation
of the embedment curves of the smaller and larger
specimens also shows that the yield loads of both
are in the same range for dowel diameters up to
20 mm. For dowel diameters of 25 mm and more,
the maximum loads are in the same range than the
yield loads. This means that the maximum loads
were adopted as yield loads for dowel diameters
of 25 mm or more.
The minimum width according to the testing
standards is 4d and 6d for ASTM D 5764-97a (ASTM
International, 2007) and ISO 10984-2 (CEN, 2008),
respectively. The specimen width of the smaller
specimen (120 mm in width) is greater than 4d, but
smaller than 6d for dowel diameters greater than
20mm; whereas the width of the larger specimens
(200 mm in width) is always greater than 6d for
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L
o
a
d

F
[
k
N
]
Corr. displacement u [mm]
LVL-E-1x16
= 0
= 22.5
= 90
= 67.5
= 45
Fig ure 8: Typical load versus displacement
curves for a constant diameter and
different load-to-grain angles.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8
L
o
a
d

F
[
k
N
]
LVL-E0-small specimen
1x30
1x25
1x20
1x16
1x12
1x8
1x6
curves for all diameters parallel to
the grain direction for the smaller
specimens.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8
L
o
a
d

F
[
k
N
]
LVL-E0-large specimen
1x30a
1x25a
1x20a
1x16a
1x12a
1x8a
1x6a
curves for all diameters parallel to
the grain direction for the larger
specimens.
dowel diameters up to 30 mm. Therefore, a minimum
width of the specimen of 6d, as required in ISO
10984-2 (CEN, 2008), shall be used in order to prevent
splitting at small deformations, which infuences the
evaluation results.
S10-067 Franke.indd 18 27/06/11 4:48 PM
19
3.1.3 Slip modulus
The stiffness or slip modulus K of the connection
depends on both the dowel diameter and the load
to grain angle, as can be seen in fgures 8 to 12 and
from the results in tables 3 and 4, but the load-to-
grain direction is not considered in the formulas of
the Eurocode 5 calculating the joint slip using the slip
modulus K
ser
per fastener and shear plane (equation
(4), below). For the tests conducted, almost the same
stiffness or slip modulus per fastener was observed
in the one and two dowel tests. Due to the type of
test method used, the value of the slip modulus K of
the tests cannot be directly compared with the slip
modulus K
ser
given in Eurocode 5 (equation (4)), but
it indicates the infuence of different parameters on
the slip modulus as mentioned before. It seems that
the slip modulus parallel to the grain, especially for
bigger dowel diameters, is much higher and would
thus result in much less slip deformation. There is a
good agreement for load-to-grain angles of 45 and
higher. The mean densities of the tests with the same
diameter were used to calculate the slip modulus K
ser

shown in fgures 11 and 12. However, further research
is being undertaken and fndings will be published
at a later date.
3.1.4 Tangent modulus
The tangent modulus T represents the behaviour
after yielding. Negative values represent a softening
induced, eg. by splitting, whereas positive values
represent a hardening due to the compressibility of
the cells under the fastener. A constant load level
would refer to a modulus of zero. Due to the splitting
resulting from the specimen sizes, as described in
section 3.1.2, the tangent modulus can be taken as
zero instead of all negative values. This is consistent
with the evaluation of the constant load level for
larger specimens. These parameters are useful for
the defnition of material laws used in FE analysis.
3.2 Embedment results for Radiata pine LVL
Table 3 shows the mean values and the coeffcient
of variation of the results evaluated for each test
series depending on the dowel diameter, the
number of dowels and the load-to-grain angle.
The last two columns include the ratio of the yield
to proportional limit embedment strength and
of the maximum to yield embedment strengths,
respectively. The ratios of the embedment strengths
are on average 35% and 20%, respectively. This
also illustrates the differences resulting from the
determination of the embedment strength using
different standards and/or evaluation methods.
There are only very small variations between the
yield strength of the tests with 1 and 2 dowels with
a maximum difference of 6%, which is within the
same range as the coeffcient of variation. As already
mentioned, this is also valid for the stiffness K. Also
the load-displacement curves of all wider specimens
tested are within the range of the shorter specimens,
so that the results of one dowel, two dowels, the
short and the long specimens are examined as one
group E together in the subsequent discussion
and comparison with the Eurocode 5 regarding their
load-to-grain angle and dowel diameter.
The mean values of the yield embedment strength
f
h,,5%
and the maximum embedment strength f
h,,max

are compared as a function of the dowel diameter
in fgure 13. Both show a reduction in the strength
values with an increase of the dowel diameter. The
dependency of the embedment strength on the
various load-to-grain angles was more signifcant
for the yield embedment strength than the maximum
embedment strength. The yield embedment strength
for load-to-grain angles between 45 and 90 are very
close together.
In addition to these diagrams, the yield embedment
strength values versus density are shown in fgure
Fig ure 11: Comparison of the slip modulus
of LVL.
Fig ure 12: Comparison of the slip modulus
of lumber.
1.5
per fastener and shear plane for dowels, bolts, screws and nails with pre-drilling
23
ser
K d
= (4)
S10-067 Franke.indd 19 27/06/11 4:48 PM
20
Table 3: Test results of Radiata pine LVL (MPa).
Group name
Stiffness
K
(N/mm)
Tangent
modulus
T
(N/mm)
Proportional
limit strength
f
h, ,prop
Yield strength
f
h, ,5%
Max. strength
f
h, ,max
f
h, ,5%
/
f
h, ,prop
f
h, ,max
/
f
h, ,5%
Mean COV Mean COV Mean COV
LVL-E0-1x6 18013 28 36.2 11.2% 46.5 7.6% 52.0 6.7% 1.29 1.12
LVL-E45-1x6 8949 1291 26.3 13.1% 32.8 10.6% 50.3 8.3% 1.25 1.53
LVL-E90-1x6 5935 1838 26.1 9.6% 32.2 9.8% 55.0 11.1% 1.24 1.71
LVL-E0-1x8 27028 62
a
28.6 11.4% 39.1 7.6% 42.0 7.9% 1.36 1.08
LVL-E0-2x8 26294 196 27.8 12.3% 40.6 5.8% 46.1 6.3% 1.46 1.13
LVL-E22.5-1x8 22263 187 29.3 14.8% 37.5 9.1% 41.1 8.1% 1.28 1.09
LVL-E45-1x8 12788 742 22.3 7.2% 28.7 7.8% 37.2 7.7% 1.29 1.29
LVL-E67.5-1x8 11100 2031 23.4 9.0% 31.2 8.2% 52.0 5.4% 1.34 1.67
LVL-E90-1x8 8881 2042 22.5 8.6% 30.1 6.5% 50.6 6.6% 1.34 1.68
LVL-E90-2x8 6432 1088 23.8 12.2% 29.4 9.9% 42.4 7.5% 1.24 1.44
LVL-E0-1x12 34131 49
a
33.6 11.9% 44.2 8.2% 45.6 7.2% 1.32 1.03
LVL-E0-2x12 34408 34 37.5 11.4% 47.0 8.9% 48.1 9.0% 1.25 1.02
LVL-E22.5-1x12 33078 275 31.3 5.9% 43.2 5.3% 46.4 5.4% 1.38 1.07
LVL-E45-1x12 17997 1162 25.8 8.1% 33.5 3.5% 41.6 2.5% 1.30 1.24
LVL-E67.5-1x12 14398 2158 21.1 6.6% 28.3 7.5% 38.3 9.0% 1.34 1.35
LVL-E90-1x12 10593 1832 19.4 8.3% 26.7 7.1% 38.0 8.1% 1.37 1.42
LVL-E90-2x12 10822 1548 21.9 8.8% 28.1 7.3% 36.9 8.0% 1.28 1.32
LVL-E0-1x16 41213 108 32.5 6.5% 42.6 5.4% 43.6 5.7% 1.31 1.02
LVL-E0-2x16 32965 265 29.6 3.7% 39.2 3.0% 40.4 3.7% 1.32 1.03
LVL-E22.5-1x16 25029 1250 26.0 2.2% 34.9 4.3% 36.4 5.1% 1.34 1.04
LVL-E45-1x16 14953 266 21.1 8.4% 29.0 4.6% 33.5 6.2% 1.37 1.16
LVL-E67.5-1x16 15364 1412 20.3 7.5% 27.6 8.5% 34.2 8.1% 1.36 1.24
LVL-E90-1x16 12176 1982 19.9 9.3% 27.2 7.8% 35.1 6.7% 1.37 1.29
LVL-E90-2x16 10921 1332 19.6 5.6% 27.1 4.9% 34.3 5.4% 1.39 1.26
LVL-E0-1x20 55752 82
a
28.8 33.7% 40.4 5.9% 40.6 5.7% 1.40 1.01
LVL-E0-2x20 70920 485
a
30.7 15.2% 41.9 5.6% 42.4 5.3% 1.36 1.01
LVL-E22.5-1x20 40486 1073 25.0 5.9% 33.2 7.9% 33.8 8.3% 1.33 1.02
LVL-E45-1x20 21882 524 20.7 7.6% 28.0 5.1% 29.9 3.8% 1.35 1.07
LVL-E67.5-1x20 16000 1373 17.8 5.9% 24.6 8.0% 28.7 9.6% 1.38 1.17
LVL-E90-1x20 15078 1885 20.0 6.1% 27.5 5.5% 33.2 6.0% 1.37 1.21
LVL-E90-2x20 12296 1476 18.4 6.0% 25.8 6.6% 30.7 7.7% 1.41 1.19
LVL-E0-1x25 77217 4805
a
27.1 11.3% 38.2 9.0% 38.2 9.0% 1.41 1.00
LVL-E45-1x25 27611 535 17.9 11.4% 25.9 7.7% 28.4 8.4% 1.45 1.09
LVL-E90-1x25 25591 1909 17.0 13.3% 26.7 6.8% 31.4 6.5% 1.57 1.18
LVL-E0-1x30 117342 5771
a
31.8 11.6% 41.8 6.1% 41.8 6.1% 1.31 1.00
LVL-E45-1x30 34556 297 19.6 9.7% 25.8 7.3% 26.6 7.6% 1.32 1.03
LVL-E90-1x30 25297 1739 18.9 21.9% 27.5 12.8% 30.4 10.0% 1.45 1.11
Average 10.1% 7.5% 7.0% 1.35 1.20
a
A value of 0 shall be taken to consider the embedment behaviour for larger specimens.
S10-067 Franke.indd 20 27/06/11 4:48 PM
21
14. The strength values parallel and perpendicular
to the grain direction show more or less positive
correlations with the density. The use of a constant
value could be appropriate because the relative small
range of the density from LVL investigated (mostly
560 to 620 kg/m3) is to be taken into account for a
general conclusion.
3.3 Embedment results for Radiata pine lumber
Table 4 shows the mean values and the coeffcients
of variation of the results of the test series depending
on the dowel diameter d and the load-to-grain angle
. Figure 15 contains the mean values of the yield
embedment strength f
h,,5%
as a function of the
dowel diameter and fgure 16 as a function of the
density. The results are almost constant regardless
of the dowel diameter, which agrees with studies
for other species of wood (Harada et al, 1999;
Sawata & Yasumura, 2002), whereas in a previous
study (Whale et al, 1987), the embedment strength
was observed to decrease as the dowel diameter
increase. The results corresponding to the density
are similar to the one of Radiata pine LVL and show
positive correlations, although the infuence of the
dowel diameter on the correlation between the
embedment strength and the density is lower for
diameters of 25 mm or more.

Fig ure 13: Mean yield and maximum embedment strength versus dowel diameter for Radiata pine LVL.

Fig ure 14: Embedment strength versus density for d = 6, 12, 20 and 30 mm for all loading angles in
Radiata pine LVL.
S10-067 Franke.indd 21 27/06/11 4:48 PM
22
Table 4: Test results of Radiata pine lumber (MPa).
Group name
Stiffness
K
(N/mm)
Tangent
modulus
T
(N/mm)
Proportional
limit strength
f
h, ,prop
Yield strength
f
h, ,5%
Max. strength
f
h, ,max
f
h, ,5%
/
f
h, ,prop
f
h, ,max
/
f
h, ,5%
Mean COV Mean COV Mean COV
RP-E0-1x6 12439 1
a
29.7 15.0% 39.1 10.0% 44.5 6.9% 1.32 1.14
RP-E45-1x6 6074 934 21.5 14.7% 26.5 9.6% 39.3 7.8% 1.23 1.48
RP-E90-1x6 5005 997 17.8 14.7% 22.0 14.7% 35.8 15.7% 1.23 1.63
RP-E0-1x8 14160 117 24.0 10.7% 32.8 8.5% 36.9 7.2% 1.37 1.13
RP-E45-1x8 8130 730 18.0 13.5% 23.2 6.8% 31.4 8.5% 1.29 1.36
RP-E90-1x8 5275 584 12.1 16.6% 15.7 16.0% 21.9 14.2% 1.30 1.40
RP-E0-1x10 34.6 15.8%
RP-E90-1x10 18.0 18.6%
RP-E0-1x16 35.2 15.0%
RP-E90-1x16 16.9 17.6%
RP-E0-1x20 34.0 16.3%
RP-E90-1x20 17.9 16.6%
RP-E0-1x25 56237 3048
a
21.4 21.3% 32.2 16.6% 32.4 16.5% 1.50 1.01
RP-E45-1x25 20174 476 13.0 19.0% 18.9 17.7% 20.1 12.0% 1.46 1.06
RP-E90-1x25 21786 936 12.2 18.7% 18.8 11.7% 21.2 12.5% 1.54 1.13
RP-E0-1x30 81005 3618
a
26.3 19.2% 35.5 14.3% 35.5 14.2% 1.35 1.00
RP-E45-1x30 26827 418 17.5 13.9% 22.0 12.4% 22.8 11.2% 1.26 1.04
RP-E90-1x30 20938 820 15.2 9.6% 20.8 8.5% 21.9 9.1% 1.37 1.05
Average 15.6% 13.7 % 11.0% 1.35 1.20
a
A value of 0 shall be taken to consider the embedment behaviour for larger specimens.
Fig ure 15: Mean yield embedment strength
versus dowel diameter for Radiata
pine lumber.
4 EMBEDMENT STRENGTH
VERSUS EUROCODE 5
The comparison of the mean test values with the
corresponding embedment strengths according to the
Eurocode 5 formulas are shown in fgure 17. Each of
the graphs shows the embedment strength f
h,0
and the
reduction factor k
90
, calculated from the embedment
strength for = 0 and 90, as well as their linear
regression (for LVL as one group for one and two
dowels together). The Eurocode 5 embedment
strength was calculated using:
f
h,0,k
= 0.082(1 0.01d)
k
(5)
,0,
, , 2 2
90
sin cos
h k
h k
f
f
k
o
o o
=
+
(6)
where
90
1.35 0.015 for softwood
1.30 0.015 for LVL
0.90 0.015 for hardwood
d
k d
d
+
= +
(7)
and d is the dowel diameter, the mean density of
597 kg/m
3
for Radiata pine LVL and 505 kg/m
3
for
Radiata pine lumber, and the load-to-grain angle.
For the LVL results shown in fgure 18, there is a good
agreement for the average values. The slope of the
yield embedment strength is parallel to the prediction
of the Eurocode 5, whereas the trend of the reduction
factor k
90
is almost constant or even slightly opposite
in trend. For the Radiata pine lumber results, is not
S10-067 Franke.indd 22 27/06/11 4:48 PM
23

Fig ure 16: Embedment strength versus density for d = 6, 10, 20 and 30 for all loading angles in Radiata
pine lumber.

Fig ure 17: Comparison of the test results parallel and perpendicular to the grain with the Eurocode 5.

Fig ure 18: Embedment strength f
h,0
parallel to the grain and reduction factor k
90
in comparison with
Eurocode 5.
S10-067 Franke.indd 23 27/06/11 4:48 PM
24
as good agreement and the results show an almost
constant value regardless of the dowel diameter for
the yield embedment strength parallel to the grain.
The reduction factor k
90
, evaluated using Eurocode
5, is much lower than the factor evaluated based on
the test results for small diameters and shows the
same trend as the LVL results.
5 SUMMARY AND DESIGN PROPOSAL
Based on the results presented for Radiata pine
lumber and LVL, the method from the Eurocode
5 with adjusted formulas for the estimation of the
embedment strength f
h,0
can be used, as shown in
equation (8). As for the results of the reduction factor
k
90
, we propose to use a constant factor of 2.0 and
1.5 for Radiata pine lumber and LVL, respectively,
for simplicity and ease of use in the design. The
Hankinson formula shown in equation (9) can be
used to calculate the embedment strength values for
different load to grain angles. A summary is given
with equations (8) to (10).
( )
( )
,0,
0.072 1 0.0024 for Radiata pine lumber
0.075 1 0.0037 for Radiata pine LVL
k
h k
k
d
f
d

(8)
,0,
, , 2 2
90
sin cos
h k
h k
f
f
k
o
o o
=
+
(9)
where
90
2.0 for Radiata pine lumber
1.5 for Radiata pine LVL
k

=

(10)
and
k
is the characteristic timber density in kg/m
3
,
d is the bolt or dowel diameter in mm, and is the
load-to-grain angle.
Figure 19 shows the comparison of the test results
with the embedment strengths, obtained using
the proposed method according to equations (8)
to (10) for the mean density and a lower density to
demonstrate the infuence of using a characteristic
density in the design. Using densities of 500 and
340 kg/m
3
for Radiata pine LVL and Radiata pine
lumber, respectively, which are the characteristic
densities for an equivalent New Zealand grade
of MSG10, the results are always on the safe side,
especially for Radiata pine lumber.
6 DESIGN EXAMPLE
The following example is used to demonstrate the
design procedure and differences of the current
New Zealand timber design standard NZS 3603:1993
(Standards New Zealand, 1993) and the proposed
adjusted EYM adopted from the European timber
standard Eurocode 5, EN 1995-1-1:2004 (CEN, 2004).
According to the connection as shown in fgure 20
and their parameters, the design joint capacity R
90,d

is to be calculated. Splitting will not be considered
or checked.
6.1 New Zealand timber design
standard NZS 3603:1993
R
90,d
= N* = nn
s
k
1
k
12
k
13
Q
sk
= 73.3 kN
with
parallel to the grain:
2
11
10.4kN
min
0.5 19.5kN
cj
kl
e cj
k f d
Q
b f d
=

=
perpendicular to the grain:

1.5
11
8.0kN
min
0.5 7.0kN
pj
kp
e pj
k f d
Q
b f d
=
=

=
where N* is the design load of the joint; Q

sk
is the
system characteristic strength per bolt, which is
equal to the lesser of Q
kl
or Q
kp
; is the strength
reduction factor, 0.7; n is the number of bolts, 9; n
s
is
the number of shear planes, 2; k
1
is the load duration
factor, 1.0 (brief loads); k
11
is the factor considering
joint group classifcation, 2.0 (J5, parallel) and 14.9
(J5, perpendicular); k
12
is the factor for the design in
green timber, 1.0 (not green); k
13
is the modifcation

Fig ure 19: Comparison of the test results with the new proposal for calculating the embedment
strength for different densities.
S10-067 Franke.indd 24 27/06/11 4:48 PM
25
F
w,c
= A
w
f
c,90
= 10.0 kN (A
ef
according to Eurocode 5 is
not considered)
where F
ax,Rk
is the governing load to consider the rope
effect; F
v,Rk
is the characteristic load-carrying capacity
per shear plane per fastener (Johansen theory); F
b,ax
is
the characteristic axial load-carrying capacity of the
fastener; F
w,c
is the characteristic load-bearing capacity
of the washer; M
y,Rk
is the characteristic fastener yield
moment; A is the area (b = bolt, w = washer); k
mod
is the
modifcation factor for duration of load and moisture
content, 0.9 (brief loads);
M
is the partial factor for
material properties, 1.1 (steel failure governs); n is the
number of bolts (effective number in load direction
has to be taken into account), 9; n
s
is the number of
shear planes, 2; t
i
is the timber or board thickness
or penetration depth for member i (t
1
=70mm and
t
2
= 90 mm); d is the fastener diameter, 12 mm;
k

is the characteristic timber density, 340 kg/m
3
(for
C22, which is equivalent to NZ grade MSG10); f
h,i,k

is the characteristic embedment strength in timber
member i according to the load-to-grain angle; f
h,0,k
is
the characteristic embedment strength parallel to the
grain; f
u,k
is the ultimate tensile strength, 400MPa (mild
steel); f
c,90
is the characteristic compression strength of
the wood, 4.5 MPa (considering recent research results,
published in Franke & Quenneville (2010)); k
90
is the
reduction factor, 2.0 (Radiate pine lumber);
i
is the
load-to-grain angle for member i (
1
= 90 and
2
= 0);
and is the ratio between the embedment strength of
the members 1 and 2.
6.3 Comparison
The two design examples show that using the
proposed EYM results in a 28% higher joint capacity
(93.6/73.3 = 1.28), but using, for example, a lower
or higher timber grade as well as an higher steel
grade for the fastener, which is only considered
in the European model, will change the ratio of
the capacities. Furthermore, changing the member
thicknesses is not always considered in the NZ
design method. For example, the joint capacity for
the proposed model ranges between 87.2 kN (MSG8
and steel grade of f
u,k
= 400 MPa) and 116.9 kN
(MSG15, with an equivalent density of 400 kg/m
3
,
and steel grade of f
u,k
= 600 MPa). This shows that the
capacity can result between 118% and 160% of the
joint capacity according to the current NZ design. It
seems that in the most of the cases considered here,
the NZ design method is conservative; however,
there are also cases where the joint capacity of the
proposed method can be much less, thus, the current
NZ design is then overestimating the joint capacity.
For a comparison, the design joint capacity according
to the Australian design standard results in 91.1 kN
(joint group JD4, = 0.75, k
16
= 1.0, k
17
= 1.0) and is
also independent on the timber or steel grade. This
is 24% higher than the capacity according to the New
Zealand standard and 3% less than the one according
to the proposed model.

1
2
2
4
0
70 70
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
190
9
0
35 60 60 35
90
R
9 Bolts 12
[mm]
4
0
Fig ure 20: Sketch and parameters of the
connection for the comparison of the
design standards.
factor for multiple numbers of bolts, 1.114 0.031n =
0.835 (9 bolts); f
cj
is the bolt bearing strength parallel
to the grain, 36.1 MPa; f
pj
is the bolt bearing strength
perpendicular to the gain, 12.9 MPa; d is the bolt
shank diameter, 12 mm; and b
e
is the effective timber
thickness, 90 mm (smaller of 2b
1
and b
2
).
6.2 Proposed method adopted from
the European timber standard
EN 1995-1-1:2004 (Eurocode 5)
mod ,
90,
93.6 kN
s v Rk
d
M
k nn F
R
= =

with
( )
( )
|
,1, 1
,2, 2
, ,1, 1
2
,1, 1
,
,
,
, ,1,
9.99 kN
0.5 12.84 kN
4 2
1.05 2 1
2
min
6.35 kN
4
2
1.15 2 7.48 kN
1 4
h k
h k
y Rk h k
h k
v Rk
ax Rk
ax Rk
y Rk h k
f t d
f t d
M f t d
f dt
F
F
F
M f d
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
=
+ +
+

=

A
+ =
A
+ =
+
,0,
,1, 2 2
90
11.89 MPa
sin cos
h k
h k
f
f
k o o
= =
+
,0,
,2, 2 2
90
23.77 MPa
sin cos
h k
h k
f
f
k o o
= =
+
f
h,0,k
= 0.072(1 0.0024d)
k
= 23.77 MPa
,2,
,1,
2
h k
h k
f
f
| = =
M
y,Rk
= 0.3f
u,k
d
2.6
= 76,745 Nmm
F
ax,Rk
= min{F
v,RkJohansen
; F
b,ax
; F
w,c
} = 5.08 kN
F
b,ax
= A
b
f
u,k
= 45.2 kN
S10-067 Franke.indd 25 27/06/11 4:48 PM
26
The governing case of the EYM also provides
information about the specific failure of the
connection, ie. a combined embedment failure of the
outer timber member occurs together with bending
of the bolts in the example presented (3
rd
case). This
information also allows the designer to consider the
contribution of the so-called rope effect of the fastener.
This means that the characteristic load-carrying
capacity for bolts per shear plane and fastener for the
failure cases 3 and 4 (3
rd
and 4
th
equation of F
v,Rk
) is
increased by 25% of the lesser of the axial withdrawal
capacity of the fastener, the bearing capacity of the
washer or the joint capacity of the Johansens part.
Furthermore, it gives the opportunity to increase the
joint capacity by specifcally changing the parameter
that mostly infuences the governing case.
7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A comprehensive investigation of the embedment
behaviour and determination of the embedment
parameters provides a database with sufficient
information to adopt the EYM predicting ductile
joint capacities. The research results observed cover
a wide range of different dowel diameters, load
to grain angles and wood products, as well as a
valid reference number of test specimens of each
confguration. A comparison of smaller and larger
specimen shows that it is recommended to use a
minimum specimen width of 6d for test in parallel
direction in order to prevent splitting, which thus
infuences the evaluation results. The results also
show different slip moduli depending on the load-
to-grain direction, which is not considered in the
Eurocode 5 formulas and could be implemented.
Based on the results obtained, adjusted formulas
could be evaluated and their use demonstrated
within the example. It is thus recommended to
implement the EYM into a revised New Zealand
or Australian design standard for the prediction of
the resistance of the ductile failure mode of bolted
and dowelled connections. For a comprehensive use
of the EYM model, one also needs to evaluate the
embedment strength values for nails and screws.
Further research is also required for predicting brittle
failures which many researchers have observed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Structural
Timber Innovation Company (STIC) for supporting
this research study.
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perpendicular to the grain, internal research report,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Whale, L. R. J., Smith, I. & Larsen, H. J. 1987, Design
of nailed and bolted joints proposals for the revision
of existing formulae in draft Eurocode 5 and the CIB
code, Proceedings of the CIB-W18 meetings, paper 25-
7-2, Dublin, Ireland.
S10-067 Franke.indd 26 27/06/11 4:48 PM
27
STEFFEN FRANKE
Dr Steffen Franke is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of
Auckland. He is a civil engineer with special interest in structural constructions,
timber engineering and fnite element analysis. Steffen graduated in structural
engineering at the Bauhaus-University Weimar (BUW), Germany, in 2001. In
2008 he completed his PhD at the BUW, the Chair of Timber and Masonry
Engineering. His research focused on the investigation of timber with an
own developed photogrammetric measuring system as base for numerical
simulations. He has been in the academic and research feld since 2001, teaching
courses in the area of structures and design, including theory of structures
and materials, structural design of steel, unreinforced and reinforced concrete,
masonry, and mainly structural timber design. He has supervised several
undergraduate and graduate theses, authored national and international
scientifc and research papers and co-authored a book titled Holzkonstruktionen
in Mischbauweise (Timber Composite Constructions) published in Germany.
Since 2008, he has been working as Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Timber
Design with Prof Quenneville at the University of Auckland in New Zealand.
PIERRE QUENNEVILLE
Pierre Quenneville is the newly appointed Professor of Timber Design in the
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Auckland.
Pierre graduated with a BEng (First Class Honours) in Civil Engineering at the
Royal Military College of Canada in 1983, and accepted an offcer commission
as a military engineer with the Canadian Armed Forces. During his service,
he graduated with a MEng at Montreal University in Structural Engineering
in 1986 and then served with an engineering unit, where he became involved
with timber structure repairs. He was then transferred to the Royal Military
College to take on a lecturer position within the Civil Engineering department
in 1988. He engaged in PhD studies at the same time at Queens University
in Kingston and graduated in 1992. His research was on timber connections
and he became involved with the Canadian Wood Design standard in 1993.
Since 1996, he has been chairing the Fastenings sub-committee of the Technical
Committee for the Canadian design standard. His research on connections
focuses on bolted connections and he became known for his novel approach
to their design. During his academic career, Pierre had two sabbatical leaves,
one of which was with a Canadian timber fabricator. He kept his involvement
with this timber structure fabricator until his move to New Zealand and was
involved with the design of many interesting timber projects. He has also been
involved in consulting work since 1999.
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Institution of Engineers Australia, 2011

perpendicular to the grain:

where N* is the design load of the joint; Q

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