ME 603: Applied Elasticity and Plasticity

STRESS FUNCTION STRESS FUNCTION

Cartesian coordinates
Prof. S.K.Sahoo
ME 603: Applied Elasticity and Plasticity
STRESS FUNCTION STRESS FUNCTION
Cartesian coordinates
Prof. S.K.Sahoo
Plane
Stress
, ,
, ,
0 ,
1
1
1
,
1
= =
+
=
+

= + =
= =
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
x y y y x x
E
E
E E

0 = = =
yz xz z

Stress-strain
relationship
The equilibrium equations
Field equations
) , ( ), , ( ), , ( y x y x y x
xy xy y y x x
= = =
0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
X
y x
y xy
xy
x

Plane
Strain
0 ), , ( ), , ( = = = w y x v v y x u u
0 , 2
) ( ) (
2 ) (
2 ) (
= = =
+ = + =
+ + =
+ + =
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
y y x y
x y x x
G
G
G




0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
X
y x
y xy
xy
x

) 2 1 )( 1 (
2 1
2
1
3
3
2

+
=

=
+
= =
E
G
K G K
= Lams constant
G = shear modulus
0 = = =
yz xz z

, ,
, ,
0 ,
1
1
1
,
1
= =
+
=
+

= + =
= =
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
x y y y x x
E
E
E E

) (
2
1
0 ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
, ,
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
x y
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
xz
yz
xy
z y x
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=

strain-displacement
equations
0 , 2
) ( ) (
2 ) (
2 ) (
= = =
+ = + =
+ + =
+ + =
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
y y x y
x y x x
G
G
G




0
) (
2
1
, ,
= = =
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
yz xz z
xy
y x
x y
u
y x
u

) 2 1 )( 1 (
2 1
2
1
3
3
2

+
=

=
+
= =
E
G
K G K
xy xy
x y y
y x x
E
v
v
v
E
v
v
v
E
v



) 1 (
)
1
(
1
)
1
(
1
2
2
+
=

=
xy xy
x y y
y x x
v
E
v
v
E
v
v
E



) 1 (
) (
1
) (
1
2
2
+
=
+

=
+

=
Simplified Elasticity Formulations
Displacement Formulation
Eliminate the stresses and strains
from the general system of
equations. This generates a system
of three equations for the three
unknown displacement components.
Equations are on u, v, w terms.
Stress Formulation
Eliminate the displacements and
strains from the general system of
equations. This generates a system
of six equations and for the six
unknown stress components.
Equations are on
terms
A practical elasticity problem may requires to solve 15 equations with 15
unknowns. It is very difficult to solve many real problems, so modified
formulations have been developed.
Displacement Formulation
Eliminate the stresses and strains
from the general system of
equations. This generates a system
of three equations for the three
unknown displacement components.
Equations are on u, v, w terms.
Stress Formulation
Eliminate the displacements and
strains from the general system of
equations. This generates a system
of six equations and for the six
unknown stress components.
Equations are on
terms
F(z)
G(x,y)
z
x
y
Even using displacement or stress formulations
three-dimensional problems are difficult to solve.
So most solutions are assumed to of two-dimensional problems
] , , , , , [
zx yz xy zz yy xx

Displacement Formulation
0
) 1 ( 2
0
) 1 ( 2
2
2
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c

+ V
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c

+ V
Y
y
v
x
u
y v
E
v G
X
y
v
x
u
x v
E
u G
Plane stress
+
Plane strain
+
0 ) (
0 ) (
2
2
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
Y
y
v
x
u
y
G v G
X
y
v
x
u
x
G u G

+
) , ( ), , ( y x v v y x u u
b b
= =
(B.C.)
+
) , ( ), , ( y x v v y x u u
b b
= =
(B.C.)
) 2 1 )( 1 (
2 1
2
1
3
3
2

+
=

=
+
= =
E
G
K G K
= Lams constant
G = shear modulus
Stress Formulation
y x x y
xy y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
X
y x
y xy
xy
x

+
Plane stress Plane strain
0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
X
y x
y xy
xy
x

y x x y
xy y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
+
y x x y
xy y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + V
y
Y
x
X
v
y x
) 1 ( ) (
2

or
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

= + V
y
Y
x
X
v
y x
) 1 (
1
) (
2

yy xy
yx xx
m l Y
m l X


+ =
+ =
yy xy
yx xx
m l Y
m l X


+ =
+ =
(B.C.)
or
y x x y
xy y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
+
Stress Function Approach
0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
X
y x
y xy
xy
x

y x x y
xy y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
Solution of plain problems:
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

= + V
y
Y
x
X
v
y x
1
1
) (
2

Plain Strain
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + V
y
Y
x
X
v
y x
) 1 ( ) (
2

Plain Stress
yy xy
yx xx
m l Y
m l X


+ =
+ =
When No body force
0 ) (
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
y x
y x

3 different equations
with 3 unknowns
Airy (An English Mathematician) for 2D
problems proposes a single stress
function (function of space coordinates)
that will satisfy all equations
yy xy
yx xx
m l Y
m l X


+ =
+ =
When No body force
0 ) (
2
= + V
y x
or
Philosophy:
Stress = f (strain)
Strain = f (displacement)
= f (space coordinate)
= f (x, y, z)
=> Stress = f (x, y, z)
Airy Stress Function Method
Plane Problems with No Body Forces
0
0
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
y x
y x
y xy
xy
x

Stress Formulation
y x x y
xy y x
c c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=

2
2
2
2
2
, ,
Airy Representation
Let assume a stress function |= |(x,y)
such that:
Putting it on equilibrium equations, it
can be checked that both equations are
satisfied.
0 ) (
2
= o + o V
y x
0 2
4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
= | V =
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
Biharmonic Governing Equation
(Single Equation with Single function | satisfy equilibrium and
compatibility equations. The unknown parameters of stress function can
be find out by putting boundary conditions. )
0 ) (
2
2
2
2
= +
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
y x
y x

or
Putting it on equilibrium equations, it
can be checked that both equations are
satisfied.
Putting on compatibility equation
gives
Steps of the Stress Function Approach
1. Choose a stress function, |
2. Confirm | is biharmonic (compatibility is satisfied)
3. Derive stresses from second derivatives of |
4. Use boundary conditions to identify unknown parameters of |
5. Derive strains from stress-strain relationships
6. Integrate strain-displacement relations to get displacements
1. Choose a stress function, |
2. Confirm | is biharmonic (compatibility is satisfied)
3. Derive stresses from second derivatives of |
4. Use boundary conditions to identify unknown parameters of |
5. Derive strains from stress-strain relationships
6. Integrate strain-displacement relations to get displacements
Example of biharmonic Polynomial Stress Functions
+ + + + + + = = |
__

=
2
02 11
2
20 01 10 00
0 0
) , ( y A xy A x A y A x A A y x A y x
m n
n m
mn
terms do not contribute to the stresses and are therefore dropped 1 < + n m
terms will automatically satisfy the biharmonic equation 3 < + n m
terms require constants A
mn
to be related in order to satisfy
biharmonic equation
3 > + n m
cy by ax + + = , If
0
4
= V
stress function have no meaning, as it gives zero stress in
the body.
2 2
If, cy bxy ax + + =
. .......... , If
2 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + + = y kx y jx hx gy fxy y ex dx cy bxy ax
c
y
xx
2 0 0
2
2
+ + =
c
c
=

0 0 2
2
2
+ + =
c
c
= a
x
yy

0 0
2
=
c c
c
= b
y x
xy

Stress distribution can be obtained but

all to satisfy biharmonic equation,
which requires that there exist some
relations among coefficients.
.......... 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 0 0
2
kx gy fx c
xx
+ + + + + + + + + =
. .......... 2 6 12 0 0 2 6 0 0 2
2 2
ky jxy hx ey dx a
yy
+ + + + + + + + + =
.......... 4 3 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
2
kxy jx fy ex b
xy
=
stress function have no meaning, as it gives zero stress in
the body.
Any quadratic function of x and y will automatically satisfy the biharmonic equation
but give constant values of stresses.
Stress functions with body forces (Plane strain)
0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
X
z y x
zx
xy
xx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Y
z y x
yz yy xy

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Z
z y x
zz
yz
zx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
X
y x
xy
xx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
yy xy

0 =
c
c
z
zz

We have general equilibrium equation; For plane strain condition;

The component of body force X and Y
independent Z & Z=0. The body force can be
expressed by a potential function , so that;
The third equation will be
dropped from the
discussion for the time
being, since its solution
only indicates
, which value may later be
determined as a function
of
, y x f
zz
, =
yy xx
&
The component of body force X and Y
independent Z & Z=0. The body force can be
expressed by a potential function , so that; x
X
c
O c
=
y
Y
c
O c
=
, , 0 =
c
c
+ O
c
c
y x
xy
xx

, 0 = O
c
c
+
c
c
yy
xy
y y

So equilibrium equation becomes,

2
2
y
xx
c
c
+ O =

y x
xy
c c
c
=

2
2
2
x
yy
c
c
+ O =

If we now choose a stress function

so that,
We can verify that the equilibrium equations are
identically satisfied. For complete solution, we
must consider the compatibility condition, i.e.
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

= + V
y
Y
x
X
v
yy xx
1
1
) (
2

) ( ) )( (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
y x x y y x c
O c

c
O c

=
c
c
+ O +
c
c
+ O
c
c
+
c
c

Stress functions with body forces (Plane strain)..
xy yy xx
& ,
Now substituting the in the terms of stress function. This will
result a differential equation will be such that any solution to it will satisfy
both equilibrium & compatibility condition.
Simplifying,
It gives,
0
1
1
2 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
=
c
O c
+
c
O c

c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
O c
+
c
O c
y x y x y x y x

0
1
2 1
2 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
=
c
O c
+
c
O c

+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y x y x y x

If there is no body force,

0
1
2 1
2 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
=
c
O c
+
c
O c

+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y x y x y x

0
1
2 1
2 2 2
= O V

+ V V

0
1
2 1
2 4
= O V

+ V

0
4
= V
This gives the condition of stress function equation for the solution of
problem of plane strain, provided the proper boundary conditions are also
satisfied.
Stress functions with body forces (Plane stress)
0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
X
z y x
zx
xy
xx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Y
z y x
yz yy xy

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Z
z y x
zz
yz
zx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
X
y x
xy
xx

0 = +
c
c
+
c
c
Y
y x
yy xy

We have general equilibrium equation; For plane stress condition;
The component of body force X and Y
independent Z & Z=0. The body force can be
expressed by a potential function , so that;
The component of body force X and Y
independent Z & Z=0. The body force can be
expressed by a potential function , so that; x
X
c
O c
=
y
Y
c
O c
=
, , 0 =
c
c
+ O
c
c
y x
xy
xx

, 0 = O
c
c
+
c
c
yy
xy
y y

So equilibrium equation becomes,

2
2
y
xx
c
c
+ O =

y x
xy
c c
c
=

2
2
2
x
yy
c
c
+ O =

If we now choose a stress function

so that,
We can verify that the equilibrium equations are
identically satisfied. For complete solution, we
must consider the compatibility condition, i.e.
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + V
y
Y
x
X
v
yy xx
) 1 ( ) (
2

) ( ) )( (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) 1 (
y x x y y x c
O c

c
O c
+ =
c
c
+ O +
c
c
+ O
c
c
+
c
c


Stress functions with body forces (Plane stress)..
xy yy xx
& ,
Now substituting the in the terms of stress function. This will
result a differential equation will be such that any solution to it will satisfy
both equilibrium & compatibility condition.
Simplifying,
It gives,
0 ) 1 ( 2 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
=
c
O c
+
c
O c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
O c
+
c
O c
y x y x y x y x


0 ) 1 ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
=
c
O c
+
c
O c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y x y x y x

If there is no body force,
0 ) 1 ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
4
4
4
4
=
c
O c
+
c
O c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y x y x y x

0 ) 1 (
2 2 2
= O V + V V
0 ) 1 (
2 4
= O V + V
0
4
= V
This gives the condition of stress function equation for the solution of
problem of plane stress, provided the proper boundary conditions are also
satisfied.
Summary: Solutions to Plane Problems in Cartesian Coordinates
Airy Representation for stresses
0 2
4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
= | V =
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
Biharmonic Governing Equation
0 ) 1 (
2 4
= O V + V
0
1
2 1
2 4
= O V

+ V

If there is no body force,

Plane Stress Plane Strain
y x x y
xy yy xx
c c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=

2
2
2
2
2
, ,
0 2
4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
= | V =
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
) , ( , ) , ( y x f Y y x f X
y x
= =
Boundary Conditions
R
S
x
y
yy xy
yx xx
m l Y
m l X


+ =
+ =
Example:
) 2 3 (
: Function Stress Following the min
2
3
y d xy
d
F
for stresses the e Detr
=
) (
6
, 0
) (
6
:
3
2
2
2
3 2
2
y d y
d
F
y x x
y d x
d
F
y
Answer
xy y
x
=
c c
c
= =
c
c
=
=
c
c
=

Appears to Solve the Beam Problem:

x
y
d F
) (
6
, 0
) (
6
:
3
2
2
2
3 2
2
y d y
d
F
y x x
y d x
d
F
y
Answer
xy y
x
=
c c
c
= =
c
c
=
=
c
c
=

2 2
By Ax + =
3
Ax =
,
2 2 4
3 y x x A + =
Problems: Prove that the followings are Airys stress function & examine the stress
distribution represented by them: , ,
2 2
By Ax + =
, 2Ax
x
=
c
c
By
y
2 =
c
c
A
x
2
2
2
=
c
c
B
y
2
2
2
=
c
c
0
4
4
=
c
c
x

0
4
4
=
c
c
y

0
2 2
4
=
c c
c
y x

0 0 0 0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
4
= + + =
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
= V
y y x x

0 , 2 , 2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c c
c
= =
c
c
= =
c
c
=
y x
A
x
B
y
xy yy xx

Ans:
Hence it is a Airys stress function.
It is a uniform two-dimensional stress function.
, 3
2
Ax
x
=
c
c
0
4
4
2
2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
y y y

Ax
x
6
2
2
=
c
c
A
x
6
3
3
=
c
c
0
4
4
=
c
c
x

b)
0
2 2
4
=
c c
c
y x

,
,
, 3
2
Ax
x
=
c
c
0
4
4
2
2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
y y y

Ax
x
6
2
2
=
c
c
A
x
6
3
3
=
c
c
0
4
4
=
c
c
x

0
4
= V
0 , 2 , 0 = = =
xy y xx
Ax
One-dimensional linear stress field.
b)
0
2 2
4
=
c c
c
y x

,
2 3
6 4 xy x A
x
=
c
c
, y Ax y x A
y
2 2
6 6 = =
c
c
,
2
2
2
6 12 y x A
x
=
c
c
,
2 2
2
2
6 6 Ax x A
y
= =
c
c
Ax
x
24
3
3
=
c
c
0
4
4
=
c
c
y

A
x
24
4
4
=
c
c
Axy
y x
12
2
=
c c
c
Ay
y x
12
2
3
=
c c
c
A
y x
12
2 2
4
=
c c
c
0 0 24 24
4
= + = V A A
2
6Ax
xx
=
,
2 2
6 12 y x A
yy
=
Axy
xy
12 =
So it is a Airys stress function, and
c)