Wrist/Hand/Fingers Special Tests

Wrist/Hand/Fingers Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

Carpal Glides instability increased laxity/pain
Glides/Stress
instability increased laxity/pain
(Fingers)
vascular occlusion of
delayed color into hand on
Allen's the radial and ulnar
one or both sides
arteries
DeQuervain's Disease
(tenosynovitis of pain with PROM into ulnar
Finkelstein's
extensor pollicis brevis, deviation
abductor pollicis longus)
tingling, pain, parasthesia
into nerve distribution (ulnar-
nerve pathologies -
Tinel's Sign Tunnel of Guyon, median-
ulnar, radial or median
carpal tunnel, radial-distal to
radial styloid process)
tingling, pain, parasthesia
Phalen's carpal tunnel syndrome into median nerve
distribution

UE Dermatomes, Myotomes and Reflexes

UE Dermatomes, Myotomes and Reflexes

Nerve
Dermatome Myotome Reflex
Root
lateral arm; deltoid deltoid & biceps biceps (cubital
C5
tuberosity (elbow flexion) fossa)
wrist extensors (wrist brachioradialis
C6 lateral forearm
extension) (distal radius)
middle finger, triceps (elbow
triceps (olecranon
C7 middle posterior extension), wrist
fossa)
forearm flexors (wrist flexion)
finger flexion and
C8 4th & 5th digits NONE
ADD
medial forearm
T1 (medial finger ABD NONE
epicondyle)
medial aspect of
T2 NONE NONE
arm (biceps)

Shoulder Special Tests

Shoulder Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

Anterior
Tests for anterior (+) sign is clicking and/or
Drawer Test
instability anterior subluxation
(Shoulder)
Posterior
clicking and/or posterior
Drawer posterior GH instability
subluxation
(Shoulder)
Jobe decreased pain and
Relocation anterior instability discomfort when humeral
Test head is relocated (A/P)
pain, discomfort, look of
Apprehension apprehension on patient's
instability
Test face, feeling that shoulder
will dislocate
grinding or palpable "clunk"
Clunk Test labral tear
in shoulder with movement
increased gapping as the
multi-directional
Sulcus Sign humeral head displaces
instability
inferiorly
AC and/or
AC
coracoclavicular pain or laxity at AC joint
Compression
ligement sprain
AC and/or
pain with or without passive
AC Distraction coracoclavicualr
movement
ligament sprain
pain and/or obvious
Grind Test labrum tear deformity (step-off, piano
key)
inability to lower arm in a
Drop Arm rotator cuff patholgy controlled manner from 90
to 0 degrees (ADD)
pain with IR but decreased
O'Brien (Active
SLAP Lesion with ER; pain/clicking with
Compression)
movement
decreased strength on
supraspinatus
Empty Can involved side; pain with
weakness, impingement
resistance
Active Impingement of active
pain in mid-arc of ROM
Impingement structures in shoulder
Hawkins- impingement of the pain upon IR
Kennedy supraspinatus tendon
Neer impingement of biceps pain with motion, especially
Impingement or supraspinatus tendon near terminal end point
SC ligament sprain and elbows do not touch the
SC stress test
instability table (active test)
subscapularis inability to lift hand off of
Gerber Lift-Off
weakness/pathology spine; pain with movement
pain @ bicipital groove
Speed's biceps tendinitis and/or weakness in
shoulder FLEX
pain with movement or
biceps tendonitis or
Yergason's "popping" as tendon
subluxation
subluxes
tendon can not be palpated;
Ludington's biceps tendon rupture
no active biceps contraction
compression of
Adson's diminished/absent radial
subclavian a. by
Maneuver pulse
scalenes
(TOS) compression of diminished/absent radial
Allen
NV by pectoralis minor pulse
(TOS) compression of
subclavian a. by diminished/absent radial
Military Brace
costoclavicular pulse
structures
Inability to maintain test
Thoracic Outlet position, diminished motor
Roos
Syndrome function, and/or loss of
sensation
translation: 25-50% =
Inability to maintain test
grade1>50%
position, diminished motor
Load/Shift Test w/reduction = grade
function, and/or loss of
2>50% w/o reduction =
sensation
grade 3
Cross-over shoulder impingement superior pain indicative of
impingement AC joint pathology; anterior
test pain indicates
subscapularis, biceps
tendon, or supraspinatus
pathology; posterior pain
 indicates infraspinatus, teres
minor or posterior capsule
pathology
piano key sign AC joint instability (blank)
Appleys adduction/IR or
(blank)
scratch test abduction/ER

Lower Leg/Ankle Special Tests

Lower Leg/Ankle Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

pain elicited in the
Compression fracture of the tibia and/or
fibula and/or tibia
(Squeeze) fibula
around fracture site
Percussion fractures (including stress) of pain elicited in the tibia
(Bump) the tibia around fracture site
Anterior ATF/CF laxity increased laxity and
Drawer (Clunk) pain, palpable "clunk"
under the ankle
 mortise
laxity, medial/lateral
rotary damage to deltoid;
Kleiger's pain over deltoid or
sydesmosis
sydesmosis
Talar Tilt
damage to CF pain, increased laxity
(Inversion)
Talar Tilt
damage to deltoid pain, increased laxity
(Eversion)
achilles tendon
Thompson lack or decreased PF
rupture/damage
nerve pathology of posterior tingling, pain,
Tinel's Sign tibial nerve @ posterior parasthesia along
medial malleolus nerve distribution
Deep Vein burning, aching,
Homan's Sign
Thrombosis/phlebitis (DVT) general pain within calf

Knee Special Tests

Knee Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

increased opening of
joint space (at 0
degrees - damage to
Varus Stress LCL laxity
capsule and ligament,
at 30 degrees - damage
to ligament only)
increased opening of
joint space (at 0
degrees - damage to
Valgus Stress MCL laxity
capsule and ligament,
at 30 degrees - damage
to ligament only)
 increased anterior
translation of the tibia;
Lachman's ACL laxity
increased laxity of the
ACL
increased anterior
translation of the tibia;
Anterior Drawer ACL laxity
increased laxity of the
ACL
increased anterolateral
anterolateral and
Slocum's (IR) and posteromedial
posteromedial instability
(ER) translation
tibia subluxes anteriorly
anterolateral instability;
Hughston's/Jerk with knee at 20-30
ACL laxity
degrees FLEX
posterior shift of the
tibia going into 30-40
Pivot Shift anterolateral instability;
degrees knee FLEX;
(McIntosh) ACL laxity
anterior shift of the tibia
into knee EXT
PCL laxity, posterior joint
Posterior Sag
capsule integrity, arcuate tibia sags posteriorly
(Godfrey's )
complex instability
medial and lateral pain, clicking at the joint
McMurray's
meniscal damage line
Apley's
meniscal damage pain with compression
Compression
Apley's
ligamentous damage pain with distraction
Distraction
Medial Synovial symptomatic plica reproduction of
Plica dysfunction symptoms
irregular motion
medial synovial plica (stuttering) between 40-
Stutter
dysfunction 60 degrees into knee
EXT
pain with EXT and tibial
osteochondral defects or
Wilson's IR that is relieved with
osteochondritis dissicans
tibial ER
Grind (Clark's deterioration of patellar pain under patella;
Sign) articular cartilage grinding
 apprehension, pain
patellar
Apprehension during lateral
subluxation/dislocaiton
translation of the patella
small area of fluid
accumulates on the
Sweep joint effusion
medial aspect of the
knee
patella rebounds,
Ballotable
joint effusion "floats up" after
Patella
depression

Hip/Pelvis Special Tests

Hip/Pelvis Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

thigh does not lower;
iliopsoas spasm, SI
Patrick/FABER posterior pain (SI) or
dysfunction
anterior pain (iliopsoas)
SI joint dysfunction, L4
Gaenslen's pain in the SI region
nerve lesion
Spring SI joint mobility pain is elicited
Pelvic (Iliac) integrity of SI ligaments
pain at the SI joints
Compression due to sprain/irritation
Anterior Pelvic
integrity for anterior SI pain in the gluteals,
Distraction
ligaments legs, increased laxity
(Gapping)
Posterior
integrity of posterior SI greater laxity on injured
Distraction
ligaments side
(Hibb's)
Sacral Fixation SI joint hypomobility, position of the PSIS
(Gillett's) adhesions remains level
Femoral Nerve nerve pathology L2-L4 pain, numbness, tingling
 radiating to groin and/or
Traction
anterior thigh
Trendelenberg gluteus medius NWB hip drops away
Sign weakness from WB hip
involved thigh flexes off
tight hip flexors
Thomas Test table and back does not
(iliopsoas)
flatten against table
Kendall (Rectus
involved knee moves
Femoris tight rectus femoris
into EXT
Contracture)
hip on involved side
Ely's tight rectus femoris
spontaneously FLEX
hip stays ABD or pelvis
Ober's ITB and TFL tightness moves before hip is
ADD
pain at about 30
Nobel's ITBS degrees from full knee
EXT
pain at 30-45 degrees of
Renne's ITB Integrity knee FLEX at lateral
femoral condyle
athelte will EXT trunk to
Tripod Sign
relieve pain in
(Hamstring hamstring contracture
hamstrings upon knee
Contracture)
EXT
knee FLEX is greater
90/90 Straight Leg
hamstring contracture than 20 degrees to knee
Raise
EXT
pain in piriformis;
Piriformis piriformis tightness
resultant sciatica
sharp pain,
apprehension flet when
Fulcrum femoral stress fracture
fulcrum arm is under the
potential fracture site
arthritis, osteochondral pain, apprehension,
Hip Scouring defects, avascular catching, grinding,
(Quadrant) necrosis, acetabular reproduction of
labral defects symptoms
Leg Length anatomical or funcitonal difference in length
 leg length discrepancies >.25"
difference in girth as
Limb Girth atrophy/swelling of limb
compared bilaterally
difference in length
Anatomical Leg >.25" as measured from
leg length discrepancy
Length medial malleolus to
ASIS
difference in length
Funcitonal Leg >.25" as measured from
leg length discrepancy
Length medial malleolus to
umbilicus

Foot/Toes Special Tests

Foot/Toes Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

Glides/Stress instability/laxity increased laxity
instability/laxity between tarsal
Tarsal Glides (blank)
bones
Compression pain, crepitus,
fracture
(toes) possible false joint
radiating pain,
Pencil neuroma numbness,
parasthesia
navicular drops .75"
Feiss Line foot pronation or more the distance
to the floor
supple arch (disappears with
Supple Pes longitudinal arch
WB) or rigid arch (no arch
Planus disappears with WB
present with NWB)
navicular drops more
Navicular Drop foot pronation
than 10mm
 Elbow Special Tests

Elbow Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

increased opening of joint space
(more opening at 0 degrees
includes damage to capsule and
Valgus UCL instability
ligament; more opening at 30
degrees includes damage to
ligament only)
increased opening of joint space
(more opening at 0 degrees
includes damage to capsule and
Varus RCL instability
ligament; more opening at 30
degrees includes damage to
ligament only)
pain, tingling, parasthesia down
Tinel's Sign nerve pathology ulnar nerve distribution (@ ulnar
groove)
Lateral pain at lateral epicondyle (flexor
lateral epicondylitis
Epicondylitis insertion)
Medial pain at medial epicondyle
medial epicondylitis
Epicondylitis (extensor insertion)
Pronator median nerve decreased strength, tingling pain
 compression due to
Teres pronator teres with pronation, "squeeking"
hypertrophy
entrapment of the unable to touch fingers only "tuft-
Pinch Grip
interosseous nerve to-tuft" instead of "tip-to-tip" only

Cervical Spine Special Tests

Cervical Spine Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

Brachial Plexus
brachial plexus increase in symptoms with
Traction (Shoulder
pathology traction
Depression)
facet joint
Cervical pain in the upper c-spine
compression,
Compression and/or UE
spinal stenosis
NR impingement pain down the involved
Spurling's
due to stenosis extremity
facet joint
symptoms relieved/reduced
Cervical Distraction compression,
with distraction
spinal stenosis
dizziness, confusion,
Vertebral Artery vertebral artery
unilateral pupil changes,
Test dysfunction
nausea, nystagmus
pain, tingling, parasthesia
nerve pathology of
Tinel's Sign down brachial plexus
brachial plexus
distribution @ Erb's point
 Thorax Special Tests

Thorax Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

rib cage
pain in the rib cage around
A/P Compression fracture or
the fracture/injury site
other injury
rib cage pain in the rib cage and
Lateral Compression fracture or around the fracture/injury
other injury site
abdominal
trauma; pain felt with release
Rebound
internal (rebound) of pressure
bleeding
abdominal
pain with percussion,
trauma;
Percussion/Auscultation abnormal/absence of
internal
sounds, rigid abdomen
bleeding
 Head/Face Special Tests

Head/Face Special Tests

Special Test Tests for... Positive (+) Test

space is less than the
Temporomandibular TMJ width of 2 knuckles
Joint (TMJ) pathology/dysfunction when the patient tries
to open their mouth
inability to maintain a
Tongue Blade mandibular fracture firm bite; pain is
elicited
vibration is heard
hearing loss (with otitis
Weber's louder in the affected
media)
ear
pale yellow "halo" will
Halo CSF leaks
form on gauze
Cranial Nerve Testing (for AT)

Cranial Nerve Testing (for AT)

Cranial
Name Test
Nerve
I Olfactory smell
visual acuity (near and far), visual fields
II Optic
(periphery), pupillary reaction
eye tracking (ADD, elevation,
depression, upward and outward,
III Oculomotor
upward and inward, downward and
inward)
eye tracking (downward at nose and
IV Trochlear
medial)
muscles of mastication ("bite down"),
V Trigeminal blink reflex; sensation (dull/sharp) of
face
VI Adbducens eye tracking (ABD), look to side
facial expressions (smile, frown, lift
VII Facial
eyebrows, taste (sugar or salt)
hearing (snapping, rub fingers together)
VIII Vestibulocochlear and balance (stork stance, tandem
walking)
IX Glossopharyngeal swallow, gag reflex
check for hoarseness, open wide and
X Vagus
say "AH"
Accessory
XI resisted shoulder shrugs
(Spinal)
XII Hypoglossal stick out tongue
Term definitions

Term definitions

Question Answer
actin thin, protein filament component of myofibril
chemical source for energy for body - adenosine
ATP
triphosphate
ATPase enzyme which splits ATP to release energy
fast-twitch (FT) a type of muscle fiber which is characterized by
fiber lower peak tension time and highest power
a single motor neuron and muscle fibers it
motor unit
innervates
another name for a muscle cell whose structure
contains nucleus, mitocondria, sacroplasm and
muscle fiber myofibril. Individual muscle cell whose size ranges
from 10-80um is diameter and range up to 12cm
long.
contractile elements of skeletal muscle composed
myofibril
of sarcomeres
a thick protein filament composed of two protein
myosin strands, each folded into a globular head at one
end
myosin cross- the two-headed portion of myosin filament with
bridge attachment sites for actin and ATP
plasma membrane which surrounds the muscle
sarcolemma fiber/cell whose ends are fused to tendons which
are attached to bones
extentions of the sarcolemma which run laterally
transverse through muscle figer. They carry nerve impulses
tubules and allow for the exchange of waste products in
the fiber.
sarcoplasmic calcium storage area which wraps around
reticulum myofibrils
flud inside the muscle fiber composed of various
sacroplasm
organels and other cell material
sarcomere basic unit of myofibril
slow-twitch (ST) type of muscle fiber characterized by slower peak
 tension time, lowest power and high aerobic
fiber
endurance
tube shaped protein which twists around the actin
tropomyosin strand which hides the active sites during muscle
relaxation
a complex protein which is attached at regular
intervals to tropomyosin. It has an affinity for
calcium ions which are released during muscle
troponin
activation and this affinity results in the pulling of
the troponin off the myosin’s active site ultimately
resul
rapid and substantial depolarization of a neuron’s
action potential
membrane
organ of the sensory division which detects the
golgi tendon
strain of the muscle/tendon complex thereby
organ
causing muscle actions to reduce injury
specialized muscle fibers whose function is to
monitor the length of the muscle and along with
muscle spindle
sensory nerve ending communicate to the CNS to
maintain the desired muscle length
neuromuscular site where motor neurons communicate with
junction muscle fibers
the cumulative effect of all graded potentials by
summation axon hillocks which potentially result in an action
potential
site where nerve impulses are transmitted from
synapse
one neuron to the next
chemicals stored in axon terminals of a neuron
neurotransmitter which facilitate communication to the neighboring
neuron
decrease of potential voltage change of a neuron’s
cell membrane below the rest membrane potential
depolarization
(RMP = -70mV). This is used as a communication
signal between cells
Term definitions

Term definitions

Question Answer
acute muscle
pain felt during or immediately after training
soreness
the decrease in muscle size due to
atrophy
immobilization or complete lack of exercise
delayed-onset
muscle soreness felt a day or two after eccentric
muscle soreness
exercise
(DOMS)
muscle size increase occurring from an increase
fiber hyperplasia in the number of muscle fibers achieved through
fiber splitting
muscle size increase occurring from an
increased protein synthesis resulting in the
fiber hypertrophy
increased number of myofibrils and actin/myosin
filaments
muscular the muscle’s capacity to sustain repeated
endurance activation
the muscle’s ability to exert strength for a
muscular power
measure of time
muscular strength the muscle’s maximum generated force
adenosine
enzyme which is used to breakdown ATP
triphosphatase
thereby releasing its contained energy.
(ATPase)
high-energy molecular compound which
adenosine provides energy for the body’s activity such as
triphosphate (ATP) muscle movement. It resides in the body’s cells
and is derived from food bond energy
aerobic metabolism generation of energy in the presence of oxygen
a system which is used by cells to replenish
ATP supplies. The molecule, PCr, is acted upon
ATP-PCr system by an enzyme which releases a bonded
phosphorous (P) plus energy. An ADP molecule
uses this P and energy to form ATP.
basal metabolic rate an older measure of the resting baseline energy
(BMR) consumption by the body to sustain basic life
 support in the absence of voluntary muscle
movement. This measurement was performed
after 8 hours of sleep. BMR has been replaced
by RMR which yields essentially
series of chemical reactions which converts the
electron transport hydrogen ion generated by glycolysis and the
chain Krebs cycle into water and produces energy for
oxidative phosphorylation.
general sensation of tiredness with decrease in
fatigue
muscular performance
gluconeogenesis the conversion of fat or protein into glucose
glycogenesis the conversion of glucose into glycogen
glycogenolysis the conversion of glycogen into glucose
glycolysis the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
a system which produces energy through
glycolytic system
glycolysis.
a series of chemical reactions which involves
the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and
Krebs' cycle
produces ATP with the byproducts of water and
carbon dioxide.
point during exercise where lactate starts to
lactate threshold accumulate above the resting level. This occurs
(LT) because lactate clearance in insufficient relative
to lactate generation
maximal oxygen the maximum capacity of oxygen consumption
uptake (VO2max) by the body
most complex energy system for generating
oxidative system
high energy yields from the oxidation of fuels
phosphocreatine energy rich compound which is used in the fast
(PCr) generation of ATP during initial muscular activity
Ch. 19 Hip and Pelvis

Ch. 19 Hip and Pelvis

Question Answer
adductor
A muscle group that aids in the adduction of the hip
muscles
coccyx The tailbone
greater sciatic A space in the pelvis through which the sciatic nerve
notch travles to the legs
A group of muscles that extend the hip and flex the
hamstring
knee; consists of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus,
muscles
and semimebranosus
hip flexors A muscle group that aids in the flexion of the hip
iliac crest The upper ridge of the ilium
A pinful injury caused by a direct blow to the hip,
iliac crest
resulting in ecchymosis, tenderness, and swelling;
contusion
also known as the hip pointer
iliotibial band
Inflammation of the iliotibial band
syndrome
A broad, flared bone that makes up the upper and
ilium
lateral sections of the pelvis
The portion of the pelvis that is attached to the pubis
ischium in front and the ilium laterally in the back; it bears the
weight of the body when sitting
myositis A painful condition in which a calcium deposit forms
ossificans within the muscle
Obturator The large openings in the ischium through which
foramina blodd vessels and nerves pass to the legs
The bone in the pelvis to the front of and below the
Pubis
bladder
The portion of the vertebral column between the
sacrum lumbar verebrae and the coccyx; it bears the weight
of the body when sitting
The center of the pubis where the two sides of the
symphysis
pubis are fused together
It consists of the iliopsoas, srtorius, pectineus, and
Hip flesors
rectus femoris
Adductor A muscle group that consists of the adductor longus,
muscles adductor brevis, and adductor magnus

Term definitions

Term definitions

Question Answer
steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal
cortex, that controls mineral and water balance.
Aldosterone acts on the kidney promoting the
aldosterone
reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) into the
blood. Water follows the salt and this helps
maintain normal blood pressure
hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which
is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
antidiuretic hormone gland. ADH is secreted when electrolyte
(ADH) concentration increases in the blood plasma
(e.g. water transfer to muscles or loss due to
sweat) and causes water excretio
the process where steroid hormone binds to
specific positions on a cell’s DNA thereby
direct gene activating certain genes. The result is mRNA
activation synthesis within the nucleus. The mRNA enters
the cell cytoplasm promoting protein synthesis
which may be used as enzymes, t
- the reduction in the number of hormone
down-regulation receptors on a cell which results in the cell
being less sensitive to a particular hormone
epinephrine a non-steroidal hormone produced by the
adrenal gland which is activated by the
sympathetic nervous system. It increases your
cardiac activity, metabolic rate, blood pressure,
respiration and glucose generation. The level of
 epinephrine rises during stre
hormones secreted by the ovaries promoting
estrogens the development of female secondary sex
characteristics
a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary
glucagon gland which increases during exercise and
promotes muscle growth
a pancreatic hormone that raises blood sugar
growth hormone by promoting conversion of glycogen to glucose
in the liver
- the name given to the effect of increased
hemoconcentration blood plasma concentration which could result
from muscular activity and sweating
chemicals secreted by the endocrine system
hormones which regulates the function of organs and
tissues
hormone produced in the pancreas that
insulin
regulates the level of glucose in the blood
- type of control system which reacts to
negative feedback
increases input stimulus by attempting to inhibit
system
future stimulus action
hormone based on either amino acids or
non steroid proteins which are incapable of passing through
hormones the cell membrane and attach to the outside of
the cell to perform their control functions
hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland and
similar to epinephrine, that is the principal
neurotransmitter of sympathetic nerve endings
norepinephrine
supplying the major organs and skin. It
increases blood pressure and rate and depth of
breathing, raises the level of bl
name given to control mechanism fot blood
renin-angiotensin
pressure provide by the kidney and rennin
mechanism
hormone
hormone based on cholesterol and are lipid
soluble which are capable of passing through
steroid hormones
the cell membrane. They use direct gene
activation to perform their control functions
target cells the cells which are controlled by a particular
 hormone
hormones secreted by the testes promoting the
testosterone development of male secondary sex
characteristics
the increase in the number of hormone
up-regulation receptors on a cell which results in the cell
being more sensitive to a particular hormone
training characterized by repeated, short efforts
aerobic interval (30s to 5 min) performed just under race pace
training but with brief (5-15s) rest periods between
efforts
training which improves the efficiency of the
anaerobic energy-producing system and can
anaerobic training increase muscle strength with a better
tolerance to acid-base imbalances resulting
from lactate accumulation
continuous training training without rest periods
repeated high intensity training bouts separated
interval training
by short rest intervals
a form of anaerobic training involving very brief,
sprint training
intense training bouts
training which improves the efficiency of the
aerobic training aerobic energy-producing system and can
improve cardio respiratory endurance
Term definitions

Term definitions

Term definitions
Question Answer
capillary-to-fiber the number of capillaries per muscle fiber. This
ratio increases with exercise training
cardiorespiratory the capacity of the body to sustain prolonged
endurance exercise
training regime with contains both cardio and
cross-training resistance training or a regime which combines
multiple types of sport-specific workouts
the length of time, after an exercise bout, it
heart rate recovery
takes for the heart to resume a resting pulse
period
rate
the name given to individuals participating in a
nonresponders controlled experimental study who show no
resulting improvement/changes
oxygen transport the name given to the cardiovascular and
system respiratory systems combined
the name given to individuals participating in a
responders controlled experimental study who show
resulting improvement/changes
a exercise training technique which focuses on
improvement of sport specific components
specificity of training
which closely mimics the specific end athletic
activity
the measurement of the amount of oxygen
arterial-venous extracted by the body from the blood as
oxygen difference measured fully-oxygenated blood immediately
(a-vO2 diff) entering the atrium artery versus the oxygen-
depleted blood entering the right atrium
one of three form/structure characteristics of
Body build the body classified as muscularity, linearity or
fatness
Body composition chemical makeup of the body.
Body size height and mass of the body
Chronic fatigue measurable declined athletic performance lastly
 months to years usually associated with weight
syndrome
loss and poor diet
Densitometry a technique for measuring the body’s density
Fat-free mass the human body mass minus the fat mass
Fat mass human bodies’ mass derived from fat
– the process of measuring the body weight
Hydrostatic
while submerged in water whose result can
weighing
determine the body volume
the term applied to the human bodies’ mass
summed from the fat-free mass plus the
Lean body mass
addition of a predicted essential fat needed for
survival
the ratio of a bodies’ fat versus the bodies’ total
Relative body fat
mass.
Skin fold fat a low cost, field measurement method used to
thickness help estimate body density
Basic Vocabulary

Basic Vocabulary

Question Answer
Anterior front of the body
Posterior back of the body
Medial toward the midline
Lateral away from the midline
Superior above or towards the head
Inferior below or towards the foot
Proximal closer (the wrist is proximal to the hand)
Distal farther away (the wrist is distal to the shoulder)
Abduction movement away from the midline
Adduction movement toward the midline
Superficial nearest to the surface
Deep farthest from the surface
Flexion decreasing the angle between two bones
Extensioin increasing the angle between two bones
Upper Body Muscles

Upper Body Muscles

Muscle Actions Lever Advantages

mechanical
retraction, depression, advantage,
rhomboids type I
downward rotation high force
potential
scapula: elevation,
high force, low
downward rotation,
Type ROM,
levator scapulae abduction,
III mechanical
retractionspine: lateral
advantage
flexion, rotation
neck: extension, mechanical
lateral flexion, advantage,
upper trapezius Type I
rotationscapula: low force, low
elevation velocity
low velocity,
retraction, elevation, Type good force,
middle trapezius
upward rotation III mechanical
advantage
mechanical
upward rotation, advantage,
lower trapezius Type I
adduction, depression high force,
high velocity
high force,
abduction, upward Type ROM,
serratus anterior
rotation, depression III moderate
velocity
high force and
adduction, internal velocity,
and external rotation, Type hybrid ROM
latissimus dorsi
extension, horizontal III and
abduction mechanical
advantage
abduction, flexion,
anterior deltoid internal rotation and (blank) (blank)
horizontal adduction
biceps brachi elbow and shoulder Type high force and
flexion, supination, III velocity,
 weak horizontal mechanical
adduction advantage
ROM, low
Type
brachialis flexion force, low
III
velocity
abduction and low force, low
supraspinatus Type I
stabilization velocity, ROM
external rotation and
infraspinatus (blank) (blank)
horizontal abduction
high force, low
internal rotation and Type
subscapularis velocity,
stabilization III
hybrid
external rotation and
teres minor (blank) (blank)
horizontal abduction
internal rotation,
teres major extension and (blank) (blank)
adduction
horizontal flexion,
horizontal adduction,
high force,
internal rotation,
moderate
adduction, flexion, Type
pectoralis major velocity,
abductionscapula: III
mechanical
downward rotation,
advantage
depression, and initial
protraction
abduction, downward
pectoralis minor (blank) (blank)
rotation, depression
shoulder extension, ROM, high
triceps brachii adduction, elbow Type I velocity, high
flexion, supinator force
ROM, low
flexion, supination
brachioradialis Type II velocity and
and pronation initiator
force
pronator teres,
pronator quadratus, internal rotation (blank) (blank)
and flexor carpi radialis
flexion, rotation,
sternocleidomastoid lateral flexion, (blank) (blank)
extension
 abduction, flexion,
lateral deltoid (blank) (blank)
transverse abduction
external rotation,
posterior deltoid (blank) (blank)
extension, transverse
supinator and biceps
external rotation (blank) (blank)
brachii
flexor carpi radialis,
flexor carpi ulnaris,
palmaris longus, flexor
wrist flexors (blank) (blank)
pollicus longus, flexor
digitorum profundus
and superficialis
extensor digitorum,
carpi radialis longus
and brevis, carpi
wrist extensors (blank) (blank)
ulnaris, indicis, digiti
minimi, pollicus longus
and brevis
penis erection (blank) (blank)
 Lower Body Muscles

Lower Body Muscles

Muscles Actions Lever Adavntages

high force, high
velocity, hybrid
adduction, Type III (II
gracilis ROM and
internal rotation w/knee bent)
mechanical
advantage
hip and knee low force, high
flexion, external velocity, hybrid
sartorius rotation hip, Type III lever ROM and
eternal rotation mechanical
knee advantage
internal
rotation, low force, low
tensor facia latae Type III ROM
abduction, hip velocity, ROM
flexion
mechanical
hip flexion, advantage,
rectus femoris Type III
knee extension high force, high
velocity
hip flexion,
high force, high
biceps femoris knee extension, Type III
velocity, ROM
adduction
good force,
hip flexion, hybrid ROM
Type III (II if
knee extension, and
semimembranosis resistance on
external mechanical
femur)
rotation at knee avantage, high
velcity
good force,
hip extension, high velocity,
Type III (II if
knee flexion, hybrid ROM
semitendinosis resistance at
internal rotation and
femur)
at knee mechanical
advantage
adductor magnus, adduction, Type III ROM, higher
 internal velocity,
rotation, mechanical
minimal hip advantage and
longus and brevis
flexion and force
extension w/increase in
(magnus) size,
mechanical
advantage
knee flexion type II (knee
(type II), ROM
gastrocnemius (initiator), flexion), type III
(type III), high
plantarflexion (plantarflexion)
force, high
velocity
high force, high
plantarflexion
velocity, ROM
soleus (esp. knee type III or type II
or mechanical
bent)
advantage
mechanical
dorsiflexion, advantage,
tibialis anterior type II
inversion high force, high
veloity
hip flexion, high force, high
adduction, velocity,
iliopsoas Type III
external mechanical
rotation advantage
adduction,
external and
pectineus Type III ROM
minimal internal
rotation
hip extension,
adduction, high force, high
gluteus maximus Type III
external velocity, ROM
rotation
external and ROM,
gluteus medius external moderate
Type III
and minimus rotation, force, high
abduction velocity
ROM,
hip external hip external moderate
Type III
rotators rotation force, low
velocity
 ROM, high
knee flexion, force (internal
popliteus Type III
internal rotation rotation), low
velocity
high velocity,
peroneus longus mechanical
eversion type II
and brevis avantage, high
force
mechanical
eversion, advantage, low
peroneus tertius type II
dorsiflexion force and
velocity
mechanical
inversion, advantage,
tibialis posterior type II
plantarflexion high force, high
velocity
high force,
vastus lateralis knee extension type III lever hybrid, high
velocity
high force, high
vastus intermedius knee extension type III lever
velocity, hybrid
knee extension
high force, high
vastus medialis and patellar type III lever
velocity, hybrid
tracking
 basic elbow injuries

basic elbow injuries

Signs and
Injury Treatment Prevention
Symptoms
Inflammation of the
muscles attached to RICE, NSAIDS,
Strengthen
the epicondlyes of Rest, Theraputic
Muscles
the Humerus.Medial Modalities
around
is associated with (Ultrasound,
Epicondylitis elbow.
throwing activities Electrical
Gradual
and golf. Lateral is Stimulation),
increase in
associated with Sling, decrease
activity
Tennis and the activity
backhand
Olecranon
Bursitis - Pain, Edema, Point
RICE, Cold
Inflammation of tenderness and
Compress, Elbow Pad
the bursae on Spontaneous
Reduce activity
the posterior Swelling
elbow
Sling, Ice,
Immobilization,
Elbow Swelling, Deformity,
Refer to Learn to roll
Dislocation Pain and Disability
Physician for
Reduction
Forearm Cold or Ice, sling
Swelling, Pain, Forearm
Fracture - Ulna and splint,
Deformity, and Pads when
and/or Radius Physician visit, x-
False Joint applicable
Fracture ray
Scaphoid or Slint, Ice,
Navicular Swelling, Pain on Physician
Fracure - Schaphoid bone or Referal,
Learn to roll
Falling on an Pain in Anatomical Imobolization for
outstretched Snuff Box upto 6 weeks, x-
hand ray after 3 weeks
Ganglion Cyst - Usually found on Drawing of fluid, none
Localized wrist or finger after apply preasure
 wrist injury.
Swelling on Swelling, Mild pad, surgical
tendon Preasure and Slight removal
Discomfort
Ice and release
of blood from
Subungal (Nail under nail - If
bed) Hematoma blood is not
Pain, Lifting of
- Bruising or release,
finger nail, none
accumimlation Fingernail will be
Discoloration
of blood under seperated from
the finger nail nail bed to
causing nail to
fall off
Finger
Dislocation -
Disruption of Swelling, Bleeding, Reduction,
None
the Joint a the Deformity and Pain Splinting
the MCP, PIP
and DIP joints
Splint in Flexion
Pain, Swelling, (Natural hand
Point Tenderness, position) or
Finger
deformity, rapid position found, none
Fractures
discoloration and Ice and don't
reduction of ROM move into
extension
 Anatomical Descriptions

Anatomical Descriptions

Term Description
Longitudinal line divides body into Left/Right halfs
Median Plane
(middle of Sagittal)
Longitudinal line divides torso, head or limbs into
Saggital Plane
Left/Right halfs
Coronal or Longitudinal line divides that divides the body into
Frontal front and back parts
Transverse or Divides the body or body parts into upper and lower
Cross parts, perpendicular to longitudinal plane.
Crainial Closer to the head
Superior Higher or above another part or region
Caudal Closer to the feet
Inferior Lower or below another part or region
Anterior Towards the front
Ventral Towards the Anterior (front) Side
Posterior Towards the back
Superior Upper or above
Inferior Lower or below
Ventral Towards the anterior (front) side
Superficial on or near the surface
Deep distant from the surface
Nearest to the beginning or to the point of
Proximal
attachement
Furthest from a specific point or from a point of
Distal
attatchement
 Everything from the knee down-Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Innervations

Everything from the knee down-Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Innervations

Innervati
Muscle Origin Insertion Action
on
Medial
calcaneal Flexes lateral
tuberosity four toes, Medial
Flexor
and Middle phalanx Supports medial Plantar
Digitorum
central of toes 2-5 and lateral Nerve
Brevis
part of longitudinal (L5-S1)
plantar arches
fascia
Medial
Medial side of plantar
Extend toes at
proximal nerve (L5-
Sides of interphalangeal
phalanx and S1) and
Lumbricals FDL joints and flex
dorsal EDL Lateral
tendon metatarsal
tendon of toes Plantar
phalangeal joints
2-5 nerve
(S1-S2)
Posterior
head and
proximal Achilles tendon Tibial
Plantar flexes
Soleus 1/3 of onto posterior Nerve
foot
body of calcaneus (S1-S2)
fibula and
soleal line
Gastrocnemi Lateral Achilles tendon Plantar flexes Tibial
us head: onto posterior foot, Flexes knee Nerve
posterior calcaneus (S1-S2)
surface of
lateral
condyle of
femur;
medial
head:
posterior
surface of
 femur
above
medial
condyle
Upper half
of
Tuberosity of
posterior
navicular bone
shaft of
and all tarsal Plantar flexes
tibia and
bones (except and inverts foot. Tibial
Tibialis upper 2/3
talus), bases of Supports medial Nerve
Posterior of medial
2nd-4th longitudinal arch (L5-S1)
surface of
metatarsals of foot
fibula and
and spring
interosseu
ligament
s
membrane
Upper half
Inferomedial
of lateral
aspect of Deep
shaft of
Tibialis medial Dorsiflexes and peroneal
tibia and
Anterior cuneiform and inverts foot nerve (L4-
interosseo
base of 1st S1)
us
metatarsal
membrane
Middle 3/5
Base of distal
Flexor of Flexes distal Tibial
phalanges of
Digitorum posterior phalanges of Nerve
lateral four
Longus surface of lateral four toes (L5-S1)
toes
tibia
Lower two
thirds of
Flexor posterior Base of distal Flexes distal Tibial
Hallucis fibula and phalanx of big phalanx of big Nerve
Longus interosseu toe toe (L5-S2)
s
membrane
Middle
Deep
Extensor half of Base of distal Extends big toe
peroneal
Hallucis anterior phalanx of and assists
nerve (L4-
Longus shaft of great toe dorsiflexion
S1)
fibula
Extensor Lateral Distal Extends toes and Deep
 condyle of
tibia,
proximal
3/4 of
anterior peroneal
Digitorum phalanges of assists
surface of nerve (L4-
Longus toes 2-5 dorsiflexion
bod of S1)
fibula,
interosseu
s
membrane
Distal 1/3 Deep
Fibularis of anterior Base of 5th Dorsiflexes and peroneal
Tertius shaft of metatarsal everts foot nerve (L4-
fibula S1)
Lower two
Superficia
thirds
Fibularis Base of 5th Plantarflexes and l peroneal
lateral
brevis metatarsal everts foot nerve (L4-
shaft of
S1)
fibula
Lateral
tuberosity
of Lateral border Lateral
Quadratus
calcaneus, long flexor Flexes toes 2-5 Plantar
Plantae
medial tendons (S1-S2)
side of
calcaneus
Medial sides of
bases of
proximal
Adduct 3rd 4th
phalanges of
nferomedi and 5th toes,
3rd , 4th and
al shafts Assist lumbricals
5th Lateral
Plantar of 3rd , 4th in extending
metatarsalsMe Plantar
Interossei and 5th interphalangeal
dial sides of (S1-S2)
metatarsal joints while
bases of
s flexing metatarsal
proximal
phalangeal joints
phalanges of
3rd, 4th and
5th toes
Adductor Oblique Lateral side of Adducts and Lateral
Hallucis head: base of flexes Plantar
 base of 2,
3, 4
metatarsal
s.
Transvers proximal
metatarsophalan
e head: phalanx of big
geal joint of big
plantar toe and lateral
toe
metatarsal sesamoid
ligaments
and deep
transverse
ligament
Bases of
proximal
phalanges and
Abduct 2nd , 3rd
dorsal
Sides of and 4th toes,
extensor Lateral
Dorsal the Assist in
expansions of Plantar
Interossei metatarsal extending IP
medial side of (S1-S2)
bones joints while
2nd toe and
flexing MP joints
lateral sides of
2nd , 3rd and
4th toes
Lateral Lateral side of
plantar base of
Lateral
Abductor calcaneus proximal Flexes and
Plantar
Digiti Minimi and phalanx of 5th abducts 5th toe
(S1-S2)
plantar toe and 5th
fascia metatarsal
Lateral side of
Base of base of Lateral
Flexor Digiti Flexes MP joint
5th proximal Plantar
Minimi of little toe
metatarsal phalanx of little (S1-S2)
toe
Cuboid, Medial and
lateral Lateral sides of
Flexor Medial
cuneiform base of Flexes MP joint
Hallucis Plantar
and tibialis proximal of big toe
Brevis (L5-S1)
posterior phalanx of
tendon great toe
Abductor Medial Medial aspect Flexes and Medial
Hallucis calcaneal of base of abducts big toe Plantar
tuberosity
proximal
and
phalanx of big (L5-S1)
plantar
toe
fascia
Movement terminology

Movement terminology

Question Answer
Backward movement of shoulder girdle Retraction
Upward movement of shoulder girdle Elevation
Movement beyond the normal range of flexion Hyperflexion
Radius lies diagonally across the ulna, palm down Pronation
Movement of body part toward the midline Adduction
Movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially nversion
Downward movement of the shoulder girdle Depression
Movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone Internal
toward the midline Rotation
Face-upward position of entire body, back lying Supine
Increase of the angle in a joint Extension
Anatomy Terminology

Anatomy Terminology

Question Answer
anterior front
posterior back
medial close to the midline
lateral farther from the midlnie
superior above
inferior below
infra below
supra above
dorsal top
ventral bottom
plantar bottom of the foot
palmar palm of the hand
volar back of the hand
proximal closer to the body
distal far from the body
pronation palm down
supination palm up
valgus a medial force
varus a lateral force
tropy development
chondro cartilage
gram record of
rrhea watery discharge
partum birth
 Prenatal Exercise Do's and Don'tsStack #127082

Prenatal Exercise Do's and Don'tsStack #127082

definition answer
check with physician before beginning any prenatal program do
use jerky, jarring and twisting movements don't
think safety do
make quick directional changes don't
lie on back after the first trimester of pregnancy don't
listen to your body do
perform exercises that decrease pulmonary space don't
include muscular endurance exercises do
perform exercises or activities that compromise hip/pelvis
don't
joint structure
include stretching do
modify intensity of the activity do
perform activities that could cause trauma to the abdominal
don't
area
modify the exercise if shortness of breath occurs do
Intake adequate amount of calories do
engage in competitive, unfamilar activities don't
eat a high carbohydrate snack prior to exercise do
stay hydrated do
hold breath during exercise don't
dress appropriately do
use relaxation exercises do
 Psychology 001

Psychology 001

Question Answer
Not influenced by personal feelings,
interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; Objective
unbiased; external thoughts
Placing excessive emphasis in one's own
moods, attitudes, opinions, etc.; internal Subjective
thoughts
Created by Benjamin Rush to subdue The tranquilizing
aggressive patients chair
A powerful laxative for mind and body
Rush's Thunderbolt
purification; taken by Lewis and Clarke
Drilled whole into skull to let demon escape;
Trephining
based on superstition
False agents of church beat patients;
Flagellants
considered saviors; had many patients
18th century cure for physical and mental blood
carrying ailments; used leeches; Washington Bloodletting
used; carried out sometimes by barbers
6 feet long and 3 feet wide box; to control
The crib
aggressive patients
For violent cases; still used today as a restraint The straitjacket
Before reform, patients were held
Common criminals
with______________
Helped at school for children; appalled with
sunday school conditions; wrote letters to
Dorothea Dix
officials; nurse during Civil War; eradicated poor
conditions successfully
19th century treatment for depression; thought
Circulation chair
to induce a thereputic high
Sigmund Freud,
Anna Freud, Carl
Psychoanalytic Thinkers
Jung, Erik Erikson,
Alfred Adler
Freud prescribed______________ Cocaine
Two components of dream analysis Manifest and Latent
________ is the root of all neurotic problems Sex
Crossing street,
Freud's phobias travel, successful
men(Carl Jung)
Talk therapy, free
Freud's treatment for neurotic women
association
Inate and instincitve; necessary for life
preservation; demanding; not bound by society; ID
controlled during adulthood; biggest in children
Death instinct Thanatos
Drives- hunger, thirst, sex Eros
Society's rules, prohibitions, restrictions;
conscience; parents enforce; almost become
Superego
inate; too much leads to being judgmental,
OCD, anorexia
Logical, compromises others; makes stuff
Ego
morally acceptable; unemotions-all cognitive
 Fuctional Anatomy

Fuctional Anatomy

Question Answer
Concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and
Anterior Tibialis
inversion
Concentrically accelerates plantarflexion and
Posterior Tibialis
inversion of the foot
Concentrically accelerates plantarflexion Soleus
Concentrically accelerates plantarflexion Gastrocnemius
Concentrically plantarflexes and everts the
Peroneus Longus
foot
Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and
Hamstring Complex
hip extension. Tibial external rotation
Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and Biceps Femoris-Short
tibial eternal rotation Head
Concentrically accelerates knee flexion, hip
Semimembranosus
extension, and tibial internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates knee flexion, hip
Semitendinosus
extension, and tibial internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates knee extension Vastus Lateralis
Concentrically accelerates knee extension Vastus Medialis
Concentrically accelerates knee extension Vastus Intermedius
Concentrically accelerates knee extension
Rectus Femoris
and hip flexion
Concentrically accelerates hip
Adductor Longus
adduction,flexion, and internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip adduction, Adductor Magnus-
flexion and internal rotation Anterior Fibers
Concentrically accelerates hip adduction, Adductor Magnus-
extension, and external rotation Posterior Fibers
Concentrically accelerates hip adduction,
Adductor Brevis
flexion, and internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip
Gracilis
adduction,flexion,and internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip adduction,
Pectineus
flexion, and internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip abduction and Gluteus Medius-
internal rotation Anterior Fibers
Concentrically accelerates hip abduction and Gluteus Medius-
external rotation Posterior Fibers
Concentrically accelerates hip abduction and
Gluteus Minimus
internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip Tensor Fascia
flexion,abduction,and internal rotation Latae(TFL)
Concentrically accelerates hip extension and
Gluteus Maximus
external rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip flexion and
external rotation. Concentrically extends and Psoas
rotates lumbar spine
Concentrically accelerates hip flexion,
external rotation, and abduction.
Sartorius
Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and
internal rotation
Concentrically accelerates hip external
Piriformis
rotation, abduction, and extension
Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, Abdominal
lateral flexion, and rotation Musculature
Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion,
External Oblique
lateral flexion,and contralateral rotation
Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion,
Internal Oblique
lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation
Increases intra-abdominal pressure. Transversus
Supports the abdominal viscera Abdominis
Concentrically pulls the central tendon
inferiorly, increasing the volume in the Diaphragm
thoracic cavity
Concentrically accelerates spinal extension, Superficial Erector
rotation, and lateral flexion Spinae
Spinal laterl flexion Qualratus Lumborum
Concentrically produces spinal extension and Semispinalis
lateral flexion. Concentrically produces
extension and contralateral rotation of the
head.
Concentrically accelerates spinal extension
Multifidus
and contralateral rotation
Concentrically accelerates shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi
extension, adduction, and internal rotation
 Cognitive Psychology material for test 1 (ch 1 - 5)

Cognitive Psychology material for test 1 (ch 1 - 5)

Question Answer
a branch of computer science
concerned with creating computer that
Artificial intelligence
mimic human performance on cognitive
tasks
a connection or link between two units
Association
or elements
Attention mentally focusing on some stimulus
A school of psychology that seeks to
define psychological research in terms
Behaviorism
of observable measures, emphasizing
the scientific study of behavior.
A research paradigm in which different
Between-subjects design experimental subjects participate in
different experimental conditions
The construction of pictures of the
anatomy and functioning of intact brain
Brain imaging
through such techniques as(CAT, or
CT), (PET), (MRI), or (fMRI)
a research paradigm in which an
investigator begins by asking
participants a series of open-ended
Clinical interview
questions but follows up on the
responses with specific questions that
have been prepared in advance
A school of neuropsychology that
investigates the cognitive abilities an
Cognitive neuropsychology
deficits of people with damaged or
otherwise unusual brain structures
A movement in psychology that
culminated after World War II,
Cognitive revolution characterized by a belief in the
empirical accessibility of mental states
and events
Cognitive science The central issues addressed involve
 the nature of mind and cognition and
how information is acquired, stored, and
represented
The basis for the information-
processing view of the brain. Different
Computer metaphor types of psychological processes are
thought to be analogous to the workings
of a computer processor
An approach to cognition emphasizing
parallel processing of information
Connectionism
through immense networks of
interconnected nodes.
A research paradigm in which an
observer standardizes the conditions of
Controlled observation observation for all participants, often
introducing specific manipulations and
recording responses.
The process(es) by which an individual
Decision making selects one course of action from
among alternatives
An approach to the study of cognition
emphasizing the natural contest or
setting in which cognitive activities
Ecological approach occur, and the influences such settings
have in the ways in which cognitive
activities are acquired, practiced, and
executed
A property of research such that the
focus of study is something that occurs
Ecological validity
naturally outside an experimental
laboratory
A philosophical doctrine emphasizing
Empiricism the role of experience in the acquisition
of knowledge
A test of a scientific theory in which the
Experiment researcher manipulates the
independent variable
Experimental control A property of research such that the
causes of different behaviors or other
phenomenon can be isolated and
 tested. Typically, this involves
manipulating independent variables and
holding constant all factors but the
one(s) of interest
A school of psychology emphasizing
questions such as why the mind or a
Functionalism
particular cognitive process works the
way(s) it does
A Piagetian approach to the study of
cognitive development that emphasizes
the intellectual structures underlying
Genetic epistemology cognitive experience at different
developmental points and the ways in
which the structures adapt to
environmental experience.
A school of psychology emphasizing
Gestalt psychology the study of whole entities rather than
simple elements.
An applied area of research that
focuses on the design of equipment and
Human factors engineering
technology that are well suited to
people’s cognitive capabilites
Subtle patterns of performance that
Individual differences differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively
across individuals
Information processing equates
cognition with the acquisition, storage,
and manipulation of information (for
Information-processing
example, what we see, hear, read
approach
about, think about) through a system
consisting of various storage places
and systems of exchange
A methodological technique in which
trained observers are asked to reflect
Introspection on, and report on, their conscious
experience while performing cognitive
tasks
The mental depiction, storage, and
Knowledge representation
organization of information.
Language A system of communication that is
 governed by a system of rules (a
grammar) and can express an infinite
number of propositions
A system that acquires, stores,
manipulates, and/or transmits
Limited-capacity processor information but has fixed limits on the
amount or rate of processing that it can
accomplish
A field of study focusing on the
Linguistics structure, use, and acquisition of
language
The “mapping” of brain areas to
different cognitive or motor functions;
Localization of function identifying which neural regions control
or are active when different activities
take place
The cognitive process underlying the
Memory storage, retention, and retrieval of
information
Mental representation An internal depiction of information
A philosophical doctrine emphasizing
Nativism the role of innate factors in the
acquisition of knowledge
A research paradigm in which an
observer observes participants in
Naturalistic observation
familiar, everyday context while ideally
remaining as unobtrusive as possible
An approach to cognition emphasizing
parallel processing of information
Neural network
through immense networks of
interconnected nodes.
A body of knowledge that selects and
highlights certain issues for study. It
includes assumptions about how a
Paradigm particular phenomenon ought to be
studied and the kinds of experimental
methods and measures that are
appropriate to use
The classification of a stimulus into a
Pattern recognition
category
 The interpretation of sensory
Perception information to yield a meaningful
description or understanding
The ideas that machinery operated by a
person must be designed to interact
Person-machine system with the operator’s physical, cognitive,
and motivational capacities and
limitations
The cognitive process(es) used in
transforming starting information into a
Problem solving
goal state, using specified means of
solution
An empirical study that appears to
involve some, but incomplete,
Quasi-experiment experimental control - for example
through nonrandom assignment of
subject to conditions
Cognitive process(es) used in
transforming given information, called
Reasoning premises, into conclusions. Reasoning
is often seen as a special kind of
thinking.
The retrieval of information in which the
Recall processor must generate most of the
information without aids
The retrieval of information in which the
processor must decide whether the
Recognition
information presented has been
previously presented
One of the earliest schools of cognitive
psychology. It focused on the search for
Structuralism the simplest possible mental elements
and the laws governing the ways in
which they could be combined
A research paradigm in which the same
Within-subjects design experimental subjects participate in
different experimental conditions
Removal of cells or tissues, often
Ablation
through surgical means
Affordance A perceptual property of objects,
 places, and events that makes clear
what actions or behaviors on the part of
the perceiver are permitted in
interaction with the object, place, or
event
An area of brain tissue with extensive
connections to the olfactory system and
Amygdala hypothalamus, thought to be involved in
mood, feelings, instinct, and short-term
memory
Lack of memory for events that occur
Anterograde amnesia
after a brain injury
A disorder of language, thought to have
neurological causes, in which either
Aphasia
language production, language
reception, or both are disrupted
Attention hypothesis of The proposal that attention is needed
automatization during a learning phase of a new task
A phenomenon in which certain stimuli
seem to “pop out” and require a person
Attentional capture
to shift cognitive resources to them,
automatically
A mode; of attention in which
unattended perceptual events are
Attenuation theory transmitted in weakened form but not
blocked completely before being
processed for meaning
The carrying out of a cognitive task with
minimal resources. Typically, automatic
processing occurs without intention,
Automatic processing
interferes minimally with other cognitive
tasks, and may not involve conscious
awareness
Cognitive (usually perceptual) process
Bottom-up-processing guided by environmental input. Also
called “data-driven” process
The sum total of cognitive resources
Capacity
available at any given time
CAT (computerized axial An imaging technique in which a highly
tomography) focused bean of X-rays is passed
 through the body from many different
angles. Differing density of the organs
of the body results in different deflection
of the X-rays, which allows visualization
of the organ
The proposed component of working
memory responsible for directing the
Central executive (of WM)
flow of information and selecting what
information to work with
Part of the brain that controls balance
Cerebellum
and muscular coordination
The surface of the cerebrum, the
largest structure of the brain, containing
Cerebral cortex
both sensory and motor nerve cell
bodies
The inability to detect changes to an
Change blindness object or scene, especially when given
different views of that object or scene
The formation of individual units of
information into larger units. This is
Chunking
often used as a means of overcoming
short-term memory limitations
The form in which information is
Coding
mentally or internally represented
An understanding of perception as a
process requiring the active
Constructivist approach to construction of subjective mental
perception representations not only from
perceptual information, but from long-
term memory as well
The effect on a cognitive process (for
Context effect example, perception) of the information
surrounding the target object or event.
The carrying out of a cognitive task with
a deliberate allocation of cognitive
resources. Typically, controlled
Controlled processing
processing occurs on difficult and/or
unfamiliar task requiring attention and is
under conscious control
Corpus callosum The large neural structure containing
 fibers that connect the right and left
cerebral hemispheres
A hypothesized process of forgetting in
which material is thought to erode,
Decay
break apart, or otherwise disintegrate or
fade
A task in which a person hears two or
more different, specially recorded
Dichotic listening task
messages over earphones and is asked
to attend to one of them
A theory of perception, proposed by
James J, Gibson, holding that
information in the world is “picked up
Direct perception
on” by the cognitive processor without
much construction of internal
representations or inferences.
An object, event, or pattern as it exists
Distal stimulus in the world. Contrast with proximal
stimulus
The ways in which a cognitive
processor allocates cognitive resources
Divided attention
to two or more tasks that are carried out
simultaneously
Dual-task performance An experimental paradigm involving
Event-related potential presentation of two tasks for a person
(ERP) to work on simultaneously
Echo A sensory memory for auditory stimuli
A technique to measure brain activity,
EEG
specifically, to detect different states of
(electroencephalography)
consciousness.
The cognitive process(es) by which
Encoding information is translated into a mental
or internal representation and stored
An electrical recording technique to
ERP (even-related potential) measure the response of the brain to
various stimulus events
Executive functioning Cognitive process including planning,
making decisions, implementing
strategies, inhibiting inappropriate
 behaviors, and using working memory
to process information
A search or information in which each
Exhaustive search item in a set is examined, even after the
target is found
The theory that different mental
abilities, such as reading or
Faculty psychology computation, are independent and
autonomous functions, carried out in
different parts of the brain
A component, or part, of an object,
Feature
event, or representation
A proposal that perception of familiar
stimuli occurs in two stages. The first,
automatic, stage involves the
Feature integration theory perception of object features. The
second, attentional, stage involves the
integration and unification of those
features
A theory of attention proposing that
information that exceeds the capacity of
Filter theory
a processor to process at any given
time is blocked from further processing
An imaging technique that uses MRI
equipment to examine blood flow in a
fMRI (functional MRI)
noninvasive, non-rational dioactive
manner
The part of the brain containing the
Forebrain thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus,
amygdala, and the cerebral cortex
The processes that prevent information
Forgetting from being retrieved from a memory
store
The process by which the brain
Form perception differentiates objects from their
backgrounds
A division of the cerebral cortex located
just beneath the forehead containing
Frontal lobe
the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and
the prefrontal cortex
 A single geometric component
Geon hypothesized to be used in the
recognition of objects
Laws that explain the regularities in the
way people come to the perceptual
Gestalt principles of interpretations of stimuli. The emphasis
perceptual organization is on the apprehension of whole
structures rather on than the detection
and assembly of parts of structures
The part of the brain, containing some
of the most evolutionarily primitive
structures, that is responsible for
Hindbrain transmitting information from the spinal
cord to the brain, regulating life support
functions, and helping to maintain
balance
A structure of the brain in the medial
Hippocampus temporal lobe; damage or removal can
result in amnesia
A structure in the forebrain that controls
the pituitary gland and so-called
homeostasis behaviors, such as eating,
Hypothalamus
drinking, temperature control, sleeping,
sexual behaviors, and emotional
reactions
Icon A sensory memory for visual stimuli
The phenomenon of not perceiving a
stimulus that might be literally right in
Inattentional blindness
front of you, unless you are paying
attention to it
A hypothesized process of forgetting in
which material is thought to be buried or
Interference otherwise displaced by other
information but still exists somewhere in
a memory store
A model of attention in which all
perceptual messages, whether
Late-selection theory
attended or not, are processed for
some meaning
Lateralization Specialization of function of the two
 cerebral hemispheres
The “mapping” of brain areas to
different cognitive or motor functions;
Localization of function identifying which neural regions control
or are active when different activities
take place
A memory store thought to have a
large, possibly infinite capacity that
Long-term memory (LTM) holds onto incoming information for long
periods of time, perhaps permanently.
Also called secondary memory
A process, hypothesized to be a
mechanism for long-term learning, in
which neural circuits in the
Long-term potentiation hippocampus are subjected to repeated
and intense electrical stimulation,
resulting in hippocampal cells that are
more sensitive to stimuli
A structure in the hindbrain that
transmits information from the spinal
Medulla oblongata
cord to the brain and regulates life
support
The mental representation of stored
Memory trace
information
the part of the brain containing
structures that are involved in relying
Midbrain information between other brain
regions, or in regulating levels of
alertness
A theoretical approach to the study of
memory that emphasizes the existence
Modal model of memory of different memory stores(for example,
sensory, memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory)
A structure in the frontal lobe that
Motor cortex controls fine motor movement in the
body
MRI (magnetic resonance A body-imaging technique in which a
imaging) person is surrounded with a strong
magnetic field. Radio waves are
 directed at a particular part of the body,
causing the centers of hydrogen atoms
in those structures to align themselves
in predictable ways.
A division of the cerebral cortex located
Occipital lobe at the back of the head that is involved
in the processing of visual information
A model of letter perception based on a
Pandemonium model bottom-up hierarchy of feature
detectors.
A search for information in which
several stores or slots of information
Parallel search
are simultaneously examined to match
to the target
A division of the cerebral cortex located
at the top rear part of the head;
Parietal lobe
contains the primary somatosensory
cortex
The classification of a stimulus into a
Pattern recognition
category
The outcome of a perceptual process;
Percept the meaningful interpretation of
incoming information
The interpretation of sensory
Perception information to yield a meaningful
description or understanding
The changes in perception that occur
Perceptual learning as a function of practice or experience
with the stimuli
A brain-imaging technique that shows
PET (positron emission
which areas of the brain are most active
tomography)
at a given point in time
The smallest unit of sound that makes a
Phenome meaningful difference in a given
language
The proposed component of working
Phonological loop (of WM) memory responsible for sub-vocally
rehearsing auditory information
Phrenology The idea (now discredited) that
 psychological strengths and
weaknesses could be precisely
correlated to the relative sized of
different brain activity.
The ability of some brain region to “take
Plasticity
over” functions of damaged regions
A structure in the hindbrain that acts as
a neural relay center, facilitating the
Pons “crossover” of information between the
left side of the body and the right side of
the brain and vice versa.
A region in the frontal lobe that is
Prefrontal cortex
involved with executive functioning
The improvement in retention of
Primacy effect information learned at the beginning of
a task
A region in the parietal lobe involved in
the processing of sensory information
Primary somatosensory
from the body – for example,
cortex
sensations of pain, pressure, touch, or
temperature
The facilitation in responding to one
Priming stimulus as a function of prior exposure
to another stimulus
A phenomenon in which earlier learned
Proactive interference material disrupts the learning of
subsequent material
A specific inability to recognize faces,
Prosopagnosia even very familiar ones, with intact
recognition of other objects
An abstract representation of an
Prototype idealized member of a class of objects
or events
Reception of information and its
registration by a sense organ – for
Proximal stimulus
example, retinal images in the case of
vision
Psychological refractory An interval of time following
period (PRP) presentation of a first stimulus during
 which a person cannot respond to a
second stimulus, presumably because
of a central bottleneck in attentional
processing
The improvement in retention of
Recency effect
information learned at the end of a task
A mnemonic strategy of repeating
Rehearsal information (either aloud or silently) to
facilitate retention and later retrieval
The amount of time a memory trace
Retention duration
remains available for retrieval
A layer of visual receptor cells at the
Retina
rear of the eyeball
A proximal stimulus for vision,
consisting of the projection of light
Retinal image waves reflected from stimuli and
projected to a surface at the back of the
eye
The process by which stored
Retrieval information is brought back to
conscious awareness
Retrograde amnesia Amnesia concerning old events
An organized framework for
representing knowledge that typically
includes characters, plots, and settings,
Schema
and incorporates both general
knowledge about the world and
information about particular events
A theory of attention that claims
Schema theory unattended information is never
perceived
The focusing of cognitive resources on
Selective attention one or a small number of tasks to the
exclusion of others
A search for information that stops
Self-terminating search
when a target is found
Sensory memory A memory store thought to hold onto
incoming sensory information for very
brief periods of time. A different sensory
 memory store is hypothesized for each
sensory system
The phenomenon that items at the
beginning or end of a list of items are
Serial positron effect
more easily recalled than are items
from the middle of the list
A search for information in which
several stores or slots of information
Serial search
are sequentially examined to match to
the target
A memory store thought to hold onto
incoming information for up to 20 – 30
Short-term memory (STM) seconds. Also called “primary memory.”
It is thought to have a small capacity
(up to 7 +/- 2)
The phenomenon that one’s perception
of an object remains constant even as
the retinal image of the object changes
Size constancy
size (for example, because the object
has moved closer or father away from
the perceiver)
The mental “holding on” to information
Storage between the time it is encoded and the
time it is retrieved
A task invented by J.R. Stroop in which
a subject sees a list of words (color
Stroop task terms) printed in an ink color that differs
from the word named (for example,
green printed in blue ink).
Illusory outline created by certain visual
cues that lead to erroneous from
Subjective contours perceptions. The existence of this
phenomenon suggests that perception
is an active constructive process
A stored pattern or model to which
Template incoming information is matched in
order to be recognized and classified
Temporal lobe A division of the cerebral cortex located
on the side of the head, involved in the
processing of auditory information and
 in some aspects of memory
a structure in the forebrain, involved in
Thalamus relaying information, especially to the
cerebral cortex
Cognitive (usually perceptual) process
directed by expectations (derived from
context, past learning, or both) to form a
Top-down process
larger percept, concept, or
interpretation. Also called conceptually
driven or theory-driven process
An impairment in the ability to interpret
Visual agnosia
(but not to see) visual information
A task in which subjects are asked to
Visual search task detect the presence of a particular
target against an array of similar stimuli
The proposed component of working
Visuospatial sketch pad (of
memory that maintains visual or spatial
WM)
information
The phenomenon that single letter are
more quickly identified in the contest of
Word superiority effect
words than they are when presented
alone or in the context of random letters
A memory structure proposed by
Baddeley, described as consisting of a
Working memory (WM) limited-capacity work space that can be
allocated somewhat flexibly, into
storage space and control processing.
 Psychology test 2

Psychology test 2

Question Answer
functions of
surround neurons and hold them in place
glial cells
denrite receives information from other neurons
soma cell body
axon carries neural impulse down to terminal buttons
mylein sheath fatty covering around axon
nodes of
gaps in the myelin sheath
ranvier
acetylcholine arousal, attention, memory
medulla unconscious thought
pons sleep and arousal
GABA inhibitory NT
cerebellum coordination thought, balance
frontal association cortex
parietal somatosensory
temporal auditory
occipital vision
thalamus sensory relay
hypothalmus controls autonomic nervous system
hippocampus memory
amygdala emotions
left side of brain language, logic, analytic thought, science and math
right side of
creative, art and music, holistic thought
brain
deduction of physical energy and convergence to
sensation
neural signals
perception organization and interpretation of sensations
transduction physical energy or chemicals are translated into
 neural information
refers to location along the basilar membrane that is
place theory
activated
frequency higher frequency sounds produce greater neuron
theory firing
taste gustatory taste cells on taste buds
smell olifactory, cilia can distinguish between 10,000 odors
basic tastes sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear
vestibular
respond to movement and acceleration and to
sense
changes in upright posture sense of balance
the ability to sense the position and movement of
kinesthesia
one's body parts
monocular cues clues about distance based on the image in one eye
each eye sees an object from slightly different
binocular cues
positions
 gen med terms

gen med terms

TERM DEFINITION
myocardium muscle that makes up the heart
endocardium c.t. that encloses the entire heart
pericardium attaches the endocardium to the thorax
branch from the base of the aorta to supply
coronary arteries
the entire myocardium
systole contraction phase
diastole atria and ventricles relaxed
amount of blood pumped into aorta during
stroke volume
a single ventricular contraction
stroke volume x heart rate: volume of blood
cardiac output
pumped per minute
erythrocytes (rbc) transport o2 remove co2
phagocytosis, mediate immune system
leukocytes (wbc)
response
thrombocytes (platelets) clotting
pressure of blood against arterial walls,
blood pressure
maintains perfusion of o2 into organs
myocardium deprived of oxygen resulting
myocardial ischemia
in chest pain (angina)
shortness of breath; occurs when cardiac
dyspnea
output decreases
reduction in the body's capability to
fatigue
perform work
senseation of skipped beats or the heart
palpitation
fluttering uncomfortably
disturbance of the electrical activity that
controls the heartbeat which causes
arrhythmia
cardiac contractions of excessive pace or
strenght (palpitations)
impaired gait, occurs when blood flow to a
claudication
lower limb is blocked
 abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial spaces, occurs with chronic
edema
cardiac conditions or obstruction of veins
or lymph vessels
Korotkoff sounds sounds used to determine bp
arteries that have been pathologically
atherosclerosis
narrowed
aneurysm deformed arteries
general cardiac hypertrophy- enlargmenet
athletes heart of both ventricles due to adaptation to
strenuous aerobic exercise
pathological enlrgment of the heart
hypertrophic associated with an asymmetricl enlrgment
cardiomyopathy of the left ventricular cavity-leading cause
of SCD in young athletes
oxygen needed by myocardium exceeds
myocardial ischemia oxygen in blood delivered by the coronary
arteries
arrhythmogenic right
fatty infiltration (penetration) and fibrosis of
ventricular dysplasia
the myocardium of the right ventricle
(ARVD)
Mitral valve prolapse deformity of mitral valve leaflets that
(MVP) prevents it from closing completely
intermittently occuring very rapid heart rate
paroxysmal
at rest >150 bpm- defect in discharge
Supraventricular
pattern of SA node, atria, or AV node that
Tachycardia
causes drastic increase in heart rate
time it takes for ventricles to depolarize
Q-T interval
and repolarize
accessory pathway between atria and
ventricles conducts more rapidlyithan the
Wolfe-parkinson-White
AV node, and result is that one of the
Syndrome
ventricles depolarizes slightly before the
other
Connective tissue disorder associated with
marfan Syndrome increased risk for scd, develop potentially
fatal deformities in aorta
Commotio Cordis Sudden blows to the chest that occur
during the vulnerable phase of cardiac
 repolarization that induce a severe
ventricular arrhytmia
inflammatory process of the cardiac
myocarditis
muscle cells
copy of brand name drug whose patents
generic drug have expired can sell for cheaper bc no
experimental cost
routes of admin that provide entry to the
enteral routes boyd by way of alimentary canal or
digestive system (oral, rectal)
injection inhalation sublingual buccal and
parenteral routes
topical
delays the release of medication until it
enteric coating
reaches small intestine
extended release released over a longer period, contains
medication more drug
buccal between cheek and gum
common dosage form used to administer
suppository
meds via rectum
physiological process of how the body acts
pharmacokinetics
on a drug (ADME)
amount of drug that is actually available in
bioavailability
the body's tissues
occurs if drug is absorbed from the
first pass effect intestine into the liver before entering the
systemic circulation
lipid soluble drugs diffuse more quickly and
passive diffusion easily and are capable of passing through
blood brain barrier to affect cns
active transport protein move drug across membrane
facilitated diffusion drug selectivity through binding of a protein
onset of action time it takes for drug to reach site of action
period of time when concentration levels
duration of action are sufficient enough to proeduce a
therapeutic effect
metabolism process by which drugs are inactivated and
broken down into more water soluble
 metabolites in preparation for excretion
time it takes for concentration to be
halflife reduced by one half after it has reached
peak concentration
elimination process by which body rids itself of drug
pharmacodynamics process of how drug acts on the body
drug that fits the receptor and initttates a
agonist mechanism similar to the endogenous
compound
drug that fits receptor but fails to initiate or
antagonist
block mechanism
receptor theory of drug
agonists and antagonists
action
potency strenght of drug
maintaing blood levels within the
therapeutic range, achieved once the blood
steady state
levesls from continued dosing matches the
levls of excretion of a drug
2 drugs of same type taken together to add
agonistic interaction
and increase overall effect
2 unrelated drugs to reduce effectivenss of
antagonistic effects
oral drug
cox 1 (housekeeping) gi mucosal integrity, platelet aggregation,
responsible for renal function
cox 2 (inflamatory gene)
inflamation, pain, wound healing
responsible for
penicilins,
inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall
cephalosporins, and
(bactericidal antibiotics)
carbapenems
tetracyclines, macrolides,
disrupt normal protein synthesis
aminoglcosides
inhibit an enzyme used to synthesize
sulonamides
tetrahydrofolic acid within bacteria
staphylococcus aureus misuse of antibiotics has lead to increased
infection incidence of antibiotic resistancce
h1 histamine respiratory tract
h2 histamine stomach
h3 histamine cerebrospinal fluid
1st generation h1 lipid soluble, can cross blood brain barrier
antihistamine to affect cns (drowsiness)
less lipid soluble, not as drowsy, better for
2nd gen antihistamine
daytime
cause vacoconstriction of the blood vessls
decongestants within the nasal passages to help reduce
swelling of mucous membranes
used by individuals with asthma to relax
bronchodilators
bronchial spasms and expand airways
used to treat nausea and vomiting
antiemetics
(regulated in medulla)
used to treat symptoms of diarrhea,
antidarrheals howerver don't generally treat underlying
cause
made of a fiber or cellulose that swells
once combined with fluid producing a thick
bulk forming laxative
substance that stimulates perisatalsis and
pushes the intestinal content forward
function to increase peristalis by drawing
osmotic laxatives
water into the intestinal lumen
stimulant laxatives increase motility of bowels
neutralize stomach acid and increase
antacids
gastric pH
disrupt cell membrane of fungus thus killing
fungicidals
the fungal cell,
prevent the fungal cell from replicating,
fungistatics allowing the immune system to mainage
the infection
used to treat herpes and influenza
antiviral meds infections prevent and reduce duratin and
severity of the virus
bone nerve muscle tendons ligaments
deep somatic pain
arteries or joints
visceral pain internal organs
hyperplasia increase in nmber of cells in a tissue
without chane in the rate of cell division or
function (adaptaion to chronic increased
 metabolic demands)
replacement of cells of one type with
metaplasia antoher in response to physical or
chemical irritants
cells adapt by changing to an abnormal cell
dysplasia
type (cancer)
necrosis cell death
proliferative stage serves to close the tissue wond (scar)
overlaps proliferative: some tissue
remodeling occurs while collagein is still
remodeling stage
being deposited to heal the damage. stops
when structure is restored
hyperpnea rapid respiration
osteocytes mature bone cells
osteoplats produce osteocytes
osteoclats resorbe osteocytes
osteomyelitis inflammation of bone and bone marrow
subtle joint instability and joint capsule
arthritis
inflammation
collagen and elastin. heals with collagen
connective tissue
only, loses flexibility after injury
epithelium lines int. ext surfaces of body
endothelium lines cardiovasuclar system
loss of large amounts of blood from
hemorrhage
vascular system
organs become deprived of blood borne
shock
nutrients and oxygen
septicemia presense of infection
 Chapter 11 - Schizophrenia

Chapter 11 - Schizophrenia

Question Answer
Disorder marked by breakdown in cognitive,
Schizophrenia emotional and behavioral functions. A rare
but devestating illness.
Extremely irrational beliefs remain despite
What are delusions?
lack of supporting evidence.
Delusion of persecution, reference, being
Most common types of
controlled, grandeur, thought broadcasting
delusions
and thought insertion.
Breakdown in processing of thoughts which
Thought Disorder leads to distorted speech. Distorted speech is
however not unique for Schizophrenia.
When a person goes on a tangin before
Tangential speech
getting to the point
When a person goes on a tangin without
Loose associations
reaching a point.
Very vague speech, usually slow and convey
Poverty of Speech
very little info.
When a person starts talking then suddenly
Thought Blocking
stops.
Neologisms Made up words
Perseveration Repeating things.
Clanging Saying a string of words that all rhyme.
Perception that occurs in the absence of
Hallucinations
external stimuli.
What is the most
common Auditory
hallucination?
Variations in auditory 3rd person commentary and command
hallucinations hallucinations.
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure. No change in
 mood.
Behavior that doesn't express any change in
Flat Affect mood. Voice and expressions usually just
stayes flat.
Inappropriate Affect Example: Laughing at a funeral.
Avolition Inability to persist in goal-directed behavior.
Posturing or mannerisms. Example, freezing
Catatonia
in a posture for an hour.
Staying at a posture and being very stiff,
Negativistic Catatonia
almost impossible to move.
Waxy flexibility Staying at a postire and being very flexible
Catatonia and moveable.
Echolalia Repeating what people say to you
Echopraxia Repeating, immitating motormovements.
Added behavior that wasn't present in the
Positive symptoms
person's life before Schizophrenia.
Missing behavior that was present before in a
Negative symptoms person before Schizophrenia Example: flat
affect.
Psychosis: Problems with knowing what is
reality and what is not. Schizophrenia: a
Psychosis versus
psychotic disorder because it makes people
Schizophrenia
have difficulties with knowing what's reality
and what's not.
1.Two or more over a month: Delusions,
hallucinations, disordered speech,
Diagnosis of disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative
Schizophrenia symptoms. 2.Marked impairment in fuctioning
3.Signs of disorder for 6 months 4.symptoms
not due to drugs or medical conditions.
1.one or more delusions or frequent auditory
hallicinatiosn 2.delusional tend to be around a
Paranoid Type
theme. Example: persecution, grandeur,
jealousy.
Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior,
flator inappropriate affect. Delusions tend to
Disorganized Type
be disorganized (religious or sexual. Often
neglect hygiene.
 Impaired motor behavior. Periods of stupor or
catalepsy. Behavioral negativism. Posturing
Catatonic Type
or mannerisms. Echolalia or echopraxia.
Excessive, purposeless behavior.
Major symptoms of schizophrenia but doesn't
Undifferentiated type fit in one preticular type. Might fit on none or
in many.
Person who used to have schizophrenia and
Residual Type recovered but still have symptoms but not
enough for full schizophrenic diagnosis.
One of more positive symptoms of
Brief psychotic
schizophrenia that lasts less than a month
disorder
and is caused by trauma orextreme stress.
Delusions due to living with someone else
Folie a deux (Shared
with delusions. Little is known about this
psychotic disorder)
condition.
Family studies and twin studies where made
to determine the cause of Schizophrenia and
Genetic factors for it whowed that there is a genetic factor to the
Schizophrenia illness. The more genes you share with a
person with schizophrenia, the bigger the risk
is that you get it.
Prevelenace of
Schizophrenia
3%
amongst the general
population
If a monozygotic twin has schizophrenia,
The prevelance of
there is a 48% that the other one will get it. If
Schizophrnia.
a fraternal twin has schizophrenia there is
Monozygotic twins
only a 17% chance that the other one will get
versus fraternal twins.
it.
There are proof that says that the
environment can play an important factor to
the cause of Schizophrenia. Ex: Not both of
Environmental factors
monozygotic twins have to get it. Spouses of
person with schizophrenia can get it, as well
as half siblings.
Studies of the Cildren fall in 1 of 4 groups. 4 groups: either
Offsrping of twins the twins are 1.identical or 2.fraternal, either
3.parent had schizophrenia or 4.twin of parent
 had schizophrenia.
Three groups were the same: mom has
schizophrenia but moms identical twin
Result of studies of doesnt, mom doesn't but moms identical twin
the offspring of twins does, mom has but moms fraternal doesnt.
The only one that was radically less was:
moms fraternal twin does but mo doesn't.
Search for behavioral Smooth-pursuit eye movement. Tracking an
markers of object with head still: eyes move jerky. And
schizophrenia many of their relatives!
Antipsychotic drug. Drugs found to reduce
posative symptoms, they blockes action of
neurostransmitters. Conclusion:
Dopamine Hypothesis
schizophrenia related to too much dopamine
activity. Proof: drugs that increase dopamine
cab produce schizophrenic symptoms.
3 of 4 adults with schizophrenia show loss of
Biochemical factors:
brain tissue. Evidence: enlarged ventricles
Brain absnormalities
and reduced brain tissue volume.
Prefrontal cortex handles planning, expresses
emotions and appropriate social functioning
Hypofrontality in Pre- and organizes though processes.
frontal cortex Hypofrontality decreases brain activity in pre-
frontal cortex. This occurs with schizophrenia:
could explain negative sympotms.
Schizophrenia caused Severe flu during 2nd trimester can results in
by flu? a higher risk of schizophrenia for child.
Stress causes Stress may activate underlying vulerability
Schizophrenia and or increase risk of relapse.
Low tolerance and empathy for the ill family
member can result in relapse. Living in a
Family interactions:
hostile and critical household increase
Expressed emotions
relapse. Ex: patient with EE 50% and patient
without EE 14%
Diathesis is the predisposition to develop
Diathesis-Stress schizophrenia, most often biological. Stess
model combined with the diathesis can lead to
schizophenia
Historical medical Lobotomy, electroconvulsive therapy, insulin
treatments shock therapy (induse seizures and then
 coma, when the patient wakes up he is
supposebly treated.)
Ex. Haldol, Thorazine, Stelazine. They block
Antipsychotic
dopamine receptors in the brain. They
medication
primarily help positive symptoms.
Short term Side
effects of Extrapyramidal side effects (parkinson-like)
antipsychotic such as stiff muscles and spasms
medication
Long term die effects 1 in 4 develop Tardive Dyskinsesia (TD).
of antipsychotic Involuntary movements (face, mouth, neck,
medication arms, legs)
Focus on stress reduction, social skills,
Individual and group
dealing with criticism, and medication
psychotherapy
compliance
 Chapter 1 - Intro to Abnormal Psychology

Chapter 1 - Intro to Abnormal Psychology

Questio Questio
Answer Answer Question Asnwer
n n
Paracelsus
was a Swiss
physician
that
What are 1.Social proposed a
What Modern
the Deviance theory about focuses
was Psychoan
criteria 2.Unusualness how the on the
Paracels alytic
for 3.Discomfort starst and role of
us' perspectiv
determini 4.Mental the moon the
Astrologi es to
ng illness could unconsci
cal mental
abnormal 5.Maladaptive explain ous
Model? illness
ity? ness abnormal
behavior.
Coined the
term
"lunatic".
During the
11th century
you might
have been role of
accused of reinforce
Goes against Modern
being a ment and
standards of behavioris
Social Witchcraf witch if you punishm
society and tic views
Deviance t were single ent in
cultural of mental
or just determini
relativism. illness
eccentirc. ng
The pope behavior
decreed that
witches be
executed.
Unusual Rare, What A manual A modern How
ness statistical was the written by cognitive people
deviance and Malleus two priests approach think
also somewhat Maleficar that outlined to mental about
ties to culture. um? tests for illness their
 how to
determine if world
someone determin
was a witch. es their
For emotions
example: and
Water-floeat behavior
Test
She
advocate
Leaches d moral
was used to therapy
suck the in
blood/illness America,
out of you. if initiated
The amount of
the leaches legal
personal
didn't help Who was forms for
Discomfo distress and 1700s
they would Dorothea jails and
rt discomfort a Leaches
cut you Dix? asylums
person i
open and let as well
experiencing.
you blees. as
The artificial establish
leach was ed over
invented in 30
the 1800s. mental
institution
s.
Evidence The 3 d's: Hippocra Hippocrates How did Restraine
of a Dysfunction, tes early believed moral s where
psycholo Distress, Biologica that theray removed
gical deviance. l Model abnormal look in the and
disorder behavior asylums patients
was due to from the where
physical 1700s to treated
disease. the as
1900s? normal
as
possible.
Treatmen
t was
work,
fresh air
and
 social
interactio
ns.
Based on
that
mental
illness
was due
to
separatio
n from
nature
and
stress of
rapid
social
change.
The grew
food +
events.
Disorders
caused by
imbalance
in four major
bodily fluids;
What are blood, black
the three bile, yellow
Bilogical
general bile and
Biological, Hippocra Assumed and
theories phlehm. Too
supernatural tes cause of "moral"
of much black
and Humoral insanity in causes
psycholo bile would
psychological. Theory the 1800s caused
gical result in
insanity.
disorders depression.
? Bloodletting
and
vomiting
was
common
treatments.
How was Used a tool to What did The modern An complex
abnormal drill a hole in the findings or intergratio interactio
behavior your head to Humoral neurotrans nists n of
viewed in let the evil Theory mitters. modern biological
 ,
the
psycholo
Stone spirits out. view of
foreshad gical and
ages and Called abnormal
ow? sociocult
how was Trephination. behavior
ural
it cured?
factors.
Multiple
aches and
other bodily
Abnormal symptoms
behavior was with no
caused by other
demonic apparent
possession physical
and exorcism illness was
How was
was used to caused by
abnormal
persuade the the
behavior Where
demon to wandering
viewed in did
leave the uterus.
the hysteria
body. If the Which led to
middle come
demons did the word
ages and from?
not respond to hysteria.
how was
the exorcism, The
it cured?
body pain was treatment
used to was to get
encourage the married,
demon to have sex or
leave. Ex: The drive the
rack. uterus back
to place by
strong
smells.
The rise In the 1500s in St Mary's The Bedlam
of europe Bethlehe used
Asylums mentally m mentally
disturbed disturbed as
people was entertainme
seen as a nt for the
threat to townspeopl
society and e. Patients
where put in where often
"Madhouses". tied or
Patients rarely chained up.
 got treatment
and conditions
were horrible.
Started the
beginning of
Moral Therapy.
Was a french Which
physician in was the
charge of La first
Bicetre public
Public
Dr. hostpital. hospital
Hospital of
Philippe Argued that in
Williamsbur
Pinel absnormal America
g
behavior was exclusive
due to a ly for
disease. mentally
Pushed for the ill?
beed of dignity
and tranquility
for patiens.
 Sleep Psych

Sleep Psych

Question Answer
Restful state while awake, before sleep, long
Alpha Activity train of waves, can get from visual cortex
while eyes are closed
What does REM sleep
cognitive growth
help?
What does slow wave
resting and rebuilding, body
sleep
When does slow wave
1st half of the night
sleep occur
90 minute biological rhythm and controls day
Ultradian Rhythm
dreaming
Who is most
10 year olds/before puberty
aroused/awake
What time is there a lot
3pm
of sleepiness
What happens
If you get below 5 you will be miserable the
between 4 and 5 hours
next day (between 4-5)
of sleep received
Ducks, Dolphins and
whales and other can sleep one hemisphere at a time
birds...
Most of nonrem sleep symptoms, eeg
Reptiles Sleep modulated, typical posture, tortuse shows
some rem sleep, quiet period
Some rem sleep may have evolved from fish
Bird Sleep
and progressed
Combined REM sleep beyond the cortex at
Accidna
brain stem level (egg laying)
Both REM and NREM sleep (nocternal egg
Platypus laying) they have rem sleep cuz they have
eggs
Infradian Longer than a day, menstruel and seasonal
 rhythms
Little longer than a day, first study on plants-
Circadian still open up w/o sunlight, gets weaker as we
grow older
cues that entrain circadian rhythm to 24
Zeitgebers hours, bright light is most important, Social
interacting,
Amplitude decreases as we get older
Tested 28 and 21 hour cycles, controlled
Kleitman and
everything: body temp, Older guy didn't
RIchardson's Quarters
adjust and stayed on 24hour, sleepiest when
in Mammoth Cave
body temp is lowq
3 weeks is max of no sleep, uses up energy
Sleep Deprevation
and lowers body temp
Circadian Oscillation of
Vigilance States
lowest temp is towards end (90 minutes
Entrained
before you awake)
released when you sleep and doesn't have
Growth Hormone its own rhythm, associated with slow wave
sleep/first half of night
Increases during sleep and released more
Cortisol
during REM sleep,
7 min to sleep and 14 minutes awake,
20 minute day compresses the sleep cycle, the rhythms still
exist/cycle and same proportions
SLeep better in ludial phase (from ovulation
Menstrual Cycle to mestration) and phollicular phase: after
menstration to ovulation
Luteal Phase (menstral Daytime sleepiness is greater ovulation to
cycle) menstration
Pollicular phase After menstration back to ovulation, better
(menstral cycle) sleep quality and less variable
Suprachiasmatic Place in brain that controls all circadian
Nucleus (SCN) rhythms, close to optic chiasm
Way we organize the viusal field, parts go to
Optic Chiasm left and right hemisphere and cross the optic
chiasm
 Gland that releases melatonin, surprssed by
Pineel Gland
light and released during night
Advanced Sleep Phase Go to bed before normal time, wake up
Syndrome earlierBeing a lark (wake up early)
Delay Sleep Phase Go to bed after normal time (later like you
Syndrome can't get to sleep) and sleep in later (owls)
What color light has
biggest affect on Blue light, strong with the sun
circadian rhythm?
Going to bed later, more in young people,
sleepy in morning, Treated: light therapy
Circadian Rhythm
(show light AFTER nadir)
Disorder(Delayed
chronotherapy(adjusting sleep schedule
Sleep Phase Disorder)
around clock), CBTi (cognitive behaviral
interventions
Going to bed earlier, wake earlier, in elderly,
Circadian Rhythm
Light therapy (show light BEFORE nadir)
Disorder (Advanced...
and CBTi
Non-entrained Type of Free running rhythm that does not entrain,
Circadian Rhythm seen in individuals with retinal blindness,
Sleep Disorder treated by: melatonin and sleep scheduling
We are all entrained to go to bed and wake
Entraiment
up at the same time
Irregular Sleep-Wake No pattern to the sleep-wake rhythm, Normal
Type of Circadian TST per 24 hours, Seen in infants and
Rhythm Sleep Disorder people w/ diffuse brain damage
Temporary mismatch between local time and
the sleep-wake rhythm, more when traveling
Jet Lag Disorder
east across time zones, There are melatonin
supplements.
Characterized by complaints of insomnia or
excessive sleepiness that occur in relation to
Shift Work Disorder
work hours scheduled during the usual sleep
period
They sleep 2/3 of day, 50% in Rem and 50%
NREM, REM sleep is longest during infancy,
Sleep in Infants
sleep pattern starts to develop at 3 to 4
months
Active Sleep grows and develops into REM sleep,
 premature babies have higher % of active
sleep, is highly important for the
development of the brain
Stays the same after early adolescnce, 20-
Sleep Span decreases
25% and same for old and middle aged
as you get older
people
Older people (harder to get back to sleep)
Fragmented sleep and as you get older the less slow wave
(Stage 3 and 4) you get.
Low frequency and High AmplitudeStage 3
Slow wave sleep
and 4
Men tend to lose slow wave sleep before
Men vs. Women sleep
women do, parrallel to life expectancy
Over 65 your amplitude drops, and more
As you get older...
awakenings
5 yr olds: more than 9 hours of sleep, 10
Sleep Amount in... year olds: stays the same. 15 years: 8 hours
of sleep, and after is less than 8
Does sleep Latency
change as you get Not very much
older?
More when your younger and more when
Stage 1
your really old
Sleep attempts occur during night and
Bimodal distribution
afternoon when we are not already asleep
College students during every oppurtunity for
Twilight Zone MSLT, and that is considered Clinically
Sleepy
Total sleep time: increases in early teens,
TST
decreases after that
Co-Sleeping Larger cities have more co-sleepers,
Definition of Sleep Homeostatic, Behavioral quiet period, and
across Species change in responsiveness, reversible
Behavioral Quiet Debate that it might be sleep but, some
Period people don't have it or animals have it
What sounds are you
Name
most responsive to?
Other criteria to define Typical Posture, EEG modulation to
 distinguish wake from sleep, EEG difference
sleep
indicating different stages of sleep.
Diaries/Logs, Polysonography, Retrospective
quiestionarres, observer ratings, movement
Measure Sleep
(actigraphy), responses to external stimuli,
PSG
PSG, "Gold standard" of sleep
Polysomnography
measurement, EEG, EMG, EOG,
Test to see how well you respond to external
Lienstien SAD
stimuli.
Wake Relaxed Alpha EEG, 8-12 hz
5-10%, Theta EEG waves, slow-ROLLING
Stage 1 EYE MOVEMENT, 3-7hz, mixed frequency,
and low voltage
Stage 2 50%, sleep spindles, k complexes
Burst of EEG activity, at least .5 seconds
Sleep Spindle
and 12-14
Large negative and postive deflection,
K complex
greater than 75 mic
Just like stage 4, slow wave sleep, delta
Stage 3 waves, 20-50% delta eeg waves, 15-20% of
the sleep cycle
Stage 4 same as 3, advanced equipment to see
REM Behavioral
Act out your dreams
Disorder
Restful state while awake, before sleep, train
Alpha Activity of waves that you can get from your visually
cortex while your eyes are closed
EOG Measure above one eye and below the other
What does REM sleep
Cognitive growth
help
Slow wave sleep helps Rest and rebuild body
What time is there a lot
of sleepiness in the Afternoon dip 3:00
day
Slow wave sleep
during 1st half of night
occurs more...
 controls day dreaming rhythm, 90 minutes
Ultradian Rhythm
about
Most aroused and
Before puberty
awake

types of psychologists

types of psychologists

Question Answer
Deals with more extreme types of disorder.
Clinical
Diagnosing and treatment
Counseling deals with less sever issues
setting problems and problems dealing with
school (educational)
students
focus on 1 certain aspect and its
developmental
development over time
personality different qualities and traits
social factors influence individual and vise
social
versa
environmental deals with physical and social surroundings
experimental trained in research
biological people over animals
comparative animals over people
industrial/organizational productivity, stress. what influences jobs
geropsychologist memory loss
 The Brain

The Brain

Question Answer
PET Scan records biochemical rxn’s in brain as they occur
Magnetic fields & radio waves produce vibrations
MRI in the nuclei of atoms—the vibrations are
recorded
BRAIN STEM passageway to upper/lower portions of the brain
Medulla mechanical fx’s: breathing, heart rate
Pons attention, sleeping/walking, dreaming
Reticular network of neurons that screens info & alerts
Activating System other areas of brain if necessary… “secretary”
Cerebellum balance, precise mvt’
Hypothalamus Controls important basic drives in brain
directs sensory info to proper areas of brain
Thalamus
(visual, auditory, etc&hellip
master gland—2nd in command—takes orders
Pituitary gland from hypothalamus—sends messages to other
endocrine glands
EEG records brain waves (electrical patterns
Limbic System forms a border b/t higher/lower parts of the brain
part of limbic system—evaluating sensory info for
Amygdala
emotional importance
part of limbic system—evaluates sensory info &
Hippocampus
compares to prior knowledge
Cerebrum Center of higher level thinking
Corpus Callosum connects right & left hemispheres
Occipital Lobe Contains visual cortex
Somato-sensory Cortex—pressure, pain, touch,
Parietal Lobe
temp
Auditory cortex– “Wernicke’s area”—Language
Temporal Lobe
components
Frontal Lobe Motor Cortex– “Broca’s Area”—Speech
 Production

Dreams

Dreams

Question Answer
0) Beta waves awake/alert…slows to…
1) Alpha waves rhythmic at times and transitions to...
2) Theta waves a little deeper sleep—undisturbed by minor noises
3)Delta/Deep
½ brain waves = delta, ½ = theta
sleep
more than 50% of brain waves are delta waves last
4)Deeper sleep (and deepest) of the sleep stages before REM
sleep; stages reverse and then REM sleep begins
most vivid dreaming occurs, rapid eye movement,
REM STAGE
heart beats faster
Activation Neurons in the Pons fire RapidlyBrain tries to make
Synthesis sense of them by combining w/ existing knowledge
Theory & memory
0) Beta waves awake/alert…slows to…
1) Alpha waves rhythmic at times and transitions to...
2) Theta waves a little deeper sleep—undisturbed by minor noises
3)Delta/Deep
½ brain waves = delta, ½ = theta
sleep
more than 50% of brain waves are delta waves last
4)Deeper sleep (and deepest) of the sleep stages before REM
sleep; stages reverse and then REM sleep begins
most vivid dreaming occurs, rapid eye movement,
REM STAGE
heart beats faster
Activation Neurons in the Pons fire RapidlyBrain tries to make
Synthesis sense of them by combining w/ existing knowledge
Theory & memory
 psyc study guide exam 1

psyc study guide exam 1

Question Answer
long term changes in a persons
life span
physical/biological processes, patterns of
developement
thinking, and feeling
prenatal (conc. to birth), infancy (birth to 2),
early childhood (2 to 6), mid/late childhood (6-
8 developmental
12), adolescence (12-20), early adulthood (20's
periods
to 30's), middle adulthood (40's-60's), late
adulthood (60's-death)
3 domains of
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional
development
nature hereditary inheritance
refers to environmental influences, experience,
nurture
learning, cultures, families, groups
psychoanalytic
emphasis on process/struggle between drives
(psychodynamic)
and environment
theory
freud 5
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
psychosexual stages
trust vs. mistrust (birth-1), autonomy vs. shame
& doubt (1-3), initiative vs. guilt (3-6), industry
erickson 8 vs. inferiority (6-12), identity vs. role confusion
psychosocial stages (12-19), intimacy vs. isolation (19-25),
generativity vs. stagnation (25-50), ego vs.
despair (50-)
trust trust that others will care for their basic needs
mistrust mistrust the care of others
cognitive theory (Piaget) emphasis on thinking, problem-solving
sensorimotor (birth-2), preoperational (2-6),
Piaget's 4 stages concrete operations 6-11), formal operations
12-adulthood
driving force, motivation; balance is another
cognitive equilibrium
word for equilibrium;
two techniques of assimilation (minor adjustment) and
adaptation accomodation (major adjustment)
behavioral/operant
(skinner); studies observable behavior
conditioning theories
key ideas of
operant conditioning and classical conditioning
behavioral theories
behaviors; the learning process by which a
particular action is followed by something
desired (which makes a person or animal more
operant conditioning
likely to repeat the action or by something
unwanted which makes the action less likely to
be repeated
emotional responses; learning process that
connects a meaningful stimulus such as the
classical conditioning smell of food to a hungry animal with the
neutral stimulus such as the sound of a bell
that had no meaning before conditioning
social cognitive (bandura) emphasis on learning from own and
theory other experiences
learning occurs in the context of social
key ideas of social relationships; effect of environment is altered
cognitive theory by one's beliefs, conclusions, thoughts, and
observational learning, modeling.
which a person observes the actions of others
modeling
and then copies them
ecological or (Vygotsky); emphasis on social and cultural
sociocultural theory variables
a zone surrounding a learner that includes all
zone of proximal the skills, knowledge, and concepts that a
development person is close to acquiring but cannot yet
master without help
scaffolding temporary structure or support; how to do it
(ainsworth came up with strange situation test);
ethological theory power of attachment; emphasis on biology and
evolution
attachment theory; imprinting, critical or
key ideas of
sensitive periods; secure attachment and
ethological theory
insecure attachment
hypothesis prediction
theory big picture; I think it means
research methods independent, dependent variables,
variable of interest that is controlled by the
independent variable
experimenter
measured variable whose value depends on
dependent variable the effect of independent variable on the
subjects
sample subjects whose behavior is studied
infants dependent
staring/attending vs. ignoring
variables
habitation baby boredom
dishabituation back paying attention to it
cross-sectional study common
longitudinal study resource attentive
sequential study rare; time sequential; years of waiting
observes behavior as it occurs in natural
descriptive research
settings
measure the strength of a relationship between
correlation research
two observed variables
arranges the situation so that only one factor
experimental (variable) is changed at a time; then one
research measure the effect of that change on another
factor (variable)
a systemic relationship between two or more
correlation variables that can't prove any cause and effect;
it DOES NOT imply cause and effect
causality cause and effect
statistical results of my experiment is less likely or more
significance likely to happen by chance
threads of DNA sequences; sequences of
genes in cell nucleus. one of the 46 molecules
chromosomes of DNA (in 23 pairs) that each cell of the
human body contains and that, together,
contain all the genes
in charge of characteristics; basic unit of
genes
heredity
 mature male or female sex cell; has 23
gamete
chromosomes
zygote fertilized egg
genotype could have been; entire genetic inheritance
phenotype what we actually got; our traits
identical twins; originate from one zygote that
monozygotic twins
splits apart very early in devlepment
fraternal twins; formed when 2 separate ova
dizygotic twins
are fertilized by 2 separate sperm cells
carrier that never gets expressed; the
interaction of a pair of alleles (a slight variation
dominant/recessive of a particular gene) in such a way that the
gene phenotype reveals the influence of one allele
(the dominant gene) more than that of the other
(the recessive gene)
study of the effect of genes on behavior;
behavioral genetics intellectual abilities; psychological disorders;
and personality traits
influences a number of psychological issues;
shyness, disorders such as schizophrenia,
genetic heritage depression, ocd, addiction, alcoholism,
phobias, anxiety disorders; antisocial behavior,
and Alzheimer's.
research methods
often used by twin studies and adoption studies
behavior geneticists
narrow path; development often proceeds on
canalization
course despite extreme environment.
extra chromosome (47)instead of (46) with
down syndrome
three rather than two at the 21st position
part of the X chromosome seems to be
fragile x attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of
molecules; females usually carriers
PKU inability to metabolize common amino acid
sickle-cell anemia red blood cells distorted
teratogens agents and conditions that causes defects;
behavioral agents and conditions that can harm the
teratogens prenatal brain impairing the child's intellectual
 and emotional functioning.
the biological protection of the brain when
malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is
head sparing
the last part of the body to be damaged by
malnutrition
0-2 weeks after fertilization; begins when
zygote is formed from male & female gametes;
germinal period starts in fallopian tube; ends as implantation in
uterus, if successful; fist sign of cell
differentiation
3rd to 8th week (6 weeks total); about 20% of
embryonic period embryos spontaneously aborted; placenta
develops; blastocyst develops into 3 layers
9th week until birth; rule of thumb
3months/3ounces/3inches; internal organs
fetal period
develop; primary developement time for
nervous system
amniocentesis; Ultrasound sonography:
prenatal tests Chorionic villi sampling; Maternal blood test
(AFP)
between 13th-20th week of pregnancy. Sample
amniocentesis of amniotic fluid removed & studied. Risk of
miscarriage is 4:1000 or less; .05%
Ultrasound
Sonar picture of fetus
sonography
Chorionic villi between 8th-11th week; small sample of
sampling: placenta removed
detects neural tube defects and down
Maternal blood test
syndrome. 14th-20th weeks: relatively high rate
(AFP)
of false positives
full term pregnancy 38 weeks
labor stage 1: 5-12 hours avg.- cervical dilation;
birth stages stage 2: 1-2 hours avg. - delivery; stage 3: 10-
50 minutes avg. - placenta & umbilical cord
the examiner checks for five vital signs-heart
rate; breathing, muscle tone, color, and
Apgar test reflexes-at one minute and again at five
minutes after birth, assigning each a score of 0,
1, or 2 and totaling all five scores
typical birthweight between 5 1/2 and 9 lb
low birthweight less than 5 1/2 lb
prenatal growth from conception to 5 months
cephalocaudal
when the head grows more than the body; top
patterns
to bottom
prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when
proximodistal
the fetus grows from the inside of the body
patterns
outwards; center to extremities
the process of insulating the axons with fatty
cells to increase the speed of the neural
myelination impulse; greatest increase in 1st four years;
however, process occurs prenatally through
adolescence
used to increase strength and duration of
oxytocin
contractions
physical adjustments, emotional adjustments;
postpartum period
psychological adjustments; baby blues
occurs when sensory receptor detects a
sensation
stimulus
mental processing(orginization/interpretation)
perception
of sensory information
at birth brain is 25% of adult weight; enormous
increase in dendrites and synaptic connections
brain development in 1st 24 months; unused connections atrophy
(elimination by pruning); cerebral cortex divided
into hemispheres
enriched
animal studies show enriched environments
environments effect
show more complex brains (cortex)
brain how
become so familiar w/stimulus that it no longer
habituation
elicits responses
the ability to relate & integrate information
intermodal
about 2 or more sensory modalities such as
perception
hearing and vision or vision and touch
survival mechanisms; involuntary muscular
reflexes
response to stimulus
critical reflexes immediate-term; oxygen supply (breathing
reflex, cough, etc.) body temp. (shivering,
 crying, body posture) feeding (rooting, sucking)
moro (startle response; grasping, stepping, and
other reflexes
the persistent (into adulthood) relexes
gross motor skills large muscle activity
birth (arm waving), 1st month (head
movements, 3-4 mo.(roll over), 5-7 mo.(sit w/o
gross motor skills support), 6-8 mo.(crawling), 7-10 mo.(climbing;
timeline pulls self up), 3-5/11 mo.(standing;
supported/unsupported), 8-10/11-12 mo.
(walking; assisted/unassisted)
fine motor skills small body movements
3mo.(fingering and batting), 4-6mo.
fine motor skills (grabbing/grasping),6-8mo.(deliberately let go;
timeline transfer from hand to hand)11+mo.(two handed
hold)
Ester Thelan; not automatic, it is motivation to
do something ; voluntary motor activity is
dynamic systems
assembled from component actions (bridging
theory
reflexes); activity is initiated from desire to “do
something”; non-milestone-based
individual exposed to an agent that is designed
vaccinations to strengthen their immune system against that
agent
guide; 50 calories/pound/day; breast feeding vs
nutrition formula; breast is best for 1st 2 years of life;
appropriate weight gain; fewer allergies, etc
sudden infant death syndrome; infant stops
breathing; 1-4 mo. highest risk; risk factors-
prenatal: smoking,teenage pregnancy, 1 year
SIDS
between births. Post-natal: LBW, sleeping on
stomach, non-breast fed, excess clothing and
soft sleep surfaces;
marasmus protein-calorie deficit; starving to death
kwashiorkor protein deficit; have calories but no protein
undernutrition failure to thrive
 Stress Disorders

Stress Disorders

Question Answer
what are stress disorders stressor-> event creating demand, stress
composed of? response-> reaction to demand
what are people
anxiety disorders--gad, panic disorder,
vulnerable to if they have
ocd, social phobia
stress disorders?
what is trait anxiety? general level of anxiety
what is state anxiety? sense of threat; situational
what two pathways by
sympathetic nervous system releases
which the ANS and
norepinephrine and epinephrine;
endocrine system produce
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal pathway
arousal and fear
releases corticosteroids (hormones
reactions?
acute stress disorder-symptoms begin
what are the two common
within four weeks and last less than a
disorders that develop
month; post-traumatic stress disoder-
after experiencing a
symptoms begin at any time and last for
trauma?
more than a month
what are the symptoms of reexperiencing the traumatic event,
acute and post-traumatic avoidance, detachment, increased
stress disorder? arousal
abnormal levels of norepinephrine and
why do people develop
cortisol from stress response, personality,
acute or post-traumatic
negative childhood experiences, weak
stress disorder?
social support, severity of trauma
normalize responses, encourage
what is the four stage
emotional expressions, teach self-help
approach for therapy?
skills, provide referrals

Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders
Question Answer
what are the two mood
unipolar depression and bipolar disorder
disorders?
what is the difference
mania is a state of breathless euphoria
between mania and
and depression is a low, sad state
depression?
biological predisposition, abnormal levels
what causes major
of norepinephrine and serotonin, abnormal
depressive disorder?
levels of cortisol or melatonin
how does the biological antidepressants > maois, tricyclics, and
perspective treat major SSRIs and electroconvlusive shock
depressive disorder? therapy
break down norepinephrine; dietary
what do MAOIs do? what
restrictions-can cause strokes if eat foods
is the danger?
with triamaynes from high BP
increases NT activity in synapse;
what do tricyclics do? increases heartrate so must get regular
EEGS
SSRIs act on what NT? serotonin; less side effects, no dietary
what are the benefits? restrictions, less likely to OD
how does the
psychodynamic early losses in life set stage; use free
perspective view unipolar association and therapist interpretation
depression?
how does the behavioral
related to rewards received in life; tries to
perspective view
improve social skills
depression?
how does the cognitive
learned helpelessness & negative thinking
perspective view
are causes
depression?
what are the four maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad (self,
interrelated future, experiences) in negative ways,
compononents of make errors in thinking, experience
depression? automatic thoughts
how does the cognitive increasing activities, challenging automatic
model treat depression? thoughts, identifying negative thinking,
(beck) changing primary attitudes
 manic episode > 3 or more symptoms of
what are the criteria for
mania lasting one week or more; history of
bipolar disorder?
mania > hypomanic or depression
what are emotional,
emotions seeking outlet, need for constant
motivational, behavioral,
excitement/companionship, moving
cognitive, and physical
quickly, poor judgment, high energy level
symptoms of mania?
bipolar 1 > full manic and depressive
what are the two kinds of
episodes and bipolar 2 > hypomanic and
bipolar disorder?
depressive episodes-can still function
low serotonin + low norepinephrine =
what NTs play a role in
depression; low serotonin + high
depression and mania?
norepinephrine = mania
what role can ions play in may be improperly transported; fire too
bipolar disorder? easily = mania, resist firing = depression
do genetics play a role in
there is a potential link
bipolar disorder?
what is the best treatment
lithium & adjunctive psychotherapy
for bipolar disorder?
what is the leading cause
suicide
of death in the world?
how do suicide rates of women are more likely to attempt (3x),
men and women differ? men are more likely to be successful (3x)
what is suicuide related
marital status, social support
to?
how does the suicide rate
of white americans suicide rate of white americans is twice as
compare to african high
americans?
what are some common substance abuse, mental health disorder,
predictors of suicide? history of suicide in family
which group is most likely
elderly; illness, loss of control, loss of
to commit suicide and
social support, loss of social status
why?
what treatments are used medical care then psychotherapy and drug
after suicide attempts? treatments
what are the therapist's keep person alive, get to a nonsuicidal
goals for suicidal? state of mind, improve/develop coping
 skills

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Question Answer
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder,
what are the six types phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute
of anxiety disorders? stress disorder, obsessive complusive
disorder
what is generalized persistent worrying causing problems in daily
anxiety disorder? functioning
what are the
worrying about the future, constant
symptoms of
surveillance of danger, sweating, dizziness,
generalized anxiety
racing heart
disorder?
what is generalized
anxiety disorder low levels of GABA or receptors are defective
caused by?
how does the
psychodynamic
controlling the id; creation of defense
perspective treat
mechanisms
generalized anxiety
disorder?
how does the
humanistic
"client center therapy" development of
perspective treat
unconditional positive regard
generalized anxiety
disorder?
how does the
rational emotive therapy--teaching coping
cognitive perspective
skills and help to recognize faulty
treat generalized
assumptions
anxiety disorder?
how does the biofeedback, relaxation techniques,
biological perspective antianxiety drugs
treat generalized
anxiety disorder?
how do phobias differ
fear is very intense, avoidance, causes
from normal
dysfunction
experiences of fear?
what are the three
categories of specific, social, and agoraphobia
phobias?
what are specific persistent fear of objects or situations; may
phobias? suffer from more than one at a time
severe, persistent, and unreasonable fear of
what are social social or performance situations where
phobias? embarrassment may occur BROAD or
NARROW
what is agoraphobia? fear of leaving the house
what causes phobias modeling, classical conditioning, & perhaps a
to develop? biological predisposition
what are treatments
systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling
for specific phobias?
what are the
antidepressants, behavioral exposure, social
treatments for social
skills training
phobias?
what is panic periodic fear of death, losing control--panic
disorder? what are the disorder with agoraphobia, panic disorder
two types? without agoraphobia
how long does a panic
1-30 minutes
attack usually last?
what contributes to abnormal function of norepinephrine,
panic disorder? overexaggerate symptoms
what are the antidepressants/benzodiapines, attempt to
treatments for panic correct misinterpretations through education
disorder? and coping skills
combination of obsessions (persistent
what is obsessive thoughts, impulses, desires) and compulsions
compulsive disorder? (repeated and rigid behavior people feel they
must perform to reduce anxiety)
what are the features intrusive thoughts, most common: cleaning,
of obsessions? touching, cooking, checking
what are the features yielding to obssessions; "voluntary" behaviors
of compulsions? or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety
what are the antidepressants (increase serotonin),
treatments for OCD? exposure and response prevention
Mood Disorders & Depression

Mood Disorders & Depression

Question Answer
Most common mental illness: Feeling
of profound sadness, low self-esteem Depression
& hopelessness about one's life
Often SECONDARY to a medical
condition, alcohol or drugs; people
Depression
with chronic medical problems are @
high risk
Beck Depression Inventory,
NMHA Online Assessment,
3 Assessment Tools for Depression:
Geriatric, Hamilton & Zung
Depression Scales
Suicide potential, withdrawn/isolated,
anhedonia, hypersomnia, insomnia,
Depression
guilt, shame, anergia, neurovegetaive
are indicators of ?
? is the reduction in or lack of energy anergia
? is the inability to find meaning or
anhedonia
pleasure in EXISTENCE
2 main neurotransmitters serotonin & norepinephrine
grief, interpersonal disputes,
role transitions, genetics,
Factors triggering depression:
neurotransmitter imbalance,
meds, stress, abandonment
Signs/symptoms > 2wks, substantial
pain & suffering, hx of 1 or more
MDD = major depressive
depressive episodes, psychological,
disorder
social & occupational disability are
characteristics of ?
Single/Recurrent episodes;
Mild/moderate/severe, with psychotic,
catatonic, melancholic, postpartum, MD = Mood Disorders
seasonal, or atypical features are
classifications of?
(MD) impaired reality with PSYCHOTIC features
(hallucinations/delusions)
(MD) psychomotor retardation
with CATATONIC features
(peculiar voluntary movement)
(MD) absence of reactions (anorexia,
with MELANCHOLIC features
weight loss)
(MD) within 4 wks of giving birth
Postpartum onset
(severe anxiety, possible psychosis)
(MD)generally occurring in fall/winter
with SEASONAL features
& remitting in spring
(MD) is lethargic, appetite changes,
with ATYPICAL features
weight gain, hypersomnia
Mild - Moderate mood disturbance,
chronically depressed mood for @ DD = Dysthmic Disorder
least 2yrs (early or late onset)
Disorder that is hard to distinguish
from persons usual pattern of
functioning, minimal
DD = dysthmic disorder
social/occupational impairment, able
to function normally but appear
consistently unhappy
Main differences between MDD & DD duration & severity of
is ? symptoms
Neurological, Endocrine,
Medical disorders associated
Metabolic/Nutritional,
w/depressive syndromes: (5)
Infectious/Inflammatory, Other
Increased aggressiveness, poor
school performance, sad & cries a lot,
children ( as young as 3)
urinary incontinence, suicidal are
signs of depression in ?
defiance, rebellion, promiscuity, poor
school performance, run away, skip
teens
school, social isolation are signs of
depression in ?
True/False: Boys 15yrs & older are
twice as likely as boys to experience False - GIRLS
depression
True/False: Depression in Teens
commonly associated w/substance TRUE
abuse & antisocial behavior
Ture/False: In both children & teens,
depression may go undiagnosed if
TRUE
attention is focused on behavioral
problems "just a stage"
Agitation or motor retardation, irritable
mood, cries easily, appetite change,
elderly
constipation, pessimistic about future,
are signs of depression amongst ?
True/False: Major problem with
TEENS is they often go
FALSE - Elderly
unrecognized/undiagnosed with
depression
Depression that occurs each year @
the same time; may be caused by (SAD) Seasonal Affective
fluctuation of sunlight or chemical Disorder
imbalances
Mix of physical/behavioral changes
after birth of child; thoughts of
Postpartum Depression
harming baby, signs/symptoms persist
beyond 2wks
Markedly depressed mood w/anxiety,
mood swings, & decreased interest in
Premenstrual Dysmorphic
activities during the week prior to
Disorder
menses & subsiding shortly after
onset of menses
Disorder NOT recognized in DSM-IV- Premenstrual Dysmorphic
TR as an official diagnoses Disorder
Mood disorders are treated with?
Antidepressants
Normally take 1-3wks to take affect
SSRI's, newer(atypical
Treatment: 1st line of Antidepressants
antidepressants), TCA's
Treatment: 2nd line of
MAOI's, ECT
antidepressants
True/False: With antidepressants,
there is an INCREASED risk of
suicide because with the meds they True
feel better & will now carry out the
suicide
Underdiagnosing & Undertreating is African Americans &
common against: Hispanics
Hx of depression, suicide attempts,
FEMALE, age 40yrs & younger,
stressful events, sleep abnormalities, Depression
alcohol & substance are all risk
factors for
3 phases in treatment/recover of acute, continuation,
major depression maintenance
Treatment phase for depression: (4-
9mths) focuses on PREVENTING
RELAPSE through pharmacotherapy, Continuation phase
education & depression-specific
psychotherapy
Treatment phase of major depression:
(6-12wks) focuses on REDUCING
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS &
Acute phase
restoring psychosocial & work
function. Hospitalization may be
requried.
Treatment phase of depression: (1 or
more yrs) focuses on prevention of Maintenance phase
further episodes of depression
Counseling, Health Teaching,
Promotion of self-care activities &
depression
mileu mgmt are basic level
interventions of :
1. Use technique of "Making
Observations", 2. Use simple concrete
Guidelines for Communication
words, 3. Allow time for client to
w/Severely WITHDRAWN
respond, 4. Listen for covert
Person
messages, 5. Avoid Platitudes are
Guidelines for what?
recommended as 1st line therapy for
SSRI
ALL types of depression
SSRI's are 1st line therapy for ALL Psychotic, Melancholic & Mild
types of depression EXCEPT: Depression
cause fewer adverse effects & have
low cardiotoxicity & are less SSRI's
dangerous when taken in overdose.
Client/Family Teaching about (?)
consists of: sexual dysfunction, lack of
sex drive, interact w/other meds, No SSRI's
OTC's, insomnia, No alcohol, do NOT
stop abruptly "serotinin withdrawl"
Rare/Life-Threatening potential toxic
effect of SSRI's, caused by too high of Central Serotonin Syndrome
a dose or interaction w/other drugs
Symptoms of ? :
Hyperactivity/Restlessness,
Fever/Hyperpyrexia, altered mental
Central Serotonin Syndrome
state, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
bloating, tachycardia/cardiovascular
shock, elevated BP
Remove offending agent & initiate
symptomatic treatment (unique to Central Serotonin Syndrome
symptoms)are interventions for:
Use the following with caution when
taking w/?'s: Penothiazine,
Barbiturates, MAOI, Anticoagulants, TCA's
Oral contraceptives, benzodiazepines,
alcohol, nicotine
Client/Family Teaching about (?):
Mood elevation may take 7-28days &
up to 6-8wks for the full effect to b e TCA's
reached & for major depressive
symptoms to subside
Warnings about ?: Drowsiness,
dizziness & hypotension usually
subside after 1st few wks, Suddenly TCA's
stopping can cause: nausea, altered
heart beat, nightmares, cold sweats
Must follow strict diet avoiding foods
w/HIGH Tyramine Content or
MAOI's
VASOPRESSORS or can result in
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
toxic effect of MAOI's due to
interaction with foodstuffs & cold Hypertensive Crisis
meds
Most critical side effect of MAOI's Hypotension (w/elderly
 especially)
avocados, figs, bologna,
Foods w/High Tyramine Conent pepperoni, ALL CHEESE,
beer, soups
Chocolate, fava beans,
Foods that are vasopressors: ginseng, caffeinated
beverages
Drugs that can interact with ?: OTC's,
narcotics, sedatives, stimulants,
MAOI's
TCA's, Antihypertensives, General
anesthetics
 Psychology 100 @ OSU - Psychological Disorders

Psychology 100 @ OSU - Psychological Disorders

Question Answer
approach to mental illness calling for
moral treatment dignity, kindness, and respect for the
mentally ill
1960s & 1970s governmental policy that
focused on releasing hospitalized
deinstitutionalization
psychiatric patients into the community
and closing mental hospitals
view of mental illness in which odd
behavior hearing voices or talking to
demonic model
oneself was attributed to evil spirits
infesting the body
perception that regarded mental illness as
medical model due to a physical disorder requiring
medical treatment
institutions for the mentally ill created in
asylums
the 15th century
eating disorder associated with a pattern
bulemia nervosa of binging and purging in an effort to lose
or maintain weight
eating disorder associated with excessive
anorezia nervosa weight loss and the irrational perception
that one is overweight
Diagnostic and Statistical diagnostic system containing the
Manual of Mental American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Disorders (DSM) criteria for mental disorders
scholars who argue that psychiatric
labeling theorists diagnoses exert powerful negative effects
on people's perceptions and behaviors
conditions marked by physical symptoms
somatoform disorders that suggest an underlying illness, but
they are actually psychological in origin
hypochondriasis an individual's continual preoccupation
with the notion that he/she is suffering
 from a seriosu physical disease
breif, intense episodes of extreme fear
characterized by sweatiung, dizziness,
panic attacks light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and
feelings of impending death or going
crazy.
repeated and unexpected panic attacks,
along with either persistent concerns
panic disorder about future attacks or a change in
personal behavior in an attempt to avoid
them
continual feelings of worry, anxiety,
generalized anxiety
physical tension, and irritability across
disorder
many areas of life functioning
intense fear of an object or situation that's
phobia greatly out of proportion to its actual
threat
fear of being in a place or situation from
which escape is difficult or embarrassing,
agoraphobia
or in which help is unavailable in the
event of a panic attack
intense fear of objects places or situations
specific phobias that are greatly out of proportion to their
actual threat
marked fear of public appearance in
social phobia which embarrassment or humiliation is
possible
marked emotional disturbance after
post traumatic stress
experiencing or witnessing a severely
disorder (PTSD)
stressful event
condition marked by repeated and lengthy
obsessive compulsive
immersion in obsessions, compulsions or
disorder (OCD)
both (at least 1hr per day)
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses
obsessions that are unwanted and inappropriate,
causing marked distress
repetitive behaviors or mental acts
compulsions
performed to reduce or prevent stress
anxiety-sensitivity fear of anxiety-related sensations
 state in which a person experiences a
lingering depressed mood or diminished
major depressive episode interest in pleasurable activities, along
with symptoms that include weight loss
and sleep difficulties
cognitive depression theory that depression is caused by
model negative beliefs and expectations
tendency to feel helpless in the face of
learned helplessness
events we cant control
experience marked by dramatically
elevated mood, decreased need for
manic episode sleep, increased energy, inflated self
esteem, increased talkativeness, and
irresponsible behavior
condition marked by a history of at least
bipolar disorder
one manic episode
sever disorder of thought and emotion
schizophrenia associated with a loss of contact with
reality
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no
delusion
basis in reality
psychological problems reflecting serious
psychotic symptoms
distortions in reality
sensory perceptions that occur in the
hallucinations
absence of an external stimulus
motor problems, including extreme
resistance to complying with simple
catatonic symptoms suggestions, holding the body in bizarre
or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal
position
perspective proposing that mental
disorders are a joint product of a genetic
diathetic-stress models
vulnerability, called a diathesis, and
stressors that trigger this vulnerability.
condition in which personality traits are
inflexible and stable, expressed in many
personality disorder
situations, and lead to distress or
impairment
borderline personality condition marked by extreme instability in
disorder mood, identity, and impulse control
condition marked by superficial charm,
psychopathic personality dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-
centerednesss, and risk-taking
antisocial personality condition marked by a legnthy history of
disorder irresponsible and/or illegal actions
a psychological intervention designed to
help people resolve emotional,
psychotherapy
behavioral, and interpersonal problems
and improve the quality of their lives
person with no professional training who
paraprofessional
provides mental health services
psychotherapies, including psycho-
dynamic and humanistic-existential
insight therapies
approaches, with the goal of expanding
awareness or insight
technique in which patients express
free association
themselves without censorship of any sort
attempts to avoid confrontation and
anxiety associated with uncovering
resistance
previously repressed thoughts, emotions,
and impulses
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and
transference expectations from the past onto the
therapist
to confront and resolve problems,
work through conflicts, and ineffective copig responses
in everyday life
treatment that strengthens social skills
interpersonal therapy and targets interpersonal problems,
conflicts, and life transitions
therapies that share an emphasis on the
humanistic-existential development of humanb potential and the
psychotherapy bel,ief that human nature is basically
positive
perspective in which therapists encounter
phenomenological patients in terms of subjective
approach phenomena (thoughts, feelings) in the
present moment
 therapy centering on the patient's goals
person-centered therapy
and ways of solving problems
therapy that aims to integrate different
Gestalt therapy and sometimes opposing aspects of
personality into a unified sense of self
interventions that recognize the
experimental therapies importance of awareness, acceptance,
and expression of feelings
therapeutic approach that helps people
logotherapy
find meaning in their lives
therapist who focuses on specific problem
behaviors, and current variables that
behavior therapists
maintain problematic thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors
patients are taught to relaz as they are
systematic desensitization gradually expose to what they fear in a
stepwise manner
therapy that confronts patients with what
exposure therapy they fear with the goal of reducing the
fear
research procedure for examining the
dismantling effectiveness of isolated components of a
larger treatment
technique in which therapists prevent
response prevention patients from performing their typical
avoidance behaviors
technique in which the therapist first
models a problematic situation and then
participant modeling
guides the patient through steps to cope
with it unassisted
method in which desirable behaviors are
token economy rewarded with tokens that patients can
exchange for tangible rewards
treatment that uses punishment to
aversion therapy decrease the frequency of undesirable
behaviors
treatment that attempts to repalce
cognative-behavior
maladaptive or irrational cognitions with
therapy
more adaptive rational cognitions
 therapy that treats more than one person
group therapy
at a time
use of medications to treat psychological
pharmacotherapy
problems
patients receive brief electrical pulses to
electroconvulsive therapy
the brain that produce a seizure to treat
(ECT)
serious psychological problems
brain surgery to treat psychological
psychosurgery
prbllems
 Psych 100 @ OSU - Personality (p.577-617)

Psych 100 @ OSU - Personality (p.577-617)

Question Answer
relatively enduring predispositions that
traits influence our behavior across many
situations
approach to personality that focuses on
nomothetic approach identifying general laws that govern the
behavior of all individuals
approach to personality that focuses on
identifying the unique configuration of
idiographic approach
characteristics and life history experiences
within a person
investigations that allow researchers to
molecular genetic
pinpoint genes associated with specific
studies
personality traits
somatogeneic physiologically caused
feeling of relief following a dramatic
catharsis
outpouring of emotion
psychogenic psychologically caused
that assumption that all psychological events
psychic determinism
have a cause
id reservoir of our most primitive impulses
tendency of the id to strive for immediate
pleasure principle
gratification
psyche's executive and principal decision
ego
maker
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification
reality principle
until it can find an appropriate outlet
superego our sense of morality
unconscious maneuvers intended to
defense mechanisms
minimize anxiety
transformation of an anxiety-provoking into
reaction-formation
its opposite
 unconscious attribution of our negative
projection
characteristics to others
directing an impulse from a socially
displacement unacceptable target onto a safer and more
socially acceptable target
providing a reasonable sounding explanation
rationalization
for unreasonable behaviors or fialures
motivated forgetting of emotionally
repression
threatening memories or impulses
motivated forgetting of distressing external
denial
experiences
the act of returning psychologically to a
regression younger and and typically simpler and safer
age
avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-
intellectualization provoking experiences by focusing on
abstract and impersonal thoughts
identification with the process of adopting the characteristics of
aggressor individuals we find threatening
transformation of a socially unacceptable
impulse into an admired goal.(Easy way to
sublimation remember: You could want to be a heroine
addict like Bradley Noell from Sublime
through sublimation.)
erogenous zone sexually arousing zone of the body
psychosexual stages that focuses on the
oral stage
mouth
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet
anal stage
training
psychosexual stage that focuses on the
phallic stage
genitals
conflict during phallic stage in which boys
Oedipus complex supposedly love their mothers romantically
and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
conflict during phallic stage in which girls
Electra complex supposedly love their fathers romantically
and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
penis evny supposed desire of girls to posses a penis
 psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses
latency stage
are submerged into the unconscious
psychsexual stage in which sexual impulses
genital stage awaken and typically begin to mature into
romantic attraction toward others
theories derived from freud's model, but that
place less emphasis on sexuality as a driving
neo-freudian theories force in personality and were more optimistic
regarding the prospects for long-term
personality growth
according to Adler, each person's distinctive
style of life
way of achieving superiority
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to
inferiority complex
overcompensation for such feelings
according to Jung, our shared storehouse of
collective unconscious memories that ancestors have passed down
to us across generations
archetypes cross-culturally universal emotional symbols
object relations followers of Freud who emphasized mental
theorists representations of others
social learning theorists who emphasized thinking as a
theorists cause of personality
extent to which people believe that
locus of control reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside
their control
drive to develop our innate potential to the
self-actualization
fullest possible extent
according to Rogers, expectations we place
conditions of worth on ourselves for appropriate/inappropriate
behavior
inconsistency between our personalities and
incongruence
innate dispositons
transcendent moments of intense excitement
peak experiences and tranquility marked by a profound sense
of connection to the world
statistical technique that analyzes the
factor analysis correlations among responses on personality
inventories and other measures
 five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in
Big Five
factor analyses of personality measures
approach to personality proposing that the
lexical approach most crucial features of personality are
embedded in our language
paper-and-pencil tests consisting of
structured personality
questions that respondents answer in one of
tests
a few fixed ways
Minnesota Multiphasic
widely used structured test designed to
Personality Inventory
assess symptoms of mental disorders
(MMPI)
approach to building tests in which
empirical method of researchers begin with two or more criterion
test construction groups and examine which items best
distinguish them
extent to which respondents can tell what the
face validity
items are measuring
approach to building tests that requires test
rational/theorietical
developers to begin with a clear cut
method of test
conceptualization of a trait and then write
construction
items to assess that conceptualization
tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that
projective tests
examinees must interpret or make sense of
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting
projective hypothesis ambiguous stimuli, examinees project
aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical
Rorschach Inkblot Test
inkblots
extent to which a test contributes information
incremental validity beyond other, more easily collected,
measures.
Thematic
projective test require examinees to tell a
Apperception Test
story in response to ambiguous pictures
(TAT)
graphology psychological interpretation of handwriting
tendency of people to accept high base rate
P.T. Barnum effect
descriptions as accurate
 Psych 100 PSU

Psych 100 PSU

Terms: Definition: Terms2: Definition2:

We perceive
smooth,
the tendency
continuous
for vision to
Visual Capture Continuity patterns
dominate the
rather than
other senses
discontinuous
ones
an organized
whole. Gestalt Because they
psychologists are uniform
emphasized and linked,
our tendency we perceive
Gestalt to integrate connectedness the two dots
pieces of and the line
information between them
into as a single
meaningful unit
wholes
the We fill in the
organization gaps to
of the visual create a
field into complete,
objects (the whole object.
Figure/Ground FIGURES) closure Such as
that stand out circles that
from their look like they
surroundings are blocked
(the by an illusory
GROUND) triangle
Grouping the perceptual depth We fill in the
tendency to perception gaps to
organize create a
stimuli into complete,
coherent whole object.
groups Such as
circles that
 look like they
are blocked
by an illusory
triangle
we group
Depth cues,
nearby figures
such retinal
together. We
disparity and
see not six
Proximity binocular cues convergence,
separate
that depend
lines, but
on the use of
three sets of
two eyes
two lines
A binocular
we group cue for
together perceiving
figures that depth: by
are similar to comparing
each other. images from
We see the the two
triangles and eyeballs, the
circles as brain
Similarity retinal disparity
vertical computes
column s of distance--the
similar greater the
shapes, not disparity
horizontal (difference)
rows of between the
dissimilar two images,
shapes the closer the
object
relative size If we assume monocular Depth cues,
that two cues such as
objects are interposition,
similar in size, and linear
we perceive perspective,
the one that available to
casts the either eye
smaller retinal alone
image as
farther away.
Ex: a driver
sees
 pedestrians
as smaller
thus far away,
then small
children look
even smaller
and even
farther away
Because light
from distant
objects
passes
through more
atmosphere,
If one object we perceive
partially hazy objects
blocks our as farther
Interposition(occlusion) view of relative clarity away than
another, we sharp, clear
perceive it as objects. In fog
closer or snow, the
car in front of
you may
therefore
seem farther
away than it
is.
A gradual
change from
We perceive
a coarse,
objects high in
distinct
our field of
texture to a
vision as
fine, in
farther away.
distinct
Because we
texture texture
relative height perceive the
gradient signals
lower part of a
increasing
figure-ground
distance.
illustration as
Objects far
closer, we
way appear
perceive it as
small and
a figure .
more densely
packed
 Perceiving
Parallel lines,
objects as
such as
unchanging
railroad
(having
tracks, appear
consistent
to converge
lightness,
with distance. perceptual
linear perspective color, shape
The more constancy
an d size)
lines
even as
converge, the
illumination
greater their
and retinal
perceived
images
distance.
change.
We perceive
objects as
having a
constant size,
We perceive
even while
the form of
our distance
familiar
from them
objects as
varies. Ex: shape
size constancy constant even
perceive a car constancy
while our
large enough
retinal images
to carry
change them.
people, even
Ex: door
though it
looks really
tiny image
from far away
Given an
objects
Enables us to
perceived
perceive the
distant and
color of an
the size of its
size-distance color object as
image on our
relationship constancy unchanging
retinas, we
even when its
instantly and
illumination
unconsciously
changes.
infer the
object's size.
Perceptual Illusions To convergence A binocular
understand cue for
how
perception is
perceiving
organized,
depth; the
illusions
extent to
provide good
which the
examples, by
eyes
studying when
converge
our sensory
inward when
system makes
looking at an
a mistake, we
object. The
can
greater the
understand
inward strain,
how our
the close the
system
object
function
normally
 major issues in biological psychology

major issues in biological psychology

Question Answer
change in the frequencies of various genes in
Artificial selection a population because of a breeder's selection
of desired individuals for mating purposes
gene on any of the chromosomes other than
Autosomal gene
the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
study of the physiological, evolutionary, and
Biological psychology developmental mechanisms of behavior and
experience
Chromosome strand of DNA bearing the genes
double-stranded chemical that composes the
Deoxyribonucleic acid
chromosomes; it serves as a template for the
(DNA)
synthesis of RNA
Dizygotic twins fraternal (nonidentical) twins
gene that shows a strong effect in either the
Dominant gene
homozygous or heterozygous condition
Enzymes any proteins that catalyze biological reactions
change in the frequencies of various genes in
Evolution
a population over generations
Evolutionary understanding in terms of the evolutionary
explanation history of a species
Evolutionary field that deals with how behaviors have
psychology evolved
number of copies of one's genes that endure
Fitness
in later generations
Functional understanding why a structure or behavior
explanation evolved as it did
unit of heredity that maintains its structural
Gene
identity from one generation to another
philosophical question of why and how any
Hard problem kind of brain activity is associated with
consciousness
 estimate of the degree to which variance in a
Heritability characteristic depends on variations in
heredity for a given population
Heterozygous having two unlike genes for a given trait
having two identical genes for a given
Homozygous
characteristic
view that mental processes are the same as
Identity position certain kinds of brain processes but described
in different terms
selection for a gene because it benefits the
Kin selection
individual's relatives
discredited theory that evolution proceeds
Lamarckian evolution through the inheritance of acquired
characteristics
view that everything that exists is material, or
Materialism
physical
Mentalism view that only the mind really exists
Mind body problem or question of how the mind is related to the
mind brain problem brain
theory that only one kind of substance exists
Monism in the universe (not separate physical and
mental substances)
identical twins, derived from a single fertilized
Monozygotic twins
egg
tendency for small genetic or prenatal
Multiplier effect influences to change the environment in a
way that magnifies the change
Ontogenetic understanding in terms of how a structure or a
explanation behavior develops
inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine,
Phenylketonuria leading to mental retardation unless the
(PKU) afflicted person stays on a strict low-
phenylalanine diet throughout childhood
Physiological understanding in terms of the activity of the
explanation brain and other organs
Problem of other difficulty of knowing whether other people or
minds animals have conscious experiences
Recessive gene gene that shows its effects only in the
 homozygous condition
helping individuals who may later be helpful in
Reciprocal altruism
return
single strand chemical; one type of an RNA
Ribonucleic acid
molecule serves as a template for the
(RNA)
synthesis of protein molecules
gene that exerts its effects primarily in one
sex because of activation by androgens or
Sex-limited gene
estrogens, although members of both sexes
may have the gene
Sex-linked gene gene on either the X or the Y chromosome
philosophical position that I alone exist or I
Solipsism
alone am conscious
chromosome of which female mammals have
X chromosome
two and males have one
chromosome of which female mammals have
Y chromosome
none and males have one
 Psychology-Chapter 15-therapies Mcgraw Hill

Psychology-Chapter 15-therapies Mcgraw Hill

Question Answer
drugs used to reduce anxiety by making Antianxiety Drugs or
individuals calmer and less excitable Tranquilizers
Antidepressant
Drugs used to regulate mood
Drugs
Three ring molecular structure, believed to work
by increasing the level of certain
Tricyclics
neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine
and serotonin
Antidepressant used to block the enzyme
MAO Inhibiter
monoamine oxidase
SSRI (Selective
Antidepressant drug that works by interfering
Serotonin Re-uptake
with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain
inhibiter
Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior,
reduce tension, decrease hallucinations,
improve social behavior and produce better Anti-Psychotic
sleep patterns in individuals who have a severe Drugs
psychological disorder, especially
schizophrenia
Blocks the dopamine systems action in the
Neuroleptics
brain
Potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs: A
neurological disorder characterized by
grotesque, involuntary movements of facial Tardive Dyskinesia
muscles and mouth, as well as twitching of the
neck, arms and legs
Shock Therapy used mainly to treat severely Electroconvulsive
depressed individuals Therapy
A surgical procedure in which a surgical
instrument is inserted into the brain and Pre frontal
rotated, severing fibers that connect the frontal Lobotomy
lobe
Combination of psychodynamic and humanistic Insight therapy
therapies
type of therapy that stresses the importance of
the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation
Psychodynamic
by the therapist, and the role of early childhood
Therapy
experience in the development of an individuals
problems
encourages individuals to say aloud whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or Free Association
embarrassing
the release of emotional tension a person
experiences when reliving an emotionally Catharsis
charged and conflicting experience
In Analysis, A persons statements and behavior
Interpretation
are not taken at face value
Psychoanalytic term for the conscious
Manifest Content
remembered aspects of a dream
Unconscious, unremembered parts of a dream Latent Content
Psychoanalytic term for the person's relating to
the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive Transference
important relationships in the individual's life
the psychoanalytic term for the clients
unconscious defense strategies that prevent
Resistance
the analyst from understanding the person's
defense problems
therapy that encourages people to understand
Humanistic Therapy
themselves and grow personally
Therapy in which the therapists provides a
warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the Client Centered
clients self concept and encourage the client to Therapy
gain insight into problems
A technique in which the therapist mirrors the
Reflective Speech
clients own feelings back to the client
Creating a warm and caring environment and unconditional
never disapproving of the client positive regard
Feeling the emotions the client is feeling or
empathy
putting yourself in their shoes
Humanistic therapy in which the therapist Gestalt Therapy
challenges clients in order to help them
become more aware of their feelings and face
their problems
therapy which uses principles of learning to
Behavior Therapy
reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
method of behavior therapy based on classical
conditioning that treats anxiety by getting the
person to associate deep relaxation with Systematic
increasingly intense anxiety producing Desensitization
situations. Generally effective for treating
phobias
Therapy which consists of repeated pairings of Aversive
the undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli Conditioning
The application of operant conditioning
principles to change human behaviors; Behavior
especially to replace unacceptable,maladaptive Modification
behaviors with acceptable, adaptive behaviors
Emphasize individuals cognitions or thoughts
are the main source of abnormal behavior and
psychological problems, and attempt to change Cognitive therapies
the individuals feelings and behavior by
changing cognitions
belief that one can master a situation and
self-efficacy
produce positive outcomes
group therapy with family members family therapy
group therapy with married or unmarried
couples whose major problem lied within the Couples therapy
relationship
someone who has been taught by a
professional to provide some mental health
paraprofessional
services but who does not have formal mental
health training
Lay counseling provided by trained teachers,
Community Mental
ministers, nurses, and others who directly
Health
interact with community members
The relationship between the therapist and
therapeutic alliance
client in psychotherapy
Strategies for controlling health care
costs,including mental health treatment, and Managed care
demand for accountability treatment success
short term(eight sessions), problem focused,
directive therapy that encourages clients to Well-being therapy
accentuate the positive

Abnormal Psycho

Abnormal Psycho

Question Answer
Schizophrenia "madness" or loss of touch with reality
Symptoms of changes in a way a person feels, and relates
Schizophrenia to others in the environment
What % of
schizophrenics commit 10%
suicide?
What rank of disease
burden is second
schizophrenia?
When does the onset of
adolescence or early adulthood
schizo typically occur?
3 phases of duration? prodromal, active, and residual
Active phase hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized
characteristics: speech
precedes active phase and marked by
obvious deterioration in role functioning as a
student, employee, or homemaker-talking to
Prodromal phase:
one's self in public, outbursts of anger,
increased tension, and restlessness. Social
withdrawal and indecisiveness
Most dramatic symptoms of psychosis
Residual phase: improve but impoverished expression of
emotions and social isolation still intact
say things that are difficult to understand,
Disorganized Type: behave in a disorganized way, and fail to
express expected emotions
preoccupation with one or more delusions or
Paranoid Type: by frequent auditory hallucinations, most
often presecutory or grandiose
3 dimensions of schizo positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and
symptoms disorganization
psychotic symptoms: hallucinations and
Positive symptoms
delusions, tend to fluctuate
lack of initiative, social withdrawal, and
Negative Symptoms: deficits in emotional responding, more stable
over time
Disorganization Verbal communication problems and bizarre
symptom: behavior
Most typical
auditory
hallucination
failing to exhibit signs of emotion or feeling,
indifferent to surroundings, faces are
Blunted Affect/ affective apathetic and expressionless, voices lack
flattening typical fluctuation in volume and pitch,
demonstrate a complete lack of concern for
themselves and others
Anhedonia inability to experience pleasure
lack of volition or will, accompanied by
Avolition
indecisiveness and ambivalence
impoverished thinking that causes
Alogia
speechlessness
disorganized speech/
saying things that do not make sense
thought disorder
loose associations/
shifting topics too abruptly
derailment
replying to a question with an irrelevant
tangentiality
response
Persistently repeating the same word or
Perseveration
phrase over and over again
incongruity and lack of adaptability in
Inappropriate Affect emotional expression, ex. laughing when
describing a terrifying experience
DSM-IV-TR diagnosis: must exhibit two or more active symptoms
(positive, negative, disorganized, and
catatonia) for 1 month. Social/ Occupational
dysfunction for a significant portion of the
time since onset. And at least a 6 month
 duration in the absence of depression/
mania
Less than 6 months of
schizophreniform disorder
symptoms =
5 types of Catatonic, disorganized, paranoid,
schizophrenia: undifferentiated, and residual
Display prominent psychotic symptoms and
Undifferentiated Type: either display several subtypes or none of
the above
No active phase symptoms but some
Residual Type: negative symptoms, believed to be in "partial
remission"
Schizoaffective Schizophrenics with mood disorders with
disorder psychotic features
preoccupied for atleast 1 month with
Delusional Disorder delusions that are not bizzare, doesn't
interfere with life roles
Brief Psychotic Experiencing schizophrenic symptoms for at
Disorder: least one day but not exceeding a month
Prevalence in 1 in 100 will display schizophrenic
population? symptoms symptoms
Gender differences in Men have earlier onset and tend to follow a
schizophrenia? deteriorating course
Certain genetic links have been identified,
Biological factors in the
COMT breaks down dopamine may be
cause of schizophrenia
involved
Schizophrenia and birth problems during pregnancy increase
difficulties: likelihood of developing schizophrenia
Season typically
associated with birth
Winter
dates of
schizophrenics?
decrease in total brain tissue volume,
Schizophrenia and the enlarged lateral ventricles, decreased size of
brain hippocampus, the amygdala, and thalamus.
Decreased frontal lobe activity.
Social causation Those in lower socioeconomic statuses tend
hypothesis to have chances of schizophrenia
 Due the social impairment that occurs with
Social Selection schizophrenia, these individuals will
Hypothesis eventually become part of a lower
socioeconomic status.
Schizotaxia Predisposition to developing schizophrenia
vulnerability markers such as a trait that lies
Endophenotypes somewhere on the pathway between the
genotype and full blown symptoms
Classical antipsychotic
Thorazine, generally reduces positive
drugs aka neuroleptic
symptoms
drugs:
Relapse rate for
65-70 percent, 40% with antipsychotic drugs
schizophrenic episode
Side effects of
antipsychotic
muscular rigidity, tremors, restless agitation,
medication include
involuntary postures, and motor inertia
Extrapyramidial
symptoms:
Second generation (Clozaril) don't produce motor side affects,
antipsychotics or better treat negative symptoms, may lead to
atypical antipsychotics: weight gain/ obesity
most widely used class
of neuroleptic drugs is phenothiazines
called
 sleep for biological psychology

sleep for biological psychology

Question Answer
view that during dreams, various parts of the
cortex are activated by the input arising from
Activation-synthesis
the pons plus whatever stimuli are present in
hypothesis
the room, and the cortex synthesizes a story
to make sense of all the activity
rhythm of 8 to 12 brain waves per second,
Alpha wave
generally associated with relaxation
forebrain area anterior and dorsal to the
hypothalamus; includes cell clusters that
Basal forebrain
promote wakefulness and other cell clusters
that promote sleep
condition with no sign of brain activity and no
Brain death
response to any stimulus
drug present in coffee and other drinks that
constricts blood vessels to the brain and
Caffeine
prevents adenosine from inhibiting the
release of dopamine and acetylcholine
of muscle weakness while a person remains
Cataplexy
awake
Clinico-anatomical view that regards dreams as just thinking
hypothesis that takes place under unusual conditions
extended period of unconsciousness, with a
Coma
steady low level of brain activity
Endogenous circadian
self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day
rhythm
Endogenous
self-generated rhythm that lasts about a year
circannual rhythm
circadian or circannual rhythm that is not
Free-running rhythm
being periodically reset by light or other cues
lack of sleep, leaving the person feeling
Insomnia
poorly rested the following day
Jet lag disruption of biological rhythms caused by
 travel across time zones
sharp, high-amplitude, negative wave
K-complex
followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave
small hindbrain structure whose widespread
Locus coeruleus axons send bursts of norepinephrine in
response to meaningful stimuli
hormone that among other eff ects induces
Melatonin
sleepiness
condition of decreased brain activity with
Minimally conscious
occasional, brief periods of purposeful
state
actions and limited speech comprehension
condition characterized by unexpected
Narcolepsy
periods of sleepiness during the day
experience of intense anxiety during sleep
Night terror from which a person awakens screaming in
terror
Non-REM (NREM)
sleep stages other than REM sleep
sleep
neurotransmitter that stimulates
Orexin (hypocretin) acetylcholine-releasing cells and thereby
increases wakefulness and arousal
sleep that is deep in some ways and light in
Paradoxical sleep
others
Periodic limb repeated involuntary movement of the legs
movement disorder and sometimes arms during sleep
pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials
that occurs first in the pons, then in the
PGO wave
lateral geniculate, and finally in the occipital
cortex
small unpaired gland in the brain, just
Pineal gland posterior to the thalamus, that releases the
hormone melatonin
combination of EEG and eyemovement
Polysomnograph records, and sometimes other data, for a
sleeping person
Pontomesencephalon part of the reticular formation that contributes
to cortical arousal by axons that release
acetylcholine and glutamate in the basal
 forebrain and thalamus
REM See Rapid eye movement sleep
condition in which people move around
REM behavior disorder
vigorously during REM sleep
network of neurons in the medulla and other
parts of the brainstem; the descending
portion controls motor areas of the spinal
Reticular formation
cord; the ascending portion selectively
increases arousal and attention in various
forebrain areas
Sleep apnea inability to breathe while sleeping
12- to 14-Hz brain waves in bursts that last
Sleep spindle
at least half a second
muscle fibers that produce less vigorous
Slow-twitch fibers
contractions without fatiguing
area of the hypothalamus, located just above
Suprachiasmatic
the optic chiasm, that constitutes the
nucleus (SCN)
biological clock
condition in which someone has decreased
brain activity and alternates between
Vegetative state wakefulness and sleep but shows only
limited responsiveness, such as increased
heart rate in response to a painful stimulus
Zeitgeber stimulus that resets a biological clock
 developmental psych test 3
developmental psych test 3
Question
bonding
basic emotions
complex emotions
emotional display rules
emotional self-regulation
social referencing
empathy
competent emotional
expressivity
competent emotional
knowledge
competent emotional
regulation
Answer
the strong affectionate ties that parents
may feel toward their infant; some
theorists believe that the strongest
bonding occurs shortly after birth, during a
sensitive period
the set of emotions present at birth or
emerging early in teh first year that some
theorists believe to be biologically
programmed
self-conscious or self evaluative emotions
that emerge in the second year and
depend, in part, on cognitive development
culturally defined rules specifying which
emotions should or should not be
expressed under which circumstances
strategies for managing emotions or
adjusting emotional arousal to an
appropriate level of intensity
the use of others' emotional expressions
to infer the meaning of otherwise
ambiguous situations
the ability to experience the same
emotions that someone else is
experiencing
frequent expression of more positive
emotions and relatively infrequent
displays of negative ones
the abilities to correctly identify other
people's feelings and the factors
responsible for those emotions
the ability to adjust one's experience and
expression of emotional arousal to an
appropriate level of intensity to
successfully achieve one's goals
 a person's characteristic modes of
responding emotionally and behaviorally
temperament to environmental events, including such
attributes as activity level, irritability,
fearfulness, and sociability
a temperamental attribute reflecting one's
behavioral inhibition tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar
people or situations
temperamental profile in which the child
quickly establishes regular routines, is
easy temperament
generally good natured, and adapts easily
to novelty
temperamental profile in which the child is
irregular in daily routines and adapts
difficult temperament
slowly to new experiences, often
responding negatively and intensely
temperamental profile in which the child is
slow-to-warm-up inactive and moody and displays mild
temperament passive resistance to new routines and
experiences
Thomas and Chess's notion that
development is likely to be optimized
"goodness-of-fit" model when parents' child-rearing practices are
sensitively adapted to the child's
temperamental characteristics
a close emotional relationship between
two persons, characterized by mutual
attachment
affection and a desire to maintain
proximity
generally harmonious interactions
between two persons in which
synchronized routines participants adjust their behavior in
response to the partner's feelings and
behaviors
approximately the first 6 weeks of life, in
asocial phase (of which infants response in an equally
attachment) favorable way to interesting social and
nonsocial stimuli
phase of indiscriminate period between 6 weeks and 6 to 7
attachments months of age in which infants prefer
 social to nonsocial stimulation and are
likely to protests whenever any adults
puts them down or leaves them alone
period between 7 and 9 months of age
phase of specific
when infants are attached to one close
attachment
companion (usually the mother)
use of a caregiver as a base from which
secure base to explore the environment and to which
to return for emotional support
period when infants are forming
phase of multiple
attachments to companions other than
attachments
their primary attachment object
an initially neutral stimulus that acquires
reinforcement value by virtue of its
secondary reinforcer
repeated association with other
reinforcing stimuli
an innate or instinctual form of learning in
which the young of certain species will
imprinting
follow and become attached to moving
objects (usually the mothers)
an attribute that is a product of evolution
and serves some function that increases
preadapted characteristic
the changes of survival for the individual
and the species
the notion that infantlike facial features
kewpie doll effect are perceived as cute and lovable and
elicit favorable responses from others
a wary of fretful reaction that infants and
stranger anxiety toddlers often display when approached
by an unfamiliar person
a wary or fretful reaction that infants and
toddlers often display when separated
separation anxiety
from the person(s) to whom they are
attached
a series of eight separation and reunion
episodes to which infants are exposed in
Strange Situation
order to determine the quality of their
attachments
secure attachment an infant-caregiver bond in which the child
 welcomes contact with a close companion
and uses this person as a secure base
from which to explore the environment
an insecure infant-caregiver bond,
characterized by strong separation protest
resistant attachment and a tendency of the child to remain near
but resist contact initiated by the
caregiver, particularly after a separation
an insecure infant-caregiver bond,
characterized by little separation protest
avoidant attachment
and a tendency of the child to avoid or
ignore the caregiver
an insecure infant-caregiver bond,
characterized by the infant's dazed
disorganized/disoriented
appearance on reunion or a tendency to
attachment
first seek and then abruptly avoid the
caregiver
alternative method of assessing
attachment security that is based on
observations of the child's attachment-
Attachment Q-set (AQS)
related behaviors at home; can be used
with infants, toddlers, and preschool
children
Japanese concept; refers to an infant's
feeling of total dependence on his or her
amae
mother and the presumption of mother's
love and indulgence
Ainworth's notion that the type of
attachment that an infant develops with a
caregiving hypothesis particular caregiver depends primarily on
the kind of caregiving he has received
from that person
Kagan's view that the Strange Situation
measures individual differences in infants'
temperament hypothesis
temperaments rather than the quality of
their attachments
cognitive representations of self, others,
internal working models and relationships that infants construct
from their interactions with caregivers
 abnormal psych final

abnormal psych final

Question Answer
attention- syndrome marked by deficits in controlling
deficit/hyperactivity attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing
disorder (ADHD) behavior to accomplish long-term goals
syndrome marked by chronic disregard for the
rights of others, including specific behaviors,
conduct disorder
such as stealing, lying, and engaging in acts
of violence
syndrome of chronic misbehavior in childhood
oppositional defiant marked by belligerence, irritability, and
disorder defiance, although not to the extent found in a
diagnosis of conduct disorder
syndrome of childhood and adolescence
marked by the presence of abnormal fear or
separation anxiety
worry over becoming separated from one's
disorder
caregiver(s) as well as clinging behaviors in
the presence of the caregiver(s)
set of behavioral traits including shyness,
fearfulness, irritability, cautiousness, &
introversion;these children tend to avoid or
behavioral inhibition
withdraw from novel situations, are clingy with
parents, & become excessively aroused when
exposed to unfamiliar situations
disorders in which a child shows frequent,
uncontrolled urination or defecation far
elimination disorders
beyond the age at which children usually
develop control over these functions
diagnosis given to children over 5 years of
enuresis age who wet the bed or their clothes at least
twice a week for 3 months
treatment for enuresis in which a pad placed
under a sleeping child to detect traces of
urine sets off a bell when urine is detected,
bell and pad method
awakening the child to condition him or her to
wake up and use the bathroom before
urinating
 diagnosis given to children who are at least 4
encopresis years old an who defecate inappropriately at
least once a month for 3 months
developmental disorder involving deficits in
reading disorder
reading ability
developmental disorder involving deficits in
mathematics disorder
the ability to learn mathematics
disorder of written developmental disorder involving deficits in
expression the ability to write
developmental disorder involving deficits in the ability to walk,
coordination disorder run, or hold on to objects
expressive language disorder involving deficits in the ability to
disorder express oneself through language
mixed receptive- disorder involving deficits in the ability to
expressive language express oneself through language and to
disorder understand the language of others
disorder involving the use of speech sounds
phonological disorder
inappropriate for one's age or dialect
significant problem in speech fluency, often
stuttering including frequent repetitions of sounds or
syllables
developmental disorder marked by
significantly subaverage intellectual
functioning, as well as deficits (relative to
mental retardation
other children) in life skill areas, such as
communication, self-care, work, and
interpersonal relationships
syndrome that occurs when a mother abuses
alcohol during pregnancy, causing the baby to
fetal alcohol
have lowered IQ, increased risk for mental
syndrome (FAS)
retardation, distractibility, and difficulties with
learning from experience
pervasive disorders characterized by severe and
developmental persisting impairment in several areas of
disorders development
autism childhood disorder marked by deficits in social
interaction (such as a lack of interest in one's
family or other children), communication, and
activities and interests (such as engaging in
 bizarre, repetitive behaviors)
pervasive developmental disorder in which
children develop normally at first but later
Rett's disorder
show permanent loss of basic skills in social
interactions, language, and/or movement
pervasive developmental disorder in which
childhood children develop normally at first but later
disintegrative disorder show permanent loss of basic skills in social
interactions, language, and/or movement
pervasive developmental disorder
characterized by deficits in social skills and
Asperger's disorder
activities; similar to autism but does not
include deficits in language or cognitive skills
habitual and enduring ways of thinking,
personality feeling, and acting that make each person
unique
chronic pattern of maladaptive cognition,
emotion, and behavior that begins in
personality disorder
adolescence or early adulthood and continues
into later adulthood
disorders, including paranoid, schizotypal,
odd-eccentric
and shizoid personality disorders, marked by
personality disorders
chronic odd and/or inappropriate
chronic and pervasive mistrust and suspicion
paranoid personality
of other people that are unwarranted and
disorder
maladaptive
syndrome marked by a chronic lack on
schizoid personality interest in and avoidance of interpersonal
disorder relationships as well as emotional coldness in
interactions with others
chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate
schizotypal
emotion and social behavior as well as
personality disorder
aberrant cognitions and disorganized speech
category including antisocial, borderline,
narcissistic, and histrionic personality
dramatic-emotional
disorders, which are characterized by
personality disorder
dramatic and impulsive behaviors that are
maladaptive and dangerous
antisocial personality pervasive pattern of criminal,
 impulsive,callous, and/or ruthless behavior,
predicated upon disregard for the rights of
disorder (ASPD)
others and an absence of respect for social
norms
set of broad personality traits including
superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-
worth, a tendency toward boredom and need
psychopathy
for stimulation, pathological lying, an ability to
be conning and manipulative, and a lack of
remorse
neurotransmitter that is involved in the
serotonin
regulation of mood and impulsive responses
functions of the brain that involve the ability to
sustain concentration;use abstract reasoning
& concept formation; anticipate, plan,
executive functions
program; initiate purposeful behavior; self-
monitor;& shift from maladaptive patterns of
behavior to more adaptive ones
syndrome characterized by rapidly shifting
and unstable mood, self-concept, and
borderline personality
interpersonal relationships, as well as
disorder
impulsive behavior and transient dissociative
states
in object relations theory, phenomenon
wherein a person splits conceptions of self
splitting and others into either all-good or all-bad
categories, neglecting to recognize people's
mixed qualities
cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at
dialectical behavior teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal
therapy skills, and skills at managing negative
emotions
syndrome marked by rapidly shifting moods,
unstable relationships, and an intense need
histrionic personality
for attention and approval, which is sought by
disorder
means of overly dramatic behavior,
deductiveness and dependence
syndrome marked by grandiose thoughts and
narcissistic feelings of one's own worth as well as an
personality disorder obliviousness to others' needs and an
exploitive, arrogant demeanor
 category including avoidant, dependent, and
obsessive-compulsive personality disorders,
anxious-fearful
which are characterized by a chronic sense of
personality disorders
anxiety or fearfulness and behaviors intended
to ward off feared situations
pervasive anxiety, sense of inadequacy, and
fear of being criticized that lead to the
avoidant personality
avoidance of most social interactions with
disorder
others and to restrain and nervousness in
social interactions
pervasive selflessness, a need to be cared
dependent personality
for, and fear of rejection, which lead to total
disorder
dependence on and submission to others
pervasive rigidity in one's activities and
interpersonal relationships; includes qualities
obsessive-compulsive
such as emotional constriction, extreme
personality disorder
perfectionism, and anxiety resulting from even
slight disruptions in one's routine ways
personality theory that posits that any
individual's personality is organized along five
five-factor model broad dimensions of personality: neuroticism,
extraversion, openness to experience,
agreeableness, and conscientiousness
state involving a loss of contact with reality as
psychosis well as an inability to differentiate between
reality and one's subjective state
disorder consisting of unreal or disorganized
schizophrenia thoughts and perceptions as well as verbal,
cognitive, and behavioral deficits
in schizophrenia, hallucinations, delusions,
positive symptoms and disorganization in thought and behavior
(also called Type I symptoms)
in schizophrenia, deficits in functioning that
indicate the absence of a capacity present in
negative symptoms
normal people, such as affective flattening
(also called Type II symptoms)
delusions fixed beliefs with no basis of reality
false, persistent belief that one is being
persecutory delusion
pursued by other people
 false belief that external events, such as
delusion of reference people's actions or natural disasters, relate
somehow to oneself
elevated thinking about the self, ideas of
grandiose delusions omnipotence, and the taking of credit for
occurrences not personally facilitated
delusion of thought beliefs that one's thoughts are being
insertion controlled by outside forces
hallucinations perceptual experiences that are not real
auditory perception of a phenomenon that is
auditory hallucinations not real, such as hearing a voice when one is
alone
visual perceptions of something that is not
visual hallucinations
actually present
perceptions that something is happening to
tactile hallucinations the outside of one's body- for example, that
bugs are crawling up one's back
perceptions that something is happening
somatic hallucinations inside one's body - for example, that worms
are eating one's intestines
formal thought state of highly disorganized thinking (also
disorder known as loosening of associations)
speech that is so disorganized that a listener
word salad
cannot comprehend it
task in which individuals are asked to keep
their head still and track a moving object
smooth pursuit eye
(sometimes referred to as eye tracking); some
movement
people with schizophrenia show deficits on
this task
ability to hold information in memory and
working memory
manipulate it
group of disorganized behaviors that reflect
catatonia an extreme lack of responsiveness to the
outside world
catatonic excitement state of constant agitation and excitability
affective flattening negative symptom of schizophrenia that
consists of a severe reduction or the complete
absence of affective responses to the
 environment
deficit in both the quantity of speech and the
alogia
quality of its expression
inability to persist at common goal-directed
avolition
activities
dementia praecox historical name for schizophrenia
in schizophrenia, milder symptoms prior to an
acute phrase of the disorder, during which
prodromal symptoms
behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not
yet psychotic or completely disorganized
in schizophrenia, milder symptoms following
residual symptoms an acute phase of schizophrenia but currently
has milder and less debilitating symptoms
syndrome marked by delusions and
paranoid
hallucinations that involve themes of
schizophrenia
persecution and grandiosity
syndrome marked by incoherence in
disorganized cognition, speech, and behavior as well as flat
schizophrenia or inappropriate affect (also called
hebephrenic schizophrenia)
type of schizophrenia in which people show a
catatonic variety of motor behaviors and ways of
schizophrenia speaking that suggest almost complete
unresponsiveness to their environment
communication abnormality in which an
individual simply repeats back what he or she
echolalia
hears rather than generating his or her own
speech
repetitive imitation of another person's
echopraxia
movements
diagnosis made when a person experiences
schizophrenic symptoms, such as delusions
undifferentiated
and hallucinations, but does not meet criteria
schizophrenia
for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic
schizophrenia
diagnosis made when a person has already
experienced a single acute phase of
residual schizophrenia
schizophrenia but currently has milder and
less debilitating symptoms
 fluid-filled spaces in the brain that are larger
enlarged ventricles than normal and suggest atrophy or
deterioration in other brain tissue
region at the front of the brain important in
language, emotional expression, the planning
prefrontal cortex
and producing of new ideas, and the
mediation of social interactions
oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery;
an obstetrical complication that may be
perinatal hypoxia
especially important in neurological
development
neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts
dopamine of which have been thought to cause
schizophrenia
drugs that reduce the functional level of
phenothiazines dopamine in the brain and tend to reduce the
symptoms of schizophrenia
subcortical part of the brain involved in
mesolimbic pathway
cognition and emotion
drugs that seem to be even more effective in
treating schizophrenia than phenothiazines
atypical antipsychotics without the same neurological side effects;
they bind to a different type of dopamine
receptor than other neuroleptic drugs
explanation of the effects of the symptoms of
schizophrenia on a person's life and the
social selection resulting tendency to drift downward in social
class, as compared with the person's family or
origin
family interaction style in which families are
over-involved with each other, are
overprotective of the disturbed family
expressed emotion
member, voice self-sacrificing attitudes to the
disturbed family member, and simultaneously
are critical, hostile, & resentful of him
chlorpromazine antipsychotic drug
condition marked by slowed motor activity, a
akinesia monotonous voice, and an expressionless
face, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs
akathesis agitation caused by neuroleptic drugs
neurological disorder marked by involuntary
tardive dyskinesia movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or
jaw, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs
conditioned characterized by a deficiency of
granulocytes, which are substances produced
agranulocytosis by the bone marrow and fight infection; 1 to 2
percent of people who take clozapine develop
this condition
system of treatment that provides
comprehensive services to people with
assertive community schizophrenia, employing the expertise of
treatment programs medical professionals, social workers, and
psychologists to meet the variety of patients'
needs 24 hours per day
suicide purposeful taking of one's own life
individuals who clearly and explicitly seek to
death seekers
end their lives
individuals who intend to die but believe that
death initiators they are simply speeding up an inevitable
death
individuals who intend to end their lives but do
death ignorers not believe this means the end of their
existence
individuals who are ambivalent about dying
and take actions that increase their chances
death darers
of death but that do not guarantee they will
die
acts in which individuals indirectly contribute
subintentional deaths
to their own deaths
suicide committed by people who feel
egoistic suicide
alienated from others and lack social support
suicide committed by people who experience
a severe disorientation and role confusion
anomic suicide
because of a large change in their
relationship to society
suicide committed by people who believe that
altruistic suicide
taking their own lives with benefit society
suicide cluster when two or more suicides or attempted
 suicides nonrandomly occur closer together in
space or time
phenomenon in which the suicide of a well-
known person is linked to the acceptance of
suicide contagion
suicide by people who closely identify with
that individual
difficulty in controlling behaviors; acting
impulsivity
without thinking fast
sense that the future is bleak and there is no
hopelessness
way of making it more positive
inflexible way of thinking in which everything
dichotomous thinking
is viewed in either/or terms
program that helps people who are highly
crisis intervention suicidal and refers them to mental-health
professionals
organizations in which suicide crisis
suicide hot lines
intervention is done over the phone
cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at
dialectical behavior teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal
therapy skills, and skills at managing negative
emotions
euthanasia killing of another person as an act of mercy
 family

family

Question Answer
social group whose members are related by
ancestry, marriage, or adoption and live
what is family
together, cooperate economically and care for
the young
spouses and offspring constitute the core
nuclear family
relationship; blood relatives are functionally
arrangement
marginal and peripheral
kin-individuals related by common ancestry-
extended family
provide core relationship; spouses are
arrangement
functionally marginal and peripheral
family of orientation individuals own mother, father, and siblings
consists of oneself and one's spouse and
family of procreation
children
patrilineal a people reckon descent and transmit
arrangement property through the line of the father
matrilineal descent and inheritance take place through
arrangement the the mothers side of the family
both sides of an individuals family are equally
bilineal arrangement
important
bride and groom live in the household or
patrilocal residence
community of the husbands family
bride and groom live in household or
matrilocal residence
community of the wife's family
bride and groom set up a new place of
neolocal residence residence independent of either of their
parents or other relatives
patriarchal authority eldest male or the husband dominant figure
eldest female or wife dominant figure: very
matriarchal authorityq rare but can arise through default upon death
or desertion of the husband
power and authority are evenly distributed
egalitarian authority
between husband and wife
 socially approved sexual union between two
or more individuals that is undertaken with
marriage some idea of permanence. parties to a
marriage must be between two different kin
groups
requirement that marriage occur within a
endogamy group. ie. marry within class, race, ethnic
group, or religion
is the requirement that marriage occur outside
exogamy a group. ie. marry outside their kin group be it
their immediate nuclear family, clan or tribe
rules that prohibit sexual intercourse with
close blood relatives and exist today in
incest taboos virtually every society, however was not the
case for older societies like egypt, inca and
dahomey
monogamy one wife and one husband
polygyny one husband and two or more wives
polyandry two or more husbands and one wife
group marriage two or more husbands and two or more wives
strong physical attraction and emotional
romantic love
attraction between a man and woman
employed one time in india, child bride would
child marriage live with her husband in a marriage that was
not physically consummated until much later
the parents of the bride and groom make the
arrangements for the marriage , sometimes
arranged marriage
when both are too young to marry but also
when both are of marriageable ages
young people isolated from potential mates. ie
social isolation MAnus of Admirally Islands put young women
in a lodge built on stilts above a lagoon.
supervised by chaperones (17th century
close supervision
puritans)
parents often threaten, cajole, wheedle, and
peer and parental bribe their children to limit their social contacts
pressures to youth with "suitable" ethnic, religious, and
educational backgrounds
 the tendencyof like to marry like. people of
similar age, race, religion, nationality,
homogamy education, intelligence, health, stature,
attitudes and countless other traits tend to
marry one another.
The notion that we typically experience the
greatest playoff and the least cost when we
matching hypothesis
select partners who have a degree of physical
attractiveness similar to our own
stereotypical US family as a social unit
kodak family consisting of mom, pop, and the kids, living
alone in a comfortable home of their own
Two different personality traits that are the
complementary needs
counterparts of each other and that provide a
theory
sense of completeness when they are joined
The view proposing that people involved in a
mutually satisfying relationship will exchange
exchange theory behaviors that have low cost and high reward.
We like those who reward us and dislike those
who punish us
Changes and realignments (in nuclear families
that are not disrupted by divorce, desertion, or
family life course death) related to the altered expectations and
requirements imposed on a husband and a
wife as children are born and grow up
The overall pattern of living that people evolve
lifestyle to meet their biological, social, and emotional
needs.
Stepfamilies
relationship with other families caused by
(reconstituted/blende
remarriage
d)
A living arrangement in which unmarried
adults who share living quarters with an
cohabitation
unrelated adult of the opposite sex. Has
recently increased
a preference for an individual of the same sex
homosexuality
as a sexual partner
Constructionalist view homosexuality and heterosexuality are social
of homosexuality constructions that describe behaviors, roles
that people may play, and identities, not
 inherent characteristics of persons
homosexual orientation is either inborn or is
essentialist view of
fixed very early in one’s development and thus
homosexuality
is an inherent part of what an individual is
an important function of the family is care and
functionalist
protection of family members. (but evidence
perspective on family
on child abuse demonstrates that families do
stresses
not always serve this function.)
ongoing nurturing
Needs essential to relationship2)physicalprotection
the emotional and regulation&safety3)experiences
physical health and tailored2individual
development of differences4)developmentally appropriate
babies and children (7 experiences5limit setting
needs) structure&expectations6stable supportive
community&cultural continuity7protectedfuture
arranging one’s life to provide time to work,
time to have children and stay home with
sequencing
them, and time to reenter the outside
workforce again.
middle-aged elderly women especially
devastated by divorce who often have
displaced
dedicated themselves to managing a home
homemakers
and raising children and then find themselves
jettisoned after years of marriage
identify a number of functions families typically
perform: reproduction, socialization, care,
Functionalist
protection, and emotional support, assignment
perspective on family
of status, and regulation of sexual behavior
through the norm of legitimacy
family confers ascribed statuses that orient a
person2a variety of interpersonal
functionalist relationships,involving parents,siblings,&other
perspective on family kin,&that2.orient a person2basic group
cont memberships,including
racial,ethnic,religious,class,national,&commun
ity relationships
conflict perspective conflict theorists have seen the family as a
on family social arrangement benefiting men more than
women. Some conflict sociologists say that
intimate relationships inevitably involve
 antagonism as well as love
symbolic interactionists emphasize that
interactionist families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds
perspective on family through the symbolic mechanism of rituals
such as family meals and ho
 psychological disorders,stress,treatment

psychological disorders,stress,treatment

Question Answer
any circumstance that threaten or are perceived
Stress to threaten ones well being and tax ones coping
abilities
types of stress frustration,conflict,change,pressure
pursuit of ones goal is blocked,everyday
Frustration
hassels,brief and not terribly important
requires readjustment of ones life,habits. caused
change
by positive and negativve events.
expectations or demands to perform a certain
pressure
way, usually time restrained
when two or more impulses compete for
conflict
expression
approach-approach:choice to be made bwtn 2
attractive goals. avoidance-avoidance:choice to
be made bwtn 2 unattractive goals. approach-
types of conflict
avoidance:choice to be made whether to pursue a
goal that has both attractive and unattractive
aspects
reflect disagreements or friction bwtn expectations
role conflicts
about how one should behave
occurs when a person is faced with a role that is
conflict bwtn incompatible with a persons attitude or
person and role: personality. ex. a normally quiet and unassertive
student is elected to student body president.
refers to conflict within a role. ex: parents deal
with intrarole conflict as it is often difficult to
intrarole conflict:
disciplineand be a friend to their child at the same
time.
tension bwtn two different roles that must be
played at the same time. ex:children may find
interrole conflict themselves playing parent to aging
parents,though they are still treated as sons and
daughters.
responses to
emotional,physiological,behavioral
stress:
annoyance,anger,apprehension,anxiety,fear,sadn
emotional
ess, grief. can affect memory,attention,judgement
response:
and decision making.
physiological brain pathways involved in stress responce. heart
responses: rate,hormones etc.
Selye explained
stress reactions in general adaptation syndrome
terms of:
three stages of
alarm,resistance,exhaustion
gas
stage 1: physiological response to threatening
alarm
stimulus
stage 2: organism adapts to threat physiological
resistance
changes stabilize
stage 3: the bodys resources become
exhaustion
taxed,organism collapses from exhaustion
trying to cope with stress. coping strategies could
behavioral
be good or bad for you. ex. blame oneself,give
response
up,act aggressively,addictions
is when people believe that events occure
external loc because of uncontrollable factors that are external
to them.
internal loc is when people believe that they are in control
influences out perception of and our dealing with
loc
stress and stressful events
is a network of nerves that prepares the organs
sympathetic
for rigorous activity. increases blood
nervous system
pressure,respiration(flight or flight response)
parasympathetic facilitates vegetative,nonemergency responses by
nervous system the organs. dominant during our relaxed stages.
the hypothalumus,pituitary gland and adrenal
hpa axis
cortex
adrenocorticotropi
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
c hormone(acth)
helps the body mobilize energy to fight a difficult
cortisol
situation
most important
element of the leukocytes
immune system
in response to an
infection,leukocyt
es and other cells cytokines
produce small
proteins called
are the the immune systems way of telling the
cytokines brain that the body is sick. they produce
symptoms of being sick.
posttraumatic
occurs in some people after terrifying
stress
experiences.
disorder(ptsd)
ptsd victims show
lower than normal cortisol levels
what?
argues that the nature of todays crisis are more
sapolsky(1988)
prolonged
explanations of
biological,psychological,supernatural
mental illness
abnormal behavior approached like
biological
disease,physical cause,malfunction of the brain
psychological
fear,anxiety,frustration cause mental illness
explanation
mysterious forces such as demons,spirits,devil.
supernatural magic,exorcism,bloodlettiing,trepanation,witch
hunts.
medical model of
the idea that abnormal behavior is a disease.
mental illness
people with a diagnosis is made,a etiology is sought, and
mental disorders prognosis is made
transvestic sexual and gender identity disorder, men like to
fetihism dress like women.
different from normal/cultural standards)the
deviant
behavior is
having negative consequences for
maladaptive
social,occupational functioning the behavior is
 subjectively painful the behavior is for the
distressing
individual
diagnostic and
statistical manual
book of recognied disorders
of mental
disorders 4th ed.
disorders marked by feelings of excessive
anxiety disorders
apprehension and anxiety
generalized chronic "free floating anxiety" about nearly
anxiety disorder everything.experience trembling,diarrea,dizziness
phobic disorder specific focus of fear;irrational, no real threat
panic disorder paralyzing attacks of anxiety,may lead to
and agoraphobia agoraphobia
obsessive
compulsive obsessive thoughts,compulsive actions
disorder(0cd)
posttraumatic psychological disturbance due to major traumatic
stress disorder events
physical ailments caused by psychological
somatoform
factors/disturbances, as they cannot be explained
disorders
b organi conditions.
cognitive function for bio psych

cognitive function for bio psych

Question Answer
Anomia difficulty recalling the names of objects
Anterior set of axons connecting the two cerebral
commissure hemispheres; smaller than the corpus callosum
Aphasia language impairment
alternating perception of what the left eye sees
Binocular rivalry with what the right eye sees, when the two are
incompatible
Broca's aphasia condition marked by loss of fluent speech and
(nonfluent impaired use and understanding of prepositions,
aphasia) word endings, and other grammatical devices
portion of the human left frontal lobe associated
Broca's area with certain aspects of language, especially
language production
Conscious capable of reporting the presence of a stimulus
large set of axons that connects the two
Corpus callosum
hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
specific reading difficulty in a person with
Dyslexia adequate vision and at least average skills in
other academic areas
condition characterized by repeated episodes of
excessive, synchronized neural activity, mainly
Epilepsy
because of decreased release of the inhibitory
transmitter GABA
point in the brain where someone's epileptic
Focus
seizures begin
Inattentional unawareness of stimuli to which a person did not
blindness direct his or her attention
Language
built-in mechanism for acquiring language
acquisition device
division of labor between the two hemispheres of
Lateralization
the brain
point at which parts of the optic nerves cross from
Optic chiasm
one side of the brain to the other
 tendency to see something as moving back and
Phi phenomenon forth between positions, when in fact it is
alternately blinking on and off in those positions
area of the temporal cortex that for most people
Planum temporale is larger in the left hemisphere than in the right
hemisphere
claim that children do not hear many examples of
Poverty of the
some of the grammatical structures they acquire
stimulus argument
and therefore that they could not learn them
ability of language to produce new signals to
Productivity
represent new ideas
tendency to ignore the left side of the body or its
Spatial neglect
surroundings
those who have undergone damage to the corpus
Split-brain people
callosum
area of the world that an individual can see at any
Visual field
time
Wernicke's condition marked by poor language
aphasia (fluent comprehension and great difficulty remembering
aphasia) the names of objects
portion of the human left temporal lobe
Wernicke's area
associated with language comprehension
type of mental retardation in which the person
Williams syndrome has relatively good language skills in spite of
extremely limited abilities in other regards
Abbreviations - Respiratory

Abbreviations - Respiratory

Abbreviation Definition

AFB acid-fast bacilli

ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome
CF cystic fibrosis
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CT computed tomography
CXR chest x-ray
CO2 carbon dioxide
flu influenza
LLL left lower lobe
LTB laryngotracheobronchitis
LUL left upper lobe
O2 oxygen
OSA obstructive sleep apnea
PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
PE pulmonary embolism
PFTs pulmonary function tests
PSG polysomnography
RLL right lower lobe
RML right middle lobe
RUL right upper lobe
TB tuberculosis
URI upper respiratory infection
VPS ventilation-perfusion scanning
 Psychology Terms

Psychology Terms

Question Answer
Who was William Wrote and published "The Principles of
James? Psychology"
What did Wilhelm Set up 1st psychology lab in an apartment near the
Wundt do? university at Leipzig, Germany
where subjects are asked to record accurately
Introspection
their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli
something that rouses to activity (incentive,
stimuli
stimulant
being involved in conscious intellectual activity
cognition
(thinking, reasoning, or remembering)
the idea that the mind operates by combining
subjective (lacking in reality) emotions and
Structuralism
objective (material) sensations (Wilheml Wundt
Theory)
the theory of how the mind functions to adapot the
Functionalism individual to the environment (William James
theory)
Gestalt psycologist that argued against dividing
Max Wertheimer human thought and behavior into discrete
structures.
Psychology that tried to examine a person's total
experience because the way we experience the
Gestalt
world is more than just an accumulation of various
perceptual experiences

Domestic Abuse and Suicide

Domestic Abuse and Suicide

Question Answer
Describe teh scope of
domestic violence in 2 to 12 million families; mostly wife abuse
our society
 most common with substance abuse,
risk facors for
especially alcohol and c****; occurs in all
domestic violence
racial, religoious and socioeconomic groups
Explain the cycle of tension building phase; violent phase;
violence (3) honeymoon phase
psychological variables: past history of
abuse, low self-esteem, to "save" the
explain teh barriers to
disturbed man; finances, shelter, children,
women getting out of
fear, threats of retaliation, isolation, lack of
DV situations
family and social support, embarrassment,
shame, stigma, lack of faith in system
openings; asking hard questions; non-
Physician responses
judgmental; safety planning; know that it
to DV situations
takes time; no mandate to report it
3 kinds of domestic
spousal abuse, elder abuse, child abuse
abuse
mother constantly takes child for medical
Munchausen's treatment; sometimes by making the children
Syndrome sick or making them look sick; mother is
gratified by the clinic visit and attention
intercourse, inappropriate touch, forcing teh
What are forms of child to watch pornography, takin gponron
Child sexual abuse pictures, sexually explicit conversations, adult
having animals lick children
What is child-child
sexual oral activity; one much older than the other, if
experimentation that one is mentally challenged, forceful behavior
needs intervention?
in stages similar to death/dying stages; begin
How do children tentitavely at first, and reveal once they feel
disclose abuse? comfortable; many recant their stories after
revealing abuse
parents who were abused or were overly
punished; premature children; MR; physically
risk factors for child
disabled; excessive criers; "difficult child"
abuse
ADHD; views as different, slow, bad, selfish
or hard to discipline
ARe most child abuse
no
cases reported?
what happens to most
reported child abuse unsubstantiated adn dropped
cases?
What sex are most
women
child abuse victims?
Who are usually the
perpertrators of child fathers
abuse?
PHYSICAL ABUSE: more often mother than
fathers; one parent isusually the active
What are the parent
batterer and the other passively accepts the
risk factors for child
situation; poor, socially isolated; regularly
abuse?
living in the home; inappropriate expectations
of their children
what is most common
father-daughter
form of incest?
what are teh
detailed knowledge of sexual acts, sexualized
behavioral indicator of
play, sexual acts with peers
child sexual abuse
what do you do if child
REPORT IT
abuse is suspected
How should you careful adn not ask overly in-depth questions;
interview if you are you hurting anywhere in your private
suspect abuse? places today?
When sexual abuse is
suspected... how only 10%!!!! 90% of sexual abuse exam
sensitive is physical should be history!
exam?
Does HIPAA apply
NO
with child abuse?
speaks in a manner consistent; does not
How do you analyze sound rehearsed; does not use adult-like
veracity of child's phrasing; emotional distress, relucance to
presentation? reveal; precocious sexual behavioral and
knowledge
What makes up the Police, Prosecuting attorney; child advocacy
Multi-disciplinary center; CPS;special advocates; medical
Investigative Team? professionals
Age of censent in WV 16 but must be 4 years age difference or less
 bruises or marks that are symmetrical; injury
common examples of
to both sides of face, back or buttocks; bruise
injuries seen in child
with shape of the instrument used; cigarette
abuse
burns; multiple fractures
what kind of fractures
in infants are most fractures in non-ambulatory infoants
often from abuse?
what is the second
most common cuase abdominal injuries
of child abuse fatality?
what is the cause of
most failure to thrive psychosocial causes (often from neglect)
cases?
ability to maintain extreme calm and
imperturbability
steadiness
ability to handle stressful situations with an
equanimity
undisturbed, even temper
hand to mouth; grasping reflex; visual
birth to 4 weeks
tracking
tonic neck reflex positions predominate;
4 weeks follows moving objects to the midline. visual
fixation
follows a slowly moving object well;
16 weeks
spontaneous social smile
one hand approach and grasp of toy; takes
28 weeks foot to mouth; starts to imitate mothers
sounds
separation anxiety manifest when taken from
40 weeks mother; feeds self c****er and holds own
bottle
52 weeks walks with one hand held; stnds alone briefly
toddles; creeps up stairs; points or vocalizes
15 months
wants
coordinated walking; seldom falls; walks up
18 months
stairs with one hand held
runs well; no falling; goes up and down stairs
2 years
alone
3 years rides tricycle; unbuttons buttons; feeds self
 well; understands taking turns
washes and dries own face; burshes teeth;
4 years
associative or joint play
counts 10 objects; dresses and undresses
5 years
self; plays competitive exercise games
rides two-wheel bike; prints name; ties
6 years
shoelaces
usually have other misbehaving kind of
ADHD problems... maybe acting out to get under
your skin
what is the order
between median, mean, median, mode
mode and mean?
what is the mode on a top of teh "hill"; value tha tis most
chart? representing in the population
 Chapter 1 - Theory & Research in Child Development
Chapter 1 - Theory & Research in Child Development
Question
Child Development
Developmental Science
Prenatal Period
Infancy & Toddlerhood
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Basic Issues of
Developmental Psychology
Theory
Continuous Development
Discontinuous Development Development process in which new
Answer
Area of study devoted to understanding
constancy and change from conception
through adolescence
Interdisiplinary field devoted to the
study of all changes we experience
throughout the lifespan
Conception to birth (9 months)
Birth - 2 years. Emergence of motor,
perceptual, and intellectual
capacities/Beginnings of language.
First intimate ties to other.
2-6 years. Body lengthens, motor skills
refined. Child more self-
sufficient.Make-believe play.
6-11 years. Improved athletic abilities.
More logical though processes.
Mastery of basic literacy skills.
Advance in understanding of self,
morality and friendship.
11-18 years. Puberty. Abstract and
idealistic thoughts. Autonomy.
(1) Continuous or discontinuous (2)
One or many possible courses of
development? (3) Nature vs. nurture
(4) ree will vs determinism
Orderly, integrated set of statements
that describes, explains, and predicts
behavior
View that regards development as a
cumulative process of gradually
augmenting the same types of skills
that were there to begin with.
 ways of understanding and responding
to the world emerge at specific times.
Like steps.
Blank slate. John Locke’s belief that a
child’s character is shaped entirely by
experience. Believed praise & approval
Tabula Rasa
better than rewards of money or
sweets. Opposed physical punishment.
Many courses
Ability to adapt effectively in the face of
Resilience
threats to development.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s view that
children are born with a sense of right
Noble Savages
and wrong and a plan for orderly,
healthy growth.
Genetically determined, naturally
Maturation
unfolding course of growth.
Age-related averages computed to
represent typical development.
Normatative Approach Launched by Hall & Gesell. Used
questionnaires, observations,
interviews.
Founder of child-study movement.
Stanley Hall
Launched normatative approach.
Constructed the first intelligence test.
Binet & Simon
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Fred’s view of personality
development. Children move through
stages in which they confront conflicts
Psychoanalytic Perspective between biological drives and social
expectations. Resolution of conflicts
determines psychological adjustment.
Discontinuous.
Freud’s theory emphasizes parent’s
management of children’s sexual and
Psychosexual Theory aggressive drives in the first few years
of life are crucial for personality
development.
Psychosocial Theory Erikson’s theory which emphasizes that
at each Freudian stage, individuals
 also acquire attitudes and skills that
help them become active, contributing
members of society.
(1) Basic trust vs mistrust; Oral – Birth-
1 yr (2) Autonomy vs shame and doubt;
Anal – 1-3 yrs (3) Initiative vs guilt;
Erickson’s Psychosocial
Phallic – 3- 6 yrs (4) Industry vs
Stages
Inferiority; Latency – 6-11 yrs (5)
Identity vs role confusion; Genital –
Adolescence
Directly observable events such as
stimuli and response are the
BehaviourismWatson &
appropriate focus of study. Classic and
Skinner
operant condition. John Watson.
Continuous Emphasis on nurture.
Emphasizes the role of modeling or
Social Learning
observational learning in development
TheoryAlberta Bandura
of behavior.
Learning doesn't depend on
reinforcers. Construct knowledge as
explore their world. Biological
Jean PiagetCognitive-
adaptation to fit the external world.
Development Theory
Stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational,
concrete operational, formal
operational stage. Discontinuous.
Continuous development. Acquires
Information Processing
information through processing
Theory
(problem solving). Computer like.
Researchers from psychology, biology,
neuroscience, medicine study
Developmental Cognitive
relationship between changes in the
Neuroscience
brain and developing child’s cognitive
processing and behavior patterns.
Focuses on adaptive or survival value
of behavior and on similarities between
Ethology
human behavior and other species.
Both continuous and discontinuous.
Understanding the adaptive value of
Evolutionary Developmental species-wide cognitive, emotional and
Psychology social competencies and their change
with age.
 Cognitive development a socially
mediated process; children depend on
assistance from adults and peers to
VygotskySociocultural
take on new challenges. Stagewise
Theory
changes. Both continuous and
discontinuous. How culture is
transmitted to the next generation.
Microsystem. Mesosystem. Exosystem.
Bronfenbrenner'sEcological Macrosystem. Chronosystem is the
Systems Theory temporal changes and effects of the
system.
Always changing, any changes disrupts
Dynamic Systems the system and child actively
Perspective reorganize his or her behavior to adapt.
Continuous and discontinuous.
Prediction, drawn directly from a
Hypothesis
theory.
Laboratory situation is set up that
evokes a behavior of interest so that
Structured Observations
every participant has an opportunity to
display the response.
Observation of a culture or social
Ethnography group. Typically spends months or
years in cultural community to observe.
Each participant is asked the same
Structured Interviews
questions in the same way.
Researcher fathers information on
individuals without altering participants’
experience s and examines
Correlational Design
relationships between variables. CON:
No inferences about CAUSE and
EFFECT. Quasi-experiemental.
Has independent variable and
Experimental Design
dependent variable.
Longitudinal Design Participants studied repeatedly at
different ages and changes noted as
they age. PROS: Able to identify
patterns & examine relationships of
early and later behaviours. CONS:
Participants move. Test-wiseness.
 cohort effects
People in different age groups are
studied at the same point in time.
PROS: No dropout rates. CONS:
Cross-Sectional Design Cohort effects – effects of cultural-
historical change in accuracy of
findings; cannot tell if individual
differences exist.
Combination of LONGITUDINAL &
CROSS SECTIONAL. Several similar
Sequential Design
cross-sectional or longitudinal studies
at varying times.
Presents children with a task and
follows their mastery over a series of
Microgenetic Design closely spaced sessions. Adaption of
longitudinal. Useful for studying of
cognitive development.
All behavior is determined by preceding
Determinism
events. OPPOSITION – free will
Depends on protective factors (Sonja
Resilience Luther); goodness of fit (Lerner &
Lerner);
Inborn biological hereditary information
Nature
received from our parents
Forces of physical and social world that
influence our biological makeup and
Nurture
psychological experiences before and
after birth
Personal Characteristics. Warm
Parental Relationship. Social Support
Protective Factors
Outside of Immediate Family.
(Resilience)
Community Resources &
Opportunities.
Mixed ideas about children: Children
regarded as born evil and stubborn and
Medievil Times
had to be civilized; children portrayed
as innocents
Birth - 2 yrs. Piaget's first stage.
Sensorimotor Stages Senses and movements. Think with
eyes, ears, hands & mouth
 2 - 7 yrs. Piaget's 2nd stage. Symbolic
Preoperational Stage but illogical thinking. Language and
make-believe begin
7 - 11 yrs. Piaget's 3rd stage. -
Concrete Operational Stage
Organized reasoning, logical.
11+ yrs. Piaget's 4th stage. Abstract,
Formal Operational Stage
systematic reasoning.
Noble savages. Child centered
philosophy - adults should be receptive
to child's needs at all 4 stages of
Jean Jacques Rousseau
development. Includes 2 steps: stages
and maturation. Discontinuous; one
course.
Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling,
and behaving that characterize specific
periods of development. Periods of
Stages rapid transformation from stage to
stage, plateaus in between.
Discontinuous theories view
development as stages.
 Discovering what psychology is

Discovering what psychology is

Question Answer
academic and applied discipline involving the
What is
systematic, and often scientific, study of
psychology?
human/animal mental functions and behavior
Who is the
father of modern Sigmund Freud
day psychology?
What is one
subfield of Abnormal
psychology?
What is one
subfield of Cognitive
psychology?
Forensic psychology covers a broad range of
What is forensic practices including the clinical evaluations of
psychology? defendants, reports to judges and attorneys, and
courtroom testimony on given issues
Educational psychology is the study of how humans
What is learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of
educational educational interventions, the psychology of
psychology? teaching, and the social psychology of schools as
organizations.
Legal psychology is a research-oriented field
What is legal populated with researchers from several different
psychology? areas within psychology (although social and
cognitive psychologists are typical).
What is Occupational health psychology (OHP) is a
occupational discipline that emerged out of health psychology,
health industrial/organizational psychology, and
psychology? occupational health.
What is Quantitative psychology involves the application of
quantitative mathematical and statistical modeling in
psychology? psychological research, and the development of
statistical methods for analyzing and explaining
 behavioral data.
School psychology combines principles from
educational psychology and clinical psychology to
What is school
understand and treat students with learning
psychology?
disabilities and otherwise to promote safe,
supportive, and effective learning environments.
Social psychology is the study of social behavior
and mental processes, with an emphasis on how
What is social
humans think about each other and how they relate
psychology?
to each other. Social psychologists are especially
interested in how people react to social situations.
What is Personality psychology studies enduring patterns of
personality behavior, thought, and emotion in individuals,
psychology? commonly referred to as personality.
 Chapter 12 Blood

Chapter 12 Blood

Hint Answer
Name the 3
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
Granulocytes.
The nongranular
Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Leukocytes are?
Normally what
percentage of blood 45%
is RBC
Normally what
percentage of blood 55%
is plasma?
Myeloid tissue is also
Red bone marrow.
know as?
This type of Anemia
can be caused by a Pernicious Anemia
lack of vitamin B12.
The formation of new
blood cells is known Hematopiesis
as?
Which type of
lymphocytes make B-lymphocytes
antibodies?
These lymphocytes
directly attack T-lymphocytes
bacteria.
What are the formed
RBC's, WBC's, and Platelets.
elements in blood?
Platelets are also
Thrombocytes
known as?
White blood cells are
Leukocytes
also known as?
Red blood cells are
Erthrocytes
also known as?
Normal adult blood
4 to 6 liters
volume is?
How long can
donated blood be 6 weeks
stored?
A hemolytic anemia found most frequently in
people of Mediterranean descent, causes
abnormal hemoglobin resulting in low
Thalassemia Major
hemoglobin numbers. Also causes low oxygen
content in tissue, swelling of spleen and liver,
and crippling skeletal deformity
What type of WBC is
the most numerous Neutrophils
in the body?
What is the life span
80 to 120 days
of a RBC?
Low oxygen carrying ability of the blood. Body
produces defective or low numbers of RBC's.
Anemia Normal adult hemoglobin numbers range from
12 to 14 g/100ml. Less than 9 g/100ml
indicates anemia.
Polycythemia The overproduction RBC's
Myeloid tissue is
Sternum, ribs, and hip bones
found in what bones?
Unique blood flow from the intestines to the
Hepatic Portal
liver. Hepatic Portal Vein carries blood from 2
Circulation
capillary beds in the intestine.
Hemostasis The prevention of blood loss
Hemostasis is 1-Vascular Spasm2-Platelet formation3-
maintained by? Coagulation
RBC's in 1 cubic
5,000,000
millimeter
WBC's in 1 cubic
7500
millimeter
Platelets in 1 cubic
300,000
millimeter
Genetic disease causing sickle shaped
Sickle Cell Anemia
hemoglobin. Causes reduction of blood flow.
What WBC's have
Lymphocytes
the longest life?
Carries oxygenated blood to the placenta.
Umbilical Vein
There is only 1.
Carries oxygen-poor blood from the placenta
Umbilical Arteries
back to the mother. There is 2.
A shunt that allows blood to bypass the liver in
Ductous Venosus
a fetus.
Hole/shunt allowing blood to pass from right
Foramen Ovale atrium directly into left atrium. Allowing blood
to bypass fetal lungs.
Conects the aorta and pulmonary artery. Aids
Ductous Arteriosus
in the bypassing of blood to fetal lungs.
What percentage of
total body weight is 7% to 9%
blood?
Size of a RBC 7-9 micrometers
Low WBC count (below 5000 WBC/cubic
Leukopenia
millimeter)
High WBC count (above 10,00/cubic
Leukocytosis
millimeter)
Differential WBC
Measures proportions of each type of WBC.
count
Neutrophils 60-70%, Lymphocytes 20-25%,
Leukocytes in blood Monocytes 3-8%, Eosinophils 2-4%, Basophils
0.5-1%.
What's in plasma? 7% protein, 91% water, 2% other solutes.
Promotes the formation of prothrombin by the
Vitamin K
liver.
Produce platelets. Known as platelet mother
Megakarocytes
cells.
Albumin A protein that expands plasma.
Serum Plasma minus it's clotting factors
A protein containing antibodies that help
Globulin
protect us from infections.
Thrombus When a clot stays in the place where it formed.
Embolis A dislodged clot in the bloodstream.
RBC antigen type A. Antibodies in plasma anti-
Type A blood
B
RBC antigen type B. Antibodies in plasma anti-
Type B blood
A.
RBC antigen type AB. Antibodies in plasma
Type AB blood
none. Universal recipient.
RBC antigen none. Antibodies in plasma anti-A
Type O blood
and anti-B. Universal donor.
Ischemia Decreased blood supply to tissue.
Tissue death due to lack of blood supply to
Necrosis
tissue.
Gangrene The decay of necrotic tissue.
Veins Carry blood to the heart. Veins have valves.
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.
Layers of blood
The media/muscle layer is thicker in
vessels
arteries.Externa layer thicker in veins.
Atherosclerosis Hardening of the inside of an artery
Arteriosclerosis Hardening of outside of artery
 Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders

Question Answer
Paranoid
Paranoid about everything, bear grudges, trouble in
Personality
relationships, stalkers, abusive spouse
Disorder
Pervasive pattern of detachment from relationships,
Schizoid Pers.
the loner, shows no emotion, don't care if you criticize
Dis.
them or praise them, very cold, into math/computers
discomfort with close relationships, eccentrics--artists,
Schizotypal
poets, psychics, superstitious, odd thinking, long,
Pers. Dis.
curly nails, weird affect, paranoia--social anxiety
Anti-social pervasive pattern of disregard for others since age
pers. dis. 18. lack of remorse, no compassion.
Borderline A pattern of instability in several areas of life; needy,
Pers. dis. avoid abandonment, sabotage relationships
seductive, gullible, pattern of excessive emotionality
Histrionic Pers
and attention seeking; needs to be center of attention,
Dis.
act like children
seems most concerned with or in love with
themselves, everyone else's fault, criterion is
Narcissistic grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy,
pers dis brags a lot, believe that they're special and can only
be understood by a special, qualified person, sense
of enti
Avoidant Pers. Avoids all types of situations, social inhibitions,
dis hypersensitivity to criticism, feelings of inadequacy
might be diagnosed with substance abuse; can't be
alone, need to be taken care of-clingy behavior, fear
Dependent
of separation, need excessive advice and assurance
pers dis
from others, scared to disagree; helpless when alone,
preoccupied with being left alone
Chapter 14 -Psychological Disorders (Gerrig and Zimbardo, 18th Edition)

Chapter 14 -Psychological Disorders (Gerrig and Zimbardo, 18th Edition)

Question Answer
acute temporary, severe
chronic persistent, no cure
organic physical/chemical cause
functional mental and/or social cause
a psychological disorder marked by persistent
anxiety disorder
anxiety that disrupts everyday functioning
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent state
generalized anxiety
of anxiety that exists independently of any
disorder
particular stressful situation
an anxiety disorder marked by sudden,
unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety,
panic disorder
often associated with the fear of dying or "losing
one's mind"
an anxiety disorder marked by excessive or
phobia
inappropriate fear
an anxiety disorder in which the person has
obsessive-
recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and
compulsive disorder
recurrent urges to perform ritualistic actions
(OCD)
(compulsions)
a psychological disorder characterized by
somatoform
physical symptoms in the absence of disease or
disorder
injury
a somatoform disorder in which the person
hypochondriasis interprets the slightest physical changes as
evidence of a serious illness
a somatoform disorder in which the person
exhibits motor or sensory loss or the alteration
conversion disorder
of a physiolocial function without any apparent
physical cause
a psychological disorder marked by prolonged
mood disorder periods of extreme depression or elation often
unrelated to the person's current situation
major depression a mood disorder marked by depression so
 intense and prolonged that the person may be
unable to function in everyday life
a mood disorder in which severe depression
seasonal affective
arises during a particular season, usually the
disorder (SAD)
winter but sometimes the summer
a mood disorder marked by periods of mania
bipolar disorder alternating with longer periods of major
depression
a psychological disorder characterized by
personality disorder enduring, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of
behavior
a class of psychological disorders characterized
schizophrenia by grossly impaired social, emotional, cognitive,
and perceptual functioning
a type of schizophrenia marked by sever
disorganized
personality deterioration and extremely bizarre
schizophrenia
behavior
a type of schizophrenia marked by unusual
catatonic
motor behavior, such as bizarre actions,
schizophrenia
extreme agitation, or immobile stupor
a type of schizophrenia marked by
paranoid
hallucinations, delusions, suspiciousness, and
schizophrenia
argumentativeness
a syndrome of physical and psychological
posttraumatic
symptoms that appears as a delayed response
stress disorder
after exposure to an extremely emotionally
(PTSD)
distressing event
disorders in which, under unbearable stress,
dissociative consciousness becomes dissociated from a
disorders person's identity or her or his memories of
important personal events, or both.
dissociative
A complete or partial loss of memory.
amnesia
Complete loss of memory of one's entire
dissociative fugue
identity.
undifferentiated A generic term when one does not fit into a
schizophrenia criteria type.
Fetish A condition in which arousal and/or sexual
gratification is attained through inanimate
 objects (shoes, pantyhose) or non-sexual body
parts (feet, hair), its a problem when the person
cannot complete a sexual act without the object
present
This disorder is characterized by either intense
sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors
Pedophilia
involving sexual activity with a prepubescent
child (typically age 13 or younger).
This disorder is characterized by either intense
sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors
in which the individual observes an
Voyeurism
unsuspecting stranger who is naked, disrobing,
or engaging in sexual activity. (peeping tom type
thing)
either intense sexually arousing fantasies,
urges, or behaviors in which the individual
Exhibitionism
exposes his or her genitals to an unsuspecting
stranger
either intense sexually arousing fantasies,
urges, or behaviors in which the individual is
Sadism
sexually aroused by causing humiliation or
physical suffering of another person
either intense sexually arousing fantasies,
urges, or behaviors in which the individual is
Masochism
humiliated, beaten, bound, or made to suffer in
some way
distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies,
urges, or behaviors; must occur for a significant
paraphilia - sexual
period of time and must interfere with either
disorders
satisfactory sexual relations or everyday
functioning if the diagnosis is to be made
A legal term representing the inability to know
Insanity right from wrong or the inability to understand
the consequences of one's actions.
not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a
Abnormal norm, interferes in everyday life or presentation
in society
concentration of libidinal interest on one part of
Partialism
the body
Zoophilia an abnormal fondness or preference for
 animals.
-Paranoid -unwarranted suspiciousness -overtly
sensitive to criticism -readily angered /grudges
Paranoid
-reluctance to confide -few friends/ intimate
Personality
relationships -hypervigilant about harm -deny
Disorder
blame of self -cold, aloof, devious and
humorless
Histrionic -dramatic & emotional presentation -excessive
Personality need for attention -attention-seeking behaviors
Disorder -exaggerated emotional expressions
-exaggerated sense of self-importance
Narcissistic -complete demand for attention/admiration
Personality -exploitative -expect others to notice special
Disorder qualities or talents -lack of empathy -demands to
be center of attention
Dependant
-Needs to be taken care of -Reliance on others
Personality
-Inability to assume responsibilities
Disorder
-Failure to conform to social or legal codes
Antisocial
-Lack of anxiety and guilt -Irresponsible
Personality
behaviors -no remorse -very impulsive
Disorder
-egocentric, very munipulative, callous
A condition occurring in individuals with a history
of schizophrenic episodes, characterized by
Residual blunted or inappropriate emotion, social
Schizophrenia withdrawal, eccentric behavior, and the making
of loose associations, and lacking in prominent
psychotic symptoms.
Gottesman, Genetics; abnormalities in the brain;
Causes of
family history or family interaction as an
Schizophrenia
environmental stressor
Psychosis out of touch with reality
What manual is
used to classify DSM-IV-TR
abnormality?
Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Question Answer
Skeletal System Support; Protection; Movement; Mineral
Functions: Storage; Blood Formation;
Types/Shapes of
Long; Short; Flat; Irregular
Bones:
Metaphysis: Growth Plate of long bone
Diaphysis: Shaft of long bone
Medullary Cavity: Bone Marrow
Thick ends of bones; Hylene cartilage
Epiphysis:
covered
Red: Red blood cells; Children have all red;
2 Types of Bone
Yellow: Fatty; Doesn't produce blood cells;
Marrow:
mostly in long bones
2 Parts of long bones: Periosteum; Endosteum
Outer Covering of bones; 2 layers: Outer
Periosteum:
(collagen/fibrous); Inner: Bone forming cells
Inside: Lines Medullary cavity; Bone forming
Endosteum:
cells; Reticular Connective Tissue
Organic & Inorganic. Organic: 1/3; collagen;
Matrix of Bone tissue: flexible; Inorganic: 2/3 hydroxyapatite;
Strength
Osteogenic; Osteoblasts; Osteocytes;
4 Bone Cells:
Osteoclasts
Stem cells: give way to other bone cells;
Osteogenic Cells: Found in endosteum (grow/multiply); From
fibroblasts
From osteogenic cells; Non-mitotic; Bone
Osteoblast Cells: forming; Surfaces of bone; Trapped in
matrix and become osteocytes
Help with mineral storage; Thicker/inner
Osteocyte Cells:
portion of bone
Osteoclast Cells: Formed from 3-5 stem cells that fuse
together; Large multiple nuclei formed in
bone marrow; Dissolve bone with acid.
 Work with osteoblasts to break down
2 Types of bone tissue: Compact; Spongy
Formed by combining osteons; 1 central
Compact bone tissue:
(Haversion) canal & concentric rings
Lattice/Spikes & Rods; Rings but no central
Spongy bone tissue: canal; Trabeculae (spikes, projections);
Found in epiphysis
Contains nerves and blood vessels in
Haversion canal:
compact bone tissue
Lamellae: Rings of Matrix (in compact bone tissue)
Cavities: find osteocytes (in compact bone
Lacumae:
tissue)
Projections: Allow osteocytes to
Canaliculi:
communicate (in compact bone)
Canal that feeds blood & nerve supply to
Volkmans' Canal: haversion canal; Allows osteons to
communicate; removes wastes
Intramembraneous ossification:
Membrane/Fibrous sheet; Endochondrial
2 ways bone develope:
Ossification: Majority of bones; Cartilege
model
Type of bone that
Flatbones
encloses and protects:
Slender channels that
Canaliculi
branch off lacunae:
Rings of Matrix: Lamallae
Bone Dissolving cells Osteoclasts
Found in Lacunae: Osteocytes
Shaft of long bone: Diaphysis
Crystallized inorganic
Hydroxyapatite
portion of bone matrix:
Inner covering, bone
forming cells found Endosteum
here:
Bone forming cells: Osteoblasts
Also known as the Metaphysis
epiphseal plate:
Articular surface of a
Epiphysis
long bone:
Formed by combining
Compact bone
osteons:
Have trabeculae: Spongy Bone
Outer covering, bone
Periosteum
forming cells found here
Intramembraneous Membrane/Fibrous sheet; One way bones
ossification: develop
Endochondrial Majority of bones; Cartilege model; One way
Ossification: bones develop
Modern Psych Perspectives

Modern Psych Perspectives

Question Answer
How the body and brain enable emotions,
Neuroscience
memories, and sensory experiences
How the natural selection of traits promotes the
Evolutionary
perpetuation of one's genes
Behavior How much our genes and our environment
genetics influence our individual differences
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and
Psychodynamic
conflicts
Behavioral How we learn obserable responses
How we encode, process, store, and retrive
Cognitive
information
How behavior and thinking vary across situations
Social-cultural
and cultures
 psychology

psychology

Question Answer
Being aware of things outside yourself is an
sensory awareness
example of consciousness
Imagining the test of a favorite food from direct inner
childhood is an example consciousness awareness
The level of consciousness in which people can
Preconscious level
recall information if they have to is the ____
on a non-conscious
BIological functions such as blood pressure exist
level
Which of the following is not an altered state of being aware of the
consciousness environment
a sequence of bodily changes that occurs every
circadian rhythm
24 hours is known as
What is the lightest stage of sleep Stage 1 sleep
The most vivd dreams occur during Rem sleep
the inability to
What is insomnia
sleep
what method of narrowing consciousness leads
meditation
to relaxation
a method through which people have learned to
control some bodily functions such as heart rate biofeedback
is
an altered state of consciousness in which
people respond to suggestions and behave as hypnosis
though they are in a trance is
a person who takes a drug for a while and then
an addiction
craves it just to feel normal is experiencing
what are drugs that slow the activity of the
depressants
nervous system known as
which of the following is an example of a
Morphine
narcotic
what drugs increase the activity of the nervous
stimulants
system
which of the following is a drug that produces
LSD
hallucinations
which of the following treatments for drug abuse
involves the removal of the poisonous substance detoxification
fro the body