Subject code: ME-304 Subject: Thermodynamics Experiment No.

Title of Experiment: To study the working

principle and working construction of the Impulse
and Reaction steam turines
Page: !-!0
AIM: To study the working principle and working construction of the Impulse and
Reaction steam turines.
APPRATUS:
Model of Impulses turine.
Model of Reaction turine.
O!E"TI#E:
"uantify the con#ersion of mechanical energy to heat energy y

Identifying and $uantifying any possile energy losses in the e%periment.
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T$EOR%:
1. Introduction
STEAM TURINE: A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy
from pressurized steam, and con#erts it into rotary motion.
&'())I*I&(TI+, +* )TE(M T-R.I,E)/
!. (ccording to the mode of steam action
Impulse turine
Reaction turine
0. (ccording to the direction of steam flow.
(%ial flows turine
Radial flows turine
3. (ccording to the e%haust condition of steam
.
&ondensing turine
,on-condensing turine
4. (ccording to the of pressure stages.
)ingle stage turines
Multistage impulse and reaction turines
1. (ccording to the numer of cylinders.
)ingle cylinder turines
2oule cylinder turines
Three cylinder turines
*our cylinder turines
0
3. (ccording to pressure of steam
'ow pressure turines4
using steam at a pressure of !.0 to 0 atm
Medium pressure turines4
using steam at pressu
res of upto 40 atm
5igh pressure turines4
utilising pressures ao#e 40 atm
IMPU&SE TURINE/
( Impulse Turine is a prime mo#er in which fluid under pressure enters a stationary
no66le where its pressure 7potential8 energy is con#erted to #elocity 7kin etic8 energy and
asored y the rotor.
3
4
'E(&E#E& IMPU&SE TURINE/
( 2e-'e#el turine is the simplest type of impulse steam turine4 and is commonly used in
which steam impinges upon re#ol#ing lades from a flared no66le.
The flare of the no66le causes e%pansion of the steam4 and hence changes its pressure
energy into kinetic energy. It has the following main components/
1
!. ,o66le/ - It is a circular guide mechanism4 which guides the steam to flow at the
designed direction and #elocity. It also regulates the flow of the steam. The no66le is kept
#ery close to the lades4 in order to minimi6e the losses due to wind age.
0. Runner and lades. / - The runner of the 2e -'a#al impulse turine essentially consists of
a circular disc fi%ed to a hori6ontal shaft. +n the periphery of the runner4 a numer of
lades are fi%ed uniformaly. The steam 9et impinges on the uckets4 which mo#es in the
direction of the 9et. The mo#ement of the lades makes the runner to rotate. The surface of
the lade s is made #ery smooth to minimi6e the frictional losses. The lades are generally
made of special steel alloys.
3. &asing. It is an air tight metallic case4 which contains the turine runner and lades. It
controls the mo#ement of steam from the lades to the condenser4 and does not permit it to
mo#e into the space. Moreo#er4 it is essential to safeguard the runner against any accident.
3
REA"TION TURINE/
( Reaction Turines are those turines in which the energy of the fluid is partly
transformed into kinetic energy efore it enters the runner of the turine.
:
;(R)+,<) RE(&TI+, T-R.I,E/ ( ;arson<s turine is the simplest type of reaction
steam turine4 and is commonly used in which power is otained mainly y an imp ulse
force of the incoming steam and small reacti#e force of the outgoing steam. It has the
following main components/
=
!. &asting/- It is an air - tight metallic case4 in which the steam from the oiler turine4
under a high pressure and temperature4 is distriuted around the fi%ed lades 7guide
mechanism8 in the casting. The casting is designed in such a way that the steam
enters the fi%ed lades with a uniform #elocity.
0. >uide mechanism/- It is a mechanism4 made up with the help of guide lades4 in
the form of a wheel. This wheel is4 generally4 fi%ed to the casting? that is why these
guide lades are also called fi%ed lades. The guide lades are properly designed in
order to/
a8 (llow the steam to enter the runner without shock. This is done y keeping the
relati#e #elocity at inlet of the runner tangential to the lade angle.
8 (llow the re$uired $uantity of steam to enter the turine. This is done y ad9usting
the openings of the lades.
The guide lades may e opened or closed y rotating the regulating shaft4 thus allowing
the steam to flow according to the need. The regulating shaft is operated y means of a
go#ernor whose function is to go#ern the turine 7 i.e. to keep speed constant at #arying
loads8
3. Turine runner/- The turine runner of a ;arson<s reaction turine essentially
consists of runner lades fi%ed to a shaft or rings4 depending upon the type of the
turine. The lades4 fi%ed to the runner4 are propely designed in order to allow the
steam to enter and lea#e the runner without shock. The surf ace of the turine is
made #ery smooth to minimi6e the frictional losses.
4. 2rafting tue/- The steam4 after passing through the runner4 flow into the condenser
through a tue called draft tue. It may e noted that if this tue is not pro#ided in
the turine4 then the steam will mo#e freely and will cause steamed
@
SAMP&E )UATION:
!. E%plain the principle of Impulse A Reaction turineB
0. Chat is working of Impulse A Reaction turineB
3. Chat is staging4 why it is done in reaction turineB
4. Chat is steam trappingB
1. 2eference etween Impulse A Reaction turineB
RE*ERAN"E +I* AN%,:
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