Earthquake is the vibration caused by the movement, which is the collection and the sudden depletion of

the energy of strain in broken, or in other words, fault plane of the earth. This waves cause to vibrate
near earths by spreading.
Earthquakes that have been caused by plate motion are named as Tectonic earthquakes. 90% of the
world earthquakes are tectonic ones. econd type of earthquakes is volcanic earthquakes and they occur
during the eruption of active volcanoes. !s there is not such volcano there is not volcanic earthquake.
The third kind is collapse earthquakes and they caused by the collapse of the gaps in caves in
underground. !s for Tsunami, it is the big waves that come ashore because of the eruption in sea
volcanoes. Thank to the location and the situation of our county and seas, there does not occur tsunamis
after earthquake.
urkey is a part of a geography where the reality of the earthquake has to be recalled again and again,
and Turkey has faced many situations of earthquakes, with which she lives. This situation makes it
necessary to know the earthquakes well, take the precautions and practice the activities to minimi"e the
harm. ituation that earthquake cause has to be understood profoundly and precautions have to be
actuali"ed by planning. Especially in constructions, that earthquake risk and ground studies have be
practiced has become a profound.
Earthquake acceleration is the measurement of the speed and number of the vibration during an
earthquake. #and, on which there are buildings, is awaken with the wave of vibrations. !s the building is
a divided unit from the earth, it resists to the vibration and creates an opposite strength from the earth.
$t resembles to the passengers in a vehicle doing sudden break. %ovement of the earth is the
acceleration at the same time, during earthquake. %a&imum acceleration is the most lost acceleration
during the earthquake.
The point where earthquake energy is released is focus point or hypocenter. !fter the break or glissade,
seismic waves spread through the focus point. There are two seismic waves' ()ody waves* that spread
from the underground to every direction+ (surface waves* that spread from epicenter to surface.
urface waves, the second type of seismic waves, are the slowest seismic waves and they cause more
harm than the (body waves* generally. They cause much more movement because this waves move
slowly they and they last much long. )y investigating the surface waves, speed of the shear wave can be
detected. This parameter is the most important one which required in the investigation of the ground
studies, with other dynamic ground parameters. ,lear and right calculations of these are very important
in terms of the defining of the land, on which the building will be built. Thus, calculations of these are
very important for the quake-harm relation and have a priority for constructions.
.ibration of a possible quake is a big threat for living space. i"e of the quake harms buildings, roads,
centered areas, transportation, social life, county economy as well as it can be cause big casualties. #ife
stops suddenly and it takes time to return to the ordinary.

9/% of lands of our country is under the earthquake risk and %90 of the population habits in that areas.
This is a sufficient reason to start a permanent and efficient organi"ation. Earthquake is a natural
catastrophe consequence of which alters depended on the si"e.
A gravimeter is an instrument used in gravimetry for measuring the localgravitational field of
the Earth. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, specialized for measuring the constant
downward acceleration of gravity, which varies by about 0.5% over the surface of the Earth.
Though the essential principle of design is the same as in other accelerometers,
gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive in order to measure very
tiny fractional changes within the Earthsgravity of ! g, caused by nearby geologic structures
or the shape of the Earth and by temporal tidal variations. This sensitivity means that
gravimeters are susceptible to e"traneous vibrations including noise that tend to cause
oscillatory accelerations. #n practice this is counteracted by integral vibration isolation
and signal processing. The constraints on temporal resolution are usually less for gravimeters, so
that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer time constant.
$ravimeters display their measurements in units of gals %cm&s'(, instead of more common
units of acceleration.
Magnetometers are measurement instruments used for two general purposes) to
measure the magnetization of a magnetic material li*e a ferromagnet, or to measure the
strength and, in some cases, the direction of the magnetic field at a point in space.
The +rst magnetometer was invented by Carl Friedrich Gauss in !,-- and notable
developments in the !.th century included the Hall Effect which is still widely used.
/agnetometers are widely used for measuring the Earth's magnetic field and ingeophysical
surveys to detect magnetic anomalies of various types. They are also used militarily to detect
submarines. 0onse1uently some countries, such as the USA,Canada and Australia classify the
more sensitive magnetometers as military technology, and control their distribution.
/agnetometers can be used as metal detectors) they can detect only magnetic %ferrous(
metals, but can detect such metals at a much larger depth than conventional metal
detectors2 they are capable of detecting large ob3ects, such as cars, at tens of metres,
while a metal detectors range is rarely more than ' metres.
#n recent years magnetometers have been miniaturized to the e"tent that they can be
incorporated in integrated circuits at very low cost and are +nding increasing use
as compasses in consumer devices such as mobile phones and tablet computers.
Gravitation, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon by which all physical bodiesattract each other.
#t is most commonly recognized and e"perienced as the agent that gives eight to physical
ob3ects and causes physical ob3ects to fall toward the ground when dropped from a height.
#t is hypothesized that the gravitational force is mediated by a massless spin!"particle
called the graviton. $ravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, along
with electromagnetism, and the nuclear strong force and ea# force. 0ollo1uially, gravitation is a
force of attraction that acts between and on all physical ob3ects with matter %mass( or
energy. #n modern physics, gravitation is most accurately described by the general theory of
relativity proposed by Einstein, which asserts that the phenomenon of gravitation is a
conse1uence of the curvature ofspacetime. #n pursuit of a theory of everything, the merging of
general relativity and 1uantum mechanics %or 1uantum +eld theory( into a more general
theory of $uantum gravity has become an area of active research. %eton's la of universal
gravitation postulates that the gravitational force of two bodies of mass is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s$uare of
thedistance between them. #t provides an accurate appro"imation for most physical
situations including spacecraft tra&ectory.%eton's las of motion are also based on the in4uence of
gravity, encompassing three physical laws that lay down the foundations for classical
mechanics.
5uring the grand unification epoch, gravity separated from the electronuclear force. $ravity is the
wea*est of the four fundamental forces and appears to have unlimited range %unli*e the
strong or wea* force(. The gravitational force is appro"imately !06-, times the strength of
the strong force %i.e., gravity is -, orders of magnitude wea*er(, !06-7 times the strength
of the electromagnetic force, and !06'. times the strength of the wea* force. As a
conse1uence, gravity has a negligible in4uence on the behavior of sub8atomic particles,
and plays no role in determining the internal properties of everyday matter. 9n the other
hand, gravity is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, that is the cause of the
formation, shape, and tra3ectory %orbit( of astronomical bodies, including those
of asteroids, comets, planets, stars, andgala'ies. #t is responsible for causing the Earth and the
other planets to orbit the :un2 for causing the (oon to orbit the Earth2 for the formation
of tides2 for natural convection, by which 4uid 4ow occurs under the in4uence of a density
gradientand gravity2 for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high
temperatures2 for solar system, gala'y, stellarformation and evolution2 and for various other
phenomena observed on Earth and throughout the universe. This is the case for several
reasons) gravity is the only force acting on all particles with mass2 it has an in+nite range2
it is always attractive and never repulsive2 and it cannot be absorbed, transformed, or
shielded against. Even though electromagnetism is far stronger than gravity,
electromagnetism is not relevant to astronomical ob3ects, since such bodies have an e1ual
number of protons and electrons that cancel out
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is
the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the
Earths crust originates from the original formation of the planet %'0%( and from radioactive
decay of minerals %,0%(.)*+ )"+ The geothermal gradient, which is the di;erence in temperature
between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal
energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The ad3ective geothermal originates
from the $ree* roots (ge), meaning earth, and (thermos), meaning hot.
Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat
loss from Earths formation.)"+ Temperatures at thecore,mantle boundary may reach over <000
=0 %>,'00 =?(.)-+ The high temperature and pressure in Earths interior cause some roc* to
melt and solid mantleto behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward
since it is lighter than the surrounding roc*. @oc* and water is heated in the crust,
sometimes up to ->0 =0 %>00 =?(.).+
?rom hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since /aleolithic times and
for space heating since ancient @oman times, but it is now better *nown forelectricity generation.
Aorldwide, !!,<00 megaatts %/A( of geothermal power is online in '< countries in '0!'.
)0+ An additional ', gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district
heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural
applications in '0!0.)1+
$eothermal power is cost e;ective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly,
)2+ but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. @ecent
technological advances have dramatically e"panded the range and size of viable
resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for
widespread e"ploitation. $eothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within
the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As
a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global arming if widely
deployed in place of fossil fuels.
The Earths geothermal resources are theoretically more than ade1uate to supply
humanitys energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be pro+tably e"ploited.
5rilling and e"ploration for deep resources is very e"pensive. ?orecasts for the future of
geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, and
interest rates. Bilot programs li*e EAECs customer opt in $reen Bower Brogram )3+ show
that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source li*e
geothermal. Cut as a result of government assisted research and industry e"perience, the
cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by '5% over the past two decades.
)4+ #n '00!, geothermal energy cost between two and ten D: cents per *Ah.)*5+