FINAL DATE SHEET

FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

DATE: JULY 24, 2012 GROUP NO.: 4
TIME: 8:00AM 10:30AM LOCATION: INTRAMUROS GROUND
WEATHER: RAINY PROFESSOR: ENGR. CERVANTES

A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TRIAL
LINE
TAPED
DISTANCE
NO. OF
PACES
MEAN
PACE
FACTOR
1 AB 50 M 68.5
68 paces 0.735 m/pace
2 BA 50 M 68
3 AB 50 M 70.5
4 BA 50 M 67
5 AB 50 M 66


B. COMPUTATIONS:

MEAN =



MEAN =
68.5 +68 +70.5 +67 +66
5

MEAN =
340
5

MEAN = 68 steps


P. F. =



P. F. =
50
68






P.F. = 0.735 m/pace


C. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING


TRIAL LINE
NO. OF
PACES
MEAN
PACE
FACTOR
PACED
DISTANCE
TAPED
DISTANCE
ERROR
1 CD 28
26.8
paces
0.735
m/pace
19.698 m 20 m
1
66.23

or
1.51%
2 DC 27
3 CD 26.5
4 DC 26
5 CD 26.5


D. COMPUTATIONS:



MEAN =



MEAN =
28 +27 +26.5 +26 +26.5
5

MEAN =
134
5

MEAN = 26.8 steps

. . = ( ) ( )
. . = (26.8 ) (0.735 /)

. . = 19.698


ERROR =
| |

100%
ERROR =
|20 19.698 |
20
100%
ERROR = 0.0151 100%

ERROR = 1.51% or
1
66.23




FIELD WORK NO. 1
PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

CE120-0F / A1





SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: STUDENT NO.:
GROUP NO. 4
DATE OF FIELD WORK: JULY 24, 2014
DATE OF SUBMITTION: JULY 31, 2014



SUBMITTED TO:
PROFESSOR: ENGR. CERVANTES



GRADE
E. SKETCH


This picture was taken while
our group was measuring a 50-
meter course on a level ground with
the use of range poles. I was the
one who was holding the range
pole to keep the measuring tape
from moving away to the marked
line. While my group mate is
marking the ground for us to know
where the extent of the course is.

















DISCUSSIONS

Distance is the amount of space between two places or things. In measuring a
distance, there are many methods to acquire its measurements. Example of these
methods includes using an odometer which is a measuring wheel that counts the
number of revolutions which is converted to a distance, using a theodolite which is an
instrument with a rotating telescope for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, taping
which uses a steel tape, pacing, and many more methods to measure distance.

Upon all of these methods, pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of
measuring distance in the field. Pacing is a method used to measure a distance and is
often used with a sighting or hand compass. The natural pace of each individual
normally varies from 2 to 3 ft. By determining your own pace, distance can easily be
estimated.

In this method, distances can be measured with an accuracy of about 1:100 by
pacing. Obviously, there is not much precision in this method and the procedure
provides only an approximation of distance. While providing only a crude measurement
of distances, pacing has the significant advantage of requiring no equipment. It is a skill
every surveyor should have. This is because pacing simply involves counting the steps
or paces while walking naturally along the line to be measured.

Many factors influence the length of a persons step when walking. Topography
influences the length of a pace because the length of a pace would be shorter walking
uphill and longer when walking downhill. When walking in shoes with low hills the length
of a step is longer than when walking in shoes with higher hills. In the morning when we
are fresh we tend to have a longer stride than in the afternoon when we are tired. When
walking in tall vegetation the length of stride will be shorter than when walking in short
vegetation. On a hard dry surface we will take longer steps than on a soft or wet one.

The pace factor is determined by getting the product of the sum of steps by the
known value of the line or course. From getting the pace factor by pace or one step, or
by the stride or double step, you can use your own pace factor to measure a line or a
course.

Knowing pace factor is very useful in the field of engineering specifically in civil
engineering in the field of surveying when you don't have an instrument in measuring a
long distance of course or a line. Different people have their own pace factor so every
individual differ on other pace factor.

There are many uses of the pacing in the field of surveying. Common uses of
pacing consist of measuring tree height or measuring the distance between plots and it
can also be used with a map. Pacing saves time but is not as accurate as using a tape
measure and can be affected by terrain such as steep slopes, rocky areas, streams,
and thick brush. A common practice in pacing when an obstacle is encountered is to
offset or pace around the obstacle. However, sometimes pacing around an obstacle is
not always an option. Good pacing can only be accomplished by practice. Knowing the
distance of your pace will help to ensure the accuracy and precision of pacing
distances.














CONCLUSION

A pace is the normal length of a step or stride of an individual. The length of pace
of an individual should be checked with an accurately measured distance in order to
determine the so-called Pace Factor. Pace Factor (P.F.) is defined as the ratio of the
measured distance in the number of paces made by an individual to cover the
measured distance or it can be expressed as P.F.= (length of course)/(mean number of
paces).

Although different people have their own pace factor so every individual differ on
other pace factor, based from the field work that we have done, this method can only
achieve an accuracy from 1/50 to 1/150. This is because of some certain sources of
errors like topography, type of shoes, time of the day, height of the vegetation, and soil
surface.

From the results of the field work, it should be better if have walked a
distance farther than the 50-meter course to test our computed pace factor thoroughly.
Also keep practicing because knowing the distance of your pace will help to ensure the
accuracy and precision of pacing distances.












QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Why is it important to know the individuals pace factor?
a. It is important to know the individuals pace factor because when you don't
have any device (such as tape, stadia, & etc.), you can measure a
distance by your own pace factor.

2. Name three most important pointers that an individual must remember to follow
in order to make his approximation of the distance of an unknown course to be
accurate as possible.
a. To keep on the line while pacing, practice to fix your eyes on a distant
object.
b. A pace is measured from heel to heel or from toe to toe.
c. Precision of a pacing distance =
1
300
, so it should only be used for
estimating distances

3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small park of his community by
pacing around the area for three consecutive times. The no. of paces was tallied
at 535, 543 and 539 respectively, for each trial, if the students pace factor is
0.74m/pace, determine the actual perimeter of the land.

Given:
Trial No. No. of paces
1 535
2 543
3 539

P.F. = 0.74m/pace

Solution:
N = mean number of paces =




N =
535+543+539
3
=539 paces

P.F. =


m/pace

0.74m/pace =

539


Perimeter of the land = (0.74 m/pace)*(539 pace)

Perimeter of the land = 389.86 m


4. Every morning Joy walks to school from her boarding house and takes only a
single route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of paces
she makes. Monday mornings number of paces made by Joy is listed as 345
paces. On Tuesday, 353 paces; Wednesday, 358 paces; Thursday, 348 paces
and, lastly, on Friday 355 paces. That Friday afternoon, a surveyor from City
Engineers Office who is tasked to lay out a new drainage piping system,
measured the exact route she took and found out that taped distance is 275m.
What is Joys pace factor?

a. Given:

Days No. of Paces
Monday 345
Tuesday 353
Wednesday 358
Thursday 348
Friday 355

Taped distance = 275m

Solution:
N = mean number of paces =




N = mean number of paces =
345+353+358+348+355
5


N = 351.8 paces


P.F. =


m/pace

P.F. =
275
351.8
m/pace

P.F. = 0.782 m/pace



5. The table shown below was taken from Jacks notes when he tried to determine
the perimeter of his newly acquired agricultural piece of land. Knowing that his
pace factor is 0.81, determine the perimeter of his lot. Complete the table:


TRIAL

LINE
NO. OF
PACES
PACED
FACTOR
PACED
DISTANCE

PERIMETER
1 AB 125.25

0.81
101.4524m

582.9974m
2 BC 85 68.85m
3 CD 79.5 64.395m
4 DE 133 107.73m
5 EF 185 149.85m
6 FA 112 90.72m

Pace Factor = 0.81 m/pace
. . = ( ) ( )
. . = 125.25 0.81/ = 101.4524
. . = 85 0.81/ = 68.85
. . = 79.5 0.81/ = 64.395
. . = 133 0.81/ = 107.73
. . = 185 0.81/ = 149.85
. . = 112 0.81/ = 90.72
Perimeter = summation of paced distance
Perimeter = 101.4524 m + 68.85 m + 64.395 m + 107.73 m +149.85 m + 90.72 m
Perimeter = 582.9974 m 583 m
6. The length of the basketball court from MITs Gym was paced by a CE student
whose pace factor is 0.78. How many paces accurate to of a pace do you think
the student make?
Given:
Length of basketball court = 28m
P.F. = 0.78m/pace
Solution:
P.F. =


m/pace
1
4
X 0.78 =
28

N = number of paces = 143.59 paces