CHAPTER I

FOLIUM
1.1 Folium
Folium is the most important organ, because it is a photosynthetic organ. The
folium are divided into several types on the basis of the berbedamisalnya on the basis of
the presence of stomata, stomata located on permukaandaun, composition folium
mesophyll, bundle sheath arrangement of transporters and beyond. Folium only in the
trunk. The trunks of the seat or the attachment of the folium called books (nodes) rod,
place on top of the folium which is the angle between the caulix and folium is called
folium armpit (axilla).
The folium are usually thin wide, rich green subtraction called chlorophyll. In
the old folium, dead and collapse of the caulix, has a different color to the folium are
still fresh. The difference in color from the color seen when the folium are light green
whitish color, sometimes purple or reddish, while if an adult is usually green. If the
folium are collapsed to be replaced again, but there are also plants that at certain times,
for the types of plants that have such properties are called deciduous plants (tropophyta)
that are often found in Indonesia such as: Teak tree (Tectona grandis L.), amra
(Spondias dulcis Forst.), kapok kapok (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.), the tree
(Heveabrasiliensis Muell), etc.
Form a thin wide folium, green, and his seat on batang yang facing up was compatible
with the function of folium in the plants, that is, as a tool for:
1. Resorbtion, especially in the form of gaseous substances (CO2)
2. Assimilation
3. Transpiration
4. Respiration
Plants take up nutrients from the environment and substance yangdiambil (absorbed)
are inorganic. Water and its salts derived from plant roots tanaholeh, is carbonic acid
gas (CO2), which is a substance taken from the wayer, food through fine cracks called
folium mouth (stoma) into the folium. Substances that will be processed organic matter
in the flower of inorganic substances into organic plant. Instalation by folium (real
folium chlorophyll or chlorophyll) with the help of the sun is called assimilation. So
folium are like the kitchen for plants.
Because the task in Emergency folium need sunlight, the folium broad and flat shape is
always facing up in order to catch the rays of the sun as much as possible. Every object
in the space moist not saturated with moisture will evaporate water into the space
before, then this event is an event in nature is known as diffusion events that aim to
eliminate the difference between the water will consertrate with wet objects, then it will
continue until the concentration or level of water in the room where it had been the
same as the water content in the body, or the air in the room was no longer able to
accept additional air. Plant vapor inside the air, essentially a wet object contains a lot of
water, by his mind that the plant will continue to evaporate water from the body, and
can reduce evaporation dalamtubuhnya according to their Flower.
Although plants always need water in daily life, evaporation of water through the
folium is important because water absorbed by the roots from the ground state in the
plant body move from bottom to top for transporting food substances commonly found
in the form of a solution by the flowing of water from the down onto it until the
substances in the folium for the change to organic substances, if the air where plants
had been saturated with water vapor and then removing the water in liquid form,
leading to flow from the bottom up is flowing water into the ground through a hole
located on the end of the folium. Discharge of water in the form of drops of water called
hatching (gutasi).
All the parts of a plant life requires energy to run a variety of jobs, energy obtained
from respiration, which means the plant takes in oxygen (O2) from the air, it used to
burn (oxidize result of assimilation) as sugar, in order to obtain power and issued the
remaining burning kind of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Folium as
the part of the plant body that is composed of alive cells was doing breathing. Folium
have a lot of mouths to be a entry way of air into plant body, the folium is considered as
an important tool for breathing.












1.2 FoliumParts


Complete folium has the following parts:
1. Vagina
2. Petiolus
3. Lamina
In addition to the parts mentioned above, and the possibility of complete or
whether the parts before, the folium on the plants often have addition tools, such
as:





1. stipula
2. Orcea or orchrea
3. Ligula
Full folium can be found in some plants, for example: a banana tree (Musa
paradisiaca L.), tree nut (Areca catechu L.), bamboo (Bambusa sp.)
Most plants have folium that are missing one or two parts of the three sections
mentioned above, this folium folium called incomplete. There are several possible
arrangements of folium that are not complete, such as:
Only consists of stalk and piece called strands. Most of the plants that have folium
such as: jackfructus (Artocarpus integra M err.), Mango (Mangiferaindica L.), etc.
The folium consist of vagina and called the folium blade or folium vagina, which is
found in plants such as grass classification: rice (Oryza sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.),
etc.

Folium Consists of only lamina, without vagina and petiolus sehinnga directly attached
or sitting on the caulix, which sits are called sessilis). For example: biduri (Colotropis
gigantean R. Br). Folium it only consists of only the lamina that has a wide base
seemed the folium hugging the caulix (amplexi caulis) is like contained on tempuyung
(Sonchus oleraceus L.). The Folium side that hugging the caulix, often rounded shape is
called folium ear. The folium are just made up from the base are being flattened to
resemble the lamina is called filodia, as there are different types of Acacia trees from
Australia, for example: Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn









Figure hugging folium caulixs
At some plants have complementary tools such as:
1. Leverage Folium(stipula) in the form of two pieces of similar sheets contained
small folium near the base of the folium stalks and are generally useful to protect
the young buds. Sometimes folium are big and wide as the assimilation tool as in
the pea (Pisum sativum L.). leverage folium that easily fall such as the jackfructus
tree (Artocarpus integra Merr.), but some are stay alive and new fall together with
the folium eg on roses (Rosa sp.). According to its location leverage folium/
spitula can be divided into:
a. Spitula located on either side of the petiolus base called free spitula (stipiloe
liberae) contained in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
b. Spitula attached to the base of the petiolus on both side (stipulae adnatae) on
roses (Rosa sp.)
c. Spitula that attaches to one and take place on in the folium armpit (axillary or
stipulaintrapetiolaris stipula)
d. Spitula attaches and take place dealing with petiole usually rather wide to
encircle the caulix (stipula petiolo opposita ataustipulaantidroma)
e. Spitula that attaches and takes place between two petiole as happened in the
plant caulix books have two folium sit oppositely, for example: noni tree
(Morinda citrifolia L.). This Spitula is called stipulainterprtiolaris
2. Ocrea or Ochrea
This tool is a cover of thin membrane for the base of a caulix segment on petiole.
Orcea is considered as the spitula that both sides stick each other and encircle the
caulix on Polygonum sp.3
3. Ligula
A small membrane that is usually found on the border between the vagina and
lamina on the grass (Gramineae). This tool are used to prevent the flow of rain
water to the armpit (axilla) between the caulix and vagina so the possibility of
decay can be avoided. The folium whose vafina generally only found in plants
with single semen plants (Monocotyledoneae) al, sukurumput (Gramineae), tribal
medicinal spices (Zingiberaceae), banana (Musasapientum L.), class palma
(Palmae), etc.
.
1.3 Vagina
Vagina is attached to the folium or hug the caulix and the the function are:
a. As a budding young bud, as can be seen in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
b. Give strength to the plant caulixs, vagina and wrap rod so that the caulix does not
appear, even appearing as the caulix is that vagina. The very big vagina as in the
bananaVagina is attached to the folium or hug the caulix and the the function are:
1.4 Petiole
Petiole is the part of folium that supports lamina in a position to acquire such sunlight
as much as possible. The shape and size of the petiole greatly vary according to the type
of plants, even on a single plant size and shape can be diffrent. Usually, petiole is
cylindrical onupper side slightly flattened and thickened on the base. The possibility of
media crossing as follows:
1. Banana (Moses sapientu L.)
2. Folium on roses (Rosa sp)
It usually in Half circle and often upside grooved petiole such as in the banana folium.
Although the petiole is usually thickened at the base, there are petiole thickened at the
base and ends, such as the butterfly folium (Bauhinia purpurea L.). Petiole can show
their wrinkles, scales, hairs, lenticels, etc.. Folium arrangement can change shape
(metamorphosis) to a kind of lamina are called filodia
1.5 Lamina
Plants have a variety of kinds and variety of different folium shape, size, color
maupaun. Lamina is the most important part of the folium and quickly attracted the
attention so this character only applies to lamina called folium character. For example:
if we say jackfructus folium oblong-up ', it's not real oblong folium but its lamina, so it
is called folium sign or folium characteristics. Trees can have some lamina only, such as
bananas, but can also have thousands of pieces such as tree banyan (F Icusbenjamina
L.). A plant showed different folium shapes in one tree its callde heterofili, if each
branch contained both folium forms its called anisofili. The characters that need
attention are: the real shape of lamina (circumscriptio ), The end (apex), the base
(base), Structure of the bones (nervatio or venatio), edges (margo), intervenium and
other characteristik such as upper and lower surface conditions (bald, hairy, or other ),
color, etc
1.6 FoliumForm (Circumcriptio)
Classification of folium should not be affected by the torus on the daun edge, but
imagined as if the torus was not there. Jarak Folium (Ricinus communis L), papaya
(Carica papaya L.), Pumpkin (Cucurbitamoschata Duch.), Cassava (Manihot utilissima
Pohl) have a round-up. It will become clear if the ends of the folium margins connected
one another with a line, so if the folium was not scalloped on uts edges will be found
round-shape.
Folium body will be determined by shallow notch or it is combined with the
arrangement of the bones folium. Based on the widest folium position can be
distinguished four groups of folium, the folium with:







1. Cassava folium (Monihot utilissima P)
2. Folium of papaya (Carica papaya)
1. The widest part in the Middle of lamina
The folium that have the widest section below the middle of the lamina divided
into two categories, namely:
a. Kuala folium with no toreh
This group, we find the following forms: a. round-up egg (ovatus), such as
hibiscus folium (Hibiscusrosa-sinensis L.), folium chili pepper
(Capsicumfrutescens L)
b. Triangularis
Build as an isosceles triangle, for example, folium four o'clock flower
(Mirabilis jalapa L)
c. Deltoid
Build similar triangles, eg folium tears bride (Antigonon leptopus Hook,)
d. Rhomboideus
A rectangular with unequal length, for example, the child who folium at the
end of padadaun bangkuwang (Pachyrrhizus erosus Urb.)
Lamina with toreh or grooved. In this class include the following folium forms:
a. Hearth shape (cordatus), oval, but the base of the folium shows a curve such as
hibiscus folium
b. kidney or kerinjal shape (renifrmi), which folium a short wide with a blunt or
rounded tip and base of the curved shallow, such as folium or folium pagagan
hooves (Centella asiatica carb)
c. Arrows Shape (sagittatus). Folium not too big, sharp edges, the base with a
sharp curve too.
d. Spear shape (Hastatus) like an arrow, but the base of the folium on either side of
the caulix horizontally, eg folium wewehan (Monchori hastata Solms)
e. Eared shapec(auriculatus), such as a spear, but the base of the folium on either
side of the caulix rounded, for example, folium tempuyung (Sonchus assper
Vill)
Widest part is on the top og lamina. Folium shape such a possibility can be
encountered are:
a. Abovatus, which is like an oval but a wide section near the tip of the folium eg
small brown folium
b. Obcordatus, for example, folium sidaguri
c. Inverted triangle (cuneatus), eg children clover (Marsilea crenata Presl)
d. spatula or Solet (spathulatus), like inverted oval, but the bottom lengthwise, for
example, such as folium tread liman (Elephantopus scaber L), folium of radish
(Raphanus sativus L).
Theress no widest part of the base to the tip almost as wide. In this class include
plant folium are usually narrow, or width is much different when compared to the
length of the folium
a. Build line (linearis), the a flat cross-section and the folium are so long, for
example folium an assortment of grasses (Gramineae)
b. ribbon (ligulatus), similar line folium, but longer, also found in other types of
grasses, such as corn folium (zeamays L)
c. wakesword (ensiformis), such as the line, but folium thick in the middle and two
thin edges, such as pineapple folium other side (Agave sisalana Perr., Agave
cantala ROxb.)
d. spikes or dabus (subulatus), folium shape almost cylindrical, pointed toes, all
rigid parts, such as folium
e. pin (acerosus), similar with spikes, smaller and taper length, such as folium
Pinus
Jungh. & De Vr.Lepas of whether or not the nature heterofili / anisofili on a kind
of plant, once again warned here that the equation form of the folium on the plant
species and even then only a cursory impression because if examined closely at a
folium shape willm show its varian, for example, from the elongated and changeable
forms of lancet, etc.












If Viewed form the base of the folium as described above is usually rounded.
The composition of the veins (Nervatio or Venatio) the bones of the folium are the
folium that are useful for:
a. give strength to the folium, as is the case with the bones of animals and humans,
and therefore all the bones in the folium also skeleton
in addition to the amplifier, it folium bones Indeed are vessels that serve as a way to
transport substances.
The transport of substances taken plants from the ground, are the water and salt dissolved in
it, the transportation of assimilation results from the kitchen, that is from the folium to the
other parts that require substances itu. According to the size of the bone folium divided into
three kinds, namely:
a. maternal bone (costa), bone usually the largest, is the continue of patiole, and there
are in the middle of the folium lengthwise and defend. The lamina bone is generally
divided into two part symmetricly. There are also times when the plants do not have
the costa was right in the middleof lamina, so both on either side of the costa become
asymmetric, eg folium Begonia. Sometime folium show some great bones and all are
based on the end oh petiole, eg the folium which have shield or rounded folium: large
lotus folium, jarak, cassava, etc.
b. the bones of the branches (nervus lateris), the bones are smaller than bone on costa.
The bone branches directly from the costa called bone branch level 1, bone branch
and level branch called bone branch level 2, and so on.
c. Vein, is actually the bones branch but small or soft but each other along with the
bones of large form arrangement mesh, lattice, or etc. On the folium, bones branch
level 1 that grow sideways, toward the edge folium.
Bone was near the edge of the folium branches and bends over, and met with the bone in the
upper branches, so a row, so along the folium margins are located same with the bones
parallel to the edges of the folium or sometimes appear choppy, called bone edge . By the
bone edge the folium become stronger and not easily torn.
These folium also have some large bones, one in the middle, which is the greatest, while
others follow the edge of the folium. so initially dispersed and then head back to the way that
the tip of the folium, until all bones seemed with toreh. The folium with such a bone is usually
only found in plants belonging to the single semen plants (Monocotyledoneae). Usually found
on line shape folium or ribbon shape folium, which have one bone in the middle of a large
longitudinal folium, other bone obviously smaller and all seems have direction parallel to the
costa, so it is also called bony pararely. Indeed, the small bones such as the little-folium
curved reinforced all come from the base costa and then meet back at the end of the folium as
well. Because the folium are narrow and long bones had not seen curved, but straight and
parallel to each other. No wonder this bone arrangement was on a single semen
(Monocotyledoneae), for example, all kinds of the grass (Gramineae), tek (Cyperaceae), etc.
Folium arrangement can be used as a guide for knowing the plant, that plant Dicotyledoneae
has bony finger folium, while Monocotyledoneae has reinforced curved folium or pararel.
Meaning of semen plant groups that have split some reinforced curved folium, al Betel (Piper
betle L.), Senggani (Melastoma polyanthum Bl), etc. Instead of a single class of plant semen
others have reinforced pinnate folium, such as banana (Musa paradisiaca L), beads (Canna
hybrida Hort), and some are reinforced have folium, for example siwalan (Borassus
flabellifer L)


1.7 Apex Folli
Folium tips may also exhibit various forms. Folium-tip shape that we often encounter
are:
a. tapered (acutus), if both edges of the folium on either side of the bone mother
sedikitdemi slightly upwards towards and meeting at the top and form an acute
angle (less than 90 ). The pointed folium tips we commonly find in the wake
folium: bulatmemanjang, lanceolate, triangular, delta, lozenges, etc.. As
contohujung oleander folium (Nerium oleander L)
b. tapered (acuminatus), as in the pointy end, but folium the meeting point of the two
edges is much higher than expected, the folium tip seem long narrow and pointy,
such as folium tips tailings (Annona muricata L)
c. blunt (obtusus), the folium margins are still quite far from the original bone mother,
quickly headed to a rendezvous point, and to blunt angle (greater than 90 ), we
often encounter the folium upside down or round egg shape or spatula, for example,
the folium tips kecik sapodilla (Manilkara kauki Dub)
d. rounded (rotundatus), as at the end of a blunt, but didnt formed any angles, until
the end of the folium is a arc, contained in a round or oblong folium, or in the
kidney folium, such as the end of hooves folium (Centella asiatica Urb), tip of the
lotus folium (Nelumbo Druce Nelumbium)
e. Truncatus, the folium tips appear as a flat line, for example uttermost folium clover
(Marsilea crenata Presl), folium jambu monyet (Anacardium occidental L)
f. split (retusus), it shows end folium an indentation, sometimes very obvious, such as
folium tips sidagun (Sida retusa L) sometimes just the tip splitting would seem
obvious if held a thorough examination, such as the tip of the folium spinach
(Amaranthushybridus L.)
Both sides of the folium on either side of the base and attache and meet each other.
That folium edge can meet and attaches to one another:
a. The meeting of the folium edges and the base on the corresponding side to suit with
the position folium on the caulix before, it can be seen on the shield folium.
The meeting of the folium edges take place on the opposite side or opposite to the
position of the folium. It looked likethe folium pierced by the caulix base
(perfoliatus)












1.8 The composition of the veins (Nervatio or Venatio)
The composition of the veins (Nervatio or Venatio) the bones of the folium are the
folium that are useful for:
b. give strength to the folium, as is the case with the bones of animals and humans,
and therefore all the bones in the folium also skeleton
c. in addition to the amplifier, it folium bones Indeed are vessels that serve as a way
to transport substances.



























The transport of substances taken plants from the ground, are the water and salt
dissolved in it, the transportation of assimilation results from the kitchen, that is from
the folium to the other parts that require substances itu. According to the size of the
bone folium divided into three kinds, namely:
d. maternal bone (costa), bone usually the largest, is the continue of patiole, and there
are in the middle of the folium lengthwise and defend. The lamina bone is generally
divided into two part symmetricly. There are also times when the plants do not have
the costa was right in the middleof lamina, so both on either side of the costa become
asymmetric, eg folium Begonia. Sometime folium show some great bones and all are
based on the end oh petiole, eg the folium which have shield or rounded folium: large
lotus folium, jarak, cassava, etc.
e. the bones of the branches (nervus lateris), the bones are smaller than bone on costa.
The bone branches directly from the costa called bone branch level 1, bone branch
and level branch called bone branch level 2, and so on.
f. Vein, is actually the bones branch but small or soft but each other along with the
bones of large form arrangement mesh, lattice, or etc. On the folium, bones branch
level 1 that grow sideways, toward the edge folium.
Bone was near the edge of the folium branches and bends over, and met with the bone in the
upper branches, so a row, so along the folium margins are located same with the bones
parallel to the edges of the folium or sometimes appear choppy, called bone edge . By the
bone edge the folium become stronger and not easily torn.
These folium also have some large bones, one in the middle, which is the greatest, while
others follow the edge of the folium. so initially dispersed and then head back to the way that
the tip of the folium, until all bones seemed with toreh. The folium with such a bone is usually
only found in plants belonging to the single semen plants (Monocotyledoneae). Usually found
on line shape folium or ribbon shape folium, which have one bone in the middle of a large
longitudinal folium, other bone obviously smaller and all seems have direction parallel to the
costa, so it is also called bony pararely. Indeed, the small bones such as the little-folium
curved reinforced all come from the base costa and then meet back at the end of the folium as
well. Because the folium are narrow and long bones had not seen curved, but straight and
parallel to each other. No wonder this bone arrangement was on a single semen
(Monocotyledoneae), for example, all kinds of the grass (Gramineae), tek (Cyperaceae), etc.
Folium arrangement can be used as a guide for knowing the plant, that plant Dicotyledoneae
has bony finger folium, while Monocotyledoneae has reinforced curved folium or pararel.
Meaning of semen plant groups that have split some reinforced curved folium, al Betel (Piper
betle L.), Senggani (Melastoma polyanthum Bl), etc. Instead of a single class of plant semen
others have reinforced pinnate folium, such as banana (Musa paradisiaca L), beads (Canna
hybrida Hort), and some are reinforced have folium, for example siwalan (Borassus
flabellifer L)

1.9 Foliumedges (Margo Folii)
Edges of the folium can be divided into two kinds:
1. Flat (integer), for example, folium jackfructus (Artocarpus integra Merr)
2. With toreh (divisus)t
Toreh on the edge of the folium is very diverse nature, there is large, small, etc.
Usually toreh on edge defided into two classes. Toreh that do not affect or alter the
original of folium shape. Toreh usually is not too deep, lying hack does not depend on
the way the bones folium, and therefore often referred an independent toreh. In
conjunction with this kind of the toreh used a break "for its self and ungulus for the
edges of the folium that stand out.
the edge of the folium with independent Toreh folium, are called:
a. Serrated (serratus), if the same angle sine and pointy, such as folium lantana
(Lantana camara L). Furthermore, to complete the description of the nature of the
toreh, can be addited words related to the size of the sinus danangulus.
b. double or multiple Serrated (biserratus), the edges of the folium as above, but its
angulus big enough, and the jagged edges again,
c. Toothed (dentatus), if sinus blunt but taper angulus, example beluntas (Pluchea
indica Less)
d. crenatus, opposite of dentatus, sharp sinus, danangulus so blunt, for example,
cocor bebek folium (Kalanchoe pinnata Pers)
e. Wavy (repandus), if the sinus and angulus are blunt, eg folium tears bride (Hook et
Arn leptopus Antigonon)
Folium edges with toreh influence the shape. Large toreh and in it are common among
large bones or between the bones of the branch. If the folium are very large or wide,
such as papaya folium, the folium of the torehs great and can toreh again, so that the
real shape ogthe folium disappear. According the deep of toreh, edges of the folium
can be distinguished by:
a. Notched (lobatus), if it is less than half the length notch bones located on either
side
b. Fissus, if the deep of toreh until approximately the middle of the long bones of
the folium on either side.
c. Sharing (partitus), if it exceeds half the lenght of folium bone in right and left. As
noted before the location is dependent on the arrangement of bones folium, then
designation for edge toreh folium and large in this, is always a combination of the
character of toreh with a bone folium is concerned to, so the folium with edges
could be defided by:
1. Notched pinnate (pinnatilobus), if the edge notched follow bone arrangement
pinnate folium, such as folium eggplant (Solanum melongena L)
2. Bercanggap pinnate (pinnatifidus), edge bercangap, but the folium has
pinnate arrangement of bones, such as folium breadfructus tree (Artocarpus
communis Forst)
3. Share pinnate (pinnatipartitus), the edge is shared pinnate with arrangement,
such as folium marigolds (Cosmos caudate MBK) dan sukun (Artocarpus
communis Forst)
4. Palmatilobus, notched edges but Fingering bone formation, such as the
folium of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), cotton (Gossypium sp)
5. Bercangap fingering (palmatifidus), the edges bercanggap, but the bones is
like finger, such as the jarak folium (Ricinus communis L)
6. Palmatipartitus, The edge sharing, but folium has the bone arrangement is
like finger, such as cassava folium (Manihot utillissima Pohl)


1.10 Intervenidium
Called intervenium is the part of folium that exists between the bones folium and folium
veins. These sections are the real kitchen herbs. This section of substances that are
taken from outside substances be changed according to the needs of plant life. Green
color on gthe folium are actually in color contained in this section, even when the
folium have different colors, such as red, mottled yellow, and others, in the intervenium
there is also the color of the folium.
Thick or thin of lamina, in fact also depends on the thickness and thiness of the
intervenium folium. In connection with these character, the folium can be distinguished:
a. Thin as the membrane (Membranaceus), for example, folium a nail membranes
(Hymenophyllum australe Wild)
b. As the paper (or chartaceus papyraceus), thin but quite firmly, eg banana folium
(Musa Paradisiaca L.),

c. Thin soft (Herbaceus), for example, folium of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R
Br.)






d. As the parchment (perkamenteus), thin but quite rigid, eg palm folium (Cocus
nucifera L.)
e. As the skin or bones (coriaceus), if the folium blade thick and stiff, for example
folium nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)


f. Fleshy (carnosus), if thick and juicy, such as Aloe vera (Aloe sp.).







Other characteristic on the foliumthat need also to be considered:
a. Color,
b. Membrance on the top, and down.the colors contained in this section, even when
the folium have different colors
1.11 FoliumColor
In general, people know that the green folium, because the folium are rich in a green
substance called chlorophyll and cause plants or areas occupied by the plants appear
green. But not infrequently we find folium that are not green. For example, among
other folium color:
a. Red, for example, flowers squirrel tail (Acalypha wilkesiana M.Arg),

b. Mixed green or red color covered, for example: an assortment of folium croton
(Codiaeum variegatum Bl.)


c. Dark green, for example, folium nyamplung (Colophyllum inophyllum L.),


d. Yellowish green, the folium of plants such as jute (Corchorus capsularis L.).

It should be noted, that in mentioning the colors of the folium give a big impact. Color
is not objective measure, besides a type of plant folium color can be changed
according to circumstances where the growth and closely related to water supply,
feeds and irradiation. The folium have a limited lifespan, and will eventually fall
folium on the caulix. At the time will fall, folium color will turn yellowish. So the old
folium, then die and fall from the caulixs have different colors with fresh folium.
These diffrences compare the difference color which is color the folium are still
young and mature folium. Young folium are light green-white, sometimes purple or
reddish. An adult is green.



1.12 FoliumSurface
In general color of the folium on the top and bottom clearly different, for example on
top side appears to be more green, smooth, or shiny when compared with the underside
of folium. The difference was due to the color green more abundant in the upper than in
the lower layers. Sometimes on the folium surface is located additional tools in the form
of scales, hairs, thorns, etc. According at the folium surface was distinguish folium
surfaces, such as:
a. Slick (laevis), in which case the folium surface may appear:
- Shiny (nitidus), the upper side of the folium of coffee (Robusta Covea Lindl.),
Picture banyan folium (Ficus benjamina L)






Fig (Ficus benjamina L.)
- Dim (opacus), eg yam folium (Ipomoea batatas Poir)

- Webbed wax (Prui nocus), for example, the underside of folium of banana (Musa
paradisiaca L.), folium beads (Cana hybrida Hort).
b. Bald (Glaber), for example, water guava folium (Eugenia Aquea Burm).
c. Coarse (scaber), such as teak folium (Tectona grandis L.)
d. Creased (rugosus), for example, folium jarong (Stachytarpheta jamaicemsis Vahl),
guava (Psidium guajava L.)





e. bullatus, such as wrinkles creased but larger, eg folium tears bride (Antigonon
leptopus Hook et Arn)


f. Hairy (pilosus), for example, tobacco folium (Nicotiana tabacun G Don)
g. Berbulu smooth and tight (pilosus) hairy such that if touched feels like of felt or
velvet
h. Hairly rough (Hispidus), if the hair stiff and rough when touched, such as folium of
yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst)
scaly (Lepidus), such as the underside of the folium of durian (Durio zibethinus Mull)

1.13 Folium compositum
Folium compositum is a folium that the stalk branches and caulixs there is lamina so
that in the lamina there are more than on e lamina.
In Folium compositum can be distinguished following this sections:
a. Petiolus communis,
b. Petiololus
c. Foliolum
d. Vagina,
Folium compositum divided into several kinds:
1. Pinnatus
Called compound folium are pinnate compound folium that Foliolum are on either
side of the Petiolus communis, so arranged as fins on the fish. Compound folium can
be divided into several types:
a. Unifoliolatus
This single folium but here referred to as the folium petiole shows a pivot so the
lamina is not directly present in the petiolus communis
b. Abrupt pinnatus
Here there are usually a number of foliolum, couple on either side of the costa,
and therefore the number of foliolum usually always be fulfilled.
c. Imparipinnatus
Here are a guideline is whether or not the foliolum the closed end of the potiolus
communis.
2. Palmatus or Diginatus
palmatus are compound folium are composed of scattered folium all the foliolum at
the end of Petiolus communis as it is located finger of hand. Palmatus divided into:
a. bifoliolatus, at the end of potiolus communis there are two foliolum
b. trifoliolatus, at the end of potiolus communis there are three foliolum.
c. quinquenfoliolatus, at the end of potiolus communis there are five foliolum
d. septemfoliolatus, at the end of potiolus communis there are seven foliolum
3. Pedatus
These folium have a compound fingering arrangement, but foliolum are not sitting on
potiolus communis, but the stalk of foliolum
4. Digittatopinnatus
Digittatopinnatus is a compound folium that have multiple branches scattered like
finger and located on the end of the potiolus communis , but the branch of potiolus
communis there are foliolum who arranged pinnate folium. So Digittatopinnatus is
the mix of palmatus and pinnate arrangement.