TITLE : SAND TESTING PREPARATION (GREEN SAND)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the rate of air pass through the standard compression specimen.
To determine the maximum strength of sand specimen.

INTRODUCTION
Sand testing is a process that should be properly conduct after the moulding sand is prepared
to see that require properties are achieved. Sand tests indicate the moulding sand performance
and help to control the properties of moulding sands. This testing is important to determine
the suitable material need to use in casting process because each material have different
melting point. Besides that, sand testing controls the moulding sand properties through the
control of its composition. There are various types of sand control tests which are
permeability test, strength test, moisture content test, clay content test, grain fitness test,
refractoriness test and mould hardness test.

I. Green Compression Strength
Green Compression Strength or Simply Green Strength generally refers to the stress
required to rupture the sand specimen under compressive loading. This is important
because sufficient strength of moulding sands is required during withdrawal the
pattern from the mould and during pouring process where the mould must retain
shape independently without distortion or collapse. Normally this process is done by
using Universal Sand Strength Testing Machine. The sand specimen is taken out of
the specimen tube and is immediately put on the strength testing machine. This is
because any delay can cause the drying of the sand specimen that will increase the
strength. Then, the compressive load will apply on the sand specimen until it break
thus will determine the maximum strength. The green strength of sand is generally in
the range of 0.03 to 0.16 MPa.


Universal Sand Strength Testing Machine

II. Permeability
Permeability is that property which allows gas and moisture to pass through the sand
specimen is used as an index of permeability. Standard permeability is determined by
measuring the time necessary for 2000 cm
3
of air to pass through the sand specimen
while it is confined in the specimen tube and under a pressure of 10gm/cm
2
. The
permeability number can be calculated from the formula:-





Where :
V : volume of air = 2000cm
3

H : height of sand specimen = 2 inches
P : pressure = 10gm/cm
2

A : cross sectional area of the sand specimen = 1in
2

T : time(s) for 2000cm
3
air pass through specimen.



The formula reduces to AFS Permeability:

for old machine working with Hg

The forn