Nature of Hydrogen Bonding

Odd weak bonds connecting the hydrogen atom in one molecule with electronegative
atom in another molecule, the hydrogen bonds, have properties and unlike ionic bonding,
covalent or van der Waals forces. Energy associated with the same hydrogen bonding van der
Waals bonding premises strong (0.4 to 40 kJ / mol); However, in contrast to the van der
Waals bonds are not directional, hydrogen bonds form a particular direction. Hydrogen bonds
occur between polar covalent molecules, but the bond itself (depending on the model) is
electrostatic. This bond may have occurred by intermolecular or intramolecular.
Table Boiling point in degrees Celsius to the family hydride
Banyaknya
elektron
Keluarga metana Keluarga amonia Keluarga air Keluarga HF
10 CH
4
-164 NH
3
-33 H
2
O +100 HF +20
18 SiH
4
-112 PH
3
-87 H
2
S -61 HCl -85
36 GeH
4
-90 AsH
3
-55 H
2
S -41 HBr -67
54 SnH
4
-52 SbH
3
-18 H
2
Te -2 HI -35

Some experimental evidence for hydrogen bonding depicted in a family tendency
boiling point of CH4, NH3, H2O and HF as shown in Table 5.6. note that all molecules in the
same period is isoelektron, for example of the second period is SiH4, PH3, H2S and HCl.
Therefore, if the force between the molecules in the fluid manifold solely van der Waals, can
we expect a gradual rise in the boiling point parallel to the direction of the bottom bracket, ie
as the number of electron in family members. This is true for a family of methane.
However, the family of NH3, H2O and HF, the lightest molecules turned out to
demonstrate the boiling point unusually high, indicating the presence of intermolecular forces
that work. This additional force is characteristic of molecules containing H atoms covalently
bonded to a very electronegative atom such as F, O and N in H2O or HF liquid, oxygen or
fluorine atoms that contribute significantly to the bonding electron pairs are involved in
bonding . That the polar bonds HX (X is N, O and F) hydrogen atom donation means small
relative to the electron pair. H atoms are almost at the end of the bare proton OM cloud
sugma HX. The pair of electrons on the element X own silent cause electrostatic attraction
with the proton very positive. The result of this bond is called a hydrogen bond.
In a popular model of the second hydrogen bond, molecular orbital formed a three-
center orbital transfer pair bonding in a molecule of water, the 1s orbital on hydrogen, with
one solitary pair orbital on the water nolekul. Four electrons placed on OMI and Omai. In the
absence of anti-bonding electrons, the result is a three-center bond is strengthened by two-
electron bond.
Due to the small size of the H +, a proton can only put two adjacent electron pair clouds at
one time. Thus, the largest coordination number for H in hydrogen bonds is 2.