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Marine Plankton
Definisi : plankton consist of any drifting organisms (animals,
plants, archaea, or bacteria) that inhabit the pelagic zone of
oceans, seas, or bodies of marine water.
Plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than their
phylogenetic or taxonomic classification.
Marine Plankton
The name plankton is derived from the Greek word
("planktos"), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".
While some forms of plankton are capable of independent movement and
can swim up to several hundreds of meters vertically in a single day (a
behavior called diel vertical migration), their horizontal position is
primarily determined by currents in the body of water they inhabit.
Life Cycle
Within the plankton, holoplankton are those organisms that
spend their entire life cycle as part of the plankton
Exempli gratia : most algae, copepods, salps, and some jellyfish).
Size
Megaplankton
>20mm
Macroplankton
2-20mm
Mesoplankton
0.2mm-2mm
Microplankton
20-200m
Nanoplankton
2-20m
Picoplankton
Femtoplankton
0.2-2m
< 0.2m
eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to
support photosynthesis. Among the more important groups are the diatoms,
cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores.
(e.g. crustaceans and other animals) that feed on other plankton and telonemia.
Some of the eggs and larvae of larger animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and
annelids, are included here.
remineralising organic material down the water column (note that the prokaryotic
phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton).
This scheme divides the plankton community into broad producer, consumer and recycler groups.
In reality, the trophic level of some plankton is not straightforward. For example, although most
dinoflagellates are either photosynthetic producers or heterotrophic consumers, many species
are mixotrophic depending upon their circumstances.
Primary Producer
When autotrophs produce more organic matter than they use in
respiration, there is an overall gain of organic matter.
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Autotrophic Bacteria : Autotrophic bacteria make their own
organic compounds and thus are primary producers. Some of
them are photosynthetic (or photoautotrophs). They contain
chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments and, like seaweeds and plants,
tap light energy to manufacture organic compounds from CO2.
Photosynthetic bacteria are now known to account for much of the primary
production in many open-ocean areas.
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Other bacterial autotrophs, called chemosynthetic or
chemoautotrophic, derive energy not from light but from
chemical compounds such as hydrogen (H2), ammonia (HN3),
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other sulfur or iron compounds.
Many other ways of obtaining energy to manufacture organic matter are
found among chemosynthetic bacteria.
Stromatolite
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, once known as bluegreen algae, are a group
of photosynthetic bacteria.
In addition to having chlorophyll, most contain a bluish pigment called
phycocyanin. Most marine cyanobacteria also have a reddish pigment,
phycoerythrin.
Archaea
Riftia sp
Phytoplankton: Diatom
Diatoms (phylum Bacillariophyta) are unicellular, though
many species aggregate into chains or star-like groups. Diatom
cells are enclosed by cell walls made largely of silica (SiO2), a
glass-like material.
This glassy shell, or frustule, consists of two tightly fitting halves often
resembling a flat, round, or elongate box. The frustule typically has
intricate perforations and ornaments such as spines or ribs, making
diatoms strikingly beautiful when seen under a microscope. The frustule
allows light to pass through, so that the conspicuous golden-brown
chloroplasts can capture light energy for photosynthesis. The minute
perforations allow dissolved gases and nutrients to enter and exit. The
sinking of open-ocean diatoms below the well-lit surface layer is often
slowed by oil droplets in their cells and spines on the frustules.
Phytoplankton: Diatom
The characteristic color of diatoms is due to yellow and brown
carotenoid pigments present in addition to two types of
chlorophyll, a and c.
Diatoms are efficient photosynthetic factories, producing much-needed
food (the food being the diatoms themselves), as well as oxygen for other
forms of life.
Phytoplankton: Diatom
The glassy frustules of dead diatoms eventually settle to the bottom of the
sea floor. Here they may form thick deposits of siliceous material that
cover large portions of the ocean floor. Such sediments are known as
diatomaceous ooze.
Huge fossil deposits of these sediments can now be found inland in
various parts of the world. The siliceous material, or diatomaceous earth,
is mined and used in products such as filters for swimming pools, for
clarifying beer, as temperature and sound insulators, and as mild abrasives
that may find their way into toothpaste.
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Diatom : Morphology
Frustule
Diatom : Reproduction
asexual reproduction
auxospore
sexual reproduction
Phytoplankton: Dinoflagellata
The dinoflagellates (phylum Dinoflagellata or Pyrrhophyta)
make up another large group of planktonic, unicellular
organisms. Their most outstanding characteristic is the
possession of two flagella, one wrapped around a groove
along the middle of the cell and one trailing free.
These flagella direct movement in practically any direction. Most
dinoflagellates have a cell wall that is armored with plates made of
cellulose, the characteristic component of the cell walls of seaweeds and
land plants. The plates may have spines, pores, or other ornaments.
Dinoflagellata: Morphology
Unicellular forms with two flagella. One of these extends towards the
posterior, called the longitudinal flagellum, while the other forms a lateral
circle, called the transverse flagellum. In many forms these are set into
grooves, called the sulcus and cingulum. The transverse flagellum provides
most of the force propelling the cell, and often imparts to it a distinctive
whirling motion, which is what gives the name dinoflagellate refers to
(Greek dinos, whirling). The longitudinal acts mainly as the steering wheel,
but providing little propulsive force as well.
Dinoflagellates have a complex cell covering called an amphiesma,
composed of flattened vesicles, called alveoli. In some forms, these
support overlapping cellulose plates that make up a sort of armor called
the theca. These come in various shapes and arrangements, depending on
the species and sometimes stage of the dinoflagellate.
Dinoflagellata: Morphology
Dinoflagellata: Reproduction
Dinoflagellata
Life Cycle.
1-Binary fission,
2-Sexual reproduction,
3-planozygote,
4-hypnozygote,
5-planomeiocyte.
Red Tides
Foraminiferan
The foraminiferans, (phylum Foraminifera), better known as
forams, are marine protozoans that usually have a shell, or
test, made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The test is usually
microscopic and may have several chambers that increase in size as the foram
grows.
Pseudopodiaextensions of the jelly-like contents of the cell, or cytoplasmare
thin, long, and retractable in forams. The pseudopodia protrude through pores in
the shell and form a network used to trap diatoms and other organisms suspended
in the water. Food is then moved into the interior of the cell as if on a conveyor
belt. Most forams live on the bottom, either free or attached. Only a few species
are planktonic, but these can be very abundant. Their shells are smaller and
thinner than those that live on the bottom and may have delicate spines that aid in
flotation.
The shells of planktonic forams eventually sink to the bottom in such high numbers
that large stretches of the ocean floor are covered by foraminiferan ooze.
Radiolaria
Ciliata
etc