OBJECTIVES

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Case 1
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Identify the components of a cell and describe their function

Describe the process from transcription to exocytosis of a secreted protein
List the possible ways an organ may become enlarged
An appreciation from the variety of phenotypes that can result from different mutation
of a single gene
5. Appreciate how mutation in a single gene may dramatically affect cell organization,
organ development, and function

Case 2
1. Explain the structure of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, its synthesis and
characteristic
2. Describe the incorporation of membrane proteins and carbohydrate layers on the lipid
bilayer structure of the cell membrane
3. Describe the general concepts and functions of protein carriers and ion channels in
membrane transport in particular ion channels and their molecular ultrastructure
4. Describe mechanisms of control of ion transport
5. Outline the mechanisms of passive and active transport through the membrane
6. Describe the mechanism of function and control of Calcium, Chloride, and Sodium
ion channels
7. Describe the abnormalities of channels which can occur as a result of genetic
mutation
8. Describe the cell membrane abnormalities which occur with Cystic Fibrosis
9. Correlate the clinical symptoms of CF with the abnormalities of the cell membrane
10. Describe the role of ion channels in the cell signaling of nerve cells
Case 3
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List the features and differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice

Describe energy production in the cell
Describe the structure and ultrastructure of mitochondria
Describe and compare the different metabolic pathways for energy production
Describe the regulation of glucose metabolism
Describe correlation between elevated levels of galactose with path-physiology of the
changes in the liver, brain, kidney, and eyes
7. Describe metabolism of carbohydrates
8. Describe metabolism of amino acids
9. Explain the links between the different metabolic pathways

Case 4
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Describe the nucleus and its contents

Describe chromosomes and genes and describe regulation of gene expression
Describe DNA/RNA structure
Describe transcription and DNA formation
Describe replication meiosis
Describe and define Mendelian-patterns of inheritance
Describe the genetics of normal Hb production
Describe what thalassemia is and what is the genetic pattern of inheritance
Describe the concepts of mutations, translocations, their expressions, and inheritance
Describe hemoglobinopathies and their major clinical features
Describe and interpret the studies for diagnosis of Hb disorder
Discuss the genetic counseling need of family affected
Discuss strategies to prevent thalassemia disease

Case 5
1. Describe the ultrastructure and function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

2. Describe the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis

3. Explain the principle of amino acid and their role as building blocks of protein
4. Describe the structural forms of polypeptides and how the sequencing of amino acid
is determined
5. Describe the normal process of protein synthesis
6. Discuss the biological function of protein
7. Describe enzymes and their roles in protein synthesis
8. Describe the abnormalities which can occur in protein synthesis
9. Define and describe the origin and role of prions and how abnormal prions call
disease
10. Review the pathophysiology of SSE and clinical picture of SSE (CJ disease)
11. Be aware that a transmissible bovine spongiform and cephalopathies has caused
human disease
12. Discuss possible regulation to protect human in general public and for international
travel
Case 6
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Case 7
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Describe the structure and function of nucleotides in the cell

Describe the process and control of nucleotide metabolism
Describe the structure and process of purine and pirimidine formation
Describe errors which may develop in purine and pirimidine metabolism
List the important diseases which occur secondary to defects in formation of purine
and pirimidine
Describe the mechanism of errors of metabolism which occur in gout
Describe the genetic abnormality which occur in gout
Describe the clinical picture and natural history of gout
Correlate the diagnostic criteria for gout and discuss the hematologic, radiologic,
pathological findings of synovial fluid
Describe the pharmacology of drugs commonly used for gout

The cellular response to injury

The difference between cell normal and injury
The difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury
The alteration of cell in response to acute and chronic stimulation
The difference between necrosis and apoptosis
Cellular growth differentiation and measuration as cellular adaptation
The cell cycle of mechanism involve in healing, repair, and neoplasia
The main controlling factors of true aging

Case 8, oncogens
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Describe the concepts of proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, & surveillance

The factors which induce uncontrolled cellular growth
Various carcinogenesis & describe how they influence cell growth
Describe how changes in DNA and RNA result in uncontrolled cellular
growth
5. Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis
6. Common risk factors for breast cancer
7. Describe types and mechanism of cell signaling which can cause ca
8. Describe genetic abnormalities which can occur in breast ca
9. Describe the significance of BRCA gene mutation
10. Significance of negative status of estrogen receptor and the role of HER2/neu over expression in breast CA development
11. The risks for Niluhs daughters developing breast CA