AP United States History

288

Reform Charts

Name _____________________

Reform Periods Jacksonian

REFORM AREA
Education

Womens' Rights

GOALS

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

KEY PEOPLE

- Establish free, tax-supported public schools - built private schools & colleges
- Horace Mann
- standardized textbooks (McGuffey Reader) - Noah Webster
for children of all classes
- free common schools (in most of N. Eng.)
- Instruct children in morality (based on
- William McGuffey
Christian, Protestant ideals)
- Establish non-denominational colleges &
normal schools (teacher training)
- property rights for married women
- fairer treatment
- voting rights
- (many were also involved in abol.
movement)

Temperance

- persuade drinkers to pledge total

abstinence (teetotalers)
- practical, helpful treatment of the disease
- reduce social problems caused by alcohol
- create a sober, industrious, Christian
society

Extension of
Democracy

- greater democratic participation, removing

property restrictions for voting/officeholders
- universal white male suffrage
- replacement of congressional caucuses
with open primary elections

- Seneca Falls Convention (1848), "Decl. of

Sentiments"
- College admissions & women's colleges
(like Mount Holyoke)
- property rights laws amended
- Grimke's "Letter on the Condition of Women
& the Equality of the Sexes"

- Sarah & Angelina

Grimke
- Lucretia Mott
- Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
- Susan B. Anthony

- temperance became a path to middle class - American Temperrespectability

ance Society
- laid the foundation for prohibition
- "Washingtonians"
- Maine enacted first prohibition law
- Lyman Beecher
- Sylvester Graham

- nearly universal white manhood suffrage

- party nominating conventions (1840)

- Andrew Jackson
- Martin Van Buren

- Garrison, Douglass
- Harriet Tubman
- Sojourner Truth
- Wm. Still
- Davids: Ruggles,
Walker, Garnet
- Elijah Lovejoy

Anti-Slavery
Movement

- abolition (some immediate, others

moderate: compensated emancipation)
- limit spread of slavery
- help free blacks

- Underground Railroad helped slaves

escape
- American Colonization Society helped
small number of blacks resettle
- The Liberator, The North Star, & other
abolitionist papers

Prisons

- Bring reform thru structure & discipline

- Mental health care, more humane
treatment of criminals & the insane
- tax-funded institutions

- construction of penitentiaries
- Auburn system in NY
- reformed prisons in New England
- new mental hospitals
- professional treatment and state funding
for mental health institutions

- Dorothea Dix

- institutions founded to help physically

disabled (Gallaudet University)

- Thomas Gallaudet
- Dr. Samuel Gridley
Howe

&
Asylums

Wards of the State

289

Reform Period Charts

Reform Periods Reconstruction

& Gilded Age

REFORM AREA
Treatment of
Freedmen

Poltical Corruption

Labor Movement

Farmers

GOALS
- reparations or at least opportunity for
economic independ., 40 acres and a mule
- protection from abuse by violent whites
- education, basic civil rights

ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- Reconstruction Amendments (13-15)
- Civil Rights Act (1866, 71, 75)
- Reconstruction Acts (1867)
- Freedmen's Bureau
- Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)

- prevent machine politics & urban bossism - settlement house movement

- prevent patronage in politics
- Pendleton Act (1883, Civil Service Reform
- for Southerners during Reconstruction,
Act)
to reduce the influence of Republican
- "Redemption" in the south
reconstructors (nicknamed "carpetbaggers,
scalawags") and restore white Southern
local self-rule

- higher wages
- better working conditions
- abolition of child labor
- limit working hours
- limit influence of trusts
- radicals: broad social programs and a
more interventionist role for govt
- radicals: new social contract and redistribution of wealth

- 8 hour workday in many states

- strikes (1877 RR, Homestead 1892,
Pullman 1894)
- rise of labor unions (but limited by gov't,
strikebreakers, scabs, and court injunctions)
- Danbury Hatters case (1902)
- not many gains in this era

- lower fees for freight, storage, grain elevators

- lower tariffs
- inflationary monetary policies (such as
"free silver" policy of bimetallism)
- new banking system to extend credit
more freely to farmers

- successfully lobbied state legislatures &

Congress to pass Granger Laws
(required RRs to publish fares, Interstate
Commerce Commission estab'd by the
eponymous act)
- didn't get US off of the gold standard, but
1898 discovery of gold in AK relieved
farmers in debt, led to inflation

KEY PEOPLE
- Thaddeus Stevens
- Ulysses S. Grant
- Charles Sumner
- Benjamin Wade
- Henry Winter Davis
- Andrew Johnson
- Jane Addams
- Boss Tweed
- Frances Perkins
(worked in Hull House
but later)
- Jay Gould (Credit
Mobilier Scandal)
- James Blaine,
"half-breeds," "mugwumps," "stalwarts"
- Roscoe Conkling
- Eugene Debs, IWW
- Samuel Gompers, AFL
- Mother Jones
- Terence Powderly,
KOL

- Southern Farmers'
Alliance
- National Grange

290

AP United States History

Reform Periods Populism

REFORM AREA
Extension of
Democracy

GOALS

KEY PEOPLE

- Restoration of the government

to the people
- Direct popular election of US
senators
- Enacting of state laws by voters
through referendum and
initiatives

Regulation of the
Economy - Business - Free silver: unlimited coinage

of silver (inflationary policy) to

increase money supply
- Graduated income tax
- Eight-hour workday (for industrial
workers)
- Loans and federal warehouses for
farmers

Regulation of the
Economy Transportation/
Communication

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

- Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawed

combinations in restraint of trade
- Sherman Silver Purchase Act of
1890

- Thomas Watson

- Railroad regulation: Munn v. Illinois

- Public ownership of railroads by
(but overturned by Wabash case)
the US government
- Requiring RRs to publish their rates
and to stop offering rebates to
corporate customers
- Telegraph and telephone
systems owned and operated by
the gov't

Social Issues

291

Reform Period Charts

Reform Periods Progressivism

REFORM AREA
Extension of
Democracy

Honesty and
Efficiency in
Government

GOALS
- direct election of senators
- women's suffrage

ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- 17th & 19th Amendments
- recall, voter initiative, and
referendum laws in many states

- reduce influence of business on - Muckrakers in McLure's and

politics
Harper's exposed corruption
- end "spoils" & patronage in
- Municipal Government Reform
politics
- end corruption

KEY PEOPLE
- Susan B. Anthony
- Carrie Chapman
Catt

- Robert LaFollette

Regulation of the - reduce influence of monopolies - Clayton Anti-Trust Act: strengthened

Sherman Antitrust Act to break
Economy - Business
& trusts

monopolies (instead of labor unions)

- ensure safe food & drugs were - Elkins Act, Mann-Elkins Act, Hepburn
available to the public

Act
- 1906 Meat Inspection Act
- 1907 Pure Food & Drug Act
- FTC: policed unfair trade practice
- Child Labor Act

Regulation of the
Economy Transportation/
Communication

Social Issues

- Anthracite Coal Strike: TR mediates

union and government
- Federal Farm Loan Act: established
regional federal farm loan banks
- Establishment of NAACP
- National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA), National Women's
Party, League of Women Voters

- W. E. B. Du Bois
- Booker T.
Washington
- Alice Paul

Conservation

292

AP United States History

Reform Periods First New Deal

REFORM AREA
Unemployed

RELIEF ACTIONS

RECOVERY ACTIONS

REFORM ACTIONS

- National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

- Public Work Administration (PWA) work
relief programs for roads and public buildings reduce unemployment by spreading jobs
as thinly as possible, reduce competition,
- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) jobs for
regulate wages and hours
young men in forestry, flood control,
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): gov'tconservation
owned company built schools, dams,
- Emergency Relief Appropriations Act: work
power plants, and other businesses
programs

Labor

Farmers

Banking/
Stock Market

- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): paid

farmers to reduce production and gave
aid
- Farm Credit Administration: lowinterest farm loans and mortgages to
indebted farmers

- Bank Holiday

- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC): insures bank deposits to
encourage people to use banks

- Glass-Steagall Act: requires

banks to disclose their
behavior
- Security and Exchange Act:
creates Securities &
Exchange Commission (SEC)
to police stock market

Business
Enterprises

Children/
Elderly

Government

- Federal Emergency Relief

Administration (FERA) gave federal
money to the states and cities for
aid

293

Reform Period Charts

Reform Periods Second New Deal

REFORM AREA
RELIEF ACTIONS
Unemployed - Works Progress Administration: hired

RECOVERY ACTIONS

REFORM ACTIONS

manual laborers to build roads,

bridges, public buildings (included
Federal Arts Project)

Labor

- National Labor Relations Act (Wagner

Act): creates NLRB, grants legal
recognition to unions, allows unions to
bargain collectively

- Fair Labor Standards Act:

minimum wage level (25
cents per hour)
- work week of 44 hours
- child labor banned
- rise of CIO

Farm

Banking/
Stock Market

Business
Enterprises

Children/
Elderly

- Social Security Act: gov't

pension payments to the
elderly, unemployed,
disabled, blind, and
dependent mothers/
children

Government

AP United States History

294

Reform Periods Great Society

REFORM AREA
Civil Rights

Poverty

Education

Elderly

Healthcare

GOALS

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

- 1964 Civil Rights Act

- end legal segregation
- Voting Right Act of 1965
- ensure fair political representation of
- Equal Employment Opportunity
minorities
Commission (EEOC)
- end de facto segregation (in
workplace, housing, schooling)
- 24th Amendment (bans poll taxes)

- Unconditional War on Poverty:

aid the 40 mil Americans below
poverty line (The Other America, 1962)
- Training to get people out of
poverty permanently (not simply
handouts but also vocational,
educational training)

- Office of Economic Opportunity

- Billion-dollar budget to attack the
poverty problem
- community action programs
- reduction of # of American families
living in poverty
- Medicaid/Medicare expansion
Model Cities-renovation of city slums
VISTA, Job Corps

- Education to aid the war on poverty

- Alleviate gap in quality of education
between regions

- Head Start (1964), edu/health for low-income

children (longest-running program to address
pov in history)
- Increased funding for schools
- Elementary and Secondary
Education Act of 1965
- Higher Education Act of 1965
- Bilingual Education Act of 1968
- National Endowment for the Arts, National
Endowment for the Humanities

- provide healthcare and support for the

elderly

- Medicare (1965), federal funding for

healthcare costs of elderly

KEY PEOPLE
- MLK
- Stokely Carmichael
- Malcolm X
- James L. Farmer
- Medgar Evers

- Sargent Shriver
- Michael Harrington

- Education commissioner Francis

Keppel

- Medicare & Medicaid