Bremen

This article is about the German city. For other uses, see 787 Willehad of Bremen was the rst Bishop of BreBremen (disambiguation).
men. In 848 the archdiocese of Hamburg merged with
the diocese of Bremen into Hamburg-Bremen ArchdioThe City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtge- cese, seated in Bremen, and in the following centuries the
archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen were the driving force
meinde Bremen, German pronunciation: [bemn] ( )) is
a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial behind the Christianisation of Northern Germany. In 888
Rimbert, managed to get Kaiser Arnulf of
and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Archbishop
the
Carolingian King of East Francia, to grant
Carinthia,
Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan
Bremen
the
right
to hold its own markets, to mint its own
Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most
coins
and
make
its
own customs laws.
populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.

The citys rst stone walls were built in 1032. Around

Bremen is some 60 km (37 mi) south from the Weser this time trade with Norway, England and the northern
mouth on the North Sea. With Bremerhaven right on the Netherlands began to grow, thus increasing the impormouth the two comprise the state of the Free Hanseatic tance of the city.
City of Bremen (ocial German name: Freie Hansestadt
Bremen).

History

See also: Timeline of Bremen

The marshes and moraines near Bremen have been settled since about 12,000 BC. Burial places and settlements
in Bremen-Mahndorf and Bremen-Osterholz date back
to the 7th century AD. Since the age of Renaissance,
some scientists have believed that the entry Fabiranum or
Phabiranon in Ptolemy's Fourth Map of Europe,[3] written in 150 AD, refers to Bremen. But Ptolemy gives geographic coordinates, and by these dates Phabiranon is sit- Germania, in the early 2nd century (Harper and Brothers, 1849).
uated northeast of the mouth of river Visurgis (Weser).
At that time the Chauci lived in the area now called northwestern Germany or Lower Saxony. By the end of the
3rd century, they had merged with the Saxons. During
the Saxon Wars (772804) the Saxons, led by Widukind,
fought against the West Germanic Franks, the founders
of the Carolingian Empire, and lost the war. Bremen
is located 121 km (75 miles) northeast of Osnabrck,
442 km (275 miles) north of Frankfurt am Main, 389
km (242 miles) west of Berlin, 121 km (75 miles) southwest of Hamburg, 274 km (170 miles) east of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and 298 km (185 miles) northeast of
Dsseldorf.
Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, made a new law,
the Lex Saxonum. This law stated that Saxons were not
allowed to worship Odin (the god of the Saxons), but
rather that they had to convert to Christianity on pain of View from the Bremen Cathedral in the direction of the Stephanideath. This period was called the Christianisation. In Bridge.
1

HISTORY

In 1186 the Bremian Prince-Archbishop Hartwig of Uthlede and his baili in Bremen conrmedwithout generally waiving the prince-archiepiscopal overlordship over
the citythe Gelnhausen Privilege, by which Frederick I
Barbarossa granted the city considerable privileges. The
city was recognised as a political entity with its own laws.
Property within the municipal boundaries could not be
subjected to feudal overlordship; this also applied to serfs
who acquired property, if they managed to live in the city
for a year and a day, after which they were to be regarded
as free persons. Property was to be freely inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner. This
privilege laid the foundation for Bremens later status of
imperial immediacy (Free Imperial City).
In fact, however, Bremen did not have complete independence from the Prince-Archbishops, in that there was
no freedom of religion, and burghers were still forced
to pay taxes to the Prince-Archbishops. Bremen played
a double role; it participated in the Diets of the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as part of the
Bremian Estates and paid its share of taxes, at least when
it had previously consented to this levy. Since the city was
the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. In
this way the city wielded scal and political power within
the Prince-Archbishopric, while not allowing the PrinceArchbishopric to rule in the city against its consent. In
14th to 18th century: territories of the Free City of Bremen (red)
1260 Bremen joined the Hanseatic League.
and of the Archbishopric of Bremen (yellow); straits between
lower Weser and Jadebusen.

1.1

Advent of territorial power

Nevertheless, on the night of 29 May 1366, Alberts

In 1350, the number of inhabitants reached 20,000. troops, helped by some burghers, invaded the city. After
Around this time the Hansekogge (cog ship) became a this the city had to render him homage again, the Bremen
unique product of Bremen.
Roland, symbol of the citys autonomy, was demolished
In 1362, representatives of Bremen rendered homage to and a new city council was appointed. In return the new
Albert II, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen in Langwedel. council granted Albert a credit amounting to the enorIn return Albert conrmed the citys privileges and bro- mous sum of 20,000 Bremian Marks.
kered a peace between the city and Gerard III, Count of But city councillors of the previous council, who had ed
Hoya, who since 1358 had held some burghers of Bremen
to the County of Oldenburg gained the support of the
in captivity. The city had to bail them out. In 1365 an ex- Counts and recaptured the city on June 27, 1366. The
tra tax, levied to nance the ransom, caused an uprising
members of the intermediate council were regarded as
among the burghers and artisans which was put down by traitors and beheaded, and the city de facto regained its
the city council after much bloodshed.
autonomy. Thereupon, the city of Bremen, which had
In 1366, Albert II tried to take advantage of the dis- for a long time held an autonomous status, acted almost
pute between Bremens council and the guilds, whose in complete independence of the Prince-Archbishop. Almembers had expelled some city councillors from the bert failed to reduce the city of Bremen a second time,
city. When these councillors appealed to Albert II for since he was always short of money and without the suphelp, many artisans and burghers regarded this as treason port of his family, the Welfs, who fought the Lneburg
against the city. This appeal to the princes would only War of Succession (137088).
provoke them to abolish autonomy of the city.
By the end of the 1360s Bremen had granted credits
The fortied city maintained its own guards, not allowing prince-archiepiscopal soldiers to enter it. The city reserved an extra very narrow gate, the so-called Bishops
Needle (Latin: Acus episcopi, rst mentioned in 1274),
for all clergy including the Prince-Archbishop. The narrowness of the gate made it technically impossible to enter accompanied by knights.

to Albert II, to nance his lavish lifestyle, and gained

in return the fortress of Vrde and the dues levied in
the bailiwick belonging to it as a pawn for the credits.
In 1369 Bremen again lent money to Albert II against
the collateral of his mint and his right to mint coins,
which was from then on run by the city council. In 1377
Bremen boughtfrom Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-

1.3

Thirty Years War

Lneburgmany of the prince-archiepiscopal castles,

which Albert had pledged as security for a loan to Fredericks predecessor. Thus Bremen gained a powerful position in the Prince-Archbishopric (ecclesiastical principality), pushing its actual ruler aside.
In 1380 knights of the von Mandelsloh family and others Verdian and Bremian robber barons plundered the
burghers of Bremen and the people of the entire PrinceArchbishopric of Bremen. In 1381 the citys troops successfully ended this brigandage and captured the castle of
Bederkesa and the bailiwick belonging to it, which it was
able to hold until November 1654, when after the Second
Bremian War Bremen had to cede Bederkesa and Lehe
(a part of present-day Bremerhaven) to Bremen-Verden.
In 1386 the city of Bremen made vassals of the noble
families, which held the estates of Altluneburg (a part of
present-day Schidorf) and Elmlohe.

1.2

Bremen and the Reformation

3
jority of Bremens burghers and city council adopted
Calvinism by the 1590s, while the chapter, which
was at the same time the body of secular government in the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to
Lutheranism. This antagonism between a Calvinistic majority and a Lutheran minority, though it had a powerful position in its immunity district (mediatised as part
of the city in 1803), remained dominant until in 1873
the Calvinist and Lutheran congregations of Bremen were
reconciled and founded a united administrative umbrella
Bremian Protestant Church, which still exists today, comprising the bulk of Bremens burghers.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Bremen continued to play its double role, wielding scal and political
power within the Prince-Archbishopric, but not allowing
the Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city without its
consent.

1.3 Thirty Years War

Flag of Bremen.
Bremen town hall.

Soon after the beginning of the Thirty Years War Bremen declared its neutrality, as did most of the territories
in the Lower Saxon Circle. John Frederick, Lutheran
Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen,
desperately tried to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out
of the war, with the complete agreement of the Estates
and the city of Bremen. When in 1623 the Republic
of the Seven United Netherlands, which was ghting
in the Eighty Years War for its independence against
Habsburg's Spanish and imperial forces, requested its
In 1547, the chapter, which had in the meantime become Calvinist co-religionist Bremen to join them, the city repredominantly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch Albert fused, but started to reinforce its fortications.
Rizaeus, called Hardenberg, as the rst Cathedral pas- In 1623 the territories comprising the Lower Saxon Circle
tor of Protestant aliation. Rizaeus turned out to be decided to recruit an army in order to maintain an armed
a partisan of the Zwinglian understanding of the Lords neutrality, since troops of the Catholic League were
Supper, which was rejected by the then Lutheran ma- already operating in the neighbouring Lower Rhenishjority of burghers, the city council, and chapter. So Westphalian Circle and dangerously close to their region.
in 1561after heated disputesRizaeus was dismissed The concomitant eects of the war, debasement of the
and banned from the city and the cathedral again closed currency and rising prices, had already caused ination
which was also felt in Bremen.
its doors.
When the Protestant Reformation swept through
Northern Germany, St Peters cathedral belonged to
the cathedral immunity district (German: Domfreiheit), an extraterritorial enclave of the neighbouring
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1532, the cathedral
chapter which was still Catholic at that time closed St
Peters after a mob consisting of Bremens burghers had
forcefully interrupted a Catholic Mass and prompted a
pastor to hold a Lutheran service.

However, as a consequence of that controversy the ma- In 1623 the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands,

HISTORY

diplomatically supported by King James I of England,

the brother-in-law of Christian IV of Denmark, started
a new anti-Habsburg campaign. Thus the troops of the
Catholic League were otherwise occupied and Bremen
seemed relieved. But soon after this the imperial troops
under Albrecht von Wallenstein headed north in an attempt to destroy the fading Hanseatic League, in order
to reduce the Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and
the Lbeck and to establish a Baltic trade monopoly, to
be run by some imperial favourites including Spaniards
and Poles. The idea was to win Sweden's and Denmark's
support, both of which had for a long time sought the destruction of the Hanseatic League.
In May 1625 Christian IV of Denmark, Duke of Holstein was elected in the latter of his functions by the
Lower Saxon Circles member territories commander-inchief of the Lower Saxon troops. In the same year Christian IV joined the Anglo-Dutch military coalition. Christian IV ordered his troops to capture all the important
trac hubs in the Prince-Archbishopric and commenced
the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge, on 27 August 1626,
where he was defeated by the Leaguist troops under Johan
't Serclaes, Count of Tilly. Christian IV and his surviving
troops ed to the Prince-Archbishopric and established
their headquarters in Stade.
In 1627 Christian IV withdrew from the PrinceArchbishopric, in order to oppose Wallensteins invasion
of his Duchy of Holstein. Tilly then invaded the PrinceArchbishopric and captured its southern part. Bremen
shut its city gates and entrenched itself behind its improved fortications. In 1628, Tilly turned on the city,
and Bremen paid him a ransom of 10,000 rixdollars in
order to spare it a siege. The city remained unoccupied
throughout the war.
The takeover by the Catholic League enabled Ferdinand
II, Holy Roman Emperor, to implement the Edict of
Restitution, decreed March 6, 1629, within the PrinceArchbishopric of Bremen including the city of Bremen.
In September 1629 Francis William of Wartenberg, appointed by Ferdinand II as chairman of the imperial restitution commission for the Lower Saxon Circle, in carrying out the provisions of the Edict of Restitution, ordered the Bremian Chapter, seated in Bremen, to render
an account of all the capitular and prince-archiepiscopal
estates (not to be confused with the Estates). The Chapter refused, arguing rst that the order had not been authorised and later that due to disputes with Bremens city
council, they could not freely travel to render an account,
let alone do the necessary research on the estates. The
anti-Catholic attitudes of Bremens burghers and council
was to make it completely impossible to prepare the restitution of estates from the Lutheran Chapter to the Roman
Catholic Church. Even Lutheran capitulars were uneasy
in Calvinistic Bremen.

Roland.

unoccupied city were not to be restituted to the Catholic

Church. The council argued that the city had long been
Protestant, but the restitution commission replied that
the city was de jure a part of the Prince-Archbishopric,
so Protestantism had illegitimately taken over Catholicowned estates. The city council replied that under these
circumstances it would rather separate from the Holy Roman Empire and join the quasi-independent Republic of
the Seven Netherlands.[4] The city was neither to be conquered nor to be successfully besieged due to its new fortications and its access to the North Sea.

Bremens city council ordered that the capitular and

prince-archiepiscopal estates within the boundaries of the In October 1631 an army, newly recruited by John Frederick, started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric

1.4

19th century

helped by forces from Sweden and the city of Bremen.

John Frederick returned to oce, only to implement the
supremacy of Sweden, insisting that it retain supreme
command until the end of the war. With the impending
enforcement of the military Major Power of Sweden over
the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, which was under
negotiation at the Treaty of Westphalia, the city of Bremen feared it would fall under Swedish rule too. Therefore the city appealed for an imperial conrmation of
its status of imperial immediacy from 1186 (Gelnhausen
Privilege). In 1646 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor,
granted the requested conrmation (Diploma of Linz) to
the Free Imperial City.

1.3.1

Swedish reaction

Population History
1350:
1810:
1830:
1850:
1880:
1900:
1925:
1969:
1995:
1998:
2001:
2005:
2006:
2009:

20,000
35,800
43,700
55,100
111,900
161,200
295,000
607,185
549,357
550,000
540,950
545,983
546,900
547,685[5]

5
guing that it was acting in self-defence. The Free Imperial City of Bremen had meanwhile urged Ferdinand
III to support it, who in July 1654 asked Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Christinas successor as Duke of BremenVerden, to cease the conict, which resulted in the Recess
of Stade (November 1654). This treaty left the main issue, the acceptance of the city of Bremens imperial immediacy, unresolved. But the city agreed to pay tribute
and levy taxes in favour of Swedish Bremen-Verden and
to cede its possessions around Bederkesa and Bremerlehe,
which was why it was later called Lehe.
In December 1660 the city council of Bremen rendered
homage as Free Imperial City of Bremen to Leopold I,
Holy Roman Emperor. In 1663 the city gained a seat and
a vote in the Imperial Diet, despite sharp protest from
Swedish Bremen-Verden. In March 1664 the Swedish
Diet came out in favour of waging war on the Free Imperial City of Bremen. Right after Leopold I, who was busy
with wars against the Ottoman Empire, had enfeoed the
minor King Charles XI of Sweden with Bremen-Verden,
while the neighbouring Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle
was occupied by succession quarrels and France not opposed, Sweden started the Second Bremian War (1665
66) from its Bremen-Verden ef.

The Swedes under Carl Gustaf Wrangel laid siege to the

city of Bremen. The siege brought Brandenburg-Prussia,
Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle, Denmark, Leopold I
and the Netherlands onto the scene, who were all in
favour of the city, with Brandenburgian, Cellean, Danish, and Dutch troops at Bremen-Verdens borders ready
to invade. So on 15 November 1666 Sweden had to
sign the Treaty of Habenhausen, obliging it to destroy
the fortresses built close to Bremen and banning Bremen
Nevertheless, Sweden, represented by its imperial from sending its representative to the Diet of the Lower
ef Bremen-Verden, which comprised the secularised Saxon Circle. From then on no further Swedish attempts
prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, did not accept were made to capture the city.
the imperial immediacy of the city of Bremen. Swedish In 1700 Bremen introducedlike all Protestant territoBremen-Verden tried to remediatise the Free Imperial ries of imperial immediacythe Improved Calendar, as
City of Bremen (i.e., to make it switch its allegiance to it was called by Protestants, in order not to mention the
Sweden). With this in view, Swedish Bremen-Verden name of Pope Gregory XIII. So Sunday, 18 February of
twice waged war on Bremen. In 1381 the city of Bremen Old Style was followed by Monday, 1 March New Style.
had imposed de facto rule in an area around Bederkesa
and west of it as far as the lower branch of the Weser near
Bremerlehe (a part of present-day Bremerhaven). Early 1.4 19th century
in 1653, Bremen-Verdens Swedish troops captured Bremerlehe by force. In February 1654 the city of Bremen The harbour of Vegesack became part of the city of
managed to get Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, to Bremen in 1803. In 1811, Napoleon invaded Bremen
grant it a seat and the vote in the Holy Roman Empires and integrated it as the capital of the Dpartement de
Diet, thus accepting the citys status as Free Imperial City Bouches-du-Weser (Department of the Mouths of the
of Bremen.
Weser) into the French State. In 1813, the Frenchas
Ferdinand III demanded that Christina of Sweden, they retreatedwithdrew from Bremen. Johann Smidt,
Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, compensate the city Bremens representative at the Congress of Vienna, was
of Bremen for the damages caused and restitute Bremer- successful in achieving the non-mediatisation of Brelehe. When in March 1654 the city of Bremen started to men, Hamburg and Lbeck by which they were not inrecruit soldiers in the area of Bederkesa, in order to pre- corporated into neighbouring monarchies, but became
pare for further arbitrary acts, Swedish Bremen-Verden sovereign republics.
enacted the First Bremian War (March to July 1654), ar-

The rst German steamship was manufactured in 1817 in

2 CLIMATE

Proclamation of the Revolutionary Republic of Bremen (Bremer

Rterepublik) in front of the town hall, 15 November 1918.

1923; the aircraft construction company as of 2010 forms

part of Airbus, a manufacturer of civil and military
aircraft. Borgward, an automobile manufacturer, was
founded in 1929, and is today part of Daimler AG.
The villages of Grohn, Schnebeck, Aumund, Hammersbeck, Fhr, Lobbendorf, Blumenthal, Farge and Rekum
became part of the city of Bremen in 1939. The BremenVegesack concentration camp operated during World
War II.
Following the bombing of Bremen in World War II, the
British 3rd Infantry Division under General Whistler captured Bremen in late April 1945.[6]
Territory of Bremen as state since 1800.

In 1946 Bremens mayor Wilhelm Kaisen (SPD) travelled

to the U.S. to re-establish Bremens statehood, as Bremen
had traditionally been a city-state, in order to prevent its
the shipyard of Johann Lange.
incorporation into the state of Lower Saxony in the British
In 1827, Bremen, under Johann Smidt, its mayor at that zone of occupation. In 1947 the city became an enclave,
time, purchased land from the Kingdom of Hanover, to part of the American occupation zone surrounded by the
establish the city of Bremerhaven (Port of Bremen) as an British zone.
outpost of Bremen because of the increased silting up of In 1947, Martin Mende founded Nordmende, a manufacthe river Weser. Bremen became part of the North Ger- turer of entertainment electronics. The company existed
man Confederation in 1867 and became an autonomous until 1987. OHB-System, a manufacturer of mediumcomponent state of the new-founded German Empire in sized space-ight satellites, was founded in 1958.
1871 and stayed with Germany in its following forms of
The University of Bremen, founded in 1971, is one of 11
government.
institutions classed as an Elite university in Germany,
Brauerei Beck & Co KG, a brewery, was founded in 1837 and teaches approximately 23,500 people from 126 counand remains in operation today. The shipping company tries.
The North German Lloyd (NDL) was founded in 1857.
Lloyd was a byword for commercial shipping and is now
a part of Hapag-Lloyd. In 1872, the Bremen Cotton Ex2 Climate
change was founded.
Bremen has an oceanic climate (Cfb). Bremens climate
is inuenced by its proximity to the coast and marine air
masses that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby
A Soviet Republic of Bremen existed from January to wetlands also enjoy a maritime temperate climate. SnowFebruary 1919 in the aftermath of World War I before fall is rare, generally occurring several times a year.
it was overthrown by Gerstenberg Freikorps.
The warmest months in Bremen are June, July, and Au-

1.5

20th century

Henrich Focke, Georg Wulf and Werner Naumann gust, with high temperatures of 20.2 to 22.6 C (68.4 to
founded Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG in Bremen in 72.7 F). The coldest are December, January, and Febru-

4.1

Last state election

ary, with low temperatures of 1.1 to 0.3 C (30.0 to 32.5 4.1 Last state election
F).
Main article: Bremen state election, 2011
The highest recorded temperature was 37.6 C (99.7 F)
on 9 August 1992, while the lowest recorded temperature
These are the nal results. [9]
was 23.6 C (10.5 F) on 13 February 1940 [7]

4.2 Administrative structure

Demographics

5 Main sights
Many of the sights in Bremen are found in the Altstadt (Old Town), an oval area surrounded by the
Weser River, on the southwest, and the Wallgraben,
the former moats of the medieval city walls, on the
northeast. The oldest part of the Altstadt is the
southeast half, starting with the Marktplatz and ending at the Schnoor quarter.
The Marktplatz (Market square) is dominated by
the opulent faade of the Town Hall of Bremen.
The building was erected between 1405 and 1410 in
Gothic style, but the faade was built two centuries
later (160912) in Renaissance style. The Town
Hall is the seat of the President of the Senate of Bremen. Today, it hosts a restaurant in original decor
with gigantic wine barrels, the Ratskeller in Bremen,
and the wine lists boasts more than 600exclusively
Germanwines. It is also home of the twelve oldest
wines in the world, stored in their original barrels in
the Apostel chamber. In July 2004, along with the
Bremen Roland, the building was added to the list
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Schnoor 36 / Wstesttte 6

As of 2009, Bremen had a population of 547,700 of

whom about 137,000 (~25%) were of non-German origin/ethnicity.
Number of minorities in Bremen by nationality per 31
December 2012.[8]

Politics

The Stadtbrgerschaft (municipal assembly) is made up

of 68 of the 83 legislators of the state legislature, the
Bremische Brgerschaft, who reside in the city of Bremen. The legislature is elected by the citizens of Bremen
every four years.
One of the two mayors (Brgermeister) is elected
President of the Senate (Prsident des Senats) and serves
as head of the city and the state. The current President is
Jens Bhrnsen.

Two statues stand to the west side of the Town Hall:

one is the statue Bremen Roland (1404) of the citys
protector, Roland, with his view against the Cathedral and bearing Durendart, the sword of justice
and a shield decorated with an imperial eagle. The
other near the entrance to the Ratskeller is Gerhard
Marcks' bronze sculpture (1953) Die Stadtmusikanten (Town Musicians) which portrays the donkey,
dog, cat and rooster of the Grimm Brothers fairy
tale.
Other interesting buildings in the vicinity of
the Marktplatz are the Schtting, a 16th-century
Flemish-inspired guild hall, Rathscaf, RathsApotheke, Haus der Stadtsparkasse and the
Stadtwaage, the former weigh house (built in 1588),
with an ornate Renaissance faade, and the nearby
Essighaus, once a ne Renaissance town house. The
faades and houses surrounding the market square
were the rst buildings in Bremen to be restored
after World War II, by the citizens of Bremen
themselves.
St Peters Cathedral (13th century), to the east of
the Marktplatz, with sculptures of Moses and David,

5 MAIN SIGHTS
Peter and Paul and Charlemagne.
On Katherinenklosterhof to the northwest of the
cathedral, a few remaining traces can be found of St
Catherines Monastery dating back to the 13th century.
The Liebfrauenkirche (Our Ladys Church) is the
oldest church of the town (11th century). Its crypt
features several impressive murals from the 14th
century.
O the south side of the Markplatz, the 110 m
(120 yd) Bttcherstrae was transformed in 1923
1931 by the coee magnate Ludwig Roselius, who
commissioned local artists to convert the narrow
street (in medieval times, the street of the barrel
makers) into an inspired mixture of Gothic and
Art Nouveau. It was considered "entartete Kunst"
(degenerate art) by the Nazis. Today, the street is
one of Bremens most popular attractions, with the
Glockenspiel House at No. 4 with its carillon of
Meissen porcelain bells.[11]
At the end of Bttcherstrae, by the Weser bank,
stands the Martinikirche (St Martins Church), a
Gothic brick church built in 1229, and rebuilt in
1960 after its destruction in World War II.[12]
Tucked away between the Cathedral and the river is
the Schnoor, a small, well-preserved area of crooked
lanes, shermens and shippers houses from the
17th and 18th centuries, now occupied by cafs,
artisan shops and art galleries. The Convent of
Saint Birgitta (Birgittenkloster) founded in 2002 is
a small community of just seven nuns oering guest
accommodation.[13]
Schlachte, the medieval harbour of Bremen (the
modern port is some kilometres downstream) and
today a riverside boulevard with pubs and bars
aligned on one side and the banks of Weser on the
other.[14]
The Viertel district to the east of the old town combines rows of 19th-century Bremen Houses (Bremer
Huser) with museums and theatres along the citys
cultural mile.[15]
The Nasir Moschee is the rst purpose built
mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in
Bremen.[16]

More contemporary tourist attractions include:

Universum Science Center, a modern science museum
The Rhododendron-Park Bremen, a major collection of rhododendrons and azaleas, which also includes a botanical garden

Botanika,
a nature museum within the
Rhododendron-Park Bremen that attempts be
to the same as the Universum, but for biology
Becks Brewery, tours are available to the public
which include beer tasting
The Kunsthalle Bremen, an art museum with paintings from the 19th and 20th century, maintained by
the citizens of Bremen
Focke Museum, People of Bremens Museum for
Art and Cultural History
The bersee Museum Bremen (Overseas (World)
Museum) is a Natural History and Ethnographic museum near by the Central Station Bremen
The Kunstsammlungen Bttcherstrae, an art museum in expressionist architecture from Bernhard
Hoetger with paintings from the 20th century from
Paula Modersohn-Becker.
The Weserburg Museum fr moderne Kunst (Weserburg Modern Art Museum), a modern art museum located in the middle of the Weser River.[17]
View from the Stephani-Bridge in the direction of
the Cathedral
Schlachte
Baumwollbrse (Cotton exchange)
The Parkhotel in the Brgerpark (central park)
Musical-Theater
Central Park Wallanlagen
The city hall (Rathaus)
Swineherd and pigs sculpture in Bremen
The Weser River in Bremen
A building on Bttcherstrae
Bremer Bank
Central Bremen and the Weser from St. Petri Dom
Bremen Airport
The Skyscraper Weser Tower was built 2007-2009
and designed by Helmut Jahn
Bttcherstrae
Schnoor
Beck & Co
Bremen-Arena

5.1

Structures

6 Economy

Mediumwave transmitter Bremen

Fallturm Bremen
The Bremen site is the second development centre after
Hamburg. It forms part of the production network of
Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower
Airbus Deutschland GmbH and this is where equipping
of the wing units for all widebody Airbus aircraft and
the manufacture of small sheet metal parts takes place.
The Freie Waldorfschule in Bremen-Sebaldsbrck was Structural assembly, including that of metal landing aps,
Germanys rst school built to the Passivhaus low-energy is another focal point. Within the framework of Airbus
building standard.[18]
A380 production, assembly of the landing aps (high lift
systems) is carried out here. The pre-nal assembly of the
fuselage section (excluding the cockpit) of the A400M
military transport aircraft takes place before delivery on
to Spain.[19]
More than 3,100 persons are employed at Bremen, the
second largest Airbus site in Germany. As part of the
Centre of Excellence Wing/Pylon, Bremen is responsible for the design and manufacture of high-lift systems
for the wings of Airbus aircraft. The entire process chain
for the high-lift elements is established here, including
the project oce, technology engineering, ight physics,
system engineering, structure development, verication
tests, structural assembly, wing equipping and ultimate
delivery to the nal assembly line. In addition, Bremen
manufactures sheet metal parts like clips and thrust crests
for all Airbus aircraft as part of the Centre of Excellence
Fuselage and Cabin.[20]
In Bremen there is a plant of EADS Astrium and the
headquarters of OHB-System, respectively the rst and
the third space companies of European Union.
There is also a Mercedes-Benz factory in Bremen, building the C, CLK, SL, SLK, and GLK series of cars.[21]
Beck & Co's headlining brew Becks and St Pauli Girl
beers are brewed in Bremen. In past centuries when Bremens port was the key to Europe, the city also had a
large number of wine importers, but the number is down
to a precious few. Apart from that there is another link
between Bremen and wine: about 800 years ago, quality
wines were produced here. The largest wine cellar in the
world is located in Bremen (below the citys main square),
which was once said to hold over 1 million bottles, but
during WWII was raided by occupying forces.

The Fallturm (Drop Tower) of the University of Bremen

A large number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen with their German or European headquarters: Anheuser-Busch InBev (Becks
Brewery), Kelloggs, Kraft Foods (Kraft, Jacobs Coffee, Milka Chocolate, Milram, Mircoli), Frosta (frosted
food), Nordsee (chain of sea fast food), Melitta Kaee,
Eduscho Kaee, Azul Kaee, Vitakraft (pet food for
birds and shes), Atlanta AG (Chiquita banana), chocolatier Hachez (ne chocolate and conserie), feodora
chocolatier.

10

Transport

SPORTS

one of todays biggest continuously celebrated fairground festivals.

Bremen is host to one of the four big annual Techno
parades, the Vision Parade.
Bremen is also host for the Bremer 6 Tage Rennen
a bicycle race at the Bremen Arena.
Every year the city plays host to young musicians
from across the world, playing in the International
Youth Symphony Orchestra of Bremen (IYSOB).

Bremen Central Station

On March 12, 1999, the rock band Kiss played a live

show in Bremen. Before the show, they were told by
the re marshall to not use any reworks. They did
not use any reworks until the very end, where they
set o all of the reworks at once. Because of this,
they are now banned from playing in Bremen.

Bremerhaven Lehe

RS2

Bremerhaven Hbf
Nordenham

Bremerhaven Wulsdorf

RS4
Loxstedt

Kleinensiel

Lunestedt
Stubben

Rodenkirchen

Lbberstedt
HB
F
HB arge
T
HB urne
rs
K
HB rein tras
M slog se
HB
hle
e
Blu
ns r
t
Kli
nik men rass
e
th
um
HB
HB al
Au
HB
No
Ve mu
n
rd
ge
HB
Be
sa d
S
ck
HB ch ck
ed
ne
or
St
b
f
Ma
e
HB
gn ck
Le
us
su
m

Brake(Unterweser)

Elseth

HB Burg

dt
ta
us

Bremen hosted the 50th International Mathematical

Olympiad (IMO) from 10 to 22 July 2009.[24]

HB Sebaldsbrck
HB Mahndorf

Ne

st

He
id

Bremen Hbf

HB Hemelingen

HB

or

ka
m

en
h
lm

yk
en
Ho

De

er
g

ro

lzb
ho

hie
rb

e
Hu
d

ok

kru

g
W
stin

Bo

RS3

Bremen was host to the 32nd Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag from 20 to 24 May 2009.

Ritterhude

HB Oslebshausen
HB Walle

Sc

na
h

ldb

he

rg
(O

isc

bu

Zw

en
Old

Ba
d

RS1

g)

Berne

Bremen was host to the 2006 RoboCup competition.

Oldenbttel
Osterholz Scharmbeck

Achim
Dreyhe

Regio-S-Bahn Bremen

Baden(Verden)
Etelsen

Kirchweyhe

Stand: Dezember 2011

Barrien
Syke

RS1

Langwedel

Verden(Aller)

9 Sports

Bramstedt (b Syke)

RS2

Bassum

Twistringen

Map of the Bremen S-Bahn

Bremen has an international airport situated 3 km (2 mi)

south of the city centre.
Bremer Straenbahn AG (translates from German as Bremen Tramways Corporation), often abbreviated BSAG,
is the public transport provider for Bremen, oering
tramway and bus services.[22]
The Bremen S-Bahn covers the Bremen/Oldenburg
Metropolitan Region, from Bremerhaven in the north
to Twistringen in the south and from Oldenburg in
the west, centred on Bremen Central Station. It has
been in operation since 2010.[23] This network unied
existing regional transport in Bremen as well as surrounding cities, including Bremerhaven, Delmenhorst,
Twistringen, Nordenham, Oldenburg, and Verden an der
Aller. The network lies completely within the area of
the Bremen-Lower Saxony Transport Association, whose
tari structure applies.

The Weserstadion (Football (soccer) stadium)

Bremen is home to the football team SV Werder Bremen

which won the German Football Championship for the
fourth time and the German Football Cup for the fth
time in 2004, making SV Werder Bremen just the fourth
team in German football history to win the double; the
club won the German Football Cup for the sixth time in
2009. Only Bayern Munich has won more titles. In the
nal match of the 200910 season, Werder Bremen com8 Events
peted with Bayern Munich but lost. The home stadium of
the SV Werder Bremen is the Weserstadion, a pure foot Every year since 1036, in the last two weeks of Oc- ball stadium, almost completely surrounded by solar cells.
tober, Bremen has hosted Freimarkt (Free mar- It is one of the biggest buildings in Europe delivering alket), one of the worlds oldest and in Germany ternative energies.

11

10

Education and sciences

With 18000 students,[25] the University of Bremen is the

largest university in Bremen, and is also home to the
international Goethe-Institut and the Fallturm Bremen.
Additionally, Bremen has a University of the Arts and
the Bremen University of Applied Sciences. In 2001,
the private Jacobs University Bremen was founded. All
major German research foundations maintain institutes
in Bremen, with a focus set on marine sciences: The
Max Planck Society with the Max Planck Institute for
Marine Microbiology, and the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientic Community with the Center for Tropical
Marine Ecology (zmt). The Bremerhaven based AlfredWegener-Institute of the Helmholtz Association closely
cooperates with the aforementioned institutes, especially
within the MARUM, a center for marine environmental
sciences, aliated to the University of Bremen. Furthermore, The Fraunhofer Society is present in Bremen with
centers for applied material research IFAM and medical
image computing MEVIS.

Henrich Focke aviation pioneer and co-founder of

Focke-Wulf
Friedemann Friese Designer of Power Grid and
other board games.
Harald Genzmer composer of contemporary classical music
Eberhard Gildemeister (18971978) architect
Reinhard Hardegen Member of Bremen Parliament and former U-boat commander of submarine
U-123.
Klaus Kleinfeld former chief executive ocer
(CEO) of Siemens AG
Johann Georg Kohl travel writer, historian and geographer
Louis Krages racing driver and businessman
Georg Kulenkamp violinist
Hans-Joachim Kulenkamp actor and TV host

11

Miscellanea

In December 1949, Bremen hosted the lecture cycle

Einblick in das, was ist by the philosopher Martin
Heidegger, in which Heidegger introduced his concept of a fourfold of earth and sky, gods and mortals. This was also Heideggers rst public-speaking
engagement following his removal from his Freiburg
professorship by the Denazication authorities.
Bremen is connected with a fairy tale by the Brothers
Grimm, the Town Musicians of Bremen, although
they never actually reach Bremen in the tale.
The 1922 lm Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des
Grauens was set mostly in Bremen.

12

Notable people

Angelique Kerber Professional Tennis Player

Murat Kurnaz Guantanamo Bay prisoner for four
years
James Last composer and big band leader
Jos Luis Len Henkle industrial engineer and
salsa teacher
Franz Adolf Eduard Lderitz merchant and
colonist
Joachim Neander hymn song writer
Charles Henry Nimitz (18261911) Born in Bremen.
In 1852, built the Nimitz Hotel in
Fredericksburg, Texas, which now houses the
National Museum of the Pacic War. Grandfather of United States Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz.
Elected to the Texas Legislature 1890.

Kersten Artus journalist and politician

Juergen Nogai Architectural Photographer &

Filmmaker

Heinrich Averbeck physiotherapist

Wilhelm Olbers physician and astronomer

Adolf Bastian polymath

Henry Oldenburg Secretary of the Royal Society

Ben Becker and Meret Becker actors

Hans Otte composer

Henry Bohlen American Civil War Union

Brigadier General

Ludwig Quidde pacist politician and Nobel Peace

Prize laureate

Julian Brandt Professional Soccer Player for Bayer

Leverkusen

Sven Regener musician and writer

Karl Carstens politician

Andr Erkau Film director and screenplay writer

Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus naturalist

Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs geographer, explorer,
author and adventurer

12

15

14 See also

Carl Runge mathematician

Bert Trautmann football goalkeeper

Hanseatic League

Jrgen Trittin Green politician

Edward Voigt
Wisconsin

U.S.

Representative

List of mayors of Bremen

from

SV Werder Bremen

Wilhelm Wagenfeld industrial designer of the 20th

century

15 References

Kai Warner pop musician

15.1 Bibliography

Frederick Charles Winkler American Civil War

Union Brigadier General
Hermann Uhde Wagnerian baritone
Revolverheld Rock Band
Ludwig Roselius Businessman and patron of the
arts

13

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Bremen is twinned with:[26]

Gdask, Poland,[26][27] since 1976

Riga,[26][28] Latvia, since 1985

Dalian,[26] Peoples Republic of China, since

1985

Rostock,[26] Germany, since 1987 1

Haifa,[26] Israel, since 1988

[26][29]

Bratislava,

Slovakia, since 1989

Corinto,

Lukavac,[26] Bosnia and Herzegovina, since

[26]

REFERENCES

Nicaragua, since 1989

1994

Tristam Carrington-Windo, Katrin M. Kohl (1998).

A Dictionary of Contemporary Germany. Routledge
(UK). p. page 64. ISBN 1-57958-114-5.
Claus Christian (2007): A photographic excursion
through Bremen, Bremen-North, Bremerhaven,
Fischerhude and Worpswede, ISBN 978-3-00015451-5
Dannenberg, Hans-Eckhard and Heinz-Joachim
Schulze (eds.) (19952008). Geschichte des Landes
zwischen Elbe und Weser (3 vol., vol. 1 Vor- und
Frhgeschichte (1995), vol. 2 Mittelalter (einschl.
Kunstgeschichte) (1995), vol. 3 Neuzeit (2008),
(Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem.
Herzogtmer Bremen und Verden; vol. 7) ed.).
Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtmer
Bremen und Verden. ISBN (vol. 1) ISBN 978-39801919-7-5, (vol. 2) ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2,
(vol. 3) ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
Herbert Schwarzwlder (1995), Geschichte der
Freien Hansestadt Bremen. Vol. I - V. Bremen: Edition Temmen, ISBN 3-86108-283-7

15.2 Notes
[1] Bevlkerungsstand
und
Bevlkerungsbewegung
(monatlich)".
Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (in
German). 30 April 2012.
[2] The carsign HB with 1 letter and 4 digits is reserved for
vehicle registration in Bremerhaven.

zmir,[26] Turkey, since 1995

[3] Ptolemy: Germaniae magnae situs

Durban,[26][30] South Africa

[4] Dutch independence was nally conrmed by the Treaty

of Westphalia in 1648.

Pune,[26][31][32][33] India

Maracaibo,[26] Venezuela

[5] Bremen (Germany)". City Population. Retrieved 7 June

2011.

Dudley,[26][34] United Kingdom

^1 Then the East Germany

[6] Sir John Smythe Bolo Whistler: The Life of General Sir
Lashmer Whistler Frederick Muller Ltd 1967
[7] Wetterrekorde Deutschland - Wetterdienst.de. www.
wetterdienst.de (in German). Deutsches Wetterdienst.

13

[8] Statistisches Jahrbuch. Statistisches Landesamt Bremen. Retrieved 2014-07-19.

[32] Prole: Mrs. Vandana H. Chavan (Ex Mayor of Pune)".

Pune Diary.

[9] Ergebnisse der Brgerschaftswahlen in Bremen.

[33] Pune, twin cities to get pollution lab. Times of India

Pune Times. 4 September 2001.

[10]
[11] Bttcherstrae: Welcome. Bttcherstrae GmbH. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
[12] St. Martins Church. Bremen-tourism.de. Retrieved 14
January 2014.
[13] Birgittenkloster (in German). Katholischer Gemeindeverband in Bremen. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
[14] Schlachte Embankment.
trieved 5 January 2014.

bremen-tourism.de.

Re-

[15] Das Viertel (in German). dasviertel.de. Retrieved 20

January 2014.
[16] Nasir Moschee in Stuhr-Brinkum. Retrieved June 10,
2014.
[17] Weserburg Museum fr moderne Kunst

[34] House of Commons Hansard Debates for 2 Dec 1996.

parliament.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2011.

16 External links
Ocial city website
Ocial visitors information (various languages)
Ocial site of the city center
Ocial site of the Schnoor quarter
Ocial site of the shopping quarter Das Viertel
Ocial site of the Weser promenade Schlachte
Ocial site of the shopping avenue Sgestrae

[18] Passivhaus schools (German), 'Passivhaus Institute. Retrieved 2007-05-30.

Ocial site of the shopping mall Lloyd Passage

[19] EADS in Germany. Eads.com.

Ocial site of the shopping quarter Ansgari

Quartier

[20] Airbus in Germany. Airbus.com.

[21] Mercedes-Benz Bremen Plant. www.daimler.com.
[22] BSAG Public transportation in Bremen (in German).
bsag.de.
[23] Bericht zur Ernung der S-Bahn bei Radio Bremen
[24] Message of Greeting. Imo2009.de. Retrieved 2009-0618.
[25] Zahlen und Fakten zur Universitt (german)". University
of Bremen. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
[26] Frohmader, Andrea. Bremen - Referat 32 Stdtepartnerschaften / Internationale Beziehungen [Bremen - Unit 32
Twinning / International Relations]. Das Rathaus Bremen
Senatskanzlei [Bremen City Hall - Senate Chancellery] (in
German). Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
[27] Gdask Ocial Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'" (in Polish
& English). Urzd Miejski w Gdasku. 2009. Retrieved
2009-07-11.
[28] Twin cities of Riga. Riga City Council. Retrieved 200907-27.
[29] Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava. Bratislava-City.sk.
Archived from the original on 2013-07-28. Retrieved
2013-08-05.
[30] Sister Cities Home Page. eThekwini Online: The Ocial Site of the City of Durban
[31] Sister in progress. Times of India Pune Times. 30
August 2001.

Remnant from World War II in Bremen

14

17

17
17.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Bremen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen?oldid=632039822 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Mav, BlckKnght, Scipius, JeLuF,
Roadrunner, SimonP, Ben-Zin, Zoe, Mtmsmile, Pit, Rabin, Arpingstone, MichaelJanich, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Muriel Gottrop, Snoyes,
Angela, Den fjttrade ankan, , Nikai, Tkinias, Ruhrjung, BRG, UsagiYojimbo, Schneelocke, Htaccess, Boson, Lfh, N-true,
WhisperToMe, Wik, Itai, Nv8200p, Estemle, Morn, Sandman, Eugene van der Pijll, Robbot, Nico, Moriori, PBS, RedWolf, Baldhur, Der Eberswalder, Flauto Dolce, JackofOz, Seano1, DocWatson42, Folks at 137, Orangemike, Ausir, Everyking, Wikibob, Ezhiki,
Yekrats, BigBen212, Solipsist, Cckkab, OwenBlacker, Maximaximax, Jiy, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Deelkar, S.K., Bdk, Kwamikagami, Markussep, Smalljim, Elipongo, Pearle, Ultra megatron, Hawei, Alansohn, Hektor, Guaca, Civvi, Arthena, Atlant, Geo Swan,
Andrew Gray, Echuck215, Pion, Wtmitchell, Raw, VivaEmilyDavies, Amorymeltzer, Sciurin, Ndteegarden, Kusma, Drbreznjev, Axeman89, Saxifrage, Fdewaele, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Stemonitis, Velho, Woohookitty, Miaow Miaow, Ekem, PhHertzog, Kelisi, Muskafa,
RicJac, Salocin, Ketiltrout, Koavf, Gryndor, Oxydo, JohnnoShadbolt, Daderot, Ian Pitchford, SchuminWeb, Eubot, JYOuyang, Trublu,
Chobot, Kresspahl, Sherool, Visor, Godewind, Jared Preston, Bgwhite, Daveblack, YurikBot, Wavelength, Vuvar1, Hairy Dude, RussBot, Tresckow, Gaius Cornelius, Neilbeach, Imladros, Pradeepsomani, NawlinWiki, Doclecter, NickBush24, Kingje, Gadget850, Natmaka, Poppy, Theda, Aeon1006, Danallen46, Silverhelm, Arthuc01, Tarawneh, Carabinieri, Marcosw, Thelb4, Curpsbot-unicodify, Sardanaphalus, Attilios, SmackBot, David Kernow, Notay, CRKingston, Davewild, Eskimbot, Hmains, Roger2dc, Chris the speller, Jprg1966,
Hibernian, Sadads, Calc rulz, Anandt4u, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Gvjekoslav, Shalom Yechiel, Marvins21, Writtenright, Litany,
MJCdetroit, TheKMan, Bolivian Unicyclist, Mr.Z-man, RFD, Localzuk, Tankred, DDima, Ohconfucius, John, Robosh, Jaywubba1887,
Frokor, Meco, P199, MTSbot, Saxbryn, Hu12, Hetar, Woodgreener, Axt, Joey80, Mattbr, Drinibot, Mipango, Cydebot, Grahamec,
Meno25, Johann31, Nicephorus, JimChampion, ChKa, Wikid77, Gralo, Marek69, Esemono, AgentPeppermint, Nick Number, PaulVIF,
Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, WinBot, Smith2006, Rie, Superzohar, Malcolm, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, MER-C, Hello32020, Struthious Bandersnatch, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Ijcek, Websterwebfoot, Ling.Nut, Robby, LeVoyageur, Sf67, Taamu, Tins128, Bobby H. Heey,
HebrewHammerTime, DerHexer, Alisean, Welshleprechaun, ImpossibleXP, MartinBot, Mr WR, 52 Pickup, BetBot, John Millikin, R'n'B,
AlexiusHoratius, Net-net, Nono64, Becks, J.delanoy, Weissmann, Barrrf, Chtrede, Maproom, Achnash, Rochelimit, Zoot lives, Victuallers,
Ipigott, Belovedfreak, Cometstyles, Packerfansam, Idioma-bot, Snowke, VolkovBot, Maile66, TXiKiBoT, Hqb, Ragemanchoo, Pog451,
Motmit, Hughstew, Le Fou, Freiwilliger, Mugs2109, Spreeeumel, Joachim Weckermann, GirasoleDE, Michellecrisp, SieBot, Mohansen11,
Purbo T, LibStar, Kcuello, Bigdaddy1981, JSpung, Oxymoron83, Joshuashearn, Ulamm, Wkaemena, Nadal25, Amazonien, ObfuscatePenguin, MBK004, ClueBot, Ventusa, Imperium Europeum, Tlustulimu, Mr Accountable, Tomeasy, EeepEeep, Audaciter, ChrisHodgesUK,
Aitias, DerBorg, Editor2020, Vanished User 1004, Roland Kutzki, Skunkboy74, Lampford, LinkFA-Bot, Numbo3-bot, Ehrenkater, Tide
rolls, Lightbot, Wireless friend, Meisam, Luckas-bot, Senator Palpatine, TaBOT-zerem, House1630, KamikazeBot, Quarz, Azcolvin429,
MacTire02, Starbois, AnomieBOT, Efa, Tdls, Chinmay26r, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Capricorn42, Ulf Heinsohn, GrouchoBot, Dover82, RibotBOT, 78.26, Wrdeichauchsosehen, Brettbig322, Archipelagoing, FrescoBot, Antonbabich, LucienBOT, Nageh, Danielg1987, M2545,
MueWi, RaveDog, Textkorrektur, DrilBot, Apple40k, OCFilmsSean, Piandcompany, Bugsguy, Jandalhandler, Jauhienij, FoxBot, TobeBot, GGT, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, TjBot, Riksen05, Peaceworld111, EmausBot, , WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, GoingBatty,
Marrante, Alexbraverman, AvicBot, Diego Grez Bot, 8TheSteer, Makecat, Erianna, SpencerHill, ChuispastonBot, Iketsi, Brigade Piron,
Hnsjrgnweis, ClueBot NG, Herra660, Jacsam2, Widr, Historynut101, Curb Chain, Foxy1219, BG19bot, LivingInMediocrity, BattyBot,
Mrt3366, JYBot, Dexbot, Telfordbuck, 123abc321cba5, Froggo32, NearoVenom, Mirjam Behne, Dhalia02, Jedan02, E-JAY, Eutd, Geo
bee winner, Zlts, SantiLak, Stribog1 and Anonymous: 365

17.2

Images

File:Ancient_Germania_-_New_York,_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.lib.utexas.
edu/maps/historical/, description: ./history_europe.html, map: ./ancient_germania.jpg Original artist: Alexander G. Findlay
File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/
Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
N3MO

File:Bremen_1_Mitte.svg
Source:
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License: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
Original artist:
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File:Bremen_2_Sd.svg
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LiOriginal artist:
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
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File:Bremen_3_Ost.svg
Source:
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License:
Original artist:
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File:Bremen_4_West.svg
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File:Bremen_5_Nord.svg
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File:Bremen_Hbf_pano.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Bremen_Hbf_pano.jpg License: CC-BYSA-4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Daniel Schwen
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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File:Bremen_Wappen(Mittel).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg

License: Public domain Contributors: Mittleres_Wappen_Bremen.png on Wikimedia Commons Original artist: David Liuzzo
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Ebel, Antonch
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File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
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License:
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docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
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Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
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File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Holy_Roman_
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File:Landgebiete_der_Freien_Stadt_Bremen.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Landgebiete_der_
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File:Schnoor-Viertel_Bremen_639-40-42-fd.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Schnoor-Viertel_
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