Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HISTORIA
MULTICULTURAL
DEL TEATRO
COLECCIN TEATROLOGIA
D i r i g i d a por O s v a l d o P e l l e t t i e r i
GALERNA
Villegas, Juan
Historia multicultural del teatro y las teatralidades
en Amrica Latina - I a ed. - Buenos Aires : Galerna, 2005.
328 p. ; 22x15 cm.
ISBN 950-556-476-7
1. Historia del Teatro. I. Ttulo
CDD 792.09
ISBN: 950-556-476-7
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Agradecimientos a
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COLECCIN TEATROLOGA
Director:
Osvaldo Fellettieri
(UBA-CONICET)
CONSEJO EDITOR
Mirta Arlt (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
Marco De Marinis (Universit di Bologna)
David William Foster (Arizona State University)
KarI Kohut (Katholische Universitt Eichsttt)
David Lagmanovich (Universidad Nacional de Tucumn)
Jorge Lavelli
Mario A. Rojas (The Catholic University of America)
t Jos Varela (University of Alberta)
George Woodyard (University of Kansas)
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Juan Villegas__________________________________________17
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4De este modo, es legtimo el anlisis del texto dramtico en s, como entidad
autrquica, postular una teora del anlisis dramtico diferente del anlisis
del texto teatral y establecer la especificidad del objeto y su recepcin,
como he desarrollado en Nueua interpretacin del texto dramtico.
5Ver Richard Schechner y Maru Schuman (1976), especialmente la tercera
parte Ritual and Performance in Everyday Life" y la quinta seccin Rites,
Ceremonies, Performances.
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Captulo 3
El macrosistema de las teatralidades amerindias
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Captulo 5
Los discursos teatrales y las teatralidades
de las burguesas ilustradas
1. Visin general
El sistema cultural y teatral hegemnico que desplaza al colonial
no tiene un carcter esttico sino dinmico. Su vigencia, fundada en
ciertos conceptos bsicos de la Ilustracin, se inicia con los
movimientos de independencia y contina hasta los primeros
decenios del siglo XX, con variantes especficas en los distintos pases
y con diferencias significativas entre los sistemas y subsistemas
culturales.
En la compleja sociedad de Amrica Latina es posible advertir
tendencias histricas generales, pero la plasmacin de las mismas y
las condiciones histricas, econmicas, sociales y culturales de las
distintas naciones emergentes son bastante diferentes. En trminos
generales, se podra afirmar que el sector social dominante, en cuanto
produccin de cultura, fue el de los sectores de las burguesas
nacionales. Estos estaban constituidos por la clase social que fundaba
su riqueza en la produccin agraria y el desarrollo de las industrias y
el comercio, especialmente el internacional. Este ltimo, en muchos
casos, fundado en nuevas industrias, con frecuencia asociadas con
la exportacin de materias primas y productos naturales. Esta clase
social se asoci con nuevos sectores inmigrantes principalmente
franceses, ingleses y norteamericanos , en muchos casos vinculados
a los nuevos sistemas econmicos, estableciendo de este modo una
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4.4. Los comienzos del teatro social: segunda mitad del siglo
XIX
Tambin durante el siglo XIX, especialmente en la segunda parte,
surgen dramaturgos que cuestionan el rgimen existente y describen
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Pozo, esta ley tuvo escaso valor prctico, ya que los nios
continuaban viviendo con sus padres, que no haban sido
liberados... (2002, 51). La abolicin en Puerto Rico tambin fue
en los aos ochenta del siglo XIX.
La actividad espectacular afrolatinoamericana se puso de
manifiesto especialmente en prcticas escnicas como carnavales y
danzas, con frecuencia apropindose de elementos de la cultura
hegemnica e integrndolos a la tradicin afrolatinoamericana en
sus distintas versiones regionales. En algunas ocasiones fueron
prohibidas. En Cuba, por ejemplo, Rie Leal anota: "Ya desde el
reglamento de esclavos de 1842 se prohibi las ceremonias danzaras
y musicales en los barracones, y hasta las fiestas de los negros libres
(u horros) se limitaron rgidamente en 1792 y 1799, mientras el sitio
del hombre de color, era sistemticamente negado o relegado a las
peores localidades" (1980,49-50). Prohibicin que se dio en varias
regiones, ya sea justificndola en los desrdenes originados o por
razones morales. Por otra parte, es evidente que tambin contribuy
a la prohibicin el hecho de que las teatralidades de origen africano
solan incluirse en fiestas y celebraciones religiosas catlicas. La
misma idea es destacada por Rafael Brea, cuando explica que en
razn de la prohibicin de las comparsas: Entonces los negros
resolvieron el problema simplemente, adoptando como patrono
alguna imagen del santoral catlico que fuese afn al africano,
transmitindole todo el poder de su fetiche, o mejor dicho,
confundindole con l... (24-25). Para algunos el carnaval ha sido
el elemento de disidencia y de protesta contra las hegemonas
culturales.
Aunque la presencia de prcticas escnicas afrolatinoamericanas
ya era evidente en el perodo de la Colonia, la mayor parte de las
investigaciones sobre los carnavales apunta que el proceso de
integracin de las culturas indgenas, africanas, espaolas y
portuguesas se acentu en el siglo XIX.
La distincin entre el carnaval de saln y el carnaval de calle que
se ha sealado para las prcticas del carnaval en Brasil puede ser
sugerente para el estudio de las teatralidades afrolatino-americanas
por cuanto mostrara dos modos de su presencia y prctica. El de saln
correspondera a los sectores acomodados y aristocrticos; los de calle,
a los populares. En el primero habra habido tendencia a ser una fiesta
a la europea con trajes y figuras importados. En 1853 o carnaval de
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Captulo 6
De la burguesa ilustrada en crisis: los dos primeros
decenios del siglo XX
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Indice
Agradecimientos
Confesiones de un historiador arrepentido
rpfprpnria visual
7
9
11
15
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Captulo 2
Propuesta de periodizacin. Esquema de una historia
1. Los fundamentos
2. Sistemas y subsistemas en las historia del teatro y
las teatralidades de Amrica Latina
3. El modelo y las culturas marginales
29
29
32
39
Captulo 3
43
Captulo 4
El sistema colonial: las teatralidades y los discursos
teatrales de la legitimacin del poder
44
48
50
53
57
57
1. Visin general
2. Los discursos teatrales y las teatralidades y como
instrumentos de conquista y catequizacin_____________________ 60
2.1. Las teatralidades pblicas
61
2.2. Los discursos teatrales del poder religioso: la Iglesia
Catlica
63
2.3. Los discursos y contradiscursos del poder laico: los
entremeses
65
2.4. Los discursos teatrales de los sectores dominantes para
los sectores no hegem nicos: la Iglesia y el teatro de
conversin____________________________________________________ 68
3. El subsistema de discursos teatrales y teatralidades
de la sociedad colonial
73
3.1. Las teatralidades pblicas
74
3.1.1. La teatralidad pblica religiosa
74
3.1.2. Un ejemplo de teatralidad pblica civil en el siglo XVIII
75
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Captulo 5
Los discursos teatrales v las teatralidades
de las burguesas ilustradas. Siglos X IX
1. Visin general
2. Los discursos teatrales y las teatralidades de la burquesa
republicana
2.1. Las nuevas identidades nacionales y el teatro
2.2. Camilo Henrquez y la utopa de la repblica
2.3. Juan Cruz Varela y el discurso neoclsico: la reutilizacin
de los mitos clsicos
2.4. Jos Joaqun Fernndez de Lizardi
2.5 F.l teatro histriro* Ja c in to M ilanps
2.6. Gertrudis Gmez de Avellaneda y la representacin de
la mujer
3. La representacin de los sectores marginados en los
discursos de la heqemona cultural
3.1. La representacin de los indqenas
4. Discursos teatrales y teatralidades de la burquesa aqraria
e industrial
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79
84
84
85
87
88
89
89
90
92
94
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103
106
106
108
109
111
111
112
113
113
115
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sta H is t o r ia
lid ad es en
ISBN 950-556-476-7
789505 564767
GALERNA
uan
V illeg as