Chapter 1: read pp.

1-14
Learning Outcomes:
Lecture Notes:
Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the bodys structure- for example, the shape and
size of bones.
-study of structure of body parts and relationships to each other
Physiology: the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
-how parts function
-study of the function of the bodys machinery
Major goals: to understand and predict the bodys responses to stimuli and to understand
how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly
changing environment.
Principle of Comp. of Structure and Function
-structure matches function
-what a structure can do depends on its specific form (form fits function)
Structural Levels of the Body:

chemical: interaction of atoms

cellular: structural and functional unit of living organisms

tissue: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

4 types

epithelial

connective

muscle

neural

organ: one or more tissues functioning together

system: group of organs functioning together

Integumentary: Provides protection, regulates temp., prevents water loss, and

helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Skeletal: provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces

blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. consists of bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints.

Muscular: Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body

heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Lymphatic: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats
disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

Respiratory: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air
and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

Digestive: Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion,

absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Nervous: A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls

movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine: A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth,

reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary,
that secrete hormones.

Cardiovascular: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones

throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of
body temp. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Urinary: Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion
balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts
that carry urine.

Female Reproductive: Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and

fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that
influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries,vagina, uterus,
mammary glands, and associated structures.

Male Reproductive: Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and
produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the
testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

organism: any living thing

What defines life?

-movement
-responsiveness and irritability: react to external stimuli
-digestion: chemical breakdown of large molecules to smaller substances
-metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur within the body
-excretion: removal of waste products- most coming from metabolism
-reproduction: production of new cells and/or organisms
-growth: cells grow or become specialized (differentiation)
Survival needs:
-nutrients: fuel, building material
-water: its the medium or environment in which chemical reactions occur
-oxygen: cellular respiration-cells produce energy (ATP)
-normal body temp.: maintains cell or protein activity
-pressure: ensures proper movement, gives ability to breath and blood to move through body
Homeostasis:

maintain a relatively stable internal condition

all survival needs are met

maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition; balance

body is in homeostasis when all survival needs are adequately met and is functioning
smoothly

when you are out of homeostasis you have a disease: body is not at ease

values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values

set point: the ideal normal value of a variable

What is the set point for body temperature?

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms ensure homeostasis

Components of homeostatic control mechanism:
1.

Receptor: monitors the value of a variable.

-sensor that monitors the environment, detects the stimulus

2.

Control center: receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the
set point, and controls the effector.

-analyzes input and determines response

3.

Effector: produces responses that change the value of the variable.

-responds to stimulus
Negative-Feedback Mechanism (see figure in book)
-response brings value back to normal
-if arrows point in opposite directions, it is negative feedback
Results of Response Feeds Back to Influence Stimulus
-Negative Feedback: response depresses or reduces the stimulus
-most homeostatic control systems of the body demonstrate negative feedback
Positive Feedback:
-when a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater

unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in
death

examples of normal positive feedback: childbirth and blood clotting

examples of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the
hearts ability to pump blood decreases

Basic Anatomical Terminology (review figure 1.10 and table 1.1; also exercise 3 in lab
manual)
a.anatomical position: refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward,
the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
b.supine: when a person is lying facing upward
c. prone: when a person is lying facing downward
d.superior: up- a structure above another
e.inferior: down-a structure below another
f. anterior: front-the front of the body
g.posterior: back-the back of the body
h.cephalic: toward the head-closer to the head than another structure
i. caudal: toward the tail-closer to the tail than another structure
j. ventral: belly-toward the belly

k. dorsal: back-toward the back

l. proximal: nearest-closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
m. distal: distant-farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
n.medial: towards the midline-toward the midline of the body
o.lateral: away from the midline-away from the midline of the body
p.superficial: describes a structure close to the surface of the body-toward or on the
surface
q.deep: toward the interior of the body-away from the surface, internal