Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSN: 2040-7467
Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012
Submitted: January 12, 2012
Accepted: March 06, 2012
Published: November 01, 2012
S g S gc
1 S wc S gc
ng
, S g S gc
(1)
Corresponding Author: Saleem Qadir Tunio, Petroleum Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
4265
650
600 Initial pressure
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Under-saturation
Initial gas content
Critical desorption pressure
[saturated]
Dewatering (single-phase)
3000
2600
2200
1800
1400
1000
600
S S wc
k rw
w
k rwo 1 S wc
nw
, S g 1 S wc
Gci
(2)
C
S S
S
k 0.035388
0.010874
1 S
1 S
0.56556S S S
w
wc
rw
wc
wc
2 ,9
(3)
3, 6
wc
S g S gc
k rg 11072
.
1 S wc
2
Sg Sg
(4)
S wi [1 cw ( Pi P)]
Sw
1 c ( P P)
f
(5)
(6)
VL P
PL P
(8)
5,615We BwWp
i Ah
(7)
V ( P)
VL * Pi
PL PI
Gci GC @abd
Recov eryFactor , RF (%)
*100% (9)
Gci
4266
C
C
C
METHODOLOGY
In order to create the forecast tool, the equations is
been set into the visual basic for application. There are
few work-flows that the forecasting tool adheres to. There
are three main calculations involved in creating CBM
4267
4268
Og (Msc/day)
600
Recovery Factor
Peak Water Rate
Ultimate Recovery of Water
Initial Gas Rate
Peak Gas Rate
Time to Peak
Original Gas In Place (OGIP)
Ultimate Recovery of Gas
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Days on streem
2500
3000
Commercial tool
CBM fore caste tool
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Days on streem
2500
3000
45000000
40000000
Cum Gas prod (scf)
35000000
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Days on streem
2500
3000
35000
Cum water prod (bbls)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Commercial tool
CBM fore caste tool
700
Ow (bbl/day)
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Days on streem
2500
3000
4269
2000
1800
1600
1200
1000
800
600
400
1400
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
200
Ow (bbl/day)
714.29
1024.5
2000
227.564
100
2.7
15
129.823
216215
29.69
1.4
98
0.005
2.09E-05
0.000138
0
505
1
1.02
0.364
0.1
Days on streem
Fig. 10: Forecasted water rates for the given range of initial
gas content
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
7 E+09
Cum Gas prod (scf)
6 E+09
5 E+09
4 E+09
3 E+09
2 E+09
1 E+09
3000
2000
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0
0
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
4000
200
800
Days on streem
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
5000
Og (Mscf/day)
600
Days on streem
6000
400
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
200
Days on streem
Fig. 9: Forecasted gas rates for the given range of initial gas
content
4270
UR (gas), Bscf
0.092747
0.147067
0.362642
0.689278
1.139428
1.726104
2.464033
3.367379
4.457539
6.237660
UR (water), Bscf
0.007851
0.008137
0.008720
0.009138
0.009458
0.009710
0.009916
0.010087
0.010232
0.010394
UR (gas), Bscf
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02036937
5.81345641
UR (water), Bscf
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00007561
0.00077500
0.00327012
0.00666097
0.01065260
5000
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
7E+09
Cum gas prod (scf)
4000
3000
2000
6E+09
5E+09
4E+09
2E+09
1000
1E+09
Fig. 13: Forecasted gas rates for the given range of permeability
2000
1800
1600
1400
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
2000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Days on streem
200
1800
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
12000000
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
1200
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
1000
Days on streem
Days on streem
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
800
600
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
400
Ow. (bbl/day)
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
3E+09
200
Og. (Mscf/day)
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
6000
Days on streem
4271
UR (water), Bscf
0.00024
0.00120
0.00231
0.00436
0.00803
0.00971
0.01702
0.05213
0.08153
0.25329
2500
2000
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
3.5 E+09
Cum Gas prod (scf)
Og (Mscf/day)
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
3000
UR (gas), Bscf
1.86348
5.71816
4.58065
3.32737
2.08415
1.71376
0.75914
0.00045
0.00000
0.00000
3.0 E+09
2.5 E+09
2.0 E+09
1.5 E+09
1 E+09
1500
500000000
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
500
Days on streem
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Days on streem
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
30000000
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Days on streem
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
Ow (bbl/day)
Fig. 17: Forecasted gas rates for the given range of porosity
Days on streem
Fig. 18: Forecasted water rates for the given range of porosity
4272
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
Og (Mcsf/day)
4500
4000
Recovery
factor (RF), %
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
51.071
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
5.0 E+09
4.5 E+09
4.0 E+09
3.5 E+09
3.0 E+09
2.5 E+09
2.0 E+09
1.5 E+09
1 E+09
500000000
0
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
1000
Days on streem
500
1500
2000
3500
3000
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
12000000
2500
2000
10000000
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
1500
1000
8000000
500
0
6000000
500
1000
Days on streem
1500
2000
4000000
2000000
Fig. 21: Forecasted gas rates for the given range of skin
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
80000
Ow (bbl/day)
70000
0
0
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Scenario 8
Scenario 9
Scenario 10
500
1000
Days on streem
1500
2000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
500
1000
1500
Days on streem
2000
Fig. 22: Forecasted water rates for the given range of skin
4273
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
GIP
h
krg
krg0
=
=
=
=
krw
krw0
=
=
kg
kw
m()
nw
=
=
=
=
ng
P
Pi
PL
Pwf
qg
qw
re
rw
s
Sg
Sgc
Sw
Swc
Swi
T
V (P)
VL
We
Wp
:w
Db
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Area (ft2)
Water formation volume factor (ft3/scf)
Water formation volume factor (bbl/STB)
Water compressibility (/psia)
Formation compressibility (/psia)
Initial gas content (scf/ton)
Gas content at Abandonment Pressure
(scf/ton)
Gas in place (scf)
Net pay (ft)
Relative permeability to gas, (fraction)
Endpoint relative permeability to gas,
(fraction)
Relative permeability to water, (fraction)
Endpoint relative permeability to water,
(fraction)
Gas effective permeability (md)
Water effective permeability (md)
Gas pseudopressure (psi2/cp)
Exponent of the water relative
permeability curve, (fraction)
Exponent of the gas relative permeability
curve, (fraction)
Pressure, (psia)
Initial reservoir pressure (psia)
Langmuir Pressure constant, (psia)
Bottomhole flowing pressure (psia)
Gas rate (MCFd)
Water rate (STB/day)
External radius of reservoir (ft)
Wellbore radius (ft)
Skin
Average gas saturation, (fraction)
Irreducible gas saturation, (fraction)
Average water saturation, (fraction)
Irreducible water saturation, (fraction)
Initial water saturation
Temperature (R)
Amount of gas at pressure P, (scf/ton)
Langmuir Volume constant, (scf)
Water encroached (bbls)
Water produced (STB)
Porosity (dimensionless)
Water viscosity (cp)
Bulk density of the coal (lb/ft3)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author(s) would like to pay thanks to Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS for supporting this research
project.
REFERENCES
Aminian, K., S. Ameri, A. Bhavsar and M. Sanchez,
2004. Curves type for coalbed methane production
prediction. SPE Paper 91482 Presented at the 2004
SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, April 16-18,
Charleston, West Virginia, USA.
Clarkson, C.R., C.L. Jordan, R.R. Gierhart and J.P.
Seidle, 2007. Production data analysis of CBM wells.
SPE Paper 107705 Presented at the 2007 SPE Rocky
Mountain Oil and Gas Technology Symposium,
April 16-18, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Fekete, F.A.S.T., 2010. RTA Advanced Production
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http://www.fekete.com/software/rta/media/webhelp
/c-te-analysis.htm, (Accessed on: September 17,
2010).
King, G.R., 1990. Material Balance Techniques for Coal
Seam and Devonian Shale Gas Reservoirs. SPE
Paper 20730 Presented at the 65th Annual Technical
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Orleans, LA, USA.
Roadifer, R.D., T.R. Moore, K.T. Raterman, R.A. Farnan
and B.J. Crabtree, 2003. Coalbed methane parametric
study: Whats really important to production and
when? SPE Paper 84425 Presented at the SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
October 5-8, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Saulsberry, J.L., P.S. Schafer and R.A. Schraufnagel,
1996. A Guide to Coalbed Methane Reservoir
Engineering. Gas Research Institute, Illinois,
Chicago.
Shi, J.Q. and S. Durucan, 2008. Modeling of mixed-gas
adsorption and diffusion in coalbed reservoirs. SPE
Paper 114197 Presented at the 2008 SPE
Unconventional Reservoirs Conference, February 1012, Keystone, Colorado, USA.
Shugang, W. and E. Derek, 2010. Evolution of
permeability in coal to sorbing gases-a preliminary
study. ARMA Paper 10-279 Presented at the 44th US
Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th U.S.-Canada
Rock Mechanics Symposium, June 27-30, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA.
Xiao, G., D. Zhimin and L. Shilun, 2003. Computer
modeling and simulation of coalbed methane
reservoir. SPE Paper 84815 Presented at the SPE
Eastern Regional/AAPG Eastern Section Joint
Meeting, September 6-10, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
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