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Ontology

(Metaphysic)
Kamal

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Central question of Metaphysic

Appearance and reality (ontology)


Mind and Matter
Object and Property
Identity and change (philosophy of mind)
Space and time
Religion and spirituality
Necessity and Possibility
Abstract object and mathematic
Cosmology and cosmogony
Determinism and Free will

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Ontology

Etymology: New Latin ontologia, from ont- + -logia logy;


first known use: circa 1721
a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and
relations of being
a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds
of things that have existence
A branch of metaphysics concerned with identifying, in
the most general terms, the kinds of things that actually
exist. Thus, the "ontological commitments" of a
philosophical position include both its explicit assertions
and its implicit presuppositions about the existence of
entities, substances, or beings of particular kinds.

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Ontology

The philosophical study of being in general, or of what


applies neutrally to everything that is real. It was called
first philosophy by Aristotle in Book IV of his
Metaphysics. The Latin term ontologia (science of
being) was felicitously invented by the German
philosopher Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and first
appeared in his work Ogdoas Scholastica (1st ed.) in
1606. It entered general circulation after being
popularized by the German rationalist philosopher
Christian Wolff in his Latin writings, especially
Philosophia Prima sive Ontologia (1730; First
Philosophy or Ontology).... (89 of 1,249 words

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Ontology

Theory of being as such. It was originally called first


philosophy by Aristotle. In the 18th century Christian Wolff
contrasted ontology, or general metaphysics, with special
metaphysical theories of souls, bodies, or God, claiming
that ontology could be a deductive discipline revealing the
essences of things. This view was later strongly criticized
by David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Ontology was revived
in the early 20th century by practitioners of phenomenology
and existentialism, notably Edmund Husserl and his
student Martin Heidegger. In the English-speaking world,
interest in ontology was renewed in the mid-20th century by
W.V.O. Quine; by the end of the century it had become a
central discipline of analytic philosophy. See also idealism;
realism; universal.

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Ontology

A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the


investigation into what categories of things are
in the world and what relations these things
bear to one another.
Ontology tries to answer; what is really real or
reality? How reality differs from what may seem
to be real but actually is not (appearance)!;
definition of deferent kinds of being?

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Common Daily question?


Genuine from phony?
Substance from mask?
Fact from fiction?
Reality form appearance?

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Kinds of things!
chair

tree

love

anger

space

you

time

book

Self

cake

God

red

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Categorical ontology

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Definition of different kinds of


existence/being
Material (tree)

Immaterial/Ideas
(self)
Spatial (need space) Non-spatial (no
space)
Public (observable)
Private (non-vision)
Mechanical (nonintentional; law of
nature)
Thursday, March 21, 2013

Teleological (behave
as will)
Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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Ontological Theory

The three major positions


Materialism,

which considers matter and the


motion of matter as the universal reality. Ideas
are simply manifestations of matter.
Naturalism and positivism are forms of
materialism
Idealism, which maintains that what is real is
in the form of thought rather than matter;
matter is an illusion
Dualism, which gives thought and matter
equal status
Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

11

Ontology of reality (What is really


real?)
Ontology

Materialism

Idealism

Dualism

spatial

Non-spatial

public

private

mechanical

teleological

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

Parallelism

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Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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What is ultimately real?


Materialism

Idealism

Empirically observable (car)

Conceptually understood (car as


transportation). Form

Intersubjectively verifiable
Permanent and independent of
(observable to more than one
other objects; subjective (idea of
individual); objective (sensible car) car)
Consistent with our other belief
(fits in with normal expectation)

Mind-independent

Keep changing (becoming)

permanence (being)

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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How do matter (physical) & idea


(mental) relate to each other

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Ontological existence

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Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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Which is real?

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Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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Reference

David Stewart & H Gene Blocker. (1996).


Fundamentals of Philosophy. 4th eds. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall (pg. 99-181)
Kessler, G.E. 1992. Voices of wisdom: multicultural philosophy reader. California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company (p. 217-259)
Warburton, Nigel. 1992. Philosophy: The Basic.
London: Routledge (p. 1-9) Warburton, Nigel.
1992. Philosophy: The Basic. London:
Routledge (p. 89-107)

Thursday, March 21, 2013

Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar

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