í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2008 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

T. Siva, Nandikotkur. Look at the follow-

the sea = Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ v°æé¬Pçî√úø’. ing too:
Q. Across, through; alone, lonely © (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = Ææ´·vü¿ç O’ü¿ Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ a) He has passed
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. ¢Á©’í∫’ °æúÕçC) intermediate (Past -
A. 1) Across = äéπ ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ Å®·ûË He jumped over the fence ÅØË Åçö«ç; time not stated)
¢Áj°æ¤-†èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬. He drew a line across jumped above ņç.
b) He passed interme-
the page - page èπ◊ Åúøfçí¬ Uûª U¨»úø’. Below = äéπ ü∆EéÀ ¶«í¬ éÀçü¿/ Cí∫’-´†.
diate in 2007 =
He walked across the street = ®Ó-úø’fèπ◊ äéπ ¢Áj°æ¤ a) There was a photo below the tube light 2007
Åûªúø’ Inter
™
†’ç* ÉçéÓ ¢Áj°æ¤†èπ◊ †úÕ-î√úø’. on the wall = tube light
íÓúø O’C èπ◊ éÀçü¿/ time
§ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷uúø’ – Imp: The number of clauses in a sentence =

áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ – The bank is just across the Cí∫’-´† ã photo ÖçC. ûÁL-Æœ† í∫ûªç. the number of verbs in the sentence.
road from my place = Bank ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ b) He hid the box below the table =Ç Â°õ„d†’ Q. Past Perfect Tense -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ... He knows that I am here - sentence
Ñ ™
áü¿’®Ω’-í¬ØË road Å´-ûª© -Öç-C. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø table éÀçü¿ ü∆î√úø’. A Past Perfect Tense - verb form - Had + Past È®çúø’verbs knows, am
ÖØ√o®· – 鬕öÀd Ñ
Across from Åçö«ç. under = äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ – Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ under, Participle (PP) for the 1st of 2 or more past sentence clauses -1) He knows
™ 2

äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç - MS Subbalakshmi is below äéπ\õ‰. Å®·ûËunder Åçõ‰ äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ØË actions - í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x´·çü¿J 2) That I am here.
acclaimed across the country as a great – His certificate lay under the book on the N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo had + pp - past perfect ™ îÁ•’û√ç. a) Simple sentence - A simple sentence has
singer = ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç áç.áÆˇ. Ææ’•s-©-éÀ~ tE table = ÅûªúÕ certificate Ç table O’C Ç
a) I went to his place yesterday at 4, by then only one main clause. It may have a phrase
íÌ°æp í¬ßª’Eí¬ éÌE-ߪ÷-úø’-ûª’çC. °æ¤Ææhéπç éÀçüË ÖçC. he had gone out = E†o ؈’ ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀéÀ 4 = a group of words without a verb.
The news has spread across the city =
Ñ ¢√®Ωh †í∫®Ωç ¢Á·ûªhç ¢√u°œç-*çC. P. Ramakrishna, Vijayawada. í∫çô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûªúø’ •ßª’ôèπ◊ eg: He bought a big car - sentence
Ñ ™ äÍé
Q.
¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ – È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-L-éπ\úø – verb ÖçC – bought. 鬕öÀd Éçü¿’™ äÍé
2) Through = í∫’çú≈, ü∆y®√ Ñ´’üµ¿u 鬩ç™ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ö-î√a-®Ω-ùûÓ èπÿúÕ†)
1) ؈’ ÅûªúÕ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç clause - He bought a big car - mean-
Ééπ\úø
She was looking through the key hole = ÉçTx-≠ˇ –- ûÁ-©’í∫’ úÕéπ{-†-K-©†’ î√™«´’çC °æGx-Íé-≠æØ˛q
ing complete main clause -
鬕öÀd ÉüË ÉüË
sentence - simple sentence.

He alone knows the tr uth

Åçü¿’-éπE ÉC
b) Complex sentence: A sentence with one
main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses. Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’™ äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´
verbs Öçú≈L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ äéπsentence ™
áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEoclauses 鬕öÀd.
eg: The car which he bought is big. Ééπ\úø
= Ç¢Á’ û√∞¡ç éπçûª í∫’çú≈/ ™ç*/ ü∆y®√ îª÷Ææ÷h E®√y-£æ«-èπ◊©’ Núø’-ü¿© î˨»®Ω’. 2) Åûªúø’ •ßª’ôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 518 È®ç-úø÷ past. Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ bought äéπ verb, is È®çúÓ verb. Åçü¿’-éπE
ÖçC. A Åéπ~-®ΩçûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô© Öî√a--
b) He knew about it through his sister = ¢ÁRx§Ú´úøç ´·çü¿’ ïJ-TçC. Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ clauses: 1) The car which
®Ωù äéπ úÕéπ{-†-K™ äéπNüµ¿çí¬
¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ü∆y®√ Åûªúø’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- ´’®Ó úÕéπ{-†-K™ äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ é¬•öÀd had gone (had + pp - he bought = Åûªúø’ é̆o car - Meaning
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ÖçC. È®çúø’ úÕéπ{-†-K-©™ É*a† past perfect) ¢√ú≈ç. not complete subordinate clause.
3) Alone, lonely; Alone = äéπ\Í®/ äçô-Jí¬; °æü∆-©’ –- Ö--î√a-®Ω-ù É™« Ö-Ø√o®·. b) I came to know that he had cheat- 2) (The car) is big - meaning com-
°ü¿lC –
lonely = äçô-Jí¬. OöÀ™ àC ÆæÈ®j† Ö-î√a-®ΩùÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ? ed me = ††’o Åûªúø’ ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»-úøE plete - subordinate clause. The car
鬕öÀd
a) He alone knows the truth = Eïç ÅûªúÕéÀ Aback = ᶫé˙; Aback = Ŷ«é˙ ؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ – È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç – which he bought is big, complex sen-
äéπ\úÕÍé ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø, alone •ü¿’©’ lonely Abandon = ᶫç-úøØ˛ Å®·ûË ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-úøç ´·çü¿’, Åçü¿’- tence.
¢√úøç. Abandon = Ŷ«ç-úøØ˛ éπE had cheated (had + pp - past c) Compound sentence: A sentence with
b) She felt alone = she felt lonely = Ç¢Á’ äçô- Abate = ᶉö¸ Abate = Ŷ‰ö¸ M.SURESAN perfect). two or more main clauses. Åçõ‰ Éçü¿’™
Abide = ᶄjú˛ Abide = Ŷ„jú˛ verbs
K. Rama Rao, Poluru (Prakasam).
Jí¬ / äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. èπÿú≈ È®çúø’/ áèπ◊\´ Öçú≈-©-†o-´÷ô.
c) She lives alone in that home = Ç Éçöx Ablaze = ᶉxñ ¸ Ablaze = Ŷ‰xñ ¸ ÅEo caluses èπÿ °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç Öçú≈L.
Ç¢Á’ äéπ\ûË ÖçöçC. Ééπ\úø lonely ®√ü¿’. Abode = á¶ú˛ Abode = Ŷú˛ Q. I am not a teacher èπ◊ am I éπÈ®é¬d? áçü¿’-éπE? eg: He bought a car and it is big.
d) She is alone = äçô-Jí¬ ÖçöçC. A. Viayawada Emesco Publication dictionary A. I am not a teacher èπ◊ question tag 'am I?' i) He bought a car - car
Åûªúø’ éÌØ√oúø’ –
pronunciations correct. is correct.
She is lonely= Ç¢Á’ äçôJûª†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’- meaning complete - main clause
™ Ææ÷*ç-*† È®ç-úÓ-C
Question tag
ii) And it is big = main clause.
ûÓçC. ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. éÀçC ¢√öÀéÀ ©’ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. ÅC °ü¿lC –
Aback, Abandon, Abate, Abide, Ablaze, Q. I am a teacher.
Q. To rule, to rule over © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈†’ É™« äéπ type of sentence
†’ N’í∫û√ two
Abode - 'A' A. I am a teacher, aren't I? types of sentences
N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ. OôEoçöÀ™ †’ 'Å— ™« °æ©-é¬-L, ü∆E í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. éÌEo
'b' Q. I am lucky.
A. To rule = à©úøç. äéπ ü˨»Eo, ®√ñ«uEo, standard forms of transformation
ûª®√yûª ´îËa ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ÖØ√o®·.
eg: above = Å '¶˜— – 'Å— ¨¡•lç N-F N†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ A. I am lucky, aren't I?
≤ƒv´÷-ñ«uEo. ¢√öÀE îª÷ÊÆ ´·çü¿’, Ñ °æü¿ç Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
Q. I am young.
To rule over = äéπ v§ƒçûªç/ v°æü˨¡ç/ ü˨¡ç O’ü¿
'¶˜— ¨¡•lç áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. èπ◊çü∆ç.
ÇCµ-°æûªuç «-®·ç-îªúøç. M Rangaiah, Yellandu. A. I am young, aren't I? Inspite of/ despite = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÉC ´ÊÆh
a) Asoka ruled Magadha = Ũ-èπ◊úø’ ´’í∫üµ¿ Q. I am not a teacher. simple sentence. Though/ although/ even
Q. éÀçC tense © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ
®√ñ«uEo §ƒLç-î√úø’. A. I am not a teacher, am I? though = complex.
Å®·†°æpöÀéà – ÉC ´ÊÆh
-ûÁ-©’°æç-úÕ.
b) Asoka ruled over a vast empire= Ũ-èπ◊úø’ Q. I am not hungry. But/ yet/ and yet =
Present Perfect †’ á°æ¤p-úø’ -¢√-ú≈-L?-
/ é¬F/ Å®·ûË/ Å®·-†-°æp-
compound.
A. I am not hungry, am I?
N¨»-©-¢Á’i† ≤ƒv´÷-ïuç O’ü¿ ÇCµ-°æ-û√uEo «- A. Present Perfect(form of the verb, I/ we/
öÀéà – ÉN ´ÊÆh
Inspite of his bad health, he works hard =
®·ç-î√úø’/ ≤ƒv´÷-ñ«u-EéÀ ÇCµ-°æûªuç ´£œ«ç-î√úø’. you/ they have + Past participle; He/ she/ it Q. I am not a boy, am I?
Q. Fight with, fight against ©†’ àßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x + has + Past Participle (PP) - Have gone, A. I am not young, am I?
ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-úø-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-úø-ö«Eo à´’E has seen etc.
îË-≤ƒhúø’. Verb - works - only one - so only one
®√ߪ÷L? We use this tense for a past action, time not
M.A.K.Chakravarthi, Nadakuduru clause - simple sentence.
i) Fight against somebody = äéπ-JûÓ §Ú®√- stated - í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç, ïJ-T† time
(East Godavari) Though/ although/ even though his health is
úøôç/ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç îËߪ’úøç. Q. §˘®Ωg-N’éÀ Fool Moon ņúøç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? ÅÆæ©’ bad, he works hard. sentence
D†®Ωnç, °j Å®Ωnç
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-†°æ¤p-úø’.
a) Indians fought against the British for Ææ´÷üµ∆†ç Full Moon ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ äéπõ‰. Verbs -1) is 2) works. Though his
They have seen that movie = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç ÆœE´÷
Independence. (≤ƒyûªçv-ûªuç éÓÆæç -à-C éπÈ®èπ◊d? - health is bad - subordinate clause - sen-
îª÷¨»®Ω’ – í∫ûªç™; á°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’. tence - complex. His health is bad, but/ yet/
British
¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ¢√JûÓ §Ú®√-ú≈®Ω’.) Q. Past Tense †’ -á-™« -¢√-ú≈-L? A. Full Moon ņúøç correct.
and yet he works hard =
b) India fought against Pakistan = ¶µ«®Ωû˝, Fool moon Åa- ûª°æ¤p.
ÅüË Å®Ωnç – ÅûªúÕ
A. í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC ÅE Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’. é¬F/ Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ
§ƒé˙ûÓ §Ú®√-úÕçC/ ߪ·ü¿l¥ç îËÆœçC. îÁ°œp†°æ¤púø’ Past simple tense (Past doing Q. Simple, Complex and Compound
ii) fight with = ¢√Cç-îªúøç/ ¢√ü¿’-™«-úø’-éÓ-´úøç. Sentences
°æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.His health is bad - one main
word - saw, went, gave, etc) ¢√úøû√ç. í∫’Jç* îÁ°æpçúÕ. clause But/ yet/ and yet - second main
a) They fought with each other over/ about They saw the movie yesterday = ¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o A. 1) a) A clause: A group of words with a verb clause.so - this is a compound sentence.
who should sit in the chair = eg: If she comes here, ... Simple, compound, complex -
á´®Ω’ èπ◊Ka™ ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»®Ω’. OöÀE äéπ ®Ωéπç
èπÿ®Óa-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√ü¿’-™«-úø’-èπ◊- -´’-JéÌ-Eo -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. b) A main clause: A clause with complete †’ç* ÉçéÓ ®Ωé¬-EéÀ ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊standard con-
Ø√o®Ω’. a) He has taken my book (has taken - pre- meaning eg: She knows me = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ؈’ vertions
ÖØ√o®·. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç i) Infinitive (to
b) He often argues with the teachers = Åûªúø’ sent perfect -Åûªúø’ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’ meaning complete.
ûÁ©’Ææ’. go, to come, to dance, etc), ii) ...ing form
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ teachers ûÓ ¢√C-Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. – í∫ûªç, Å®·ûË, í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ ÅØËC îÁ°æp- c) A subordinate clause eg: A clause without (going, coming, singing, having, etc) and
Q. Over, above, below, under © Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬Eo ™‰ü¿’) complete meaning eg: When he went iii) past participle (gone, seen, sung, given,
N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. b) He took my book last night - (took - past there = Åûª-†-éπ\úÕ ¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´- etc) verbs 鬴¤. Åçü¿’-´©x ÉN Ö†o groups of
A. Above, over = äéπ-ü∆-E-°j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ simple tense) - Åûªúø’ E†o Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’- 6 forms of verbs
™‰ü¿’. (O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· words, clauses 鬴¤.
È®çúÕç-öÀF ¢√úÌa. The Sun shone/ over time
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. (E†o ÅE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç) éπü∆)

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