1.

Which of these equations represents the electron affinity of chlorine?

Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl (g)

Cl2(g) 2e 2Cl (g)

C
D

Cl2(g) + e Cl (g)

Cl(g) + e Cl (g)
(Total 1 mark)

2.

Which of these equations represents the second ionization of magnesium?

+

2+

Mg (g) Mg (g) + e

Mg(g)Mg

Mg (g) + e Mg +(g)

Mg(g) + 2e Mg +(g)

2+

(g) + 2e

(Total 1 mark)

3.

The sketch graph below shows the trend in first ionization energies for some elements in
Periods two and three.

Select, from the elements A to D, the one that

(a)

has atoms with five p electrons.

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

is a member of Group 3.
A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

is likely to be very unreactive.

A
B
C
D
(1)

(d)

normally forms four covalent bonds per atom.

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

4.

Which of these ions has the greatest ability to polarize an anion?

A

Ba

2+

Ca

2+

Cs

(Total 1 mark)

5.

Which of these electron density maps best represents the bonding in the compound lithium
iodide, LiI?

(Total 1 mark)

6.

Which of these statements is incorrect?

A

The atomic radius of metals increases down a Group.

The trend in the melting temperature of successive elements across Period 2 is similar to
that in Period 3.

A metallic structure is held together by attractions between metal atoms and delocalized
electrons.

Na and O ions are isoelectronic.

(Total 1 mark)

7.

Which of these statements about carbon-carbon double bonds is false?

A

The two ends of a molecule cannot rotate relative to each other, about the axis of the
double bond.

They are twice as strong as a carbon-carbon single bond.

They have a higher electron density than a single bond.

They consist of a sigma bond and a pi bond.

(Total 1 mark)

8.

This question is about the properties of ions and ionic compounds.

(a)

Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3, has a giant ionic structure.

(i)

Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for a calcium ion. Show ALL the electrons
and the charge on the ion.
(2)

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration for a calcium ion.

(1)
2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(iii)

Would you expect a calcium ion to be bigger, smaller or the same size as a calcium
atom? Give TWO reasons to explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Explain why ionic compounds have relatively high melting temperatures.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Changes in the concentration of ions in a solution can be estimated by measuring the

electrical conductivity of the solution.
(i)

Explain why solutions of ions are able to conduct electricity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest why aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl 2(aq), and barium
chloride, BaCl2(aq), of the same molar concentration, have different electrical
conductivities.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

2+

1 kg of a solution contains 0.100 mol of calcium ions, Ca .

What is the concentration of the calcium ions by mass in parts per million (ppm)?
[Assume the relative atomic mass of calcium is 40.]
(2)

..............................................ppm

(c)

Some buildings are made from limestone, which is mainly calcium carbonate. Gases in
the atmosphere such as sulfur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be
responsible for damaging these buildings.
Describe how these gases come to be present in the atmosphere and explain how they can
damage a limestone building.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

The lattice energy of calcium chloride, CaCl 2, is 2258 kJ mol based on an experimental

Born-Haber cycle and 2223 kJ mol based on theoretical calculations.

Would you expect its bonding to match the ionic model? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

9.

This question is about bond angles.

A

90

104

107

109.5

Select, from A to D above, the most likely value for the bond angle of

(a)

HCH in methane, CH4.

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

FSF in sulfur hexafluoride, SF6.

A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

FOF in oxygen difluoride, OF2.

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

10.

Consider the following compounds, P, Q, R and S.

CH3CH2CH3
Compound P

Compound Q

CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Compound R

Compound S

The boiling temperatures of compounds P, Q, R and S increase in the order

A

PQRS

RSPQ

QSPR

QPSR
(Total 1 mark)

11.

Buckminsterfullerene has the formula C60. Its structure is shown below.

The bonding in buckminsterfullerene is similar to the bonding in graphite.

Which of the following is true?
A

All the bond angles in buckminsterfullerene are 120.

The melting temperature of buckminsterfullerene is higher than that of graphite.

There are delocalized electrons in buckminsterfullerene.

On complete combustion, buckminsterfullerene forms carbon dioxide and water.

(Total 1 mark)

12.

Which of the following compounds shows hydrogen bonding in the liquid state?
A

Hydrogen bromide, HBr

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S

Silane, SiH4

Ammonia, NH3
(Total 1 mark)

13.

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A

Carbon dioxide, CO2

Beryllium chloride, BeCl2

Ammonia, NH3

Boron trifluoride, BF3

(Total 1 mark)

14.

The electronegativities of four pairs of elements are given below. Which pair would form the
compound with the greatest ionic character?
A

0.7 and 4.0

0.7 and 3.5

1.0 and 4.0

0.8 and 2.8

(Total 1 mark)

10

15.

Which of the following successive ionization energies (values in kJ mol ) could have come
from a transition element?
A

496

4563 6913 9544 13352 16611

20115

25941

590

1145 4912 6474 8144 10496

12320

14207

717

1509 3249 4940 6985 9200

11508

18956

2081 3952 6122 9370 12177 15239

19999

23069
(Total 1 mark)

16.

Which of the following gives the electronic configuration for chromium and for the Cr
Cr

Cr
2

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]3d 4s

ion?

3+

3+

(Total 1 mark)

17.

2+

The hexaaquacopper(II) ion, [Cu(H2O)6] , is blue because the water ligands

A

split the p-orbital energies and p-p electron transitions emit blue light.

split the d-orbital energies and d-d electron transitions absorb all but blue light.

split the p-orbital energies and p-p electron transitions absorb all but blue light.

split the d-orbital energies and d-d electron transitions emit blue light.
(Total 1 mark)

11

18.

Glycine, H2NCH2COOH, is a solid that has a melting temperature of about 250C, and it is very
soluble in water. This is because of the
A

formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the solid and hydrogen bonds with water.

formation of H3N+CH2COO ions which interact strongly with each other in the solid and
with water.

dissociation of the molecule to form H2NCH2COO and H ions in the solid and the
solution.

protonation of the molecule to form H3N CH2COOH ions in both the solid and the
solution.

(Total 1 mark)

19.

More than half of the elements in the Periodic Table are transition elements. Vanadium, element
23, is a typical transition element.
(a)

(i)

Give TWO properties shown by vanadium compounds that are characteristic of

transition metal chemistry, other than variable oxidation state.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

3+

Vanadium(III) ions in aqueous solution exist as [V(H2O)6] .

Draw this ion so as to clearly show its shape. Name the type of bond between the
ligand and the vanadium ion and state the feature of the ligand that enables this
bond to be formed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

12

(b)

Vanadium ions exist in oxidation states from (V) to (II).

(i)

Use your data booklet (page 15) to find the standard electrode (reduction) potential
2+
3+
for the reduction of vanadium(IV), VO , to vanadium(III), V .
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain the term disproportionation.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Use your answer to (b)(i), and the data below, to calculate E cell for the formation
of vanadium(V) and vanadium(III) from vanadium(IV) in acidic solution. State if
the reaction is feasible under standard conditions and justify your answer.
+

VO2 (aq) + 2H (aq) + e

2+

VO (aq) + H2O(l) E = + 1.00 V

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

13

20.

24
25
The isotopes of magnesium, 12 Mg and 12 Mg , both form ions with charge 2+. Which of the
following statements about these ions is true?

Both ions have electronic configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s .

25
12 Mg 2+

The ions have the same number of electrons but different numbers of neutrons.

The ions have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.

has more protons than

24
12 Mg 2+.

(Total 1 mark)

21.

The first ionization energies, in kJ mol , of four elements with consecutive atomic numbers are
shown below.
A

1680

2080

496

738

(a)

Which element could be an inert gas?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which element could be X in a covalent compound with formula HX?

A
B
C
D
(1)

14

(c)

Which element could be Y in an ionic compound with formula YH 2?

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

22.

The graph below shows the second ionization energy of a series of elements with consecutive
atomic numbers.

Which element could be lithium?

A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)

15

23.

The first five ionization energies, in kJ mol , of aluminium are

578

1817

2745

11 578

14 831

The orbitals from which the first five electrons are removed during ionization, starting with the
first electron, are
A

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

1s

1s

2s

2s

2p

3p

3s

2p

2s

1s

3p

3s

3s

2p

2p
(Total 1 mark)

24.

Going across Group 1 from sodium to aluminium

A

the melting temperature increases.

the radius of the atom increases.

the radius of the metal ion increases.

the bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent.

(Total 1 mark)

25.

Going down Group 1 from lithium to rubidium

A

the radius of the atom decreases.

the radius of the ion decreases.

the first ionization energy decreases.

the polarizing power of the ion increases.

(Total 1 mark)

16

26.

A drop of concentrated nickel(II) sulfate solution, which is green, is placed on moist filter paper
on a microscope slide and the ends of the slide are connected to a 24 V DC power supply. After
ten minutes,
A

a blue colour has moved towards the negative terminal and a yellow colour towards the
positive terminal.

a blue colour has moved towards the positive terminal and a yellow colour towards the
negative terminal.

a green colour has moved towards the negative terminal but there is no other visible
change.

a green colour has moved towards the positive terminal but there is no other visible
change.
(Total 1 mark)

27.

The bonding in magnesium oxide, MgO, is

A

ionic.

metallic and ionic.

ionic and covalent.

metallic and covalent.

(Total 1 mark)

28.

Which of the following bond angles occur in a molecule of ethanol, C 2H5OH?

A

90 and 180

104.5 and 180

104.5 and 109.5

109.5 and 120

(Total 1 mark)

17

29.

Which of the following molecules is linear?

A

Carbon dioxide, CO2

Sulfur dioxide, SO2

Water, H2O

Methanal, HCHO
(Total 1 mark)

30.

Which of the following molecules contains polar bonds but is not a polar molecule?
A

Chlorine, Cl2

Hydrogen chloride, HCl

Trichloromethane, CHCl3

Tetrachloromethane, CCl4
(Total 1 mark)

31.

Which of the following has dipole-dipole interactions between its molecules, but no hydrogen
bonding?
A

Methane, CH4

Methanol, CH3OH

Ammonia, NH3

Hydrogen iodide, HI
(Total 1 mark)

18

32.

Which list below shows the compounds in order of increasing boiling temperature?
A

CH4, HCl, HF

HF, CH4, HCl

HCl, HF, CH4

HF, HCl, CH4

(Total 1 mark)

33.

Which of the following has the highest boiling temperature?

A

Pentane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Hexane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

2-methylbutane, CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3

2-methylpentane, CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)

34.

Chlorides of Group 1 elements produce coloured flames when

A

electrons become excited to a higher energy level.

excited electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level.

an outer electron leaves the atom.

electrons move between the negative and positive ions.

(Total 1 mark)

19

35.
Fuel from the air?
A new catalyst that can break down carbon dioxide gas could allow us to use carbon from the
atmosphere as a fuel source in a similar way to plants.
Plants break the stable bonds in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. In the natural process,
the carbon dioxide molecule is initially bonded to nitrogen atoms, making reactive
compounds called carbamates. Carbamates are derivatives of carbamic acid, NH 2CO2H.
These compounds can then be broken down, allowing the carbon to be used in the synthesis
of other plant products such as sugars and proteins.
A new catalyst produced by scientists is a graphite-like compound made from flat layers of
carbon and nitrogen atoms arranged in hexagons. Carbon dioxide binds to the catalyst and
takes part in the following reaction, which occurs at 150C and at about three times
atmospheric pressure.
C6H6 + CO2 C6H5OH + CO
benzene

phenol

Carbon monoxide can then be used to make liquid fuels such as methanol.
The energy required for photosynthesis comes from light, and experiments are now going on
to develop a light activated catalyst which could break down carbon dioxide in a new
process.
(Source: adapted from an article from the NewScientist.com by Tom Simonite, March 2007)

(a)

Why are the bonds within a layer of carbon atoms in graphite stronger than the bonds
between the layers of carbon atoms?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

20

(b)

The data below gives the relative electrical conductivity of a pure graphite crystal.
Relative conductivity in plane of
carbon hexagons

Relative conductivity perpendicular to

plane of carbon hexagons

3.7

0.0017

Explain why the relative electrical conductivity of graphite differs with direction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Suggest why the strength of the bond between the layers in graphite would increase if
some carbon atoms were replaced with nitrogen atoms.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Suggest ONE benefit of using a light activated catalyst for the new process.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The liquid fuel, methanol, is made by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen.
Write an equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(1)

21

(f)

Benzene, which is needed for the new process of breaking down carbon dioxide, can be
made from coal. It is now usually made by catalytic treatment of one fraction of crude oil
at temperatures of around 500 C and 20 atmospheres pressure.
Suggest the benefits and disadvantages of breaking down carbon dioxide using benzene
and the catalyst as described in the passage. You should consider

the energy and resources needed

the effects on the atmosphere

whether it is a beneficial method for producing energy compared to direct use of

fossil fuels.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)

(g)

Carbon exists in forms other than graphite. Nanotubes are rolls of graphite layers, and
fullerenes are cages of carbon atoms. Both nanotubes and fullerenes can trap other
substances in their structures, and fullerenes can be coated with other substances.
Give ONE application of carbon nanotubes or fullerenes which exploits this behaviour.
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

22

36.

The nucleus of a

23
11 Na

atom contains

11 protons and 12 neutrons.

11 protons and 12 electrons.

23 protons and 11 neutrons.

23 protons and 11 electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

37.

The mass spectrum for a sample of a metal is shown below.

The relative atomic mass of the metal is

A

63.2

63.4

63.6

64.0
(Total 1 mark)

23

38.

The first five successive ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table below.
Ionization
energy

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

Value
1
/ kJ mol

590

1100

4900

6500

8100

Which ion is X most likely to form when it reacts with chlorine?

A

2+

3+

4+

(Total 1 mark)

39.

Which of the following substances, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil, has the
lowest boiling temperature?
A

refinery gas

kerosene

diesel oil

lubricating oil
(Total 1 mark)

40.

Which pair of atomic numbers represents elements which are both in the p-block of the Periodic
Table?
A

4, 8

6, 12

8, 16

10, 20
(Total 1 mark)

24

41.

The electronic structure of an atom of an element in Group 6 of the Periodic Table could be
2

10

1s 2s 2p

1s 2s 2p

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p

2
2

(Total 1 mark)

42.

The electronic configurations of the atoms of four different elements are given below. For which
element would you expect the value of the first ionization energy to be the largest?
A

1s

1s

1s 2s

1s 2s

(Total 1 mark)

43.

Which of the following has the smallest ionic radius?

Na

Mg

+
2+

(Total 1 mark)

25

44.

Which of the following does not have exactly 10 electrons?

An ion of fluorine, F

A molecule of methane, CH4

A molecule of nitrogen, N2

An ion of sodium, Na

(Total 1 mark)

26

45.

The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine may be
represented by a series of steps labelled A to F as shown.

27

(a)

(i)

Complete the table below by adding the letters A to F next to the corresponding
energy changes.
Energy change

Letter

H
1
/kJ mol

Lattice energy for sodium chloride

775

Enthalpy change of atomization of sodium

+109

Enthalpy change of atomization of chlorine

+121

First ionization energy of sodium

+494

First electron affinity of chlorine

Enthalpy change of formation of sodium chloride

411
(3)

(ii)

Calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine, in kJ mol , from the data given.
(2)

28

(b)

Lattice energies can be calculated from electrostatic theory (theoretical values) as well as
by Born-Haber cycles (experimental values).

(i)

Compound

Experimental lattice energy

1
/ kJ mol

Theoretical lattice energy

1
/ kJ mol

NaCl

770

766

Agl

889

778

Comment on the fact that there is close agreement between the values for sodium
chloride, NaCl.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain, in terms of chemical bonding, why the experimental value for silver
iodide, AgI, is more exothermic than the value calculated theoretically for the same
compound.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

29

(c)

Suggest why the first ionization energies of the Group 1 elements decrease down the
group.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

30

46.

The graph shows the variation in melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3 (Na to
Ar) of the Periodic Table.

(a)

Complete the table below to show the type of structure and bonding for the elements
shown.
Element

Structure

Bonding

sodium
silicon
sulfur
(3)

31

(b)

Explain why silicon has a much higher melting temperature than sulfur.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the melting temperature increases from sodium to aluminium.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

32

(d)

Magnesium forms the basic oxide magnesium oxide, MgO. This oxide is almost insoluble
in water. On gentle warming with dilute sulfuric acid, magnesium oxide reacts to form
aqueous magnesium sulfate solution.
(i)

Describe how you would use the above reaction to prepare a pure sample of
magnesium sulfate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)

(ii)

Suggest what action should be taken if a pupil spilt a small quantity of dilute
sulfuric acid on a laboratory bench.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

33

(e)

The data in the table below will be useful when answering this question.
Soluble in water

Insoluble in water

MgSO4

MgCO3
SrCO3
SrSO4

Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(i)

Explain why the reaction between strontium carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid
stops after a few seconds.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Strontium sulfate is produced when aqueous sodium sulfate is added to aqueous

strontium chloride.
Give the ionic equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

34

47.

Which of these carbon structures is represented by the diagram below?

Graphite

Diamond

A fullerene

A carbon nanotube
(Total 1 mark)

48.

Which of these bond angles is the smallest?

A

HNH in NH3

HCH in CH4

HOH in H2O

OCO in CO2
(Total 1 mark)

35

49.

Which statement best describes the shape and bond angles in the molecule SF 6?
A

Octahedral, 90 and 180

Trigonal bipyramidal, 90 and 180

Octahedral, 90 and 120

Trigonal bipyramidal, 90 and 120

(Total 1 mark)

50.

The bonding in gaseous hydrogen halides is best described as

A

mainly covalent with an increasing tendency towards ionic as you go down the group.

mainly covalent with an increasing tendency towards ionic as you go up the group.

mainly ionic with an increasing tendency towards covalent as you go down the group.

mainly ionic with an increasing tendency towards covalent as you go up the group.
(Total 1 mark)

51.

An electric field can affect the direction of a stream of some liquids. Which of these liquids
would be affected by an electric field?
A

1-chloropropane

Pentane

Tetrachloromethane

Cyclopentane
(Total 1 mark)

36

52.

The graph below shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrides of Group 7.

37

(a)

(i)

Identify the type of intermolecular force that gives rise to the unusually high
boiling temperature of hydrogen fluoride.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State and explain whether the electronegativity of fluorine is greater than, similar
to or less than, that of bromine.
Hence explain why hydrogen fluoride can form the type of intermolecular force
named in (a)(i) but hydrogen bromide cannot.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Use the graph to predict what the boiling temperature of hydrogen fluoride would
be without the presence of the type of intermolecular force named in (a)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

38

(b)

Propanone, CH3COCH3, is a useful solvent for cleaning glassware in laboratories.

(i)

Why is propanone able to dissolve a wide range of substances?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Propanone can be used to remove both water and octane from glassware. For each
of these substances, identify the strongest intermolecular force formed with
propanone and the feature of the propanone molecule involved.
Water................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Octane...............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

39

53.

Calcium oxide, known as quicklime, is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium

carbonate, found naturally in limestone.
(a)

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term thermal decomposition.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate, including

state symbols.

(1)

(iii)

Other Group 2 carbonates can also undergo thermal decomposition. Describe and
explain the trend in thermal stability of carbonates down Group 2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

40

(b)

0.121 g of an impure sample of quicklime was dissolved in 50.0 cm of hydrochloric

3
acid, concentration 0.100 mol dm . The excess hydrochloric acid was titrated with
3
3
sodium hydroxide solution, concentration 0.100 mol dm , and 18.0 cm was needed to
just neutralize the acid. The indicator used was methyl orange.
The equations for the reactions involved are shown below.
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(i)

What colour would the indicator be at the end-point?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with the sodium
hydroxide solution.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid originally added to the

quicklime. Use this answer and your answer to (b)(ii) to calculate the number of
moles of quicklime that reacted with the hydrochloric acid.

(2)

(iv)

Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of quicklime. Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

41

(c)

(i)

Describe how to carry out a flame test on the impure sample of quicklime to
confirm that it contains calcium ions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

If the flame test gave a green colour, in addition to the expected brick red flame,
which Group 2 metal is also likely to be present?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

54.

Which of the following graphs shows the variation in the ionic radius of the Group 2 elements?

(Total 1 mark)

42

55.

The first five ionization energies of an element, Z, are:

790, 1600, 3200, 4400, 16100 kJ mol

In which group of the Periodic Table is Z found?

A

5
(Total 1 mark)

56.

Which of the following contains the greatest number of hydrogen atoms?

A

2 moles of water, H2O

1.5 moles of ammonia, NH3

1 mole of hydrogen gas, H2

0.5 moles of methane, CH4

(Total 1 mark)

57.

In a molecule of ethene, C2H4, how many (pi) bonds are present?

A

One

Two

Three

Four
(Total 1 mark)

43

58.

(a)

(i)

Complete the electronic configuration of the magnesium atom.

2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of the chlorine atom.

2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with
chlorine.
(2)

(ii)

Name the type of bonding present in magnesium chloride.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) to show the bonding in magnesium

chloride. Include ALL the electrons in each species and the charges present.
(3)

(c)

State the type of bonding that exists in solid magnesium.

Type.............................................................................................................................
(1)

44

(d)

Explain fully why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

59.

(a)

Define the term first ionization energy.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Write an equation, with state symbols, to illustrate the process occurring when the second
ionization energy of sodium is measured.
(2)

45

(c)

The graph below shows the variation in the first ionization energies of some of the
elements in Period 3.
First ionization
energy/kJ mol

46

(i)

On the graph, use crosses to show the approximate values of the first ionization
energies for the elements Na, P and S.
Join the crosses to complete your graph.
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionization energies generally increase across the period
sodium to argon (Na to Ar).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

47

(d)

Place the following species

+

in order of increasing first ionization energy, starting with the lowest.

Lowest first

Highest first

ionization energy

ionization energy

................................

................................

................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

60.

(a)

Define the term covalent bond.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Nitrogen forms an oxide called nitrous oxide, N 2O. The bonding in nitrous oxide can be
represented as:
NN O
Complete the diagram below for the N2O molecule using dots or crosses to represent
electrons. Just show all of the outer shell electrons.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

48

61.

Which of these four molecules, PCl3, CO, CO2 and CCl4, are polar?
A

All four

PCl3 and CO

CO and CCl4

PCl3 and CO2

(Total 1 mark)

62.

Which intermolecular forces exist between molecules of ethoxyethane?

Instantaneous dipole induced dipole only

Permanent dipole permanent dipole only

Instantaneous dipole induced dipole and hydrogen bonds

Instantaneous dipole induced dipole and permanent dipole permanent dipole

(Total 1 mark)

63.

The following liquids all have the same number of electrons in each molecule. Which one is
likely to have the lowest boiling point?
A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3C(CH3)2CH3

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)

49

64.

Which of these is likely to be the best solvent for cyclohexanol?

A

H2O(l)

CH3COCH3(l)

NaCl(aq)

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3(l)
(Total 1 mark)

65.

The ability of a liquid to flow is linked to the strength of its intermolecular forces.Suggest which
of these liquids flows the slowest when poured.
A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

Propane-1,2-diol

Pentane

Butane
(Total 1 mark)

66.

This question is about boron and nitrogen compounds.

(a)

Draw and name the shape of a boron trifluoride, BF 3, molecule. Suggest the FBF bond
angle.
Name of shape
.....................................................................................................................................
FBF bond angle
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

50

(b)

Ammonia has the formula NH3. Its HNH bond angle is less than the FBF bond angle in
boron trifluoride.
(i)

Estimate the HNH bond angle in NH3.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why the HNH bond angle is less than that for FBF.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between BF 3 molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between NH3 molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

51

(c)

Ammonia will react with oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst at 750C forming
water and nitrogen(II) oxide, NO.
(i)

What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in ammonia, NH3?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The diagram below shows the distribution of molecular energies in the reaction at
750C. On the same diagram, draw a curve to show the distribution at 500C and
explain what effect this change in temperature would have on the rate of the
reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

52

(d)

Explain how a catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

67.

Going across a period in the Periodic Table from left to right, the general trend is that
A

the bonding in the element itself changes from ionic to covalent

the number of neutrons in the nucleus increases

the first ionisation energy decreases

the metallic character increases

(Total 1 mark)

68.

The electron configurations of argon, iron, chlorine and one other element are given below, but
not in order. Which one represents the unnamed element?
2

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

(Total 1 mark)

53

69.

Which of the following equations represents the first ionisation of sulfur?

S(s) + e S (g)

S(g) + e S (g)

S(s) S (g) + e

S(g) S (g) + e

(Total 1 mark)

Which element marked on this graph is a halogen?

B
F irs t Io n is a tio n E n e rg y

70.

D
A
C

A to m ic n u m b e r (in c re a s in g in s te p s o f o n e )

A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)

54

71.

This question is about the following ionisation energy sequences.

1

The values are all in kJ mol .

A

1400

1000

950

830

700

420

3100

4400

5900

8000

1000

1250

1520

420

590

1520

2700

3900

5800

7200

Select from A to D the sequence which is most likely to represent the following:
(a)

The first ionisation energies of five consecutive members of the same group in the
Periodic Table, in order of increasing atomic number.
A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

The first five ionisation energies of an s-block element.

A
B
C
D
(1)

55

(c)

The first five ionisation energies of a noble gas.

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

72.

The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for copper(II) bromide, CuBr 2.

+111.9 kJ mol

Enthalpy change of atomisation of copper, H at[Cu(s)]

+338.3 kJ mol

First ionisation energy of copper, Em1[Cu(g)]

+746.0 kJ mol

+1958.0 kJ mol

342.6 kJ mol

141.8 kJ mol

Enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine H at[Br2(l)]

Second ionisation energy of copper, Em2 [Cu(g)]

Electron affinity of bromine, Eaff[Br(g)]

Enthalpy change of formation of CuBr2(s), H f [CuBr2(s)]

(a)

On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle complete the boxes A, B, and C by

putting in the formula and state symbol for the appropriate species and writing the name
of the enthalpy change D.
C u 2+(g )

2 B r(g )

C u B r2(s)

B
C

D ...........................................

C u (s ) + B r2(l)
(3)

56

(b)

Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.

(3)

(c)

When the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide is calculated from ionic radii and charges,
the result is a value numerically about 10% less than the one obtained from the BornHaber cycle.
(i)

What does this suggest about the nature of the bonding in copper(II) bromide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show how the smaller copper ion alters the shape of the larger
bromide ion.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

57

73.

Which of the following best describes the molecular shape of carbon dioxide, CO2?
A

linear

trigonal planar

triangular

v-shaped
(Total 1 mark)

74.

Which of the following species is polar?

A

NH3

BF3

SO3

CO3
(Total 1 mark)

75.

Polar liquids are affected by electric fields. For which of the following liquids would a jet of the
liquid be affected by an electric field?
A

hexane

cyclohexane

cyclohexene

cyclohexanol
(Total 1 mark)

58

76.

What are the intermolecular forces in methanal, HCHO?

A

London forces only

hydrogen bonds and London forces

permanent dipole permanent dipole only

permanent dipole permanent dipole and London forces

(Total 1 mark)

77.

Which of the following substances is likely to be insoluble in water?

A

methanol, CH3OH

ethanol, CH3CH2OH

fluoromethane, CH3F

hydrogen fluoride, HF
(Total 1 mark)

78.

The following liquids have a similar number of electrons per molecule. Suggest which is likely
to have the highest boiling point?
A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

(CH3)3COH

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(Total 1 mark)

59

79.

The Group 2 metals, considered in order of increasing atomic number, show a decrease in
A

first ionisation energy

nuclear charge

chemical reactivity

ionic radius
(Total 1 mark)

80.

(a)

(i)

Name the type of bonding that exists between water molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show this bonding. Use displayed formulae of two water
molecules. Clearly mark and label the bond angle between the water molecules.

(2)

(b)

(i)

Draw the boron trichloride molecule, BCl3, making its shape clear. Mark the bond
angle on your diagram.

(2)

60

(ii)

Explain why boron trichloride has this shape.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Explain why a BCl bond is polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Explain why a BCl3 molecule is non-polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between boron trichloride molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

61

81.

Two compounds may be similar in that they both have

A

dative covalent bonds in their molecules

at least one bond angle of 120 in each molecule

non-polar molecules

linear molecules

Select from AD, the similarity between each of the compounds below.
(a)

Benzene, C6H6 and cyclohexane, C6H12

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, and carbon dioxide, CO2

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

62

82.

Select, from AD, the type of interaction which best describes the bonding between
(a)

adjacent polymer chains in [CH2CH2]n

A

dative covalent

London forces

ion-dipole

ionic
(1)

(b)

2+

copper ions and ammonia in Cu(NH3)4

A

dative covalent

London forces

ion-dipole

ionic
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

83.

(a)

A sample of an element can be analysed to show its isotopic composition using a mass
spectrometer.
(i)

Explain how the sample is ionised.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the TWO properties of the ion that determine the path of the ion through the
magnetic field.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

63

(b)

Define relative isotopic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of chromium.
Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

49.95

4.345

51.94

83.79

52.94

9.501

53.94

2.364

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chromium.

Give your answer to four significant figures.

(2)

(d)

Complete the electron configuration of an iron atom, atomic number 26.

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

64

84.

(a)

The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements Li, Be, and B.
Complete the graph by adding the approximate first ionisation energies of the elements
C to Ne.
F irs t io n is a tio n e n e rg y o f th e e le m e n ts L i to N e

E n e rg y

Li

Be

C
N
E le m e n ts

N e
(2)

65

(b)

Explain why the general trend is for the first ionisation energy to increase across the
period.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of boron, B, is lower than that of beryllium, Be.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

66

85.

The data below shows the decomposition temperatures of the carbonates of two Group 2
elements.
Compound

Decomposition
temperature / C

MgCO3

400

BaCO3

1360

Use the idea of polarisation of ions to explain why MgCO 3 decomposes more readily than
BaCO3.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

67

86.

Phosphorus reacts with a limited amount of chlorine to produce phosphorus trichloride, PCl 3.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in phosphorus
trichloride, PCl3. You need only show the outer shell electrons.

(2)

(ii)

Draw the phosphorus trichloride molecule, making its three-dimensional shape

clear.

(1)

68

(iii)

Explain
the shape of the phosphorus trichloride molecule.
why the Cl P
methane, CH4.

Cl bond angle is different from the H

H bond angle in

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

69

87.

(i)

Draw the shape of a water molecule. Justify your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Water has intermolecular hydrogen bonds, but hydrogen sulphide, H2S, does not.
Explain how these arise in water and why they do not occur in hydrogen sulphide.
Give ONE resulting difference in physical properties of water and hydrogen sulphide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

70

88.

A sample of the element osmium, atomic number 76, is made up of four isotopes. The sample
has the following percentage composition.

(i)

Relative Atomic
Mass of Isotope

% Composition

188

15.20

189

17.40

190

26.40

192

41.00

What is the minimum number of neutrons present in any single atom of osmium in the
sample?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the average relative atomic mass of osmium in the sample. Give your answer to
four significant figures.

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

71

89.

(a)

The diagram shows the type of bonding present in the elements lithium and sodium in the
solid state.

+
+

Io n s

+
+

D e lo c a lis e d
e le c tro n s

(i)

What name is given to this type of bonding?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest why the melting point of lithium is greater than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample of lithium
chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

72

(ii)

Describe the changes that occur within the lithium ion to produce the flame colour.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Name ONE other metallic element whose compounds produce a red coloured
flame.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

90.

This question is about three organic compounds with the following physical properties:
Compound

(a)

Formula

Boiling Point /K

vap
1

/ kJ mol

Butane

CH3CH2CH2CH3

273

6.9

Propan-1-ol

CH3CH2CH2OH

371

14.8

Propanone

CH3COCH3

330

9.0

(i)

Name the intermolecular force present in all three compounds.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why this intermolecular force is likely to have a similar strength in butane
and propan-1-ol.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

73

(b)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the propan-1-ol molecule, showing outer
electrons only.

(1)

(ii)

Name the strong additional intermolecular force between propan-1-ol molecules

not present in the other two compounds.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Using displayed formulae, draw a diagram to show this intermolecular force

between two propan-1-ol molecules.

State the values of the following bond angles:

COH ..................
The bond angle between the molecules ..................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Name the intermolecular force between propanone molecules that is not present in
butane.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

74

(ii)

Explain why you would expect propanone to mix with propan-1-ol.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

91.

(a)

Complete the electronic configuration of a copper atom and a bromide ion.

(i)

Copper atom, Cu

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ..............................................................
(1)

(ii)

Bromide ion, Br

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ..............................................................
(1)

(b)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

75

(c)

The following data were obtained for a mass spectrum of a sample of copper.
Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

62.93

69.17

64.93

30.83

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper. Give your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)

(d)

Copper occurs naturally as the mineral malachite. The composition, by mass, of malachite
is as follows:
Cu = 57.5% C = 5.4% O = 36.2% H = 0.9%
(i)

Calculate its empirical formula.

(2)

76

(ii)

The molar mass of malachite is 221 g mol . Calculate its formula.

(1)

(e)

Copper forms a chloride, CuCl2. Use the data below to calculate the maximum and the
minimum values for the molar mass of CuCl2.
Data : Relative isotopic masses of chlorine are 35 and 37.
Relative isotopic masses of copper are 63 and 65.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

92.

Beryllium chloride, BeCl2, is covalent.

(i)

Use ideas of ion polarisation or electronegativity to suggest why beryllium chloride, a

compound of a metal and a non-metal, is covalent rather than ionic.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

77

(ii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a beryllium chloride molecule,
BeCl2. In your diagram show all the outer shell electrons in the atoms of beryllium and
chlorine.

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

93.

In hydrogen fluoride, HF, and water, H2O, the major intermolecular force is the hydrogen
bond.
(a)

Draw a diagram to show the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules in
ice. Show at least three water molecules in your diagram and any relevant polarity in the
molecules.

(3)

78

(b)

Suggest why water has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen fluoride.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

When hydrogen fluoride reacts with water it forms hydrogen ions. A lone pair of
+
+
electrons on the water molecule joins with the hydrogen ion, H , to produce the ion H3O .
(i)

Draw a diagram to show clearly the shape of the H3O ion.

(1)

(ii)

Suggest an approximate value for the bond angle HOH in H3O .

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

79

(iii)

The oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs of electrons. Suggest why the ion
2+
+
H4O is not generally formed in acid solutions that contain the H ion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

94.

(a)

Cooking fuels and petrol for car engines need to be gases or liquids which vaporise easily.
This will be the case if the intermolecular forces are weak.
Two common fuels are methane, CH4, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, C8H18.
Electronegativity

(i)

carbon

2.1

hydrogen

2.5

Explain the meaning of the term electronegativity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

80

(ii)

The CH bond in methane has some polarity but overall the molecule is nonpolar.
Explain why methane is a non-polar molecule.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Identify the strongest intermolecular force that exists between

2,2,4-trimethylpentane molecules in the liquid state.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

In a car engine 2,2,4-trimethylpentane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and water.
The equation is
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Molar mass of C8H18 = 114 g mol

(i)

Calculate the volume of oxygen needed to burn 700 g of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

3
1
[Assume the molar volume of a gas = 24.0 dm mol ]

(3)

81

(ii)

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced in the reaction in (i).

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

95.

First ionisation energy and melting temperature are periodic properties shown by elements.
(a)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is less than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

82

(c)

The table shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.

Melting temperature
/K

Na

Mg

Al

Si

371

923

933

1683

P
(white)

317

Cl

Ar

392

172

84

Type of structure

(i)

Complete the table to suggest the type of structure shown by the elements.
Choose your answers from the following list:
giant atomic structure: metallic structure: simple molecular.
(1)

(ii)

Explain why silicon has a very high melting temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why aluminium has a higher melting temperature than sodium.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

83

96.

(a)

Draw the displayed formula of a branched chain ketone containing five carbon atoms.

(2)

(b)

Give the systematic name for this ketone.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

What is the molecular formula of the alcohol this ketone could be made from?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

An alcohol can be converted into a ketone by oxidation with sodium dichromate(VI) and
sulphuric acid.
Explain why refluxing the mixture first, rather than immediately distilling the product
over from the beginning, results in a higher yield of the ketone.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

84

97.

The diagram below shows the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of a sodium atom.
n =
n = 4
n = 3

n = 2

n = 1

(i)

Why are the two electrons shown in the n = 1 energy level represented by arrows pointing
in opposite directions?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the energy change when a sodium atom
ionises by losing an electron.
(2)

(iii)

Do all of the electrons in the n = 2 energy level have the same energy? Explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

85

(iv)

How would the arrangement of electrons in a potassium atom differ from this
arrangement of electrons in sodium?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

86

98.

Silicon, phosphorus and sulphur form chlorides with molecular formulae SiCl 4, PCl3, SCl2.
Draw the shapes you would expect for these molecules, suggesting a value for the bond angle in
each case.
SiCl4

ClSiCl bond angle ...............

PCl3

ClPCl bond angle ...............

SCl2

ClSCl bond angle ...............

(Total 3 marks)

87

99.

(a)

Complete the table below which is about the isotopes and an ion of bromine.
Number of
protons
79
35 Br

35

81
35 Br
81

35 Br

neutrons

35
46

35

electrons

35

46
(3)

(b)

Complete the electronic configurations of

2

Na 1s ..........................................................................................................................
2

Br 1s ...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the isotopes of bromine have identical chemical reactions.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

What instrument could be used to measure the abundance and mass of the isotopes of
bromine?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

88

(e)

The isotopic abundance of bromine is shown below.

Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

78.93

50.54

80.91

49.46

Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine. Give your answer to four significant
figures.

(2)

(f)

State the types of bonding present in bromine liquid

between the atoms .......................................................................................................
between the molecules ................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

89

100. State the type of bond that exists in sodium bromide.

Draw a dot and cross diagram of sodium bromide, showing only the outer shell electrons.
Type .......................................................................................................................................
Dot and cross diagram

(Total 3 marks)

101. (a)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Write the equation for the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of
oxygen is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

90

(b)

The graph below shows the first seven successive ionisation energies of an element, X,
which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
30000
25000
Io n is a tio n
e n e rg y
/ k J m o l 1

20000
15000
10000
5000
0

(i)

1
2
3
4
5
6
N u m b e r o f th e e le c tro n re m o v e d

Use the information on the graph to state in which Group of the Periodic Table X
is found. Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Identify the element X.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The mass spectrum of X shows a singly charged molecular ion at m/e = 256.
Write the formula of this ion.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

91

102. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in calcium oxide. Include ALL the electrons
and charges.

(Total 2 marks)

103. (a)

Fill in the table below to show the number of protons and electrons present in a hydride

+
ion, H , and a lithium ion, Li .
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons

Electrons

Li

(2)

(b)

Which of these ions is larger, H or Li ?

Use the numbers you have entered in the table above to explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

92

104. Some of the ionisation energies of four elements, Q, R, S and T, with consecutive atomic
numbers, are shown in the table below.
Ionisation Energies / kJ mol
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

2081

3952

6122

9370

12177

496

4563

6913

9544

13352

738

1451

10541

13629

(a)

To which group of the Periodic Table does R belong? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Estimate values, in kJ mol , for the third ionisation energy of S, and the first ionisation
energy of T, represented by the shaded gaps shown in the table above.
S ..........................
T ..........................
(2)

(c)

Which element is least likely to form compounds? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

93

(d)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the third
ionisation energy of R.
Use R as the symbol for the element and include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(e)

Element X is in the same group of the Periodic Table as R, but is immediately below it.
1
The first ionisation energy of X is 419 kJ mol . Explain why this value is lower for X
than for R.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

105. A methanol molecule has 18 electrons in total.

(i)

Give the name and formula of a hydrocarbon with the same number of electrons.
Name ............................................
Formula

(1)

94

(ii)

Which intermolecular force depends to a large extent on the number of electrons present?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Would you expect methanol or your hydrocarbon in (i) to have the higher boiling point?
Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Draw a diagram to show the strongest intermolecular force between TWO molecules of
the compound with the higher boiling point.
Indicate and give the value of the bond angle between these two molecules.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

106. (a)

Complete the table below which is about isotopes and an ion of magnesium.
Numbers of
Protons

Neutrons

24
12 Mg

12

12

26
12 Mg

12

24
12

Mg 2

12

Electrons

12
12
(3)

95

(b)

Complete the electronic configurations of magnesium and chlorine atoms.

1s

2s

Mg

2p

3s

3p

(1)

1s
Cl

2s

2p

3s

3p

(1)

(c)

Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

The mass spectrum of a sample of chlorine molecules shows three molecular peaks.
These are formed from the molecules shown below.
Molecule

Percentage abundance

35

35

56.25

35

37

37.50

37

37

6.25

Cl- Cl
Cl- Cl
Cl- Cl

Calculate the relative molecular mass of chlorine in this sample.

(2)

96

(e)

Calculate the volume of 4.73 g of chlorine gas at 100 C.

3

[The molar volume of a gas at 100 C = 30.6 dm mol ]

(2)

(f)

State and explain the type of bond that exists in solid magnesium.
Type ..............................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(g)

State the type of bond that exists in magnesium chloride. Draw a dot and cross diagram
showing the outer shell electrons.
Type ..............................................................
Dot and cross diagram

(3)
(Total 17 marks)

97

107. (a)

Define the term

(i)

atomic number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

mass number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

First ionisation energies of the elements show periodicity. The graph below shows the
first ionisation energy of twelve successive elements in the Periodic Table in order of
increasing atomic number.
The letters are not the symbols for the elements.
C

B
L

F irs t
Io n is a tio n
E n e rg y

K
H
E

G
F

E le m e n t

98

(i)

Give the letters of the two elements in Group 0 (the noble gases).
Explain your answer in terms of ionisation energy.
Letters .................... and ....................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give the letter of the Group 3 element.

Explain your answer in terms of ionisation energy.
Letter ....................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why there is an increase in the first ionisation energy of the elements from
F to H shown on the graph on the previous page.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

99

108. (a)

(i)

A diagram of the structure of solid sodium chloride is shown below.

Label the diagram to identify the particles present in solid sodium chloride.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why sodium chloride has a high melting temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

100

(b)

A diagram of the structure of solid graphite is shown below.

On the diagram name and label the types of bonding that exist in solid graphite.

(2)

(c)

A diagram of the structure of solid diamond is shown below.

On the diagram name and label the type of bond that exists in solid diamond.

(1)

101

(d)

The densities of diamond and graphite are

Density / g cm
Diamond

3.53

Graphite

2.25

Suggest, using information from (b) and (c), why diamond is more dense than graphite.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

109. The graph shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides, hydrogen fluoride, HF, to
hydrogen iodide, HI.

b o ilin g
te m p e ra tu re / K

3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

10
90
70
50
30
10
90
70
50

H F

H Cl
H B r
h y d ro g e n h a lid e

H I

102

(a)

Complete the table to identify the strongest intermolecular forces present in the liquid
form of each hydrogen halide.
Hydrogen
halide

Strongest intermolecular force

HF
HCl
HBr
HI
(2)

(b)

Explain why HF has a higher boiling temperature than the other hydrogen halides and
why there is an increase from HCl to HI.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

110. (a)

What is the formula for strontium fluoride?

Use the Periodic Table as a source of information.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

103

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the fluoride ion.

Include all electrons and the charge on the ion.

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

111. A sample of gallium, Ga, (atomic number 31) was found to consist of two different types of
atoms with mass numbers 69 and 71. 60.2% of the sample had the lower mass number.
(a)

What is the name given to atoms of the same element with different mass numbers?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

How many neutrons are there in an atom of gallium with mass number 71?
..............................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

What instrument would be used to obtain the percentage composition of the

gallium sample?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the average atomic mass of gallium in this sample. Show your working
and give your answer to 3 significant figures.

(2)

104

(d)

(i)

Complete the electron configuration of a gallium atom, using the s p d notation.

2

1s ......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium. Include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(iii)

The first four ionisation energies, in kJ mol , of the Group 3 elements gallium and
indium and the Group 4 elements germanium and tin are shown below.
A
B
C
D

558
579
709
762

1821
1979
1412
1537

2705
2963
2943
3302

5200
6200
3930
4411

Which set of figures, A, B, C or D, represents gallium? ..................................

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

112. (a)

Complete the electron configuration for carbon.

2

1s ........................................................................
(1)

105

(b)

Explain how successive ionisation energy data could be used to confirm that carbon is in
Group 4 of the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4, showing
outer electrons only.

(2)

(d)

Explain how the following are achieved in a mass spectrometer.

(i)

Ionisation
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Deflection
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

106

(e)

(i)

Define the term relative isotopic mass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

12

13

14

Carbon consists of the isotopes C, C and C. Chlorine consists of the isotopes

35
37
Cl and Cl.
Use this data to calculate the maximum relative molecular mass of a molecule of
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

(1)

(iii)

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, the meaning of the term isotopes.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

107

(iv)

Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

113. (a)

Methane and poly(ethene) are both hydrocarbons.

(i)

State the type of bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecules of
both compounds.
.....................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the type of intermolecular force present in both compounds.

.....................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why poly(ethene) melts at a higher temperature than methane.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

108

(b)

Explain, in terms of its bonding, why magnesium has a high melting temperature.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

114. (a)

Sodium iodide reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride and iodine.
(i)

State the oxidation numbers of the iodine and chlorine species in the spaces
provided.
2NaI
..........

Cl2
..........

2NaCl
..........

I2
.........
(2)

(ii)

Use these oxidation numbers to explain why this reaction is a redox reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

109

(iii)

Calculate the maximum mass of iodine that could be produced from 30.0 g of
sodium iodide.

(3)

(iv)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to produce this amount of iodine.
3

[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm under the conditions of the experiment]

(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the colour of iodine and its physical state at room temperature and pressure.
Colour ........................................................................................
Physical state .............................................................................
(2)

110

(ii)

Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process occurring when
the first ionisation energy of iodine atoms is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

115. (a)

(i)

Explain why a water molecule does not have a linear shape.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the HOH bond angle in water and explain why it has this value.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Draw the boron trichloride molecule, BCl3, making its shape clear. Mark in the
bond angle on your diagram.

(2)

111

(ii)

Explain why a BCl bond is polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why a BCl3 molecule is non-polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between boron trichloride molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

112

(c)

A compound of phosphorus and chlorine has the composition by mass shown below.
Element

% by mass

14.9

Cl

85.1

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

116. (a)

Write an equation for the reaction of calcium with oxygen to form calcium oxide, CaO.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

113

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of calcium oxide, CaO, showing all the electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

(c)

(i)

Name the compound formed when calcium oxide reacts with water.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Which pH or pH range would include the pH of a saturated solution of the product

of this reaction?
pH

04

56

89

1014

................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

114

117. (a)

The mass of one atom of the isotope

1
79.0 g mol .

79
35 Br

is 1.31 10

22

g. The molar mass of

79
35 Br

is

Use this information to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant. Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

(b)

According to the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass of naturally occurring bromine
is 80.
What information can you deduce from this about naturally occurring bromine?
(No calculation is expected.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

115

118. This question is about the chemistry of sodium and magnesium.

(a)

Sodium and chlorine react together as shown in the equation.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
Is sodium oxidised or reduced in this reaction? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride can be distinguished by carrying out a

flame test. State the observation you would make for each.
Sodium chloride

.........................................................................................

Magnesium chloride .........................................................................................

(2)

(ii)

Explain the changes which occur when electrons in sodium produce a flame
colour.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest ONE use for the coloured light produced by sodium.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

2+

Write the electron configuration of a magnesium ion, Mg , using s, p notation.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

116

(d)

The table below gives some ionisation energies for sodium and magnesium.

(i)

First ionisation
energy /
1
kJ mol

Second ionisation
energy /
1
kJ mol

Sodium

496

4563

Magnesium

738

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of magnesium.

(2)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the first
ionisation energy of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

117

(iii)

Predict a value for the second ionisation energy of magnesium. Explain your
choice.
Value ........................................kJ mol

Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

Which atom has the larger radius, sodium or magnesium? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

118

119. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).

+ 6 6 7 k J m o l 1

H O C l(g )

G a s e o u s a to m s o f th e e le m e n ts
H

+ 5 8 9 k J m o l 1

E le m e n ts in th e ir s ta n d a rd s ta te s

(a)

(i)

Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct
quantities of each element.
(1)

(ii)

Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation, H f
[HOCl(g)].

(1)

119

(iii)

Assuming that the HO bond energy is +464 kJ mol , calculate a value for the O
Cl bond energy.

(1)

120

(b)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the HOCl molecule showing outer electrons
only.

(2)

(ii)

Predict the HOCl bond angle. Justify your answer.

Angle ................................................................................................................
Justification ......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

121

(c)

HOCl(g) can be made from chlorine(I) oxide by the reversible reaction

Cl2O(g) + H2O(g)

2HOCl(g)

What effect, if any, would an increase in pressure have on the proportion of HOCl(g) at
equilibrium? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

120. Two reactions of a chloroalkane, X, are shown below.

Reaction 1
Propanol-2-ol

(a)

Reaction 2
Chloroalkane X

CH2=CHCH3
propene

The chloroalkane X can be used to make propan-2-ol in Reaction 1.

(i)

Name and draw the displayed formula of the chloroalkane X.

Name ...........................................................................................................
Displayed formula

(2)

122

(ii)

Reaction 1 is an example of nucleophilic substitution. The nucleophile is the

hydroxide ion. Use the diagram below to show how it is able to attack the
chloroalkane X.

C l

(2)

(b)

(i)

What type of reaction is Reaction 2?

.............................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the reagent and conditions needed for this reaction.

Reagent .............................................................................................................
Conditions .........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Propan-2-ol has a higher boiling point than both the chloroalkane X and propene.
(i)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between propan-2-ol molecules.

...........................................................................
(1)

123

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show this force between two propan-2-ol molecules. Clearly
mark and label the bond angle between the molecules.

(2)

(d)

Propene, CH2=CHCH3, can be polymerised forming poly(propene).

(i)

Draw a section of the poly(propene) polymer chain formed from two monomer
units.

(2)

124

(ii)

Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why poly(propene) is a solid at room

temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

121. (a)

This question is about 1,2-diaminoethane, H2NCH2CH2NH2.

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for 1,2-diaminoethane, showing outer electrons
only.

(1)

125

(ii)

Suggest values for the NCC and HNC bond angles. For each angle justify your
suggestion.
NCC angle
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
HNC angle
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Write an equation for the reaction of 1,2-diaminoethane with excess dilute hydrochloric
acid.
State symbols are not required.

(2)

(c)

2+

A green complex, [Ni(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3] , forms when 1,2-diaminoethane reacts with

nickel(II) ions. Each 1,2-diaminoethane molecule forms two bonds to a nickel(II) ion.
(i)

Give the term which describes a ligand that forms two bonds to a metal ion in a
complex.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

126

(ii)

Name and describe the bond between 1,2-diaminoethane and the nickel(II) ion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest the shape of the complex.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Write the equation for the formation of this complex from hexaaquanickel(II) ions,
Ni(H 2 O) 62 .

(1)

(v)

Use your knowledge of entropy to explain why this complex is more stable than
the hexaaquanickel(II) ion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

127

(d)

A polyamide forms when 1,2diaminoethane reacts with hexane-1,6-dioyl dichloride.

Draw a structure for this polymer, showing the repeating unit.

(2)
(Total 14 marks)

122. Paracetamol can be manufactured from phenol using the reaction sequence below.
O H

O H

O H

S te p 1

S te p 2

N O
A

(a)

O H

S te p 3

N H
C

N H CO C H

P a ra ce ta m o l

Give reagents and conditions for Step 1.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

128

(b)

State the type of reaction that occurs in Step 2.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Give the name of compound C.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest a test and its results for the amino group in compound C.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

(i)

Write a balanced equation for the reaction occurring when paracetamol is boiled
with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

(2)

(ii)

Would you expect paracetamol to react with sodium carbonate solution? Justify
your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

129

(e)

(i)

Suggest which types of intermolecular forces exist between paracetamol molecules.

For each type of force give an example of the parts of the molecules involved.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

Suggest a reason why paracetamol is only sparingly soluble in water.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Suggest which bond gives rise to the broadest absorption in the infrared spectrum of
paracetamol.
State the range of wavenumbers for this absorption.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(g)

(i)

Give the molecular formula of the ion with the highest molecular mass in the mass
spectrum of paracetamol.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

130

(ii)

Suggest the formulae of the ions responsible for the peaks at mass / charge ratios
43 and 93.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(h)

Suggest ONE advantage of using paracetamol, rather than aspirin, as a pain reliever.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 20 marks)

123. (a)

Draw the ammonia molecule, NH3, making its three-dimensional shape clear. Mark in the
bond angle on your diagram. Explain why ammonia has this shape and this bond angle.
Diagram

Explanation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

131

(b)

Explain whether ammonia is a polar molecule or not.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces in both compounds, why ammonia has a
higher boiling temperature than phosphine, PH3.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

(i)

Explain, in terms of electrons, how ammonia can react with hydrogen ions to form
+
ammonium ions, NH4 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

132

(ii)

State the number of protons and the number of electrons present in an ammonium
ion.
number of protons .....................................
number of electrons....................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

124. (a)

Sodium chloride, NaCl, can be made by the reaction of sodium with chlorine.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
(i)

Calculate the maximum mass of sodium chloride which could be obtained from 92
g of sodium.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the concentration of the solution obtained when this mass of

3
sodium chloride is dissolved in water and made up to a volume of 10 dm
with distilled water.

(1)

133

(iii)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to react with 92 g of sodium.

3

[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm under the conditions of the experiment]

(2)

(b)

Describe the structure of solid sodium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

134

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

125. (a)

(i)

Complete the electron configuration of an aluminium atom.

2

1s .......................................................................................................................
(1)

135

(ii)

st

nd

The grid below shows the relative values of the 1 and 2 ionisation energies of
rd
aluminium. Mark on the grid the relative values that you would expect for the 3
th
and 4 ionisation energies of aluminium.

E n e rg y

1 st

2 nd
Io n is a tio n E n e rg y

3 rd

th

(2)

(b)

(i)

Write the half-equation for the oxidation of aluminium metal to aluminium

3+
ions, Al .
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write the half-equation for the reduction of oxygen gas to oxide ions, O .
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

136

(iii)

Combine these two half-equations to produce the redox equation for the reaction of
aluminium with oxygen to form aluminium oxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

126. (a)

Calculate the number of atoms in 3.50 g of lithium.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
23

[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 10 mol ]

(2)

137

(b)

The equation for the reaction of lithium with hydrochloric acid is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2LiCl(aq) + H2(g)
(i)

Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.

(1)

(ii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

138

(iii)

The value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H , is 557 kJ mol .
State TWO of the reaction conditions necessary for this enthalpy change to be
standard.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

127. (a)

An atom of argon has mass number 40. Complete the table below showing the
composition of this argon atom.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(2)

(b)

An atom of potassium has mass number 39. Explain, in terms of atomic structure, why
argon comes before potassium in the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

139

(c)

A sample of argon contains a mixture of isotopes as shown below.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon in the sample. Give your answer to three
significant figures.
Isotopic mass

% abundance

36.0

1.34

38.0

0.160

40.0

98.5

(2)

(d)

Write the electron configuration of argon in s, p notation.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The chart shows the first ionisation energy of some elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table.

2000
1st
io n is a tio n
e n e rg y
/ k J m o l1

1500
1000

500
0

(i)

Cl

A r

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of argon.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

140

(ii)

On the chart, add a cross to show the first ionisation energy of potassium. Justify
your choice of the position of the cross.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why there is a small decrease in first ionisation energy going from
phosphorus to sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Explain why there is an increase in first ionisation energy going from sulphur to
chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

141

(f)

Suggest why argon is used to fill some types of light bulbs.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

128. Read the passage on Halothane the first designer anaesthetic straight through, and then
more carefully. Answer the following questions.
HALOTHANE THE FIRST DESIGNER ANAESTHETIC
Various methods have been used since antiquity to lessen operative pain, including hypnosis, the
use of narcotics prepared from marijuana, stupefying with alcohol or even knocking the patient
unconscious with a blow to the jaw.

In 1818, Michael Faraday noted the ability of ether vapour to induce a profound lethargic state.
Earlier, Humphry Davy had reported the results of his research on nitrogen(I) oxide, and
claimed that it appeared capable of destroying physical pain, and might probably be used with
advantage during surgical operations. But neither the application of ether nor of nitrogen(I)
oxide was followed up at this time.

Three Americans are generally credited with the introduction of inhalation anaesthesia. In 1842,
Dr Crawford Long used ether to render a patient unconscious while he removed a cyst from his
neck. In 1844, dentist Horace Wells had one of his own teeth painlessly extracted while under
nitrogen(I) oxide anaesthesia and in 1846, William Morton successfully used ether to
anaesthetise a patient at his dental practice. The era of truly painless operations had begun. In
1847, James Simpson used chloroform (CHCl3) as an anaesthetic for the first time, and for the
remainder of the century chloroform, nitrogen(I) oxide and ether reigned supreme as anaesthetic
agents.

The use of anaesthetics was not, however, without risk. When they were given in sufficiently
large amounts to cause muscle relaxation, the doses were not far removed from those which
caused breathing paralysis, and ether caused gastric irritation and post-operative vomiting.
Chloroform in large, repeated doses, sometimes caused irreversible liver damage. In the early
part of the last century, nitrogen(I) oxide was mainly used for quick operations such as tooth
extraction, where its analgesic (pain-killing) action also came in useful. However, for any but
the most trivial of operations, ether was the anaesthetic of first choice. That said, a significant
number of operations ended in explosions the flammable ether/air mixture would have been
ignited by sparks from switches and other electrical apparatus, and sometimes static discharge
from clothing. The search was on for an agent lacking all the undesirable chemical and
physiological properties associated with ether and chloroform.

142

In 1928, Thomas Midgley came up with the first of the chlorofluoro compounds (CFCs),
dichlorodifluoromethane, which he advocated for use as a heat transfer agent in refrigerators.
Several research chemists coincidentally realized that CFCs, being non-flammable, non-toxic
and volatile might well prove to be promising anaesthetics too. In the mid-1940s,
pharmacologist Benjamin Robbins carried out extensive experiments on 46 potential CFC
anaesthetics and concluded that:
the majority of the CFCs produced anaesthesia;
within a group of related compounds, potency increased with increasing boiling point;
the introduction of a bromine atom increased the safety of an anaesthetic and its potency.

Subsequently, a research chemist, Charles Suckling, working in the ICIs laboratories at Widnes,
was guided by three factors to help him choose potential anaesthetics. First was the inertness of
fluorine in the CF bond, especially in the CF3 and CF2 groups. The CF group also
conferred stability to adjacent CHal bonds. Thus compounds of the type CF 3CHalX2 (X = H
or Hal) should have high chemical stability and thus low toxicity. Second, the CFCs that had a C
H bond were safer than the totally halogenated alkanes. Chemists reasoned that the greater
polar nature of the former species enabled them to interact electrostatically with brain
molecules and thus show anaesthetic effects at lower doses compared with the latter group.
Finally, potential anaesthetics should be able to produce narcosis ("deep sleep") at the lowest
concentrations possible.

Only one compound, halothane, CF3CHBrCl, satisfied all these requirements.

The early 1950s, and the arrival of halothane on the clinical scene, marked the start of an
exciting new era in anaesthesia. Whereas ether had several problems associated with its use,
halothane was a potent inhalation agent with a smooth, pleasant induction for the patient.
Although having no analgesic properties, when used in conjunction with intravenous painkillers
and muscle relaxant drugs, halothane provided ideal conditions for a multitude of surgical
operations, and rapidly became the agent of choice. But was it too good to be true?

Despite its huge popularity and success in the 1960s, warning bells were beginning to ring about
the role of halothane in post-operative liver dysfunction, especially after repeated exposure. In
the face of increasing concern, it became evident that the concept of a safe period between
administrations should be questioned.

143

During the 1980s, the use and popularity of halothane began to wane, while the use of even
safer and cheaper fluorinated agents, such as enflurane and isoflurane, increased. By the early
1990s halothanes use had all but ceased, isoflurane having taken its place.

H
O

Cl F

e n flu ra n e

Cl

H
O

is o flu ra n e
[777 words]

Adapted from Halothane - the first designer anaesthetic by T. Dronsfield, M. Hill and J. Pring, Education in
Chemistry, September 2002

(a)

What is the formula of nitrogen(I) oxide?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Explain the link between the search for good refrigerants and good anaesthetics.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Explain why it was desirable to choose CFCs with CF 2 and CF3 groups as potential
anaesthetics.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

144

(d)

(i)

Suggest why the molecule CF3CH2Cl is more polar than CF3CCl3.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

According to the text, which of these two molecules is likely to be the safer to use
as an anaesthetic? Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

Give the systematic name for halothane.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Estimate the value of the COC bond angle in enflurane.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

129. Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide, MgO.

(a)

Write the equation for the reaction.

................................................................................................................................
(1)

145

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of magnesium oxide. Show all the electrons.

(2)

(c)

Describe the bonding in magnesium. Explain why it is a good conductor of electricity.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

130. (a)

Complete the electronic configuration for calcium, Ca.

2

1s ..........................................................................................................................
(1)

146

(b)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is lower than that of magnesium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes of mass numbers 24, 25 and 26.
(i)

In terms of sub-atomic particles, state ONE similarity and ONE difference between
these isotopes.
Similarity .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Difference .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

147

(ii)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of this sample of
magnesium.
Peak at m/e

24.0

78.6

25.0

10.1

26.0

11.3

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium. Give your answer
to 3 significant figures.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

131. Sodium and chlorine react together in a redox reaction to form sodium chloride, NaCl.
(i)

Write the half equation for

the oxidation of sodium, Na
...............................................................................................................................
the reduction of chlorine, Cl2.
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write the equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

148

132. Silicon reacts with chlorine to produce silicon tetrachloride, as shown in the following equation
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) SiCl4(l)
(a)

(i)

Calculate the mass of silicon tetrachloride obtained from 10.0 g of silicon.

(3)

(ii)

Calculate the minimum volume of chlorine that would be required to react

completely with 10.0 g of silicon.
3

[1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm under the conditions of the experiment]

(2)

149

(b)

Draw a silicon tetrachloride molecule, SiCl 4, showing its three-dimensional shape.

Name the shape and state the bond angle. Explain why the molecule has this shape.
Diagram

Name of shape .............................................................................................................

Bond angle ..............................................
Explanation of shape
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(5)

(c)

(i)

Why are silicon-chlorine bonds polar?

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

150

(ii)

Explain why the silicon tetrachloride molecule has no permanent dipole.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

133. (a)

(i)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the
second ionisation energy of magnesium. Include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(ii)

The graph below shows how the second ionisation energy of six consecutive
elements in the Periodic Table, represented by the letters A to F, varies with
increasing atomic number.

Which of the elements, A to F, could represent magnesium?

..........................................
(1)

151

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in magnesium fluoride.
Include all electrons and the charges on the ions.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

134. (a)

One of the naturally occurring potassium isotopes is

(i)

39

K.

Write down the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom of
39
K. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
protons ......................

electrons ....................

neutrons ....................
(2)

(ii)

Write down the electronic configuration of a potassium atom using s,p,d notation.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

152

(b)

To show that potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, is ionic, the apparatus below can
be used.

The power supply is connected for about 30 minutes.

(i)

Give the formula of the coloured ion present in potassium manganate(VII),

KMnO4.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What would you expect to see after 30 minutes?

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

153

(iii)

The gel was replaced with one containing copper(II) sulphate and the experiment
repeated. Describe and explain what would be seen.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
th

Diagram adapted from Nuffield Advanced Science Chemistry Students Book, 4 Edition, p. 64, Fig. 3.20.

135. This question is about the chemistry of methanol, CH3OH.

(a)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for methanol, showing outer shell electrons only.

(1)

154

(ii)

Textbooks show the displayed formula of methanol as follows

However, this is not a true representation of the shape of the molecule.

Explain why the shape of methanol is not as shown above.
Label the correct value of ONE bond angle on the displayed formula.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

When methanol burns in a poor supply of air, one of the products is carbon monoxide.
A dot and cross diagram of carbon monoxide is shown below.

(i)

Draw the displayed formula for carbon monoxide. Show the TWO types of bond
which are present.

(1)

(ii)

The length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in methanol is 0.143 nm.
Would you expect the length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in carbon
monoxide to be longer, the same or shorter than this? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

155

(c)

The energy of the bond between carbon and oxygen in methanol (the CO bond) can be
calculated from data on enthalpy changes of atomisation.
(i)

Write an equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of one mole of
methanol vapour.

(1)

(ii)

Use the data below to calculate the energy of the CO bond in methanol.

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of methanol vapour, H

at

= +2039 kJ mol

energy of CH bond, E(CH) = +413 kJ mol

1
energy of OH bond, E(OH) = +464 kJ mol

(2)

156

(iii)

Complete a balanced Hess cycle which you can use to calculate the standard

enthalpy change of formation of methanol vapour, H f.

You should use the value of the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of

methanol vapour, H at, given in (ii) and the data on enthalpy changes given
below. Write the correct numerical data beside the arrows in the cycle.
Equation
C(graphite) C(g)
O2(g) O(g)
H2(g) H(g)

Enthalpy change of atomization

1
/kJ mol
+716.7
+249.2
+218.0

Use your cycle to calculate the value of H f for methanol vapour.

(3)

157

(iv)

Methanol is a liquid at room temperature. Would you expect the standard enthalpy
change of formation of liquid methanol to be more or less negative than the value
you calculated in (iii)? Justify your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

Methanol is a liquid at room temperature although alkanes with similar molecular

mass are gases.
Draw a diagram to show a bond between two methanol molecules that causes it to
be a liquid at room temperature.
Give the value of this bond angle on your diagram.

(2)

(d)

Methanol can be manufactured in the following reaction.

CO(g) + 2H2(g)

CH3OH(g)

H = 93.3 kJ mol

Decide whether a high or low temperature and a high or low pressure would give the
greater proportion of methanol at equilibrium. Justify your choice in each case.
Temperature ..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Pressure .........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

158

136. (a)

The table below gives the boiling points of three organic compounds.

(i)

Compound

Boiling point
/K

chloroethane

285

1-chloropropane

320

2-chloropropane

309

Explain why 1-chloropropane has a higher boiling point than chloroethane.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why 1-chloropropane has a higher boiling point than its isomer, 2chloropropane.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Both chloroethane and iodoethane react with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution to
form ethanol. The hydroxide ions act as nucleophiles.
(i)

What is a nucleophile?
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

159

(ii)

Explain why iodoethane reacts faster than chloroethane with aqueous potassium
hydroxide, under the same conditions.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Under what conditions does chloroethane react with potassium hydroxide to form
ethene rather than ethanol?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Name the type of reaction in which ethene is formed from chloroethane.

...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

137. This question is about the element chromium and its compounds.
(a)

(i)

State the full electronic configuration of a chromium atom in the ground state,
using the s,p,d notation.

(1)

160

(ii)

Apart from differing numbers of electrons, how does the ground state electronic
configuration of chromium differ from those of the two adjacent elements in the
Periodic Table, vanadium and manganese? Suggest the reason for this difference.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

2+

Compounds containing the chromium(II) ion, Cr , are unstable in aqueous solution

because they are readily oxidised by oxygen in the air.
State the appropriate electrode potentials and half-cells, and use them to explain why this
oxidation takes place.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

A useful method of stabilising an unstable oxidation state is to form a complex. You may
2+
have prepared chromium(II) ethanoate, Cr 2(CH3CO2)4(H2O)2, where the Cr ion is
stabilised in this way. [Details can be found on pages 464465 of your Students Book.]

161

(i)

Explain how water acts as a monodentate ligand in this complex.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of ligand is the ethanoate ion in this complex?

...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Deduce the number of hydrogen peaks in the NMR spectrum of the complex from
the structural formula Cr2(CH3CO2)4(H2O)2. Justify your answer.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Suggest TWO characteristic absorptions in the infra-red spectrum of the complex.

You should state the bond associated with each absorption and give the
corresponding absorption value in wavenumbers.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

162

(d)

(i)

When first introduced, breathalysers used acidified sodium dichromate(VI) crystals

to detect ethanol on the breath. Using oxidation numbers, or otherwise, balance the
equation for the reaction.

C2H6O +

Na2Cr2O7 +

H2SO4

C2H4O +

Cr2(SO4)3 +

H2O +

Na2SO4

(2)

(ii)

State the colour change you would expect to see if exhaled air containing an
excessive amount of ethanol reacted with the breathalyser chemicals.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

What hazard is associated with the use of sodium dichromate(VI)?

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

138. The element bromine has an atomic number of 35 and has two isotopes of relative isotopic mass
79 and 81.
(a)

(i)

Define the term relative isotopic mass.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

163

(ii)

Complete the table below.

Atom

Number of protons

Number of neutrons

79

Br

81

Br
(3)

(b)

Bromine gas has the formula Br2. When a sample of bromine gas was analysed in a mass
spectrometer, three peaks were obtained of m/e values of 158, 160 and 162.
Give the formulae of the species responsible for the peaks with m/e values 158, 160 and
162.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

139. (a)

Complete the electronic configuration of an

2

Al atom ls ...............................................................................................................
Al

3+

ion ls ................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Describe the structure of aluminium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

164

(c)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

165

140. You may find the following table useful in answering the question below.
Element

Electronegativity

Hydrogen

2.1

Oxygen

3.5

Draw a diagram to show a hydrogen bond between two water molecules and explain why it
forms.
Diagram

Explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)

166

141. (a)

Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).

(2)

(ii)

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State why the solution formed is acidic.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

167

(c)

(i)

Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

142. (a)

Draw diagrams to show how the following bonds are formed from atomic orbitals.

bond

bond

(2)

168

(b)

(i)

State the shape of a methane, CH4, molecule, and explain why it has this shape.
Shape: ...........................................................................................................
Explanation: ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

State the shape of a carbon dioxide, CO2, molecule, and explain why it has this
shape.
Shape: ...........................................................................................................
Explanation: ..................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

143. Give TWO errors in this representation of the simple model of metallic bonding in sodium.

Error 1 .................................................................................................................................
Error 2 .................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

169

144. The table below shows some data for four organic compounds.

(a)

Butane

Propan-1-ol

Propan-2-ol

Propanone

Structural
formula

CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2OH

CH3CH(OH)CH3

CH3COCH3

Number of
electrons per
molecule

34

34

34

32

Boiling
point/C

0.5

97.2

82.4

The molecules of each compound contain a similar number of electrons.

What type of intermolecular forces are likely to be similar in strength?
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Explain why propan-1-ol boils at a higher temperature than

(i)

butane
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

propan-2-ol.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

170

145. (a)

A sample of an element can be analysed using a mass spectrometer. State how the
following are achieved in this instrument:
(i)

ionisation.......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

deflection.......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................

(b)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of gallium.
Peak at m/e

69.0

60.4

71.0

39.6

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of gallium, to 3 significant figures.

(2)

171

(c)

An atom contains five protons and five neutrons.

(i)

Give the symbol for this atom, including the mass number.
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of this atom.

2

1s ..................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Give the formula of the compound formed between this element and chlorine.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

146. Phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, can be formed by the reaction of phosphorus and chlorine.
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(s)
(a)

(i)

Calculate the maximum mass of phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3, which could be

obtained from 93.0 g of phosphorus.

(3)

172

(ii)

Calculate the minimum volume of chlorine required to react completely with

93.0 g of phosphorus.
3
[One mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm under the conditions of the
experiment].

(2)

(iii)

Identify the oxidising agent in the above reaction and explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of PCl 3.

(2)

173

(ii)

Draw the predicted shape of a PCl3 molecule and mark on the diagram a value for
the bond angle.

(2)

(c)

Suggest the name for the shape of the PCl4 ion.

...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

174

147. (a)

State the type of bonding in the following substances and draw diagrams to illustrate their
3-dimensional structures.
Diamond
Bonding ..............................................................
Diagram

(3)

(b)

Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

148. (a)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

175

(ii)

State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energy across the period
sodium to argon of the Periodic Table.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

(i)

Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second electron
affinity of nitrogen is measured.
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why the second electron affinity of any element is endothermic.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

149. An isotope of the element bohrium,

there in a nucleus of this isotope?

267
107 Bh

, was recently discovered. How many neutrons are

...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

176

150. Write the electron configuration of a magnesium atom, using the s, p, d notation.
................................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

151. The industrial processes involved in the production of poly(chloroethene) are summarised in the
flow chart:
ethane ethene 1,2-dichloroethane chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
(a)

(i)

Ethane is converted to ethene by dehydrogenation.

Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this equilibrium reaction.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why conditions of high pressure are less favourable for ethene production.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Draw a labelled diagram of an ethene molecule, showing the electron density distribution
in the and bonds between the carbon atoms.

(2)

177

(c)

Give a chemical test which would distinguish between ethane and ethene.
State the result of your test with ethene.
Test ..............................................................................................................................
Result ...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

1,2-dichloroethane is formed from ethene by reaction with chlorine.

State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
Type ...................................................................................................................................
Mechanism .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

152. Phosphine, PH3, is a hydride of the Group 5 element, phosphorus.

(a)

(i)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of a phosphine molecule. You should include only

outer shell electrons.

(1)

(ii)

Draw the shape you would expect for the phosphine molecule, suggesting a value
for the HPH bond angle.

HPH bond angle .......................................................................................................

(2)

178

(iii)

Explain the shape of the phosphine molecule you have given in your answer in (ii).
Justify your value for the HPH bond angle.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of

phosphine gas.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use your answer to (i) and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of phosphine at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.

H f[PH3(g)]

=+

5.4 kJ mol

H at[H2(g)] = +218.0 kJ mol

H at[P(s)]

= +314.6 kJ mol

1
1
1

(3)

179

(iii)

Calculate a value for the bond energy of the bond between phosphorus and
hydrogen, using your answer to (ii).

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

153. This question is about phosphine, PH3, and ammonia, NH3.

(a)

Which compound has the stronger van der Waals forces?

Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

The boiling points of ammonia and phosphine are:

Ammonia
Phosphine

240 K
185 K

Name the intermolecular force responsible for the higher boiling point of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

180

(ii)

Use displayed formulae to show this intermolecular bond between two ammonia
molecules.
Clearly mark and label the bond angle between the molecules.

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

154. (a)

Complete the electronic configurations of the following noble gases.

(i)

Neon: 1s .....................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Krypton: 1s .................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Explain whether krypton or neon has the higher boiling temperature.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

181

(c)

A mass spectrometer can be used to analyse a sample of a certain element.

Explain how each of the following is achieved in a mass spectrometer.
(i)

Ionisation: .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Acceleration: .................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Deflection: ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

155. (a)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Give the symbol, including the atomic number and mass number, of the isotope whose
14
nucleus contains two more protons and three more neutrons than the isotope 7 N .
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

182

(c)

The table below shows the first five successive ionisation energy values for an element.
Ionisation energy

Value/kJ mol

st

577

nd

1820

rd

2740

th

11600

th

14800

1
2

4
5

Use this data, and the Periodic Table, to suggest an element which could have produced
these results. Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

156. (a)

Deduce the oxidation number of iodine in the following species.

(i)

I2O7 .............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

IO 4 ..............................................................................................................................
(1)

183

(b)

2+

Iodine, I2, can be reduced to iodide ions, I , by tin(II) ions, Sn , which are themselves
4+

oxidised to tin(IV) ions, Sn .

(i)

Construct the oxidation and reduction half-equations for the above system.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Use the above half-equations to construct the overall ionic equation for the
reaction.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

157. (a)

Define the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer, and suggest which element
in Group 7 is the strongest oxidising agent.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Chlorine can react with hydroxide ions to produce chloride ions, chlorate(l) ions and
water.
(i)

Write the ionic equation for this reaction. There is no need to include state symbols.
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of reaction is taking place in (b)(i)?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

184

(c)

(i)

Write an equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and solid
sodium chloride.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State ONE observation that you would make.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Draw the shapes of the following molecules, and mark on the diagram the value of the
bond angles in each case.
(i)

BCl3

(2)

185

(ii)

PCl5

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

158. Explain each of the following.

Silicon and phosphorus are both covalent substances, but silicon has a much higher melting
temperature than phosphorus.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)

186

159. (a)

State the meaning of the following terms:

(i)

electrophile;
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

free radical;
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

nucleophile.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Classify the following reactions:

(i)

chloroethane with aqueous sodium hydroxide;

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

ethane with chlorine;

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

ethene with hydrogen bromide.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

187

160. (a)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for a magnesium ion.

Show ALL the electrons present and give the charge on this ion.

(2)

(b)

Why do salts containing magnesium ions give no colour in a flame test?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

161. The element gallium has two isotopes.

69
31 Ga

(a)

(i)

71
31 Ga

State ONE similarity and ONE difference between these two isotopes in terms of
the numbers of their fundamental particles.
Similarity ..........................................................................................................
Difference .........................................................................................................
(2)

188

(ii)

The molar mass of a sample of gallium is 69.8 g mol .

Calculate the percentage abundance of the isotope

69
31 Ga

in the sample.

(2)

(b)

The first four ionisation energies of gallium are plotted below.

(i)

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium.

(2)

189

(ii)

Why is there a general rise in the ionisation energy as successive electrons are
removed?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why there is a comparatively large increase in value between the third and
fourth ionisation energies.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Suggest the formula of gallium chloride.

(You may find it helpful to refer to the Periodic Table.)
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Gallium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution containing ions.

Suggest an experiment to show that the solution contains ions. State the result you
would expect.
Experiment .......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Result ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

190

162. This question is about the compounds of Group 6 elements with hydrogen.
The table below shows some of the boiling points and molar masses of these hydrides.
Hydride

(a)

Boiling point /K

Mass of 1 mole /g

Water, H2O

18

Hydrogen sulphide, H2S

212

34

Hydrogen selenide, H2Se

232

Hydrogen telluride, H2Te

271

130

What is the mass of one mole of hydrogen selenide, H 2Se?

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

(1)

191

(b)

(i)

Plot a graph of the boiling points of the three hydrides H2S, H2Se, and H2Te against
their molar masses.

300

250

T e m p e ra tu re
/K

200

150

20

40

60

80

100

120

M a s s o f 1 m o le / g
(2)

192

(ii)

Why do the boiling points of these hydrides increase as the molar mass increases?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Use your graph to predict the boiling point of water if it were to follow the pattern
of the other three hydrides.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What causes the boiling point of water to be 373 K, rather than your answer in (i)?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why this arises in water and not in the other hydrides.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Give the names of TWO other hydrides which, like water, have boiling points
higher than you would expect.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

193

(d)

Give TWO properties of water, other than high melting and boiling points, which are
brought about by the strong intermolecular forces between water molecules.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

163. (a)

State the meaning of the terms

(i)

relative atomic mass

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

mass number
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

isotopes
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

194

(b)

The isotopic composition of a sample of sulphur is found using a mass spectrometer.

(i)

Explain how atoms of the sample of sulphur are ionised.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the type of charge on the sulphur ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State how the resulting sulphur ions are then accelerated.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

For a particular sample of sulphur atoms the following isotopic composition was
recorded.
Isotope

Percentage composition

32

95.00

33

0.76

34

4.24

S
S
S

195

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of sulphur. Give your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)

(d)

Predict the electronic configuration of a

34

S atom, using s, p and d notation.

1s .........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

164. (a)

State and explain the trend in the boiling temperatures of the noble gases.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

196

The graph below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 of the
Periodic Table, sodium to argon, plotted against atomic number.

1800

m e ltin g te m p e r a tu r e / K

(b)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

N a

M g

Al

Si

C l

Ar

e le m e n t

(i)

Identify one of the elements above that is composed of simple molecules at room
temperature.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Silicon has a giant atomic structure. Explain how this structure results in the high
melting temperature shown on the graph.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

197

(iii)

Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

165. (a)

State the shape of a water molecule and explain why it has this shape.
Shape .....................................................................................................................
Explanation ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Predict the shape of the H3O ion and draw a diagram to illustrate its shape.
Shape ....................................................................................................................
Diagram

(2)

198

(c)

(i)

Use water as an example to explain what is meant by the term hydrogen bond.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

State the difference in density between solid ice and liquid water and describe how
the presence of hydrogen bonds accounts for this.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

166. (a)

(i)

A fluoride of phosphorus, Y, contains 24.6% by mass of phosphorus and has a

1
molar mass of 126 g mol . Deduce the molecular formula of Y.
(4)

(ii)

Draw the shape of a molecule of compound Y. Show the values of the bond angles
on the diagram.
(3)

(iii)

Compound Y was converted into the ion PF6 . Draw and name the shape of PF6
and suggest a value for the bond angles.

(3)

199

(b)

(i)

Consider the following data, which shows the formulae and boiling temperatures of
the Group 7 hydrides.
Group 7 hydride

Boiling temperature/C

HF

19

HCl

85

HBr

68

HI

35

Suggest why hydrogen fluoride, HF, has the highest boiling temperature of the
Group 7 hydrides.
(3)

(c)

When hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water a solution of a weak acid is formed. Write
the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for hydrogen fluoride. Calculate the
3

value of Ka, with units, given that a 0.150 mol dm solution of hydrogen fluoride has a
pH of 2.04.
(5)
(Total 18 marks)

167. (a)

An atom of gallium has mass number 69.

Complete the table to show the number of sub-atomic particles in this gallium atom.
Electrons

Neutrons

Protons

(2)

200

(b)

The mass spectrum of a sample of gallium is shown below.

60
R e la tiv e
abundance
40
20
69

71

M a s s / c h a rg e ra tio

What is the average relative atomic mass of gallium in this sample? Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

(c)

What type of bonding would you expect to find in gallium?

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

168. (a)

A few crystals of potassium bromide were dissolved in water in a test tube. A few
drops of aqueous chlorine solution were then added and a colour change was observed.
(i)

What colour are potassium bromide crystals?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What colour was the solution after the chlorine solution had been added?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

201

(iii)

Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction of bromide ions with chlorine
solution.
Do not include spectator ions in your equation.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

What would you expect to see if the contents of the test tube were shaken with a
small quantity of a hydrocarbon solvent and then allowed to settle?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Hydrogen bromide can be made by bubbling hydrogen sulphide gas into liquid
bromine.
The equation for the reaction is:
2H2S(g) + 3Br2(l) 4HBr(g) + S2Br2(l)
Two elements show changes in oxidation number during this reaction.
Identify these elements, stating their original and final oxidation numbers.

First element.......................................
Initial oxidation number.............. Final oxidation number .........................
Second element ..................................
Initial oxidation number.............. Final oxidation number .........................
(3)

(ii)

The equation shows that 2 moles of hydrogen sulphide molecules react with 3
moles of bromine molecules. Show how your answers to (i) agree with this ratio.

(1)

202

(c)

The boiling points of three hydrogen halides are given in the following table:

(i)

Compound

Boiling point
/K

HF

293

HBr

206

HI

238

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling point than hydrogen bromide.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why hydrogen fluoride has a higher boiling point than either hydrogen
bromide or hydrogen iodide.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Predict the boiling point, in K, of hydrogen chloride.

Justify your prediction.
Predicted boiling point.........................
Justification ......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

203

169. The quality of written communication will be assessed in this question. To gain full marks
you must explain your ideas clearly using equations and diagrams where appropriate.
This question is about hydroxylamine, NH2OH.
Hydroxylamine can be thought of as being derived from ammonia, NH3, by the replacement of
one hydrogen atom by a hydroxyl, OH, group.
(a)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for hydroxylamine.

Use it to predict the HNH and NOH bond angles.

HNH bond angle .......................................................................................................

NOH bond angle .......................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

(i)

What would you expect the pH of an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine to be?

Justify your answer and write an equation for the equilibrium reaction between
water and hydroxylamine.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Would you expect hydroxylamine to form complexes with transition metal ions?
Justify your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

204

(c)

The following experiment was carried out to determine the equation for the reaction
3+
between iron(III) ions, Fe (aq), and hydroxylamine, NH2OH(aq).
3

250 cm of an aqueous solution, containing 0.370 g of hydroxylamine, was prepared

3
using a volumetric flask. 25.0 cm of this solution was reacted with excess acidified
iron(III) sulphate solution.
The iron(II) ions produced were converted back to iron(III) ions by titrating with
potassium manganate(VII) solution. The equation for this reaction is:
2+

3+

2+

5Fe (aq) + MnO 4 (aq) + 8H (aq) 5Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)

3

22.4 cm of 0.0200 mol dm potassium manganate(VII) was required.

(i)

How can you detect the end-point of this titration?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of iron(II) ions which reacted with the 22.4 cm of
potassium manganate(VII) solution. This will also be the number of moles of
iron(III) ions which reacted with the hydroxylamine.

(1)

(iii)

How many moles of hydroxylamine were present in the 25.0 cm of solution used
in the titration?

(1)

205

(iv)

Use your answers to (ii) and (iii) to deduce the number of moles of iron(III) ions
which react with one mole of hydroxylamine.

(1)

(v)

What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in hydroxylamine?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(vi)

Use oxidation numbers and the number of moles reacting, to show which of the
following nitrogen products, NO, N2O, N2O4, N2, and NH3, is likely to form in the
reaction between hydroxylamine and iron(III) ions.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(vii) Hence, write a balanced equation for this reaction.

(1)

206

(d)

Write a cell diagram for the redox reaction between manganate(VII) ions and iron(II)
ions.

2+

5Fe (aq) + MnO 4 (aq) + 8H (aq)

3+

2+

5Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)

Calculate E and comment on the position of equilibrium.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

170. (a)

(i)

Complete the electronic configuration of calcium.

2

1s ....................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom of chlorine.

..
(1)

(b)

(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with chlorine to produce
calcium chloride.
..
(1)

207

(ii)

Name the type of bonding in calcium chloride.

..
(1)

(iii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for calcium chloride showing all the outer electrons.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

171. (a)

State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a

protons:

neutrons:

7
Li
3

ion.
electrons:
(3)

(b)

The mass spectrum of lithium shows two peaks. Their mass/charge ratios and
percentage abundance are shown below.
Mass/charge

% Abundance

6.02

7.39

7.02

92.61

Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your answer to three
significant figures.

(2)

208

(c)

Describe a test that you would do to distinguish between solid lithium chloride and
solid sodium chloride. Clearly state what you would do and what you would see with
both substances.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(Total 8.marks)

172. Both magnesium metal and molten magnesium chloride conduct electricity, but solid
magnesium chloride does not.
(a)

Describe the structure of magnesium metal and explain why the solid conducts electricity.
..
..
..
..
(3)

(b)

Describe, in terms of the position and motion of the particles, what happens when
some solid magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is heated from room temperature to just above
its melting temperature.
..
..
..
..
..
..
(4)

209

(c)

Explain why magnesium chloride can conduct electricity when molten, but not
when solid.
..
..
..
..
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

173. Nitrogen and phosphorus are in the same group of the Periodic Table. Phosphorus and hydrogen
form the compound phosphine, PH3, and nitrogen and hydrogen form ammonia, NH3.
(a)

(i)

State the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons in a molecule of
phosphine.
Bond pairs of electrons: ..................... Lone pairs of electrons: ....................
(2)

(ii)

Use your answer to (i) to draw the shape of the molecule and indicate on your
diagram the approximate HPH bond angle that you would expect.

(2)

(b)

The boiling temperature of ammonia is 33 C and that of phosphine 88C.

(i)

List all the intermolecular forces that exist between molecules of ammonia.
....
....
....
....
(2)

210

(ii)

Explain why the boiling temperature of phosphine is lower than that for ammonia.
....
....
....
....
(2)

(c)

Ammonia forms a dative covalent bond with H ions to form the ammonium ion, NH4 .
(i)

Explain what is meant by the term dative covalent bond.

....
....
(2)

(ii)

What part of the ammonia molecule enables it to form such a bond?

....
(1)

(iii)

State and explain the shape of the ammonium ion, NH4 .

....
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

174. (a)

The first ionisation energy of potassium is +419 kJ mol

1
is +496 kJ mol .
(i)

and that of sodium

Define the term first ionisation energy.

....
....
....
(3)

211

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is only a little less than the
first ionisation energy of sodium.
....
....
....
....
....
(3)

(b)

Potassium forms a superoxide, KO2. This reacts with carbon dioxide according to the
equation:
4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g) 2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
Carbon dioxide gas was reacted with 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.
(i)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of KO2 in 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide that would react with 4.56 g
of potassium superoxide.

(1)

212

(iii)

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, in dm , that would react with 4.56 g of
3
potassium superoxide. Assume that 1.00 mol of a gas occupies 24 dm under the
conditions of the experiment.

(1)

(iv)

What volume of oxygen gas, in dm , measured under the same conditions of

pressure and temperature, would be released?

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

175. A sample of titanium (atomic number 22) is made up of five isotopes. The sample has the
following percentage composition:
Mass number

% composition

46

8.0

47

7.3

48

74.0

49

5.5

50

5.2

213

(a)

(i)

What is the average relative atomic mass of titanium? Give your answer to three
significant figures.

(2)

(ii)

What instrument would have been used to find this percentage composition?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the electronic configuration of a titanium atom, using s p d notation.

............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Name the part of the Periodic Table where titanium appears.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Titanium occurs naturally as rutile, TiO2. One possible method of obtaining pure titanium
is to heat rutile with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s) Ti(s) + 2CO(g)
(i)

What type of reaction is this?

............................................................................................................................
(1)

214

(ii)

Calculate H for this reaction given that

Hf [TiO2(s)] = 940 kJ mol

Hf [CO(g)] = 110 kJ mol

Include a sign and units in your answer.

(3)

(iii)

Name the law you have used in your calculation.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

When titanium is manufactured by this method, explain what pollution problem

arises.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

176. This question is about nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, which are
covalent compounds. Van der Waals attractions and permanent dipoledipole attractions exist
between molecules of both compounds in the liquid state.
(a)

(i)

Describe how van der Waals attractions are caused.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

215

(ii)

In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be greater van der Waals
attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be the greater permanent
dipoledipole attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

The boiling point of nitrogen trichloride is much higher than that of nitrogen
trifluoride. How might this be explained in terms of the two types of intermolecular
attractions?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The standard enthalpy change for the formation of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride is
1
125 kJ mol .
1
2

N2 (g) + 1 2 F2 (g) NF3 (g) H f = 125 kJ mol

The standard molar enthalpy changes of atomisation of nitrogen, N 2, and of fluorine, F2,
are given below.
Hat/kJ mol
1
2

1
2

N2 (g) N (g)

+ 473

F2 (g) F (g)

+ 79

216

This information can be represented on a Hess cycle in the following way, and then used
to calculate bond energies.

(i)

Insert formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
appropriate boxes.
(1)

(ii)

Insert arrows between the boxes and write the correct numerical data alongside
the appropriate arrows.
(2)

(iii)

Use the cycle to calculate the N

F bond energy in nitrogen trifluoride.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

217

177. (a)

Draw the shape of each of the following molecules and mark on the diagram a value for
the bond angle in each case.
(i)

CH4

(2)

(ii)

NH3

(2)

(iii)

BeCl2

(2)

218

(b)

Name the strongest type of intermolecular force present in separate samples of each of the
following substances:
(i)

CH4
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

HF
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

State and explain which of the substances CH4 and HF has the higher boiling
temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

178. (a)

Complete the following table:

Particle

Relative charge

Proton
Electron
Neutron

Relative mass
1

1
1
(3)

219

(b)

State the number of each of the above particles present in one molecule of CH 4, showing
clearly how you arrive at your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Complete the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom.

2

1s ............................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Give the formula of the chlorine species composed of 17 protons, 20 neutrons and 16
electrons.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Write one equation in each case to represent the change occurring when the following
quantities are measured.
(i)

The first electron affinity of sulphur.

............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The first ionisation energy of sulphur.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

220

(f)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sulphur.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

179. (i)

On the following diagram of a water molecule draw partial charges on each atom to show
the bond polarities:

O
H

(ii)

(1)

Explain why a water molecule has the partial charges you have drawn.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain whether or not a water molecule is polar overall.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

180. (a)

(i)

What is meant by the mass number of an atom?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

221

(ii)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

What are isotopes?

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Magnesium has three isotopes. The mass spectrum of magnesium shows peaks at m/e 24
(78.60%), 25 (10.11%), and 26 (11.29%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of
magnesium to 4 significant figures.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

181. (a)

Define the term first ionisation energy for magnesium.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

222

The logarithm of successive ionisation energies for magnesium is plotted in the graph
below.
L o g io n is a tio n e n e r g y /k J m o l 1

(b)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
N u m b e r o f e le c tro n re m o v e d

Explain what this graph tells you about the electron arrangement in the magnesium atom.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Give the full electronic configuration of magnesium using the s,p,d notation.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why all isotopes of magnesium have the same chemical properties.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

223

182. (a)

Boron forms the chloride BCl3. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for BCl3.

(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw the shape of the BCl3 molecule.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why BCl3 has this shape.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

The B Cl bond is polar due to the different electronegativity of the atoms.

Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

224

(2)

(ii)

The B

Cl bond is polar. Explain why BCl3 is not a polar molecule.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

183. (a)

(i)

State how a flame test would distinguish between samples of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2 and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain the origin of the flame colour.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Write the equation for the action of heat on barium nitrate.

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

What is meant by the term polarising power as applied to cations?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

225

(ii)

Give two factors which affect the polarising power of cations.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Use this information to explain why it is easier to decompose magnesium nitrate

than barium nitrate by heating.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

184. In the Periodic Table, where elements are arranged by atomic number, chlorine is a p-block
element whereas manganese, a transition element, is in the d-block.
(a)

(i)

Define the term atomic number.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Define the term d-block element

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

226

(iii)

Define the term transition element.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The electron configuration of chlorine is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Write the electron

configuration for manganese in a similar manner.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Define the terrm first ionisation energy of chlorine.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Sketch the pattern you would expect to see in a plot of successive ionisation
energies of chlorine against the number of electrons removed.

Io n is a tio n
e n e rg y

10

12

14

16

N u m b e r o f e le c tro n s r e m o v e d
(3)

227

(d)

Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce

chlorine, water and a salt. The salt has a composition of 43.7% manganese and 56.3%
chlorine by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of the salt.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

185. Methane, CH4, chloromethane, CH3Cl, and methanol, CH3OH, have molecules with similar
shapes but they have different boiling temperatures.
Compound

Boiling temperature
/C

Methane

162

Chloromethane

24

Methanol

+65

228

(a)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in chloromethane. You need only
draw the outer electrons of the atoms.

(2)

(b)

Draw a diagram to show the shape of the chloromethane molecule and explain why it has
this shape.

.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the boiling temperature of chloromethane is higher than that of methane.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)

229

(d)

Explain why the boiling temperature of methanol is higher than that of chloromethane.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

186. (a)

When the Group 2 element calcium is added to water, calcium hydroxide and hydrogen
are produced.
Write an equation for the reaction.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as the atomic mass
of the metal increases.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy, and write an equation to represent the
change occurring when the first ionisation energy of calcium is measured.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)

230

(ii)

State and explain the trend in the first ionisation energy of the Group 2 elements.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

187. (a)

When a sample of copper is analysed using a mass spectrometer, its atoms are ionised and
then accelerated.
(i)

Explain how the atoms of the sample are ionised.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State how the resulting ions are then accelerated.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

For a particular sample of copper two peaks were obtained in the mass spectrum.

(i)

Peak at m/e

Relative abundance

63

69.1

65

30.9

Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 65.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

231

(ii)

State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65, were obtained in the mass
spectrum.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper, using the table of
results above.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

188. Deduce and draw the shapes of the following molecules or ions. Suggest a value for the bond
angle in each case. Give a brief explanation of why each has the shape you give.
(a)

SF6

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

PH3

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

232

(c)

PF 4

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

189. (a)

(i)

Define the terms:

atomic number ...............................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
mass number .................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Identify the particle which contains 11 protons, 12 neutrons and 10 electrons.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

233

(b)

Bromine consists of two isotopes, mass numbers 79 and 81. A sample of bromine gas,
Br2, was examined in a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum showing the molecular
ions is given below.

100
R e la tiv e
in te n s ity
50

158

(i)

160
m /e

162

Identify the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 160.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Deduce the relative abundances of the two isotopes,

(2)

(c)

Define the term first electron affinity for bromine atoms, illustrating your answer with
an equation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

234

(d)

The graph showing the variation of the first ionisation energies of the elements neon to
potassium is given below.
2500
2000
F irs t
io n is a tio n
1500
e n e rg y /k J m o l1
1000
500
0

(i)

N e N a M g A l Si P S C l A r K

Define the term first ionisation energy with reference to neon.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the elements sodium to
argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than the first ionisation
energy of argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

235

190. Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals.
(a)

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial
rubber which has the following composition by mass.
Hydrogen 11.1%

Carbon 88.9%

(3)

(b)

The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are:

Hydrogen chloride

85C

Hydrogen iodide

35C

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Draw and explain the shapes of:

(i)

the PH3 molecule;

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

236

(ii)

the AlH4 ion.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room

temperature and pressure.
(The molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure should be taken as 2.4
4
3
1
23
1
10 cm mol . The Avogadro constant is 6.0 10 mol .)

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

191. (a)

Define:
(i)

the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, C6H6(l);

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

237

(ii)

the standard enthalpy of combustion of benzene, C6H6(l).

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, C 6H6(l), using the following
enthalpy of combustion data:
Substance

H c /kJ mol

C6H6(l)

3273

H2(g)

286

C(s)

394

(3)

238

(c)

If the standard enthalpy of formation is calculated from average bond enthalpy data
assuming that benzene has three C==C and three CC bonds, its value is found to be
1
+215 kJ mol .
Explain, with reference to the structure and stability of benzene, why this value differs
from that calculated in (b). Use an enthalpy level diagram to illustrate your answer.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

Benzene reacts with bromine when gently warmed in the presence of a catalyst of
anhydrous iron(III) bromide.
(i)

The reaction is first order with respect to benzene and first order with respect to
bromine. Write the rate equation for the reaction.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The mechanism of this reaction involves an attack by Br followed by loss of H .

S te p 1 .
B r+

B r

B r

S te p 2 .

Br

+H

239

Deuterium, symbol D, is an isotope of hydrogen, and the CD bond is slightly

stronger than the CH bond. If step 2 were the rate-determining (slower) step,
suggest how the rate of this reaction would alter if deuterated benzene, C 6D6, were
used instead of ordinary benzene, C6H6, and explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

192. (a)

(i)

Draw dot and cross diagrams to show the electronic structure of the ammonia and
of the boron trifluoride molecules. Hence deduce their shapes and suggest values
for the HNH and FBF bond angles in these molecules.
(5)

(ii)

Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces involved, the variation of the boiling
temperatures of the Group 5 hydrides listed below.
Hydride

Boiling Temperature/ K

Ammonia, NH3

240

Phosphine, PH3

183

Arsine, AsH3

218

Stibine, SbH3

256
(5)

(b)

When ammonia and boron trifluoride are mixed, an addition compound, H3NBF3, is
formed.
(i)

Suggest how the nitrogen-boron bond forms between the two molecules in the
addition compound.
(1)

(ii)

Suggest how the HNH and the FBF bond angles would change when the addition
compound forms.
(2)

240

(c)

One of the early rocket fuels was hydrazine. It burns in oxygen as follows:
H2NNH2(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
4

When 1.00 kg of hydrazine is burnt in excess oxygen 1.83 10 kJ of heat energy is

released. Use this and the average bond enthalpies below to calculate the NN bond
enthalpy.

Bond

Bond enthalpy
1
/kJ mol

Bond

Bond enthalpy
1
/kJ mol

NH

+388

O==O

+496

NN

+944

HO

+463
(4)
(Total 17 marks)

193. Consider the following shapes

Indicate by a letter (A, B, C or D) the shape of the following ions or molecules:

(i)

H2O ................................

(ii)

NH3 ................................

(iii)

CO2 ................................

(iv)

CO 3 .............................

(Total 4 marks)

241

194. (a)

Complete the table below.

E le m e n t

C h lo rin e

B ro m in e

Io d in e

S ta te a t ro o m
te m p e ra tu re

so lid

C o lo u r

g re y

W h a t w o u ld b e
s e e n o n a d d in g
to a n a q u e o u s
s o lu tio n o f
p o ta s s iu m
io d id e
(6)

(b)

Solid iodine has a simple covalent molecular structure.

(i)

Define the term covalent bond.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain how the covalent structure iodine leads to it having a low melting
temperature (114 C).
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

242

The diagram below shows a plot of boiling temperature against relative molecular mass
for four halides, HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.

B o ilin g te m p e r a t u r e /K

(c)

(i)

3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

5
3
1
9
7
5
3
1
9
7
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

H F

H C l

H Br
H I
R e la tiv e m o le c u la r m a s s

Explain the increase in the boiling temperature from hydrogen chloride, HCl, to
hydrogen iodide, HI.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why the boiling temperature if hydrogen fluoride, HF, is higher than the
boiling temperature of hydrogen chloride, HCl.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

243

195. (a)

Iron has several isotopes. One of them has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d 4s , an
atomic number of 26 and a mass number of 56.
(i)

Which of these pieces of information would be the most use in helping a chemist
decide on the likely chemical reactions of iron?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State how many of each of the following particles is found in an atom of

Protons ................

electrons ................

56

Fe.

neutrons ................
(2)

(iii)

What are isotopes?

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The relative atomic mass of a sample of iron may be found by using a mass spectrometer
to determine the isotopic composition.
(i)

The diagram below represents a low-resolution mass spectrometer in which four

areas have been identified. State what happens in each of these areas.

S a m p le
(+ )

To vacuum pum p

244

Area A ..............................................................................................................
Area B ..............................................................................................................
Area C ..............................................................................................................
Area D ..............................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

In such a determination the following isotopic composition was found.

Isotope

Percentage composition

54

5.8

56

91.6

57

2.2

58

0.33

Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of iron, giving your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

245

196. Consider the following data for the hydrides of the Group 4 elements.
element

formula of
hydride

boiling temperature
/K

relative molecular
mass

carbon

CH4

109

16

silicon

SiH4

161

32

germanium

GeH4

185

77

tin

SnH4

221

123

lead

PbH4

246

(a)

Represent the trend in the boiling temperature with relative molecular mass for these
hydrides.

350
B o ilin g
te m p e ra tu re
/K
300

250

200

150

100

50

50

100

150

200

250

R e la tiv e m o le c u la r m a s s
(2)

(b)

(i)

Account for the increase in boiling temperature as the relative molecular mass
increases.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

247

(ii)

Use your diagram in (a) to suggest a likely value for the boiling temperature of
PbH4.
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

PbH4 is actually thermally unstable and unlikely to have the boiling temperature
you have suggested. Suggest why PbH4 is thermally unstable
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Predict the shape of a molecule of SiH4 and justify your prediction.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

248

(ii)

The successive ionisation energies of silicon are given in the table below.
number of ionisation

ionisation energy/kJ mol

789

1580

3230

4360

16100

19800

23800

29200

33900

10

38800

11

45900

12

505000

13

235000

14

258000

-1

Use these data to deduce the electronic structure of silicon.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

197. (a)

Give the principles which enable you to predict the shape of a particular molecule, given
its formula. Draw dot-and-cross diagrams for SiCl 4 and XeF4, and hence draw the shapes
of each of these molecules.
(6)

249

(b)

When 2-bromopropanoic acid, CH3CH(Br)COOH, is reacted with sodium hydroxide in

aqueous solution, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is formed. The reaction takes place by an S nI
mechanism.
(i)

Write an equation for the reaction between 2-bromopropanoic acid and hydroxide
ions.
(1)

(ii)

Explain why 2-bromopropanoioc acid can show optical isomerism. State how this
could be detected.
(2)

(iii)

If a single optical isomer of 2-bromopropanoic acid is reacted with sodium

hydroxide, the resulting 2-hydroxypropanoic acid mixture is not optically active.
Write a reaction mechanism for the reaction, and explain why optical activity is
lost.
(5)

(c)

Optical activity is not confined to organic compounds; chirality is also seen in some
chromium compounds. 1,2-diaminoethane, H2NCH2CH2NH2, forms an octahedral
complex with chromium (III) ion. This complex ion [Cr(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]
and the structure of one isomer is shown below.

3+

is chiral,

N
N

N
C r+

N
N

where 1,2-diaminoethane is shown as N

N.

Sketch the structure of the other isomer and say why the complex ion is chiral.
(2)

250

(d)

A student was given a chromium compound Z to analyse. The following information was
obtained:
Z was orange;
a solution of Z acidified with sulphuric acid converted propan 2-ol to propanone;
a solution of Z, acidified with sulphuric acid, reacted with a solution of iron(II) ions in
a 1 : 6 molar ration Z:Fe

2+

to give a green solution;

on heating an alkaline solution of Z, ammonia was evolved;

Account as fully as you can for the above observations and identify Z.
(9)
(Total 25 marks)

251