MATERIAL

DERIVATIVE: Df = f + v f (Lagr. ROC = Eul. + conv. ROC)

Dt

STEADY FLOW: = 0 => Streamlines are constant => pathlines=streaklines

CONTINUOUS FLOW: v(x,t) is continuous and finite. v and v are finite.

INCOMPRESIBLE FLOW: D / Dt

MATERIAL VOLUME: Cons. Of Mass:

Cons. Of Mom.: d
dt

= 0

d
d
m=
dt
dt

dV = 0
Vm

d
dt

( )

df x, t

+ ( f v) dV
dt

f (x, t )dV =
V

D
u
u v w
+ v = 0 v = 0 = i =
+ +
Dt
xi x y z
2nd KTT (All flows, material volume, mass conserved)

d
dt

GdV =
Vm

Vm

DG
dV
Dt
Momentum Eqn for fluid in differential form.

EULER EQUATION (from C.O.P.)

$ v '
Dv
= & + v v ) = F +
Dt
% t
(

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS At Rest: ij

- In Motion: ij
Where

ij

= ps ij (Kroenecker delta: 1 or 0)

= ps ij + ij (static, isotropic pressure + dynamic stress)

" u u %
" u %
= $$ i + j '' + $ l 'ij for isotropic fluids
# xl &
# x j xi &

(=dynamic visc. coeff. and =bulk elasticity; 2nd part = 0 for Newt. fluids)

NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS (Use with cont. eqn for incompr. Newt. flow)

!
!
! 1 !
Dv v ! ! 1
=
+ v v =
P + 2 v + F (where = /)
Dt
t

2u 2u 2u 1 !
Du u
u
u
u 1 P
=
+u +v +w =
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + Fx
Dt t
x
y
z
x
y
z
x

Boundary conditions:
Kinematic (position/velocity/etc.) - On an imperm. boundary, u and v
are equal (no flux and no slip on boundary)
Dynamic specify pressure/stress/etc. Continuity requires:
Pressure/Tension of environment = P/T of fluid +P/T of interface
Body Forces - Putting gravity into N-S, where Total P = Dyn P gz

!
!
Dv
= Pd + 2 v
Dt

Surface Tension, is (Tension Forces/Length) (Surface Energy/Area)

In 2D: P = / R In 3D: P = 1/ R + 1/ R

IDEAL FLOW- incompr. and invisid, governed by continuity eqn and N-S:

v ! ! 1
D
+ v v =
P gj
= 0; = 0 becomes:
t

Dt
Boundary conditions difference:
Kinematic no flux still applies but free slip doesnt because viscosity=0

VORTICITY (curl of velocity):

with uniform :

= v For viscous, incompr. flow

!
!
!
D
2 !
= ( )v + 2 and in 2D: =
Dt

( = flow + viscosity/diffusion, but in 2D there is no room to stretch)

!
For rotation with , = 2

Kelvins Thm (C.O.A.M.): For IFCF, d/dt = 0 on a streamline. Vol is const.

VORTEX STRUCTURES
Vortex line is always tangent to circulation. Vorticity cannot stop (infinite
tube or closed loop) except if viscosity is present.
There is no net vorticity through a tube (flux =0 at the sides).

d ij
vi dV = Fi +
dV (ma=body+surf)

dx

j
Vm
Vm

1st KTT (control vol.):

CIRCULATION (flux of vorticity out of S at given t on a closed curve):

"
! !
= v dx = w ndS

L = 2 R A = r 2 V = AL = const = A = const

IRROTATIONAL FLOW (Once flow is irrot., it always remains irrotational.)

*Vorticity is always 0 OR- circulation is 0 for every curve.

BERNOULLI EQUATION:
SIMILTUDE:

Reynolds = UL/
Froude = (U2/gL)1/2
Euler = P/U2

v2 P
+ + gz = k on s.l. for ideal, steady, rotl flow.
2

(cav #) = (Po-Pv)/0.5 U2
Strouhal= L/UT
Weber = U2L/(/)

WAVES: y<0 H=2A k=2/ T=2/ /k= /T=Vp U=A

Dispersion: 2 = gk tanh kh
Shallow
Intermediate (C=0.1-3)
h < /20
C = 2 h/g


tanh kh =kh
C<2: kh = C1/2(1+0.169C+
= (gh)1/2 k
0.031C2+)

1/2
= (gh) T
C>2: kh=C1/2(1+2e-2C-12e-4C+)

Deep
h > /2
tanh kh = 1
2 = gk
= gT2/2

Vp = (gh)1/2

V p=

Vg=Vp

Vp = (g/k tanh kh)1/2

g
2

Vg=Vp(1/2 + kh/sinh 2kh)

2*Vg=Vp
cosh
k
(
y
+
h
)
ORBITS: x(t ) = x + x = x A
sin( kx t )
sinh kh
y (t ) = y + y = y + A sinh k ( y + h) cos( kx t )
sinh kh
Approx: Deep: a = b =Aeky Shallow: a = A/(kh) b= A(1 + y/h)

ENERGY: ES =gA2/2 (average/SA; half PE, half KE, KE=PE=DW)
E Propagates at Vp. Avg. Flux = ESVg ES=ES,0(x-Vg t) A=A0(x-Vg t)
Wave packet moves at Vp ( and T are constant, A changes)

SHIP MOTION: U = Vp = (g/k)1/2 k+g/U2 = 2U2/g

BLUFF BODY: Drag = CD S.A.U2/2 (S.A. is projected S.A.)

CD for sphere: .5 or .25; for cylinder: 1.2 or .6; for plate/disc: 1.2
STREAMLINE BODY: Drag = .U2/2(CD Afrontal + CD Awetted )
VORTEX SHEDDING: S = fL/U Depends on Re: 0.22 for lam. flow, 0.3 for turb.
F is strouhal freq. VIV occurs if it is near natural frequency.