Lecture

Stress
& Strain
GrahamOakes

d r.,v't'

\'*'

andStrain
Stress
Stressandstrainarethe quantitieswe
fairlytheeffectsof a
useto compare
forceon a material.
Insteadofthe appliedforceweuse
(or
stress;andinsteadof extension
weusestrain.
compression),

Stress& Strain
th. folrls t Edto !tsrtc! a hateiful h b 3dd to be ln teaaioD"Wlan
tha for.!5 rqu.lb tbr nstadrl h b ,aid to be urdr codpEssiotr. wb.d
foras tand to twist tla rd{terid or to mele oDeprrt of ft mov! ralativto
&odh.r prtt lt l, daactiH .! b.iDg iD she8.

3 typesof forc.rcanbeappliedto a naterial:

. Tensile(sbtchiq)
. Compressivc
(squcczilg)
. ShcarGtding)

By coDwDliod
wawill alwaysd!fila t olion 6! I poaitive!t6!s, !!d
coDprEssiod
$ I nagttivasr$!.
o. >O positivcatls, ir tcdrioD
d,<0 ncgrdvastcssi! comf,rrrsiod

Comprcssive:

Shear:

F'

;uess,o = T'
)ram, a =

6
t

(6 = changein length)
experiences
thesamesuess!!
Everylittlebit ofthematerial
Technolo9y
1
Su$llnable

evenly,thereforeeverylittle
Theappliedforceis distributed

^F/4 F

WhatDoesStrainMean?
ImagiDetwo piecesofidentical wire. SampleD is 3 timeslotrger
tlar sampleC.Theyareboth pulled with ttre samesuess.Which
onewill sbetchmore?Thelonge!piece-SampleD. It will have
ttrreetimesttre e'.te!sioo.Youcatrthink of it beiogmadeup of
thee shoftrlngtls, eachof hich stretchesby tle salne
amoult assampleC.Nthough saEplD hasthree dmesthe
exteDsiod,its strdin is the same.1bi6 is bcauseit wasthlee
time6loDgerto startwitl so its relati! exteDsioD
is the saroe.

D
Sample
Sample
C
-

Stress
StrainCurve
Prcportjonallimit: the maximumsuessfor which
Limit of

Gradient= F = *

=
6

E = Young'sModulus

Hooke's
Law
Hooke's
lawsbtes
states
thatstressis proportional
to strain
s tres s o

L=_=_
-

a _ F s L.,

1J -

strain
Thisisthemathematlcal
statement
of Hooke!law.
Hooke's
lawonlyapplies
upto theproportional
limit
of thematerial.
Strainisdimensioniess,
theelastic
modulus,
E,hasthe
sameunltsasstress.
Themodulus
isa measure
of
thestiffness
or reslstance
of a material
to loads.

Axially
Loaded
Members
r FromHooke's
law

o= E t
enthestress
andstrainarecaused
we have
axialloads.

F3

-= E=
AL
l,^)1 4

FL
AE

TypicalE (Young'sModulus)Values

Material
. Carbon
Steel

E= 210x l0e

. Copper

E= 120x10e

. CastIrcn

E= 100x10e

. Brass

E= 90x 10e

. Aluminium

E= 90x10e

. Rubber

Example:
Determine
thetotalc
mm-diameter
rodwhen
forces.LetF70000MPa
r71{f- o.zs

of the 25bythree

c/ ,,

,),,r'

0.sm----J

20kN ..

t\.^.-J I "

.,. \ p,.-"s\ v(.11 d4 r

J6

'r*

'. i ...\(J

Q- *"

ir i;w^

,* g.,,,\..--\
\^\

be q.*sq

,.' .r (r-*

For_thc
rodbelow:
= 15.96mmr
F {60k}: diameter
originallengtLL = 80mmr
=
exten-sionx 0.117mm.
Dtermine
E. a05,1cN/m4

E0.ll Trnm

ShearStress
- ShearSftainCurve

O.I/n)
^ = -t\rracletrt = (J
.'l

G = ModulusofRigidity
() c-e-

Material
. 0.25%C Steel

N/m2

. 0.75%C Steel

G=82.2x10e
G = 8 1 . 1x 1 0 e

. Hardened
Steel

G=77.8x10e

. CastIron

G = 6 0 x l0 e

. Copper

G = 4 8 . 3x lO e
G = 26.1x 10e

. Aluminium

Example
= 8m!r.
Eachlivet hardidmeter
Calculate
thc shca!forceaDdshcarstsess
iDcachrivat (400N,8Wm4

.6 kN

1.6

DoubleShear
ow considera bolt thatis exposed
to doubleshear.
Belowwe canseea sectionview ofa pin tfuough
two members.

9t)
P/2

t= -= -

9 DA 2 A

Example
A tow-baris shownbelow If thepin hasa diameterof 30mm,
detrmin
theshearstressif a forceof I okN is applied.
O IO'l/m2)

Example
A compositebar is 300mr loDgaDdconsbtsofa coppertubbutt-weldedto
th. cnd of a st.ei bar. Thc iube dimcnsionsa& 20rnmdia x 10mmborc x
200md long, 8ndthc stcclbar is 2otrlmdia x 100nrn long.
lfde bar suppoftean axial force of2kN, detcminc:
a) The sEesses
in tle copprand$e stcel
b) Tbe cbangiD lengthofthc compositebar
(Ei.d - 200GN/m,;Ec.!e*= l20GN/m,)
(Copper
o- 8.19MN/n2 s-7.08x1t5 x-0.014nn)
(Steel6- 6.37MN/n, 6- 3.19t l0; )t 0,0032mn)
(Iotal extension 0.0172 n)
-

Example
r In thetestona steelbar,
E=200000MPa
andv=0.303.
Findthe
shearmodulus,
G.

10

SOLUTIONSTO LECTU'RE3 TUTORIALQIJESTIONS

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" ( tl('+

It4oduleCode ET2006
Page'1of 4

UN]VFRSITY
OF

W O LV E RH AMP T O N
Schoolof Engineering
and the BuiltEnvironment
PHASETEST

ET2006

SustainableTechnology2

Dateof Examination:

Tuesday15 May2007

Examiner:

K. Yahiaoui

Examiner(s)
Room:

MA109

TimeAllowed:

2 hours

Numberof Qustionsto be attsmpted:

Attemptel! 5

All questionsareequallyweighted(unlessotherwlsestaled)andaremarked
on thegradepointsystem.
Materlals
Requlred:
E.g .
. Oneeightpageanswer
book
. copiesof approved
texts
Instructions
to Students:
E.g .
. Programmable
PDASandmobilephonesarenotpermitted
calculators,
in the
exam.
. Answerany!!y9questions.
. Youshould
writelegibly
in blackor blueink.
. Youwillreceivecreditforappropriate
references
andquotations.
. Checkyourworkcarefully
punctuation
for inaccurate
spelling,
andgrammar
. Youmaynotleavetheexamination
roomuntilafterthefirsthourof the
examination.
. An announcement
willbe madewhenthereare30 minutes
of theexamtimeleft.

The LJriversilyof Wolverhampton

Sch@l of Engineeringand the Buili Environmenl
SchoolAssessmeniFandbook

[.4oduleCode ET2006
Page 2 of 4

(a)

(b)

(cl

(al

(b)

Calculatetheminimumdiameterofa shaft.requiredto
transmita torqfe of 100Nm ifthe marimumpermissible
shearstessis not to exceed75 MPa.
Forthe sameshaftsize,whattorquelevelwill be safely
carriedifa differentmaterialwith a pemissibleshear
stressof 150MPais usedinstead?
In eventhe simplestofreal-lifeapplications,
theshali
will mostlikely havebeendesigned
with 'shoulders'(that
axiallylocatethebearings)and'grooves'(for locatinga
torquetransmission
keys).Fromthepointofview of
stressanalysis:
1. Whataxethesegeometc discontinuities
usually
q QN
called?
2. How do designeFandengineeNdealthemwith? f

50%

25%

(10%)
( 1 s%)

The ovrhangofa construction

siteclanecanbe
modelledasa simplecantileverbeam,rigidly fixed at one /,r )
endandsupporting
a pointloadat the freeend,Identify t;
lhe localionsof maximumstressandmaximum
deflectiol.Sketchhow thebendingmomentva esalong
(10%)
the span.
For a cantileverbeamoflength,L andsecondmomentof
area.I. themaximumdeflectionundera loadW at the
fteeendis sivenbv:

u=rt/r,
(c,,
(d)

(a)
(b)

(c)

WhereE is Young'smodulusfor thematerial.

Calculatetheminimumsecondmomentofareawhenthe
loadis 500N, the lengthis I m andthemaximum
deflectionis limitedto I mm,Young'smoduluscanbe
takenas70 GPa.
Ifthe beamhasa rectangular
cross-section,
50 mm wide,
calculate
theminimumacceptable
depth.
Fromthe aboveequation,
indicateby how muchthe
maximumdeflectionwill changeifthe lengthis to be
"
doubledandtheloadreducedby hall
Namethethreemostcommonyieldingcriteriaand
discusstheirrelativemerits
A bar ofcircularcross-section,
diameter10mm, is
subjected
to a compressileloadof 1200N. It is also
subjected
to d shearsbessof 15MN/m2.Calculatethe
directstressandcompareits magnitude
to thatofthe
shearstress.
Findtheprincipalstresses.
Usingeachofthe threefailurecriteriarhat1ouwill have
namedin (i), givetheminimummaterialprcpertythat
wouldbeacceptable
in eachcase.

The University
ofWo verhampton
SchooloiEngineenng
andtheBuiltEnvironment
SchooAssssmenlHandbook

(s0%\
(2s%)' "'
(ts%)
(10%)

(1s%)1
(2s%)
(50%)

[/oduleCodeET2006
Page3 of4

(aJ

For eachofthe followingsituations,

indicatethmain
of
loading
and
ideniify
the
cases
wherethebuckling -/
rype

r,:a:j-

modeoffailurecanbe ofconcem:

(l A cablesupportinga chandelier
thathangsftom a ceiling
/-7.The leg ofa tall barstool
v., 6empty plasticbottleusedby someone
lo suppona
e
bookshelf
(21-; The wing ofan aircraft in flight
ff ,the outeishellofa submariie ).tc.r-- l/"r"*
(b)- An idealslendercolumnis 5 m longandpinnedat both
ends.lt is madeofhollow squaresectionaluminiumwith
a Young'smodulusof70 GPa.Theouterlengthofthe
secrionis 100mm andthewall thicknessis 2 mm. as
shownin thediagrambelow.

(c.)

(d)

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

Calculateits Eulerbuckiingload.
How wouldtheEulercriticalloadvary ifthe end
conditionswereto be changedfrompinned-pinned
to the
following?
Fixed-fixed .-'
Fixed-free t_
Fixed-oinned",'
which end-llxing
givesthestrongest, . .
condition
arangementasregards
buckling?
A child standilgon an emptysoftdrink canwill, most
likely,causeit to buckle.If, on theotherhand,the same
canis filled with sand,it may be ableto withstandthc
weightofthe samechildwithoutbuckling.By lookingat
the Eulerformulafor thec tical load,identifythe
variablesthatwill havebeenmodifiedby sandhlling.
fatiguecuryeandclearlyexplainits
Sketcha generalised
construction.
A component
is to be madeffom a steelwith an
ultimatetensilestrengthof900 MN/m2,calculatethe
maximumaltematingstressthatcanbe appliedil
a) Failureby fatigueis not to occur
b) Failureis not to occurbelowl0 000cycles
Estimatetheexpected
life o-fthecomponent
ifit wereto
be stressed
to + 570MN/m'
Briefly commenton whetherthe followinghaveany
eIlect or otherwiseon the falip||eslrenprh'

The University
of Wolverhampton
SchoolofEngineering
andthe BuillEnvironment
5ch@lP6sessmeni
handbooh

(10%)

(50%)

(2s%)

( r 5 %)
(10%)

(2s%)
(2s%)
(2s%)

ModuleCodeET2006
Page4 of 4
-Superimposedmeanstress
-Surfacefinish
-Mate al yield strength
size
-Component
-Stressraisels

TheUniveFly otWolverhamplon
SchoolofEngneerinqandlhe Buit Envronment
SchoolAssessment
Handbook

(15%,

()

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