Activity 8.

1
Density of Matter
Activity 8-1a
Materials
small block of wood
piece of marble
oil
graduated cylinder
beam balance

ruler
balloon
basin
water

Procedure
A. Density of Solid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Measure the length, width and height of a block of wood in cm.

Calculate the volume of the block in cm 3 .
Measure the mass of the wood in grams using the beam balance. Record your data
in the data table below.
Determine the ratio of the mass to the volume of the block of wood. The ratio is the
density of wood.
Based on the value you got in the previous step, predict whether the block of wood
will float on water or not.
Fill a basin with water. Carefully lower the block of wood along the side of the basin.
What happened to the block of wood? Does your prediction match with your
observation?
Determine the density of a piece of limestone by water displacement.

B. Density of Liquid
8.
9.
C.

Get some water. Measure a volume of it similar to the volume of the block of wood
in part A. Measure the mass of the water sample. Calculate its density.
Repeat step 8 using oil instead of water. Compare its density with that of water.

Density of Gas
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Get the mass of an empty balloon.

Inflate the balloon and measure its mass again. Compare the mass of the balloon
with and without air.
Estimate the volume of air in the balloon.
Estimate the density of air.
Compare the densities of different substances in Table 8-1a.

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Table 8-1b. Densities of different substances

Substance
Cork
Hydrogen
Concrete
Ice
Iron
Balsa Wood
Lead
Oxygen
Gasoline

Density, g/cm3
0.24
0.00009
2.3
0.92
7.8
0.13
11.3
0.0014
0.68

Data
A)
Material observed

Mass (g)

Volume (cc)

Density (g/cc)

Mass (g)

Volume (cc)

Density (g/cc)

Block of wood
Water
Block of wood
in water
B)
Material observed
Water
Oil
Air
Questions
1. What is the density of the block of wood? Do solids have the same densities?
2. Compare the density of wood density with the density of water.
3. What happens to the block of wood when placed in water? Is your prediction correct?
4. Compare the densities of water and oil.
5. Why does oil float on water? Give other liquids that float on water
6. Why does balloon float on water?
7. Which of the substances in Table 8-1b would float in water?
8. Name the solids, the liquids, and the gases in Table 8-1b. Compare the densities of the
gases with those of water.
Generalization about densities of solids, liquids and gases

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Activity 8.1b
Density of Matter
Materials
paper

ballpen

calculator

Procedure
A.

Solve the following density problems:

1. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/ cm3, what would be its mass if it occupies a volume
is 4 cm3?
2. Calculate the density of 10 g of carbon dioxide occupying a volume of 5000 cm3.
3. Find the density of an alcohol sample having a mass of 20g and a volume of 25 cm3
4. A piece of aluminum having a mass of 96.5g was dropped into a graduated cylinder
containing 50 mL of water. When aluminum was dropped into the graduated
cylinder, the water level rose to 85.0 mL. What is the density of aluminum?

B.

Discuss the solution to the following problems:

1. If the density of a certain plastic used to make a bracelet is 0.78 g/ cm 3, what mass
would a bracelet of 4 cm3 have? Would this bracelet float or sink in water? Why?
2. A person who cannot float in a freshwater lake can float easily in the sea. What
does this tell you about the density of the saltwater?
3. Oil and water dont mix, is an old saying. Relate this to what you have learned
about density to explain the scientific reason for this saying.
4. Assume that the density of crude oil is 0.93 g/ cm3.
a. Why does the oil pose a great danger if it spills in a body of water?
b. Is the danger greater to birds and marine animals than it is to fish and other
organisms that live on the ocean bottom?
c. How is the density of oil an advantage in the clean-up?

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Activity 8.2
Acids and Bases
Activity 8-2a
Materials
Any colored flowers or leaves
(e.g.red mayana leaves
red gumamela flowers)
yellow bell)
test tubes
test tube holder
stirring rod
tweezers
filter paper
muriatic acid
distilled water
sodium hydroxide solution

beam balance
10 mL graduated cylinder
4 sets petri dish
6 droppers
10 mL graduated cylinder
100 mL beakers
alcohol burner
vials with cover
scissors
calamansi extract
soap solution
labeling pen

Procedure
A.

Preparing the Acid/Base Indicator

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cut the leaves into pieces. Weigh about 6g of the leaves and place in a 100 mL
beaker.
Add 50 mL of water to the beaker and boil the contents for 5 min. or until the
liquid has turned reddish brown.
Carefully decant the extract into another beaker while still hot. Caution: Use
cloth to hold the hot beaker.
Immediately add a little amount of alum powder. Observe the solution. If the
solution does not turn blue, add a little more of the alum.
What do you think is the purpose of adding alum?
Transfer the indicator solution into clean vials and keep covered when not in use.

B.

Preparing the Acid/Base Indicator Paper

1.
2.

C.

Cut a piece of filter paper into small several strips (1cm x 4cm).
Transfer some of the liquid indicator in a petri dish. Place some of the filter paper
strips in the petri dish and keep it immersed in the indicator for about 10 minutes.
Then carefully remove each paper strip with a tweezer and transfer into another
petri dish to dry.

Testing the Indicators with Acids and Bases

1.

Label 5 test tubes A to E and line in a test tube rack.

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2.

Fill each test tube with 5 mL of the liquids as shown in the figure below.

A
muriatic
acid

3.

B
calamansi
extract

C
distilled
water

D
soap
solution

E
sodium hydroxide
solution

Get 5 pieces of the dry paper indicator. Spread out in a petri dish as in the figure
below.

B
D

C
E

4.

Place 1-2 drops of the corresponding solution onto the paper indicator. Note down
the changes in color of the paper indicators. For better results, place a white bond
paper under the petri dish. Tabulate your observations. Remember these colors
because they will be your basis of comparison in identifying other materials.

5.

Keep the remaining indicator paper in tightly covered vials. This can last for several
months. Do the same to the liquid indicator. You will use these in the Activity 8-4b.

Data
Solution
Muriatic acid
Calamansi
Distilled water
Soap solution
Sodium hydroxide

Table 8-2a
Nature of Solution
Strongly acidic
Weakly acidic
Neutral
Weakly basic
Strongly basic

Color change on Indicator Paper

Questions
A.

Preparing indicator
Plant used:
1.

What was the color of the plant extract? _________________________________

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2.
B.

What was the color of the plant extract with alum? _________________________

Making indicator paper from the indicator solution

1.

What was the color of the filter paper after a. its immersion in the indicator solution? ________________________________
b. it was dried completely? ____________________________________________

C.

Finding color changes of the indicator paper

1.

What were the color changes of the indicator paper on the

Muriatic acid
Calamansi
Distilled water
Soap solution
Sodium hydroxide

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Which of the materials is/are strongly acidic? Weakly acidic?

Which of the materials is/are strongly basic? Weakly basic?
Which of the materials is/are neutral?
What will happen to the indicators if exposed to air for sometime?
If calamansi extract is acidic, why can it be taken by humans? In what ways is it
different

Generalization

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Activity 8.2b
Acids and Bases
Activity 8-2b
Materials
Acid/base indicator solution
10 mL graduated cylinder
4 sets petri dish
6 droppers
test tubes
vials with cover
shampoo (different brands)
tap water
soft drinks
fruits
ammonia

test tubes
test tube holder
stirring rod
tweezers
10 mL graduated cylinder
vinegar
toothpaste
fruit juices
Alka-seltzer tablet
detergent

Procedure
A. Testing for acids and bases in common materials
1.
2.

3.

Prepare as many test tubes as there are materials to be tested.

The materials to be tested must all be in solution form. Do not add water anymore
to the liquid materials. If the material is solid, dissolve in a small test tube about
teaspoon of the material with 20 mL of water. Stir the mixture well to make sure
that the solid dissolves completely in the water.
Test each liquid material by placing 1 2 drops of it on an indicator paper. Let the
indicator to dry then paste it lightly on a paper as shown in Table 2. If you ran out of
paper indicators, prepare a new set using the remaining liquid indicator.

Data
Refer to Table 8-2b.
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Which of the materials is/are strongly acidic? Weakly acidic?

Which of the materials is/are strongly basic? Weakly basic?
Which of the materials is/are neutral?
Why do we study acids and bases? Explain
In what way is pH related to soil characteristics?
Research on the application of acids and bases in agriculture.

Generalization

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Table 8-2b

A
tap
water

B
soft
drink

C
vinegar

D
fruit
juice

E
ammonia

F
shampoo

Paper indicators

G
Toothpaste

H
detergent
solution

I
Alka-Seltzer
solution

J
fruit
extract

K
vegetable
extract

L
cola
drink

Paper indicators

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Activity 9.1
Physical Changes in Matter
Materials
piece of different materials:
paper, cloth, plastic
transparent cup
metallic spoon
blunt knife

ice cubes
rubber band
modeling clay
matches
candle

Procedure
1. Describe a piece of paper then tear it into small pieces. Do the same for the pieces of
cloth and plastic.
How do the torn pieces look? Compare its characteristics with the original.
2. Describe some ice cubes. Leave it on the container for a few minutes. Describe what
happened to the ice cubes.
Was there a change in the ice cubes? Can the ice cubes recovered? If so, state how.
3. Scrape the side of a candle wax and collect some pieces on to a spoon. Describe the
wax pieces. Heat the spoon over a candle flame.
What happened to the candle wax. Are the characteristics of the candle wax the same
before and after heating?
4. Describe the characteristics of a rubber band. Stretch it and keep it in place for a little
while, then release it.
What happened to the rubber band? Did its characteristics change? If so, which
characteristics?
Stretch the rubber band to the fullest until it snaps.
In what ways did the rubber band change? Is this the same rubber band as before it was
stretched?
5. Cut a small piece of modeling clay. Press it with your hands.
In what ways did the clay changed?
Mold the clay into another shape.
Does the clay have the same characteristics as the original clay? Will changing the
shape change the clay into another material?
6.
Describe some iron filings. Place some of the iron fillings on a piece of paper and
place a magnet near them.
What happened to the iron filings and magnet?
Separate the iron filings from the magnet.
Was there any change on the iron filings? How about the magnet?
Data
Material observed

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Initial observations

Final Observations

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Questions
1.

In what ways did the following materials in the activity changed?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

paper
cloth
plastic
ice cubes
candle wax

f.
g.
h.
i.

rubber band
clay
magnet
iron filings

Was there a new material formed after each change?

When do we say that a change is only physical?
Which of the materials underwent physical change? Give your reasons for your
choices.
What are some evidences of a physical change?
State an operational definition of a physical change.

Generalization

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Activity 9.2
Chemical Changes
Materials
a piece of pan de sal
or any kind of bread
small pieces of egg shells
evaporated milk
a piece of potato
vinegar
white sugar
matches
measuring cup

alcohol lamp with denatured alcohol

test tube holder
5 small clear bottles (wide-mouthed)
cutter or knife
spoon
a pc. of eggplant
3% hydrogen peroxide
rags
medicine dropper

Procedure
Station 1.

Changes on bread

Describe a piece of bread. Cut a small piece from it. With a test tube holder place it over a
flame for a minute or two or until you see changes on the bread. Describe the changes.
Does the bread look the same as the original? Do you think you can recover the original
characteristics of the bread?
Station 2.

Changes on egg shells and vinegar

Pour cup of vinegar into a clear bottle. Drop a few small pieces of eggshells into
the bottle. Observe the mixture.
What happens to both vinegar and eggshells? Is there a new substance formed? If so, what
do you think is this new substance?
Station 3.

Changes on milk and vinegar

Pour cup of vinegar into a clear bottle. Add about 20 drops of evaporated milk into the
bottle. Observe the mixture.
What happens to both vinegar and eggshells? Was there a new substance formed? If so,
what do you think is this new substance? Do you think you can still recover the original
materials?
Station 4.

Changes on sugar

Place some sugar on to a spoon. Wrap the handle of the spoon with a rug to avoid burns.
Place the spoon over a flame for about 5 minutes. Describe all the changes you observe on
sugar. Continue heating until the color becomes almost black.
Are the characteristics of sugar the same before and after heating. Is it possible to recover
the original sugar? Is the black substance formed still sugar?

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Station 5.

Changes on eggplant

Cut a small piece from the eggplant and observe its characteristics particularly the cut
section. Leave this cut section exposed to the air. Observe it again after about 5 minutes.
Does the cut section have the same color as before? What do you think will happen if the
eggplant is exposed for a longer time?
Station 6.

Changes on hydrogen peroxide and potato

Pour cup of hydrogen peroxide into a clear bottle. Add a small slice of peeled potato to the
bottle. Observe the slice of apple for a few minutes and note down any change.
What happens to the slice of apple? Is there any indication that another substance is
present? What do you think is this substance?
Data
Materials observed

Initial observations

Final Observations

Questions
1. In what ways did the following materials in the activity change?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

bread
egg shells and vinegar
milk and vinegar
sugar
eggplant
hydrogen peroxide and potato

Was there a new material formed after each change?

When do we say that a change is chemical?
Which of the materials underwent chemical change? Give your reasons for your choices.
What are some evidences of a chemical change?
State an operational definition of a chemical change.

Generalization

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Activity 9.3
Effect of Heat on Volume of Air
Materials
test tubes
glass tubing (or straw),
colored water
water
marking pen

medicine vials,
rubber stopper
large bottle with cold water
medicine dropper

Procedure
1. Prepare the setup as in Fig. 9-3.
2. Put a drop of colored water in the glass tubing. Do this carefully to keep the drop of
water in the tubing. Mark the position of the drop of water. Hold the test tube tightly in the
palm of your hand for about 5 minutes. Heat from your hands will flow to the test tube
and the air inside the tubing. Observe any changes in the level of the water droplet.
What happens to the drop of water as the air in the test tube is heated? What do you
think has caused this to happen?
3. Place the test tube in a large bottle with cold water.
Was there a change in the level of the water droplet? If so, what caused this change?
Questions
Drop of water
1. What is the effect of holding the test tube tightly
with your hand? Did it have any effect on the
water droplet in the glass tubing? Explain your
answer.
2. What happened to water droplet when the test
tube is placed in cold water? How do you
compare this result with that in (1)?
3. What represents the volume of air in this
activity?
4. What happened to the volume of air when it
was heated?
5. What happened to the volume of air when it was
cooled?

Glass tubing
Rubber
stopper

Test tube
Air

Fig. 9-4
Generalization

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Activity 9.4
Heat Energy of a Chemical Change
Materials
candle
water
test tubes
test tube holder
small beakers

beam balance
small plastic saucer
10 mL graduated cylinder
thermometer

Procedure
1. Get the combined mass of the candle and plastic saucer with a beam balance. Assign
this as initial mass, m1.
2. Pour 10 mL water into a test tube. Take the temperature of the water. Assign this as initial
temperature, ti.
3. Let the candle stand firmly on the saucer. Carefully light the candle, then hold the test
tube with a test tube holder in the flame. Move the test tube gently in small circles while in
the flame for even distribution of heat.
4. Continue heating for about three minutes. Take the temperature of water just before
removing the test tube from the flame. Assign this as final temperature, tf.
5. Put off the candle. Get again the combined mass of the candle and the saucer. Assign
this as final mass, m2. Calculate the mass of the candle after burning.
6. The heat produced by the burning candle is determined through the amount of heat
absorbed by the water . Thus, the heat absorbed by water from the burning candle is
equal to the product of the heat capacity of water (1 cal/ oC) , the mass of water (Dwater =
1g/mL), and the change in temperature of water.
Data
Material observed

Initial observations

Final Observations

Water

Initial temperature =
Volume =
Mass of water =
(D=m/v)

Final temperature =
Volume =
Mass of water
(D=m/v)

Candle

Mass of candle
and saucer =

Mass of candle
and saucer =
Mass of candle =burned

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Questions
1. Which has a higher temperature, water before heating or water after heating? To what is
the change in temperature due?
2. Did water produce heat or absorb heat?
3. Did candle produce heat or absorb heat? Why is the mass of the two materials be equal?
1.
Why was the mass of water used in the calculation and not the mass of the
candle?
2.
What happened to the mass of the candle after it was burned? What does this
indicate, a physical change or a chemical change?
3.
Name the chemical changes that took place in the activity.
4.
How much heat is evolved in burning 1g of candle?
Generalization

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Activity 10.1
Diffusion of Molecules
Materials
1 slice of cooked gulaman or gelatin
tsp of blue dye
watch with second hand
teaspoon
medicine dropper

bottle of bagoong
soy sauce
clear bottles
water

Procedure
A.

B.
C.

Place a slice of cooked gulaman or gelatin on a plate. Sprinkle tsp of blue dye on the
surface of the gelatin. Record the time when you did this. Set the gelatin aside and
observe how long it will take the blue dye to penetrate the Describe the movement of the
dye.
Place a drop of soy sauce into a half bottle of water. Record the time you dropped the
soy sauce into the water. Observe the water for a few minutes without moving the glass.
Note down your observations.
Place a small bottle of bagoong in a box. Cover the box. Ask a group mate to sit about 2
ft. away from you. Tell her to record the time the moment she smells the bagoong.
Record the initial time then open the box.
Data

Name of materials

Observations on the materials before and after diffusion

a. Gulaman
Blue dye
b. Soy sauce
Water
c. Bagoong

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Guide Questions
A. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What happened to the blue dye? Did you observe any change? Describe the change.
Did you see any change in color of gulaman? If so, what caused this change?
Did your observations show that the blue dye spread in the gelatin?
How long did it take the potassium permanganate crystals to spread down this far?
Infer a reason for the spread of the dye in gelatin.

B. 1.
2.
3.
4.

What happened to the soy sauce as it was dropped into the glass of water?
What happened to the soy sauce and water after a few minutes?
How long did it take the soy sauce to spread completely?
Infer a reason for the spread of the dye in gelatin.

C. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What happened when the bottle of bagoong was was uncovered?

How long did it take for the odor to reach you?
What was the smell of bagoong in the bottle?
How did the smell of bagoong reach your classmate?
How did the odor reach you?
How long did it take for the odor to reach you? Why did it still reach you when you
are farther away from the source?
7. Give examples of diffusion particles in liquid and in gas.

Generalization

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Activity 10.2
Activity 10-2a: Surface Tension
Materials
glass of water
clean bowl
clean cloth or tissue paper

a needle
detergent solution
medicine dropper

Procedure
1. Carefully pour water into a clean bowl.
2. Gently place a dry needle horizontally on the surface of the water. Observe what happens
to the needle.
3. Remove the needle from the water and wipe dry with a clean cloth.
4. Gently place the needle, vertically this time, into the water. Compare your observation
here with the one you made in step 2.
5. Remove the needle again and wipe dry.
6. Repeat steps a and b. This time add 2 3 drops of detergent solution along one side of
the bowl. Observe what happens to the needle.
Data
Materials

Observations

Questions
1. In procedure 2, did the needle float or sink in water? Explain your answer in terms of the
molecular theory.
2. In procedure 4, did the needle float or sink in water? Explain your answer in terms of the
molecular theory.
3. In procedure 6, what happens to the needle after adding some detergent to water? What
was the effect of the detergent solution?
4. Have you watched insects called water striders play on the surface of a pond? What
have you observed?
Generalization

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Activity 10-2b: Capillarity

Materials
3 colorless plastic straws
(different diameter with the same length)

a glass of colored water

Procedure
1. Label the plastic straws A, B, and C. Dip the straws at the same time into a glass of
colored water. Note down the amount of water that enters in each straw.
Data
Materials

Observations

Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

In which straw did the water rise the highest? the lowest?
Why are the levels of water different in the three straws?
Why does the colored water rise in the straw?
Do straw and water have the same kind of molecules?
In what other situations do you observe a liquid rising in a small tube?

Generalization

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Activity 10.4
Simulating Acid Rain
Materials
vinegar
medicine droppers
watch glass

medium-sized limestone rock

small piece of basalt rock
hammer

Procedure
1. Place small pieces limestone in a watch glass. Place a piece of colored paper under the
watch glass for better observation.
2. With a medicine dropper, place a few drops of vinegar onto the limestone. Describe your
observations.
3. Continue dropping vinegar in a constant stream to simulate rain. What happens to the
rock? Compare your observations on this rock with that in step 2.
Data
Material
observed

Initial observations

Final Observations

Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What happens when vinegar is combined with limestone?

What were the indications that a chemical change took place?
Write the balanced equations for the reactions.
Discuss how rain becomes acidic.
Explain how acid rain destroys statues and buildings.

Generalization

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