Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROJECT TITLE:
PROJECT TYPE:
DESIGNING
STUDENTS NAME:
IDD, ALLY
ADMISSION NO:
100302G8383
SUPERVISOR:
DR. A. KILIMO
YEAR OF STUDY:
2013/2014
May, 2014
i
DECLARATION
I, ALLY IDD, a student of Dar es salaam Institute of Technology (DIT), in Electrical
Engineering Department, with registration number 100302G8383.Bachelor of Engineering
Hereby declaring that all the work described in this report is my own, except where explicitly
indicated otherwise.
Wherever information from other sources is included, I reference material source is also given.
Signature...
Signature...........
Date:.
Date:.
ALLY IDD
Dr. A. Kilimo
ii
ABSTRACT
Kisasida Irrigation Scheme is the project established by Singida Municipal Council since 2012. It
is located 16 Kilometers from Singida town along Arusha road. The total area of the Kisasida
Village is 150 acres where the scheme designed for irrigation is 32 acres. Initially an
underground well was drilled and temporary diesel pump for pumping water from the well to the
overhead tank was installed. Due to daily increase of fuel and maintenance costs of the diesel
pump, the scheme is running at a very high cost.
The aim of this project is to design a solar wind hybrid power that can be used at Kisasida
Irrigation Scheme.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I am so grateful to Almighty God, the Creator for giving health and enabling me to
do this project.
With high respect, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all Electrical Department Staff
for their support and encouragement.
My special thanks go to Dr. A.Kilimo, the project coordinator and my supervisor for his
constructive advice and guidance which had been valuable during the preparation of this project.
It is difficult to acknowledge everyone who in one way or another assisted me during preparation
of my project. Therefore I would like to give my general thanks to all who supplied me with
necessary information and assistance toward my project.
iv
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... iv
List of figures ............................................................................................................................... viii
List of Table ................................................................................................................................... ix
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Main Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2.2 Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Significance of the project..................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Existing System ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Proposed System ................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Irrigation ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.4.2 Terraced Irrigation .......................................................................................................... 5
2.4.3 Sprinkler System............................................................................................................. 5
2.4.4 Rotary Systems ............................................................................................................... 5
2.4.5 Drip Irrigation ................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Water Pumping...................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Submersible Pumps ........................................................................................................ 6
2.5.2 Centrifugal Pumps .......................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Energy Sources ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.6.1 Non-Renewable Energy.................................................................................................. 7
2.6.2 Renewable Energy .......................................................................................................... 7
v
Graph of the average output power generated by the wind turbine. ....................... 36
vii
List of figures
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of existing system..4
Figure 2.2 Bock diagram of the proposed system....5
Figure 2.3 Typical Drip Layout System..7
Figure 2.4 Block diagram of solar-wind hybrid power system.10
Figure 2.5 Principle of operation of Solar cell...11
Figure 2.6 Photovoltaic System.12
Figure 2.7 Monocrystalline solar panel.....13
Figure 2.8 Polycrystalline solar panel....13
Figure 2.9 Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Solar Panel....14
Figure 2.10 Block diagram for conversion of wind energy to electrical energy...17
Figure 4.1 Block diagram of the proposed Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System.....28
Figure 4.2 Circuit diagram of the complete power system....28
Figure 4.3 A Graph of Power Generated by a single Turbine...39
viii
List of Table
Table 3.1 Average wind speed (m/s) in Singida Region .17
Table 3.2 Average solar radiation in (kWh/m2/day)17
Table 3.3Vegetable spacing and water requirement per day.......................................................18
Table 3.4 Estimated Load Demand..18
Table 3.5 below shows solar panels available in the market...19
Table 3.6 Wind Turbine Specification.20
Table 3.7 Solar charge controller specifications..21
Table 3.8 Table for Inverter specifications..22
Table 3.9 Wind Turbine controller specifications.23
Table 4.1 Table of power generated by a single turbine at 20m tower height.38
ix
ABBREVIATIONS
AC
BC
Alternating Current
Battery Capacity
BIPV
CdTe
Cadmium Telluride
CIS
CO2
Carbon dioxide
D.C
Direct Current
ICT
IEC
MCB
PV
Photovoltaic
TMA
Vbatt
Battery
WECS
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kisasida Irrigation Scheme is the project established by Singida Municipal Council since 2012. It
is located 16 Kilometers from Singida town along Arusha road. The total area of the Kisasida
Village is 150 acres where the scheme designed for irrigation is 32 acres. Singida Municipal
Council funded the initial stages of the project implementation with Tsh. 700 millions. Initially
an underground well was drilled and temporary diesel pump for pumping water from the well to
the overhead tank was installed.
After the completion of the project, it villagers will assume its ownership. The project aims at
poverty reduction through cultivation of vegetables such as tomatoes, onions and others.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Kisasida irrigation scheme was designed to be manually operated drip irrigation where by the
irrigation process takes place by fetching water from the trenches using watering can. Trenches
receives water through pipes connected to the temporary storage tanks through water valve. The
storage tank of the scheme stores water that is pumped from underground well by using diesel
pump. Due to daily increase of fuel and maintenance costs of the diesel pump, the scheme is
running at a very high cost.
Hence the system needs very high investment on fuel consumption and maintenance costs of the
diesel pump.
1.2.1 Main Objectives
The main objective of this project is to design an alternative source of power for the pumping
system using renewable energy that can be used at Kisasida Irrigation Scheme.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
To build a prototype.
If the project will be implemented it will reduce the costs of pumping water by generating
hybrid power from solar and wind.
1.4 Methodology
Literature review
Data collection
Data analysis
Prototype building
Testing a prototype
Report writing
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1INTRODUCTION
This chapter will focus on describing different systems of irrigation that have been adopted. Also
it will indicate how renewable energies are important in many aspects including agriculture field.
It will show how solar and wind power can be combined together to generate sufficient power
for pumping water from the well to the overhead tank(s).
2.2 Existing System
Currently farmers at Kisasida irrigation Scheme perform the irrigation activities traditional
methods. They use surface irrigation by fetching water from the trenches to the farm by using
irrigating can and buckets. The trenches receive water from the well by using diesel pump. The
current situation is highly in need of manpower, much time consumption and high cost of
running diesel generator which results into low productivity. This irrigation scheme suffers from
many difficulties, including poor water management.
Hybrid Power
from Solar
modules and
wind turbine
Storage
Tank
Pump
Underground
Well
Farm
Advantage of submersible water pump compared to ordinary pumps is that, the submersible
pumps are more efficient as it pumps liquid which is close to the pump. It therefore functions
less than ordinary pumps. As these pumps are placed inside the sumps, it can detect the level of
water quite easily.
2.5.2 Centrifugal Pumps
Most of the irrigation pumps are in the category of centrifugal-type. A centrifugal pump uses an
impeller (like propeller) to spin water rapidly in a casing, chamber, or housing. This
spinning action moves the water through the pump by the means of centrifugal force.[4]
Centrifugal pumps may be multistage which means that they have more than one impeller and
casing, and the water is passed from one impeller to another with an increase in pressure
occurring each time. Each impeller/casing combination is referred to as a stage. All centrifugal
pumps must have a wet inlet, that is, there must be in both the inlet and the casing when the
pump is stated. They cannot suck water up into inlet pipe. They must be primed by adding
water to the intake (inlet) pipe and the case before the first use. To prime them you simply fill the
intake pipe with water and then quickly turn ON the pump. To put it simply, this type of pump
cannot suck air, only water, so if there is no water already in the pump it will not pull any water
up into it. Once it gets wet in it the first time, most centrifugal are designed to hold water with a
small valve so the pump does not need to be primed again every time you turn ON.
2.6 Energy Sources
Energy sources are of two types, Non-renewable energy sources and Renewable energy sources
2.6.1 Non-Renewable Energy
Is the type of energy that cannot be replenished (made again) in a short period of time, these are
like oil and petroleum products (including gasoline, diesel fuels and propane), natural gas, coal
and uranium (nuclear energy).
2.6.2 Renewable Energy
Is the energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This
includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This
energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed.
The major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it
is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.
The possibility to combine two or more renewable energy sources, based on the natural
local potential of the users.
Low cost wind energy, and also solar energy can be competitive with nuclear, coal and
gas especially considering possible future cost trends for fossil and nuclear energy.
Costs are predictable and not influenced by fuel price fluctuations although fluctuations
in the price of batteries will be an influence where these are incorporated.
The figure below shows a block diagram of solar and wind hybrid power
AC Load
Wind
generator
Wind Charge
Controller
Battery
Inverter
Solar Charge
controller
Bank
PV array
DC loads
PV systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down
transformers especially to remote areas.
Solar modules produce electricity devoid of pollution, without odour, combustion, noise and
vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance is completely eliminated. Also, unlike the other power
supply systems which require professional training for installation expertise, there are no moving
parts or special repairs that require such expertise. [6]
10
Inverter
Solar Panel
Controller
Load
80-380
Battery
A/C
Monocrystalline
Polycrystalline
All three types of solar panels have both advantages and disadvantages depending on the end
user's budget, the size and type of environment where they are used and the expected output of
the system.
Monocrystalline Photovoltaic Solar Panel
They are made from a large crystal of silicon. Monocrystalline solar panels are the most
efficient and most expensive panels currently available. Because of their high efficiency, they
are often used in applications where installation square footage is limited, giving the end user the
maximum electrical output for the installation area available.
11
12
(2.1)
Isolation x efficiency
Where Isolation is in kWh/m2/day and the energy consumption is in watts or kilowatts.
2.7.1.3 Batteries and Batteries Sizes of the Solar System
As mentioned above, the batteries in use for solar systems are the storage batteries, otherwise
deep cycle motive type. Various storages are available for use in photovoltaic power system,
The batteries are meant to provide backups and when the radiance is low especially in the night
hours and cloudy weather. The battery to be used:
(a) Must be able to withstand several charges and discharge cycle
(b) Must be low self-discharge rate
(c) Must be able to operate with the specified limits.
The battery capacities are dependent on several factors which includes age and temperature.
Batteries are rated in Ampere-hour (Ah) and the sizing depends on the required energy
consumption. If the average value of the battery is known, and the average energy consumption
per hour is determined. The battery capacity is determined by the equations 2a and 2b
BC = (2fW)/Vbatt
(2a)
Automatic switch off if the array output is too high or too low.
Automatic re-start
Generally the inverter to be used that would produce the quality output must have the following
features
Overload protections
The nacelle which houses the equipment, including the generator that converts the
mechanical energy in the spinning rotor into electricity.
The tower supporting the rotor and generator must be strong. Rotor blades need to be light and
strong in order to be aerodynamically efficient and to withstand prolonged used in high winds.
In addition to these, the wind speed data, air density, air temperature need to be known amongst
others
2.7.2.2 Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy.
Wind turbines can be separated into two basic types based on the axis about which the turbine
rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis turbines
are less frequently used.
Wind turbines can also be classified by the location in which they are used as Onshore, Offshore,
and aerial wind turbines [9]
2.7.2.3 Wind power modeling
The block diagram in figure 2.10 shows the conversion process of wind energy to electrical
energy.
Wind speed
scale & shape
factor
Wind turbine
Generator
(Mechanical)
(Electrical Energy)
Electrical
power output
Figure 2.10 Block diagram for conversion process of wind energy to electrical energy
15
(2.3)
Where Cp is the turbine power coefficient. A theoretical maximum value of 0.593 has been
proposed for Cp
= air density (kg/m3),
A is the rotor swept area (m2),
Where r is the rotor blade radius (m) and V = mean wind speed (ms-1)
16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Data Collection
To design the solar-wind hybrid power system for pumping system the following are the data
collected
3.1FIELD DATA
3.1.1 Data Collected From Site
Location of the site is latitude 4.890 South and longitude 34.90 East
The area proposed for vegetables is 5 Acres
Height from the ground to the base of the overhead tank is 10 meters
FEB
MAR APR
8.277
8.397
MAY
7.101 8.427
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
8.913
8.03
8.079
9.117
(m/s)
Source: (TMA)
Table 3.1 Average wind speed (m/s) in Singida Region
Table 3.2 below shows the average daily solar radiation in Kilowatt-hour per square meter per
day (kWh/m2/day) in Singida Region for two years (2012 and 2013)
JAN
FEB
MAR APR
MAY JUN
JUL
AUG SEP
2012
5.73
6.01
6.04
5.53
5.21
5.69
6.05
6.38
6.87
6.80
6.27
5.74
2013
5.90
6.21
6.15
5.97
5.84
6.06
6.26
6.62
6.89
6.76
6.15
5.89
Source: (TMA)
Table 3.2 Average solar radiation in (kWh/m2/day)
17
Spacing in feet
Water needed in
Liter per day
(L/day)
Cabbages
1.5
1.5
Chinese
Spinach
Tomatoes
1.5
Quantity
Power
Total Watt
Time of use
[w]
[W]
[Hours]
Wh/day
kWh
Lightings
20
18
1440
5760
5.76
FM Radio
20
12
240
1200
1.2
Fan
20
60
1200
2400
2.4
Phone charger
20
2.75
220
0.5
110
1.1
9470
9.47
Total
3100
18
Type
JS
280P
285P
290P
295P
300P
Max-Power
Pm(W)
280
285
290
295
300
Power
Tolerance
Max-Power
Voltage
Max-Power
Current
Open Circuit
Voltage
Short Circuit
Current
Max-System
Voltage
Cell
Efficiency
Module
Efficiency
Number type
and
arrangement
of cells
Cell Size
Max-Series
Fuse
Pm
Temperature
Coefficient
Isc
Temperature
Coefficient
Voc
Temperature
Coefficient
NOCTNominal
Operating
Cell
Temperature
Operating
Temperature
(A)
0-3
Vm(V)
35.80
36.00
36.20
30.40
Im(A)
7.83
7.93
8.03
8.12
8.23
Voc(V)
44.00
44.05
44.10
44.15
44.20
Isc(A)
8.56
8.60
8.64
8.68
8.72
VDC
1000
nc(%)
16.00
16.30
16.59
16.80
17.19
nm(%)
14.45
14.69
14.98
15.24
15.52
72pcs.
Polycrystalline
Silicon (61*2)
72pcs.
Polycrystalline
Silicon (61*2)
72pcs.
Polycrystalline
Silicon (61*2)
72pcs.
Polycrystalline
Silicon (61*2)
156*156
(Square)
156*156
(Square)
156*156
(Square)
156*156
(Square)
72pcs.
Polycrystallin
e Silicon
(61*2)
156*156
(Square)
mm
15
(%/0C)
-0.45
(%/0C)
0.05
-0.32
(%/0C)
46
-40 to 85
0
19
5.0 meters
Turbine Body
cast Iron
Turbine Weight
310Kg
High-speed control
Over-speed Protection
Electrical Voltage
DC 48V (Grid-off ) /
(Grid-tied )
Rated Power
5000Watts at 9m/s
Max Power
7500Watts at 10m/s
3m/sec
10m/sec
40m/sec
3600Kwh/mo at 10m/s
Temperature
45%
Tower Type
Height
6m/7m/9m/10m/12m/15m/20m
Noise level(decibel)
70db
Composition
20
DC240V
Power
Tarom
2070
System Voltage
70A
Max Module input
short circuit current
70A
Max load output
current
Max Self
Consumption
End of charge
voltage (float)
Boost Charge
Voltage
Equalization
Voltage
Recommended Set
point (SOC/LVD)
Deep discharge
protection
(SOC/LVD)
Ambient
temperature allowed
Terminal size
(fine/single wire)
Enclosure protection
class
Weight
Dimension L
330mm
Power
Tarom
2140
12V/(24V)
Power
Tarom
4055
Power
Tarom
4110
48V
Power
Tarom
4140
140A
55A
110A
140A
70A
55A
55A
70A
14mA
13.7(27.4V)
54.8V
14.4V(28.8V)
57.6V
14.7V(29.4V)
58.8V
-100C to 600C
50mm2/70mm2
IP 65
10kg
360mm
330mm
360mm
360mm
Model
Axpert KS 1K
Axpert KS 2K
Axpert KS 3K
Axpert KS 4K
Axpert KS 5K
RATED
POWER
INPUT
Voltage
Selectable
Voltage Range
Frequency Range
OUTPUT
AC Voltage
Regulation (Batt.
Mode)
Surge Power
Efficiency (Peak)
Transfer Time
Waveform
BATTERY
Battery Voltage
Floating Charge
Voltage
Overcharge
Protection
Maximum
Charge Current
SOLAR
CHARGER
(OPTION)
Charging Current
Maximum PV
Array Open
Circuit Voltage
Standby power
Consumption
PHYSICAL
Dimension, D x
W x H (mm)
Net Weight (kg)
OPERATING
ENVIRONMEN
T
Humidity
Operating
Temperature
Storage
Temperature
1000VA /
800W
2000VA/1600
W
3000VA /
2400W
4000VA /
3200W
5000VA /
4000W
230VAC
170-280 VAC (For Personal Computers) ; 90-280 VAC (For Home Appliances)
50 Hz/60 Hz (Auto sensing)
230 VAC 5%
2000VA
4000VA
6000VA
8000VA
90%
93%
10 ms (For Personal Computers) ; 20 ms (For Home Appliances)
Pure sine wave
10000VA
12VDC
13.5VDC
24VDC
37VDC
48VDC
54VDC
15VDC
30VDC
60 VDC
20 A or 30 A
20 A or 30 A
50 A
60VDC
90VDC
10 A or 20 A
30VDC
1W
2W
95 x 240 x 316
5.0
2W
6.9
22
9.8
23
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will provide necessary calculation which can be helpful in the select of appropriate
size of different hardware components in the completion of the project. Firstly, it will show
calculation of total volume of water required daily, calculating the rate of the pump to be
installed and total power to be generated using hybrid power. Nextly, calculating the number of
PV modules required, charge controller and the size of the wind turbine..
4.1 CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF POWER REQUIRED BY PUMP
4.1.1 Determination of Total Volume of Water Required Daily
To calculate volume of water required daily, total area of the land to be irrigated, average amount
of water required per root and total number of roots within the area should be considered.
Total area of the land to be irrigated is 5Acres, which is equivalent to 20,234.28m2. This value is
based on the conversion shown below;
1Acre
Then; 5Acres
,
2
20234.28m2
Average spacing of the roots is given by;
(4.1)
That is,
1.375ft;
This is the same to 0.4191m, since (1.375 0.3048m = 0.4191).
Squaring the average spacing to get the square area,
24
We have, 0.1756m2
Therefore in a square of 1m2 there are
roots
5.693 roots.
Total number of roots is given by;
Area (m2) Number of roots per m2;
20234.28m25.693 roots/m2
115199.988 roots
Average volume of water needed per root is given by;
(4.2)
1.75 liters
Total volume (m3) of water required for irrigation daily is given by;
Average volume of water per root (liter/root) Number of roots
1.75liter 115199.988 roots
201599.979 liters
4.1.2 Determination of Flow Rate
Equation above gives the total volume of water required for irrigation of vegetables which
occupy an area of 5Acres, and it is given in liters. This value (201599.979 liters) can be
represented in meter cube (m3) by dividing by 1000, since 1000 liters are equivalent to 1m3.
Therefore,
201.599m3
25
Total hours to lift water from the well to the overhead tanks is total hours when energy from
solar and wind is generated, For Singida region it is from 2am to 5pm, hence about 9 hours.
The flow rate is given by;
(4.3)
[m3/sec]
-3
5.599
[m3/sec]
(4.4)
Pe
is head [m]
,
P=
(4.5)
mgH
But;
Where ;
So,
Therefore;
m=V,
P=
VgH
or [ gH]
26
Q represents [ ],
P=Q gH
Then;
P=
gH
(4.6)
P = 5.599
-3
=4943.357 Watts
To obtain the input power to the pump, that is the power of the motor pump, we divide with the
efficiency of the pump. Take the efficiency of the pump to be 80%.
We get;
4943.357
27
Figure 4.1 Block diagram of the proposed Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System
(4.7)
28
Where Pdes
is Designed power
Preq
is required power
Ksaf
Pdes=1.25 9279.176=11598.97
This value of power should be generated by combination of Solar pv system and Wind turbine
system.
Let the ratio for power generated by the solar pv system and wind turbine system be 1:2
respectively, that is; solar pv system will contribute one third (1/3) of the total power required
and three third (2/3) will be contributed by wind turbine system.
For this case power to be generated by;
i.
ii.
It is given by adding the Watt-hours needed for pump and house appliances together to get the
total Watt-hours per day which must be delivered to the appliances.
The input power to the motor is 6179.196 Watts, and its running time is 10 hours, therefore
Energy to be consumed by a pump is given by;
6179.196
Wh/day
71261 96Wh/day
But solar PV system will produce 1/3 of the total energy required,
Total Watt-hour required by PV system is;
1/3 71261.96Wh/day=23753.98 23754Wh/day
the lowest average insolation over a year, which is obtained from table 3.2 as 5.2
kWh/m2/day
=9560.43Wp
Divide the answer obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules
available.
Available module having a Maximum power of 280 W,
The number of module is given by;
9560 43
=34.14
modules
(4.9)
31
=36/2=18
Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the
inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same
nominal voltage as your battery.
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit
current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating (Irated) = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Solar charge controller rating (Irated) = (18 strings x 8.56 A) x 1.3 = 200.3A
32
(4.10)
= 1.818
Controllers
Therefore two (2) charge controllers with input maximum short-circuit current of 110A, 48vdc
should be used. Power Tarom4110 is selected (Table 3.6)
E=W=Fs
(4.11)
F=ma
(4.12)
E=mas
(4.13)
Hence;
(4.14)
a= (v2 u2) 2s
(4.15)
33
Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, i.e. u=0, we get;
a=v2
(4.16)
Substituting it in equation (1), we get that the kinetic energy of a mass in motions is;
E= mv2
(4.17)
= v2
(4.18)
=A
(4.19)
=v
(4.20)
We get;
=Av
(4.21)
P= Av3
(4.22)
A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more than
16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. To this
34
day, this is known as the Betz Limit or Betz' Law. The theoretical maximum power efficiency
of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind
can be extracted by a wind turbine). This is called the power coefficient and is defined as [10];
CPmax=0.59
Also, wind turbines cannot operate at this maximum limit. The CP value is unique to each turbine
type and is a function of wind speed that the turbine is operating in. Once we incorporate various
engineering requirements of a wind turbine - strength and durability in particular the real world
limit is well below the Betz limit with values of 0.35-0.45 common even in the best designed
wind turbines. By the time we take into account the other factors in a complete wind turbine
system - e.g. the gearbox, bearings, and generator and so on, only 10-30% of the power of the
wind is ever actually converted into usable electricity. Hence, the power coefficient needs to be
factored in equation (4) and the extractable power from the wind is given by;
Pavail= Av3CP
(4.23)
When considering the efficiency of gearbox/bearing (Nb which varies from 50%-80%) and
generator (Ng which ranges from 95% and above), equation (4.23) above can be changed into;
Ptotal= CP Nb Ng Av3
(4.24)
Cp=0.45
Nb=0.65
Ng=0.94
35
(8.05)3
Ptotal=0.5
But, Area A= D2
Let D=10m
A=
=78.5398m2
(8.05)3
Ptotal=0.5
Ptotal=6973.21W
4.4.2 Number of turbines required
To get the number of turbine we divide available power (8000W) with the power of the single
turbine selected (6973W)
=1.1
Number of turbine required will be two turbines
4.4.3
5kW
Rotor diameter is
5m
Tower Height is
20m
Since wind turbines are affected by wind gradient. Vertical wind-speed profiles result in different
wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel,
and this in turn affects the turbine operation
36
For wind turbine engineering, an exponential variation in wind speed with height can be defined
relative to wind measured at a reference height of 10 meters as [11]:
Vw(h)=V10
h
h10
Where:
Vw(h)= velocity of the wind at height h, [m/s]
V10= velocity of the wind at height h10, = 10 meters [m/s]
= Hellman exponent
The exponent, , is an empirically derived coefficient that varies dependent upon the stability of
the atmosphere. For open agricultural areas with limited presence of middle height obstacles
(6-8) m this exponent is approximately 0.16
Wind speed from table 3.1 must be converted in the base of 20m/s height.
I have selected 20m because it is the highest height of the tower from the specification table, also
can ensure more wind speed.
From Vw(h)=V10
h
h10
Vw(20)=V10
10
Let
37
P2=5000
Where Vw(20) is the average velocity of the wind for each month at a height of 20m/s.
Month
Speed at 10m
January
9.169
10.24
Power at new
speed at 20m high
7364
February
8.277
9.25
5428
March
April
May
June
8.397
7.101
8.427
8.913
9.38
7.93
9.42
9.96
5660
3382
5733
6777
July
8.03
8.97
4950
August
8.079
9.03
5050
September
October
November
9.117
8.138
6.360
10.19
9.09
7.11
7257
5152
2465
December
6.588
7.36
2743
Table 4.1 Table of power generated by a single turbine at 20m tower height
The graph of the power generated by a single wind turbine is shown below
8000
7000
Power in Watts
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Months
Figure 4.3 A Graph of Power Generated by a single Turbine
38
Withstand the worst short circuits currents flowing through the cable
Provide the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid excessive voltage drops)
The wiring system I selecting is single-core cables in conduit (See App.1) Referenced as B1.
Correction factors which I select are;
k1
k2
= 204.89A
= 156.25A
39
Ic=
= 166.22A
= 58.51A
Ic=
= 104.17A
= 110.82A
= 170.21A
Ib=
(For DC System)
for two sources(see App.9)
= 130.625A
Cable position
Ib (A)
Ic (A)
Size (mm2)
192.6
10.7
204.89
11.38
95
1.5
156.25
166.22
70
55
58.51
16
160
170.21
70
Busbar-Inverter
104.17
110.82
35
4.6 INSTALLATIONS
Installation of solar modules will be as follows
Modules will be installed on top of metal support structure on the concrete structure
For wind turbines, they will be installed According to the guide of installation manual
4.7 COST ESTIMATION
The table below shows the estimated cost for the whole project
41
Component
Model
Quantity
Unit price
Total
Modules
JS-280P
36
840000
30240000
Solar Charge
Power Tarom
865000
1730000
controller
4110
Inverter
Axpert KS 4K
1096000
1096000
Wind Turbine
HAWT 5kW
23900000
47800000
Wind Regulator
FKJ-B (PWM)
1086000
2172000
SUBTOTAL
83038000
16607600
TOTAL COST
99645600
Unit price
42
References
[1] AskDefinition. Irrigation.
http://irrigation.askdefine.com/ , 29/12/2013
[2] Rohit, V.N. (2013). Micro Controller Based Automatic Plant Irrigation System
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Vol.2, (No.4): pg 194.
[3] TORO. Advantages of Drip Irrigation. Drip Tips.
http://driptips.toro.com/?p=417 , 25/11/2013
[4] Irrigation Tutorial. Irrigation Pump Tutorial Selecting a Pump Type.
http://www.irrigationtutorials.com , 12/12/2013
[5] Salah, M.(2008). Simulation of a Hybrid Power System Consisting of Wind Turbine, PV,
Storage Battery and Diesel Generator with Compensation Network:
Design, Optimization and Economical Evaluation. Faculty of Graduate
Studies. An-Najah National University, Palestine. Masters Thesis.
[6] Hybrid Solar and Wind Power: An Essential for Information Communication Technology
Infrastructure and People in Rural Community
www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol9Issue1/IJRRAS_9_1_15.pdf
,20/12/2013
[7] M. Thomas (Ed) Solar Electricity, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2nd Edition.
(2004)
[8] U.K Mehta. Principle of Electronics, S.Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. (2004)
[9] Technical brief on Wind Electricity Generation:
http://www.windpower.org, 21/12/2013
[10] The Royal Academy of Engineering: Wind Turbine Power Calculation
http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/diploma/maths/pdf , 10/03/2014
[11] Wikipedia: Wind Gradient
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_gradient , 06/04/2014
43
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 WORK SCHEDULE
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
KEY
A
Title Defending
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Report Writing
Submission of Report
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Insulated conductors or
single-core
cables in
conduit on a wooden, or
masonry wall or spaced less
than 0,3 x conduit diameter
from it
Multi-core cable in conduit
on a B2 wooden, or
masonry wall or spaced less
than 0,3 x conduit diameter
from it
Single-core or multi-core
cables: - fixed on, or spaced
less than 0.3 x cable
diameter from a wooden
wall
On un-perforated tray
B1
B2
Item No.
Methods of
installation
Description
Reference method of
installation to be
used to
obtain currentcarrying
capacity
E or F
On perforated tray
Bare or insulated G
conductors
on
insulators
Multi-core cables in D
conduit or in cable
ducting in the ground
10
Single-core cable in D
conduit or in cable
ducting in the ground
Correction factors:
3
In order to take environment or special conditions of installation into account, correction factors
have been introduced.
The cross sectional area of cables is determined using the rated (base) load current IB divided by
different correction factors, k1, k2,
Ic=
Ic is the corrected load current, to be compared to the current-carrying capacity of the considered
cable.
Ambient temperature
The current-carrying capacities of cables in the air are based on an average air temperature equal
to 30 C. For other temperatures, the correction factor is given in Figure App.3 for PVC, EPR
and XLPE insulation material.
The related correction factor is here noted k1.
Ambient temperature C
10
15
20
25
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
PVC
1.22
1.17
1.12
1.06
0.94
0.87
0.79
0.71
0.61
0.50
-
Insulation
XLPE and EPR
1.15
1.12
1.08
1.04
0.96
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.76
0.71
0.65
0.58
0.50
0.41
App.3 Correction factors for ambient air temperatures other than 30 C to be applied to the
current-carrying capacities for cables in the air (from table A.52-14 of IEC 60364-5-52)
The current-carrying capacities of cables in the ground are based on an average ground
temperature equal to 20 C. For other temperatures, the correction factor is given in Figure
App.4 for PVC, EPR and XLPE insulation material.
The related correction factor is here noted k2.
4
Ground temperature C
Insulation
PVC
10
1.10
1.07
15
1.05
1.04
25
0.94
0.96
30
0.89
0.93
35
0.84
0.89
40
0.77
0.85
45
0.71
0.80
50
0.63
0.76
55
0.55
0.71
60
0.45
0.65
65
0.60
70
0.53
75
0.46
80
0.38
App.4 Correction factors for ambient ground temperatures other than 20 C to be applied to the
current-carrying capacities for cables in ducts in the ground (from table A.52-15 of IEC 60364-552)
The current-carrying capacities of cables in the ground are based on a ground resistivity equal to
2.5 K.m/W. For other values, the correction factor is given in Figure App.5.
The related correction factor is here noted k3
1.5
2.5
Correction factor
1.18
1.1
1.05
0.96
App.5 Correction factors for cables in buried ducts for soil thermal resistivities other than 2.5
K.m/W to be applied to the current-carrying capacities for reference method D (table A52.16 of
IEC 60364-5-52)
Based on experience, a relationship exists between the soil nature and resistivity. Then, empiric
values of correction factors k3 are proposed in Figure App.6, depending on the nature of soil.
Nature of soil
k3
1.21
Wet soil
1.13
Damp soil
1.05
Dry soil
1.00
0.86
The current-carrying capacities given in the subsequent tables relate to single circuits
consisting of the following numbers of loaded conductors:
- Two insulated conductors or two single-core cables, or one twin-core cable (applicable to
single-phase circuits);
- Three insulated conductors or three single-core cables, or one three-core cable (applicable
to three-phase circuits).
Where more insulated conductors or cables are installed in the same group, a group reduction
factor (here noted k4) shall be applied.
Figure App.7 gives the values of correction factor k4 for different configurations of
unburied cables or conductors, grouping of more than one circuit or multi-core cables.
Arrangeme
nt (cables
touching)
Bunched in
air, on a
surface,
embedded
or enclosed
Single layer
on wall,
floor or unperforated
tray
Single layer
fixed
directly
under a
wooden
ceiling
Single layer
on
a perforated
horizontal
or vertical
tray
Single layer
on ladder
support or
cleats etc.
12
16
20
1.00
0.80
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.45
0.41
0.3
8
1.00
0.85
0.79
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.63
0.62
0.61
No further
reduction factor
for more
than nine circuits
or multi-core
cables
0.94
0.81
0.72
0.68
0.66
0.64
1.00
0.88
0.82
0.77
0.75
0.73
0.73
0.72
0.72
1.00
0.87
0.82
0.80
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.78
0.78
Referenc
e method
s
Methods
A to F
Method
C
Methods
E and F
App.7 Reduction factors for groups of more than one circuit or of more than one multi-core
cable (table A.52-17 of IEC 60364-5-52
Admissible current as a function of nominal cross-sectional area of conductors
IEC standard 60364-5-52 proposes extensive information in the form of tables giving the
admissible currents as a function of cross-sectional area of cables. Many parameters are taken
into account, such as the method of installation, type of insulation material, type of conductor
material, number of loaded conductors.
As an example, Figure App.8 gives the current-carrying capacities for different methods of
installation of PVC insulation, three loaded copper or aluminium conductors, free air or in
ground
Nominal cross-sectional
area of conductors
A1
(mm2)
A2
Installation methods
B1
B2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Copper
1.5
13.5
13
15.5
15
17.5
18
2.5
18
17.5
21
20
24
24
4
24
23
28
27
32
31
6
31
29
36
34
41
39
10
42
39
50
46
57
52
16
56
52
68
62
76
67
25
73
68
89
80
96
86
35
89
83
110
99
119
103
50
108
99
134
118
144
122
70
136
125
171
149
184
151
95
164
150
207
179
223
179
120
188
172
239
206
259
203
150
216
196
299
230
185
245
223
341
258
240
286
261
403
297
300
328
298
464
336
Aluminium
2.5
14
13.5
16.5
15.5
18.5
18.5
4
18.5
17.5
22
21
25
24
6
24
23
28
27
32
30
10
32
31
39
36
44
40
16
43
41
53
48
59
52
25
57
53
70
62
73
66
35
70
65
86
77
90
80
50
84
78
104
92
110
94
70
107
98
133
116
140
117
95
129
118
161
139
170
138
120
149
135
186
160
197
157
150
170
155
227
178
185
194
176
259
200
240
227
207
305
230
300
261
237
351
260
App.8 Current-carrying capacities in amperes for different methods of installation, PVC
insulation, three loaded conductors, copper or aluminium, conductor temperature: 70 C, ambient
temperature: 30 C in air, 20 C in ground (table A.52.4 of IEC 60364-5-52)